Mousavi R lang in Farsi

Pełen tekst

(1)CNwt. QwBU=@a. Qmi. C. O}yW. =. =Q u H. xm. jQ@ w ?. = x@. u s v. CavY. x=oWv=O. |Q t C U t u @R @ } W =. =@. =L. =. 180 Q=DWwv. =. CU=Q} w. |vWwOv|wUwt O}aUO}U. s_mousavi@pwut.ac.ir 1391. R}}=B. | =v.

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(3) ? =] C Qy r. t. U. i. Q=DioV}B. w. R |U} wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R =@ |}=vWpw= pYi. 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 7 9 9 10 10 11 12 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . R .. .. .= .. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. x_i=L. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. =}. . . . .. . . . .. Q. . . . .. . . . .. P. QO < W= uO m h L w. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . x Ok . |U w x = Q = Q . . . R Q ?Y Q ........=|. =. CUQyi. u @R | y. yxO=O R=. } v t v @ u @R = J. 21. =yxO=O. R=. |DtUk V}=tv. s_vt. | y r vO O. |iO=YD. | y r vO O. R=. y. 41. W. QoW}=Q} w. 241. =yxO=O. 341. =. 441. QO. 1441. =yxO=O O}rwD. =H}=. 1541. = x =@. =H}=. 2541. ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . p= = hr=. 3 1. 141. = x =@. } i R=. v R ]. =H}=. 'O. u @ R QO xO t | yxO=O. ................ =yxO=O. 1 1. Q= i=s v. .......... R = = ..............R ........ R = =. u @ RQO. t. t. =yxO=O uDWwv O w. yxO=O u v= N. 541. O w. w u v= N 151. 51.

(4) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 21 22 27 27 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 37 38 40 40 41 43 44 44 45 50 54 54 56 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. read.table O w wD . . . . . p = |r =a uD = . . . scan O w wD . . . . . . . . . . p= = uD w . . . p= =iD = uD w O w pL .................... = ................. = Q u v= N Q. } i. 1151. i }. 2151. UO. 3151. D. u v= N Q. } i |wQ. } i R= xO. U=. @. yxO=O. W v. 251. t. 351. W v w u v= N. =D =. yxO=O Q N U. . . . .. |=} Q. |wQ. =@ =Lt. 1161. C U. . . . . . which() ` = ............... . | l =D = O =W .. =}rt T Q= @ D. W. CqO. } D t. 2261. =at x=oDUO pL. 3261. a w. . . xrt Ov x =a p ........... |=. H. =yT} QD=t 1261. u C. |]N. 2161. t. } Q N U x y. J. rO. t. 261. 4261. L. w. =. =. 361. Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O. w. =. =. w. 1361. Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O X= N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. w. =. =. Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. =H}=. 2361. ............ . . . . . . . |= Q ............ . . . . C Qy =H . . . O l wD ............ ............ ............ ....... = M Excel = M = ............ ............ ............ . . apply ` w w = . . . . . . with ` = ............. |Q. factor() ` =. @ D. 461. = C}OwHwt. 561. v tR | U | y. U. pw H. i O. =}DN=. }Q D. Q]U. P =. . . = QD = . . . xD Q . R = y. = =@. }Q D. =. =@ =Lt. C U. 71. 171. u @ R QO u tR w. M} Q=D. 8 1. 181. 1181. ...R = .... Q . . . . xkr. u @R. ..... =@ |U} wvxt=vQ@. \ W. 191. L. 291. 2291. ?. xDWQ =@ Q=m. WQ } R. @ D. `@=wD. = w. 1391. = w. 2391. : : : u t oQ. 761. m =Q m R= |=. 1291. =@. 661. |Q= os v. @= D xO= v N. w |Q H= u t oQ. ...... =yCUQyi 1661. U w. u tR w. QO u tR w. ... }=. } QO u. 61. 161. yQ=O @. =yQ=OQ@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. t. UO. 391. 91.

(5) 56 57 58 59 60 62 62 63 63 63 66. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .Q .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ............= . . . . . . . . . . |rL. = w. =. yu t oQ s v. 3391. = Q}eDt. 4391. h} QaD |}=DwO Qorta l} CN=U. 5391. t | y. =. O. @Q m x W. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. w Q. O. xDWwv `@=D xQ}NP. u u= N= i w x W. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. 6391. . . . . |DW = |U w x = Q . p}U Qi =a QoD jDW . . . . . . . . . . . jDW . . . . . . . . . . QoD oR @. v=. }O CqO. t w p=. v= '. p=. xv=oOvJ. 491. } v t v @. QoDv=. t. x@U=Lt. t. 1101. v=. 2101. 12101. p=. . . . . . . . p}U Qi x ............ v=. }O. =at. 3101. rO. R. Q. = xDU@. |Q= i=s v | y. 71 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 80 82 82 83 85 99 101 103 105 107 107 108. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. =Ut. | y. =Ut=v. | y. |w |w. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .= .O ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. = CtUk x@. Q=O. = CtUk x@. Q=O. ............... . . . . . . . . curve() ` = ...... = wt ` w s}UQD xLiY uwo =vwo. ...... s . . . . . RH =. @= D. 212. = CtUk. 312. v. | y. Q=O. wtv OvJ C}aw. QHvB OvJ O=H}=. 122. = QHvB uDU@. 222. t x. =yQ=Owtv xOW R=@. | yx. xLiY l}. RHt. |wQ =. wtv OvJ. 1322. wtv xLiY s}UkD. 2322. wtv u=mt u}}aD =@ xLiY s}UkD. 3322. yQ=O. . . . . . . . . . .. xLiY. QO. |r@k. .... Q=O. . . . . . . . .. Q=O. wtv. |HQ=N. wtv l}. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. = QDt=Q=B s}_vD. 2422. . O} . | =] a. |. . . . .. wtv s}UQD. 1422. | y. x. Q=O. = s}_vD. | y. u}}=B K]U `@=wD. . . . . . . .. Q@ O}OH. |wQ. =. 3422. =. wtv. 4422. =. wtv. 5422. =. wtv. 6422. R= |=xQ B. rwS | yQ=O k | yQ=O. Oa)@ xU. | yQ=O. . . . . . . = wt wt Q} . . . . . . = wt wt Q} . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trellis Trellis = wt Q Q Ov `t v uO. v x. NP. 522. yQ=O. v uO. v x. NP. 622. G. v. t= o |. @. H. 12. 2 2. 422. yQ=O. | yQ=O. sUQswO pYi. 322. Q=O. wtv xLiY s}UkD. L=w. wtv `@=wD 112. x@ C@Uv. y. |Q=O. @ D. |Q t |Q=O. 111. Q=Owtv. 69 69. 101. =. wtv. | yQ=O. 132. 32.

(6) 108 109 109 109. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . = w wL | = Q}eD = = wt ....................... ................ w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = wL yp ] Q. t |wQ. } y. t. @. yQ=O. 1132. v. 232. 1232. `= v=. yQ. =yQDt=Q=B. 2232. t. p=tDL= w Q=tswU pYi. 116 116 116 118 120 121 124 127 128 130 132 135 137 138 138 138. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... qqplot() ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........................ ................ = Q = =`w . . . . . . . . . | =Y O | =tD = ` w . . . . . . . . . . . . Q wDU} ........... qT= . . . . . . . . . . . table() ` = . . . . . . = Q =tD | =o ` = qqline() qqnorm() |m} Q ` w . . . . . . . . . . . ecdf() ` = . . . . . . = = =tD | =o ` = . . . . . u Q} =tD | =o ` = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | =Y Q} x wt . . . . . . . . . . =tD ` = l = QD = Q ................. = = . . . . . . txQ l w D O= a= w s= o. C. p t v p. w. L=. B. r. '. J. i= o. t o p. U. B p. r. 113. L= | y } R D. 213. @. y. 1213. m @. 2213. @ D. 3213. @ D. 4213. @= D. 5213. @ D. 6213. L=. r. J. @ D. 7213. L=. r. J. @ D. 8213 v. 313. t=Q B OQw @. 413. |Q t | yVwQ. 513. iO. p. L=. i ] wO w. @ D. D |. } | y. o v. 142 144 149 151 152 152 154 155 157 158. 13. 1513. } u tR. uw}UQoQ |=ypOtsQ=yJ pYi. 142 142. x}=B `@=wD. @= D. O }R | @Q m. iO. =. |Q t. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. xO=O. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. l}. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . =. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . |] w} ...... wQ =C w w ......... = O `w . O X}NW . =v}t xr = N u. p t i | y. }O H t. |R Up t. 1214. Y i. 2214. wtv xLiY sUQ. 3214. u. ]=. Q=O. .... Q. @= D. D. p t. =. w}UQoQ. u. | yxw o | yQ=O. OWto. QO x. wtv sUQ. Q. =. O. U oQ | yp t. =. 114 214. 314. | yxO=O. 1314. . . . . . . . . . . . . |vLv Q . . . . . . . . . . . . = wt | = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |vLv. =. wty '|@=}uwQO. t VR= @ w |R UQ=. |R UQ=. y w. @ }uwQO. Q. t VR= @. O. 14. 124 224. 24.

(7) |YYND w |vi Q=Owtv OvJ s}UQDsHvB pYi. 160 160 161 162 164 164 166 167 168. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . =tD . . . . . . . . p@ = =tD P . . | Q O O P = s} p. = P = s}UQD. L= | y e m. =. 115. U D. Q. 215. x}W=L `@=wD =@ x=Qty uw}UQoQ s}UQD. 315. t o p. v=w= iC tC W. L=. e m. e m. |=. . . . . . .w. wtv s}UQD. 415. wO. s}UQD. 515. wO. s}UQD. 615. w}UQoQ xLiY s}UQD. 715. D QO. wtv l}. Q=O. Q=O. QO. wtv l}. wD. =. | yQ=O. =yZQa QwLt Q. QO CQ= L. ........ u. xHQO. 15. `H=Qt. 169. y.

(8) =Di V}. Q. R. Q. =}vO. QO. R. wtv u=}@. Q= i=s v "O. Cra. Q}N=. =. R. Q x@ `H=Q. Q= i=s v. =. R. o. B. w |t xm OW=@. Q}@aD u} QDRHwt O}=W h}YwD u}= '=v=wD =t= lJwm. u= D. |. Q u}= "CU= =yQ=Owtv s}UQD. | yp U QO Q= i=s v. wvax@. u=. =Q. Q} R pt=wa. wD@ O}=W "CU=. u=. =. =@ =Lt. w |Q t C U. wtv ?rH OwN x@. xO. =. Q |@U=vt Q=}U@ \}Lt. |= @. Q = Q_v. =Q |O } R u= @ Q m. w. xDi=} |}=RU@. wtv <=YL=. "O ". OvDUy. =} =. |y=oWv=O O=Qi= ,=@r=e. u u t L. Ovm|t Q=m. ". =. |Q t. hrDNt. = xv}tR xm OwW|t ?Yv. | y. OWN@|t lJwm Qy=_ x@ Q=Ri=sQv u}= x@. w =w. =. u o v o | yn. CU= xOt. ". QO. 2000. =Q. |iQoW. CQ k. = = =. R. q@ "CU= xOW Q=RoQ@ |irDNt |WRwt. Q} QLD xDWQ x@. w. | yx oQ m. w_vt x@ |}=yxwRH =}. 'u VR t Q. ". =HDt 2 Q=Ri=sQv xDU@. R= Rw. O E}L u}= R. QyW. u C. |wQ. =. |O } R O=. Q}o|t Q@. R= w O. OaD. QO =Q. Q |iQat Qw_vt x@ uwvm =D. Q. Q= i=s v. R. QyW. CU= u=o}=Q Q=Ri=sQv u}=. w. CU= ?Yv p@=k 1 =ywmU QFm =. w. u |wQ OQ t. ". w. C. R. = =}. u= }= QO. =D OvJ w CU= xO}OQo x}yD. w xw H ,v L= w ? m. CU= QmWD. w. xHwD QwNQO OwN x=o}=H. QO. l} Qy xm. OvDUt sUQ x@ "CU= u=@ R |UQ=i u=oOvv=wN |=Q@ R Q=Ri=sQv |iQat Qw_vt x@ |mJwm VWwm Q=L 3Q=DWwv. C=. CU= xDiQo Q=Qk R |rrtr=u}@ C}=U |wQ |v=oty xO=iDU= |=Q@ Q=DWwv u}= '=yQwWm Q}=U hQa Q@ =v@ w R u=o}=Q =. Q x@ OwN. 'u tR Qw t. 1. platforms. =ovhwQL S RP. |Q. O Ca= @ OL. l v=. 2. package -TEX R Q = R} Q Q= i=s v @. =. QO. =D w O. xm CU=. v L Q W v " v=xO. wtv x}yD. Q@ Qw]U u}= xOvQ=ov |aU "OW=@|t. u. LATEX. R. Q =. Rx `. Q= i=s v @ '. @. w. =. =} p@=k. |R UxO B. OvDUt 'u=yH QO u}irw-t R= |r}N. H=Q =Q O N C=. ". w. w. "3. CU= xOW.

(9) O Q_v. " }. w x xm CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q} R |v=Wv x@. CQ Y @. RC=. } U |wQ . R. S. QO. QO x } w. xm. w. ODi= pw@k xm =D "O}=tv QDpt=m. EL=@t. u= ". wva Q} R. |. =Q u. Qo}O Q=DWwv ,=vt. CU= 4 |R=UxO=}B p@=k u=o}=Q. http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Mousavi-R_topics_in_Farsi.pdf =kDQ=. u <. w K. qY=. Q. =yvW}B. |= @ |O. w. Q_v Q=y_= xvwo Qy. OvU} wv 'CU}v prN. R= x. R=. |r=N Q=L xR}Hw ,=trUt. wtv Oy=wN. "O. |vWwOv|wUwt O}aUO}U 1391. R}}=B. QyD. u=. 4. download R. xO. =iDU=. w p. =@kDU=.

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(11) pw=. i. pY. R |U w x = Q = = | =v } v t v @ u @R @. }. W. 1 1. xtOkt. Q. wyWt. R. Auckland Q. Q xDU@. |Q= i=s v. O Q. x. S-plus x}@. =oWv=O Q=t. =NDv=. `w W " }O o ?. =}U@ xm OW=@|t. W Q. Q. =. xw o QO 1995 p U R=. Q. u |= @. R. R. Q CU= xOW |L=Q]. xSw B ". = Cra u}ty x@. s v. R. Q |W |=} Q |U} wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R l}. |= o. =. =@ =Lt. |Q t C U. w. xv=@r]w=O w Ovm|t |Q=Oxov |rrtr=u}@ s}D l} =Q u=@ R u}= Q=L p=L QO "Ci=} |O=} R u}@]=Nt CU= Q} R KQW x@. R. Q. xSw B. web xLi. Y. Q. Q. =. |= @ w |Q t. Ross Ihaka Robert Gentleman. %. R. Q= i=s v. u } k. ==. \UwD. R. OW. |Ow @ w. |v=Wv "O@=}|t xaUwD. http://www.r-project.org. |U} wvxt=vQ@. 2 1. u=@ R =QJ. \}Lt QO |U} wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R x@ R=}v =QJ xm O} |t V}B p=wU u}= "OwW xDN=OQB |QDW}@ C=}} RH x@ xm u}= R= p@k R}v. spss, sas, Minitab, statistica, . =. |Q t. 1. hrDNt. =. R. Q xm u}= ut. | yQ= i=s v. w. =. 'OQ=O O Hw |Q t.

(12) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 2. wtv. "O. =}. x U. x@aH l} =@ \ki. w. O}vm. u=. wva. =Q. |DUQO x@. lQO. Q} R. w. w |t. OQ= t u= D. =. s}DQwor=. =Q |Q t. w. p= U. u}= x@ MU=B. O. l}. w p t 'VwQ. Q CU=. |= @ ". =. T U=. T. xm u}=. QDUO. QO. Q. |= @. Ov}mv Q=m. ". O}W=@ xDW=O. ". package, extension. R. Q = x =Q. QDW}@ pQDvm OwN |HwQN. |. = w sD} Qwor= =} w |Q=t O}OH |=yVwQ |=Q@ O}y=wN@ Qo =. |Q= i=s v } w t v @ u DO N ". O}vmv xOvU@. =. l}Uqm. |Q t. =. 3 Tmwv}r '2 Tm}vw} '1 RwOv} w. = pt=a sDU}U. | y. |wQ w. x@ \ki. | yVwQ. ". w. O}y=wN@ Qo =. |wQ. OW=@|t R=@ uDt. w. O}yO \U@. =Q. CU= Q} R KQW x@ u=@ R u}= uU=Lt CU= u=o}=Q. |=Q=O w. R. =. u @R. w |t =QH= 4 V=Dv}mt. "O W. ". CU= |o}i=Qo x_Lqt p@=k. ". CU=. ". w. CU= |v=w=Qi. =. S-plus. xDN=UV}B `@=wD. |Q t. CU=. |=Q=O w. CN=U. ". xO. =iDU=. =Q. u R=. O}vm xHwD Q} R KQW x@ p=Ft. ". R \}L u=. version 2.7.0 (2008-04-22) version 2.7.1 (2008-06-23) version 2.7.2 (2008-08-25) version 2.8.0 (2008-10-20) version 2.8.1 (2008-12-22) version 2.9.0 (2009-04-17) version 2.9.1 (2009-06-26) 1. Windows. 2. Unix. 3. Linux. u @R. = C}r@=k. |=Q=O. R. u @R. | y. =. Q}oO=} "CU=. xO U u |. Q@ Q=m Q_v. version 2.6.2 (2008-02-08). version 2.9.2 (2009-08-24). R. = =. =HD u* =@ R =@ |}=vW xrRvt x@ u=@ R u}= =@ |}=vW. =. w |t xi==. wtv. |=Q=O. |. * * |Q t |Q. "O W. "O. =tvy=Q. CU= |@ wN |rN=O. 4. Macintosh. u. w `@=wD. OQ t. t QO w. x@. =. R = package. w |v=@ R. | k. =}U@. |O } R Q. =. '. u @R. | y. w |t |oO=U x@ u=@ R u}=. u= D. CN=U. package. w |t. u= D. R. =. QO. u @R. =@. wva x@ 'CU= x_Lqt p@=k u=@ R u}= <=kDQ= |v=w=Qi.

(13) R |U w x = Q. 3. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. 1. pYi. version 2.10.0 (2009-10-26) version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) version 2.11.0 (2010-04-22) version 2.11.1 (2010-05-31) version 2.12.0 (2010-10-15) CU= xOW x=Q=. |O. 2004. q}t. 2.0.0 xNU. =. p U QO u. v w |O. 2000. q}t. Q |t. R. =. p U QO. x =@ Q OW xDio xm Qw]u=ty. R. CU= Q} R KQW x@. %. |@ wN. S-plus. = =mt=. C v. w u}=. OQ t. QO. CU}v. Ovm|tv |v=@}DWB. ". CNwt. ". (.exe) | Q. }= H=. p}=i. w. x@. CQ Y. u}t=Qi O}=@. =Q u. w |tv xtHQD '=QH=. w O W. v. RwQ @ , D t. "OO o. OQ=O. 1.0.0 xNU. =. u @R. Gui. O. = C}OwOLt. u @R | y. =H}= u=mt=. =Q u |Q. |=Q=O. =HD sDU}U l}. =@ |U} wvxt=vQ@. 'u. =. Q xm |vat u}O@ 'CU= QUit. |= @. w xO. =iDU=. |= @. R. u @R. |=Q=O. Q. =. O |tv. " }. Q=Ri=sQv. ?Yv Qo = Q=. "O. u |wQ. R. Q. h L. Okt l} xLiY u}=. Q_v. w. =}rta. OQ t C. pmW x@ =. w |t. u. wtv 5 Owrv=O. w xO. u. QO "OQ=O s v. u= D. }. }. W. D. m O W. p@=kt. QO. m O W. t. options(prompt="R. >. }= H=. t m. L. |wQ. t R @ |=. t . CU= Q} R KQW x@ Ctqa Q}}eD x-wLv. >. 3 1. RQ]. } U R= =Q. ". R. ?Yv. "O=O. . Q}}eD. Y '. t. =Q. v. a u } B R=. m. m Q @ wO. a u R=. } i =. @=. B "O W. t. h L |wQ. B w OQ=O O Hw. Ctqa u}=. w |t xD@r=. u= D. D. "O=O s. D. =Hv=. =Q. "). >. =y|W. Q}NP s=v l} =@ <=}W= pmW x@ QDw}Bt=m. x. =}. R. =. w. < W= < H u WO N %R=. QO. R C= R-2.7.0-win32.exe | Q p = OD wm l =t Q w}B = desktop ?Y pt == T w | R Console x w | = xLi O}v l}r = R Q x w | x_ q 6 > C q T w | =L} w. |r=wDt l}rm Q=@ wO =@. Q}o|t Q=Qk. w. xm `@=wD. CUDQ=@a C}=U |v=Wv. |k]vt. w . Q}o Q=Qk =tW. "O. http://CRAN.R-project.org 6. prompt. QDUO. T. w. =ai x_i=L. p. QO. :::. w. G}=Dv '`@=wD '=yQ}eDt. |@Uv '|@=UL =yQorta QOO. R= xO. =iDU= =@. xNUv CU= umtt pta u}= u}L. QO | D } H |. Q |t =QH=. 'OO o. =}. w < W= |wQ QO. xm CU=. 4 1. R |D. kw. Q@ Q=m "OvwW|t = x@. |Qw O }. sRq "5.

(14) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 4. " 'hw L. Q. Ov=wD|t. u}=Q@=v@. "O W. u. =yQDm =Q=m x}k@. Q. Q. w OO o `w W. w |t p=k l}miD lJwm. R. a-z = A-Z Q u} R = } w. w nQ @ hw L. Q. =@ O}=@ ,=tDL |W l} s=v QDm =Q=m u}rw=. hw L. O =. _ \NQ} R. u @R " W @ . @. Ovm|t pta OvDUy. .. x]kv. w . w. "OQ=O O Hw Cw. x_i=L. <; QDm. . w. J m w. =yvt. = Ctqa. | y. w |t Q=m u}=. R= u= D. QO <=}W= uOQm hPL w. Q. w. =H}=. |= @ "O W O. uO=O ". n { 15. >. n. CUQyi. =iD. 0-9 = X x u} '. s kQ=. w. @. 1 4 1. 'O=H}=. C@Uv Qorta =@ Ov=wD|t |W l}. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@. wtv. =iDU=. "O. xO. R=. <. wDLt Q=vm "O}vR@. |. =. =Q. Enter O}r. m w xO. wtv A}=D. =Q. = Q l} `k=w QO QwDUO u}= "OyO|t u=Wv. A J u t i. =}. =. w |t p=Ft. < W= A J R= u= D. n x C | = O}v O n | QYv u} x m. U=. =Q. W. wvax@ "Ov=wN=Qi ,=L} QY. u=. =Q. i m. =Wt. m x y. a. rw=. `@=D u}= O}=@. n. =Q. Okt O}y=wN@ Qo =. Q=. w. xD@r= "CU=. |OQ= t QO. Q. kQ. print() |vt. . = `@=D l} =}. "O @ s v. n

(15) 1] 15. 1s. Q |t Qy=_ xWwQm pN=O. m OO o. w. xkrL. QO. >. xHwD O}=@ =t= O. Oy=wN. " W. wtv. "O. =. xO. xQ W=. =iDU= R}v. . =. . Qorta. =yT} QD=t EL@. R=. QO 'u. |U} wvxt=vQ@ |=yu=@ R Q}=U Ovv=t xvwtv l} x@ xm '7 OQ=O. Q `}Uw Q@ Q=m. | D. n { 15 n

(16) 1] 15 >. w |t uO=O C@Uv. u= D. Q xD@r=. |= @. <;. Ctqa xm CW=O. O. xDio xm Qw]u=ty. . . <. >. P |t. "OQ= o. Cw. =iD. R. nQ @ w. lJwm. Q. hw L. u}@. R. =. u @R ' W. x {1 X { 10 x

(17) 1] 1 X

(18) 1] 10 > >. <. <. >. >. "O=O. C@Uv |W l} x@. =@ l}. =Q CQ a. w |t. u= D. n { 10+2 n

(19) 1] 12 >. <. >. "O=O s. =Hv= R}v |W. =iDU=. uw @ u= D. =iDU=. w `@=D l} u=twoQ. R= xO. O. w |t. =Q. |=} Q. =}rta xm O}vm xHwD. C. (10+2) 5

(20) 1] 60 >. O. "OQ= v =Q. C}Y=N u}=. |w. =UD Ctqa xm |DQwY. QO 'O. Q}o Q=Qk. xO. OQ t. wva x@ Ov=wD|t xm |vat u}O@. u=. "7.

(21) R |U w x = Q. 5. =@. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. = xt=O=. =Q Q m ". R. =. u @ R '|. CU= Q} R. Oa@. = Q]U =} w Q]U. | y. w x xH}Dv. CQ Y @. w. 'O W. QO x. A}=D Q]U. =ov. wO QO. w A}=D Q]U l} R= QDW}@. 'O W. Q}N= p=Ft xm O}vm. Q. O. QO. Q_v. pYi. 1. w. wDUO Qo =. OQ t Q. |t u=Wv. Z i " yO. . +. Ctqa. . (10+2) +5

(22) 1] 60 >. O}vm x_Lqt. ". Qo}O p=Ft. =Q |. (10+2)* + 5/ + 10 +1

(23) 1] 5 >. O |twRr. "OQ= v. xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "OOQo|tv O=H}= Q=Okt. C=Q. wDUO |y=Dwm Cra x@. Oa@. |. = Q]U x@ uDiQ 'Q}N= p=Ft. | y. wO QO. O |W ,qY= uwJ 'OwW|t pY=L =]N OW=@ xDW=Ov Q=Okt |W Qo =. uw @. O}vm. ". x {3 x+y Error: object 'y' not found >. <. >. R u @R | y =. =. 2 4 1. QoW}=Q} w. QoW}=Q} w l} R= xm CU= ?U=vt w CU= xOvvmxDUN C=QwDUO lDlD |=QH= 'Ow@ |vqw] xt=vQ@ l} |=yO)m Qo = u}=. O Q Q. QO " vO o = H=. 8 |ywQo. w x. wDUO xm CU= Q=Qk Cr=L u}=. Qo}O. CQ Y @ C=Q. QO '. =@. CQ a. x@. w. =iDU=. "O W xO. CU= QQmt |@=} R=@ w uOW xQ}NP p@=k xm OvwW|t O=H}= r OvwUB =@ C=QwDUO xawtHt R= |}=yp}=i =yQoW}=Q} w. ". O w |t s}UkD xDUO. " v W. l}rm. R. w xOR =Q. w |t. O}rm. wm}. Q ?Yv xrLQt. R. |wQ 'Q= i=s v. R=. TB Q=m u}=. Q CU=. |= @ ". New script xv R File wv xLi = wv wv C O xD w R Untitled - R Editor } o. u= D. =yO)m. u. u. m= ". Q. U= x W. Q. Q Q. |= H= |= @ "O m = H= w xO. |. t R=. Y |q @ |. W v. t QO. RGui. TBU. w. 'OQ=O O Hw . >. . pN=O QoW}=Q} w l}. w. Q. R. Q =D. w O W = H= Q= i=s v. = xm OwW|t R=@. u |q @. Ctqa xm |}=H |va}. OO. | } H. R Console. QO. w. xLiY = O. OQ t | y ) m. O}vR@. =Q. Enter. source("le name"). =F. p t u=. >. wtv. xO. xm CU= |i=m. ". >. x@ =yQoW}=Q} w. w. O N. Oa@ w Owtv xQ}NP TBU w CWwv OvDUy xm =DOvJ Qy =Q OwN Q_v. wtv A}=D =Q Q} R QwDUO. wO. wva x@. wtv xi== R}v. "O. =Q. Q}Ut. source("E:/users/test.r"). 8. Batch. TQO. O}=@ p}=i s=v Q@. xw. qa x=ov. 'O. w@v. =. |Q H. xWwB. QO. p}=i Qo =.

(24) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. R}v script OwN |wQ xDW=O xov. w. 6. R=. xm CU= |QwQ xDmv u}= Qm P "O}vm xHwD Q}Ut u=}@ |=Q@ / x@ \ Ctqa Q}}eD x@. Ctrl O}r. =Q. m w xO. wtv. ?. =NDv=. = O. |WN@. =Q y ) m R=. =tD xm CU= |i=m "CU= =QH= p@=k xt=vQ@. w s. xt=vQ@ =D O}vR@. Q Q. "OO o = H=. xm CU= |i=m Q=m u}=. Q O}vm xQ}NP. |= @ ". =yv O}v=wD|t OwN. =Q. w |t xm OwW|t Qy=_ Save. u= D =Q. Save O}r. Q}NP Q_v. x. R xLi. m w xO. wtv. =. R. s v. @ |=x. t =Q O N. w Q}Ut. OQ t. script as = x XNW w script | =ND = R O wU QO. @. w. p}=i. Y |q @ Q= @= Q= v R=. v= s v w. wvt. |. v. = TBU. wtv. =NDv=. 'O. =@ p}=i l}. =tW. QO. =NDv= =@ O}W=@ xDW=O R=}v. =yQoW}=Q} w. xDUO u}= u}@. R=. OvDUy. R= ". |Q. =HD =yv. wtv. =ov. O. x. 'OR = Y u. Q. O. xDWwv. = H= =Q x W. pN=O. =Q. R. = O. R. Q. w |t. Q= i=s v u= D. w |t. | y ) m u= D. xQ W=. u. w |t s}UkD. O}vR@. =Q u w. OQ t. wtv l}rm Q |t. R= "OO o. Open script xv R. =Q. } o. w_vt %|HQ=N. = QoW}=Q} w. R= Q. | y. =o}=Q =yv. R=. | a@ "OvwW. |w. R=. TB. w. '. CU= u=o}=Q %9. @ u= D. Tinn-R. wtv |]. =Q. Q} R pL=Qt O}=@. =Ut CtUk wO@ QDw}Bt=m xLiY OwN@OwN. RWinEdt QoW Q. =iDU=. Q. }= } w R= xO. |= @. %. RWinEdt. CU= |Q=HD Q=Ri=sQv u}= xm OwW|t u=Wv Q]=N xD@r= 'OQm ?Yv =Q WinEdt Q=Ri=sQv O}=@ =OD@= TBU. wtv download. w xO. CU= u=o}=Q =Pr. ". RWinEdt O =| R. =Q. w. W @. t. ". >. w |t O=H}= QDw}Bt=m. q@k xm. ,. = |t u=Wv Q]=N. OR U. Q. O}vm =QH= Q=@m}. desktop wtv =QH=. "O. R. |=. |wQ. w. xDU@ =}. w. package O =. = xDU@ <RH Q. |= @ =Q. RWinEdt. CWwv. xrLQt u}=. } @. |Q= i=s v | y. library ("RWinEdt") "O W. = x@. s v. Q} R QwDUO. '. R. R. Q. Q= i=s v QO. wva CLD uwm} l} '=QH=. u=. w QoW}=Q} w. j i. w |t. =Q. Q_v. O = O. =. QO u= D. " W @ x W R @. w x QoW}=Q} w u}=. Q ] @. CUOx@. "O. Q CU=. |= @ ". wtv ?Yv. Matlab. =Q. R. QoW}=Q} w u}=. w |t. u= D. R. R. Q ?Yv TB. Q= i=s v. Q x}@W QoW}=Q} w u}= \}Lt. Q= i=s v. wtv xaH=Qt Q} R. "O. http://www.rstudio.org/download/desktop. TQO. QO. w xDU@ "O}vm ?Yv. j i. w. x@. = O. RGui O =. {. } @. RStudio. %. Rx. QoW}=Q} w. = w. @ Q mO N. w |t QoW}=Q} w u}=. u= D. {. TB. OQ t | y ) m. Q |t pYDt. "OO o. { {. =Q. TBU. R=. wtv. QoW}=Q} w. ". u. t. QoW}=Q} w. "O. "O. TB. xO. x@ x=o Qy Oa@ x@ u}=. w. ?Yv. w O W. R=. download XEmacs RWinEdt Tinn-R x w | =. R= |=xQ B w u. =. "O. m. w Q}Ut. |= @. = O ?}DQD u}= x@. u. ?. Q Q_v. =Q x. | y ) m. OvDU}v Q=Ri=sQv pN=O xm OvDUy |}=yv =yQoW}=Q} w u}=. w. R= u. Q}NP. ?. O}vm R=@. qkDUt O}=@. =v}t]= pwYL. | y ) m. ". ,. R O}r. QHvB x=ov 'O}vR@ =Q S O}rm w xDW=O xov =Q Ctrl O}rm. s v B. = O |DUQO. =Q. uOQw.

(25) R |U w x = Q. 7. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. R QO u}vJsy "OvwW|t XNWt %. '. CU= C}YwYN. QDm =Q=m =F. O. w. wDLt. |. wO |=Q=O. =y|W s=tD. mode |r data w. '|O a %OQ=O O Hw. Q. |tv Q=mx@. p t |= @ "OwQ. RO. = \UwD =yu OwN xm Ovm|t Q=m =y|W =@. w s v. Q |t u}at 10 C}YwYN =@. "OO o. w =yJ "Ovm|t XNWt. Y= ` v Q. OQ t QO. xm. w. R}v. OQ=O O Hw. |. Qo}O. =. W. x_Lqt xm Qw]v=ty. Q |W. OQ=O Q= k. mode xD@. | y. |k]vt. r= ". Q. =. =@ =} `@=D. "O @ s v CQ a. O. " yO. |t u=Wv. =Q. |W l} QY=va. O=. OaD. QO. xm. w. xO=O ` v. mode. %. \rDNt w |t. R= u= D. length. w. p ]. O}vm xHwD Q} R. x {1 mode(x)

(26) 1] "numeric" length(x)

(27) 1] 1 A { "Auchland" compar { TRUE z { 1i mode(A) mode(compar) mode(z)

(28) 1] "character"

(29) 1] "logical"

(30) 1] "complex". w. %. =. ". >. pYi. 3 4 1. =yxO=O. |W l} QY=va `wv. =Q. 1. =F x@ uwvm =. | yp t. <. >. >. >. <. <. <. >. O w |t wQ@ wQ Q} R s=e}B =@ xvQow OwW xDWwv. " } W R=. V}@ Q]U l}. =@. CQ Y. w. u}= Q}e. QO. Q. R. = O}=@ ,=tDL. nQ @ hw L @. xm O}y=wN@ Qo = =t= "O} |t QwDUO l} Q]U Qy. QO. . C=Q. Ow. O. QO ' v W = H. Qo}Om}. R= . Ctqa =@ 'Q]U l}. TRUE. xS=w. xm O}W=@ xDW=O xHwD. OW x_Lqt ,q@k xm Qw]u=ty wDUO O}=@ x=ov. O. Error: object "true" not found w |t. O =@. O. =Wv 11 NA. xO=O u. Okt Qo = "OyO|t u=Wv. =Q u ' W v O a Q=. w. CQ Y. -Inf Inf = w. @. x@ xOW Owkit C@ wv x@. =Q. x { 5/0 x

(31) 1] Inf exp(x)

(32) 1] Inf exp({x)

(33) 1] 0 x{x

(34) 1] NaN >. <. >. >. >. >. 10. attribute. 11. Not Available. 12. not a number. w. | yxO=O OQ t QO. O}y=wN xH=wt =]N. mode C}. Y. wYN. 1 pFt 'u}at=v |OOa Q}O=kt R u=@ R. O}vm xHwD Q} R. ". =. Q}o Q=Qk QwDUO l}. 'O. " W. "O W. %xHwD. =. =F x@ "OyO|t V}=tv 12 NaN =@. | yp t.

(35) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. O}vm xHwD Q} R. ". 8. =. =F x@ "O}yO Q=Qk. | yp t. quotes. =. wO } w. l} pN=O. xm CU= |i=m xDWQ O=H}=. =Q u. Q. |= @. x { "This is a test." x

(36) 1] "This is a test." x { 'This is a test.' x

(37) 1] "This is a test." >. <. >. >. <. >. pN=O. QO. Qo = uwvm = "CU=. quotes l. } R=. Qo = =t=. quotes O. w. w. wO CQ Y. 'OQ= v O Hw. |rmWt. x@ pY=L 'O}vm pta. quotes. wO R= xO. O}}=tv. ". xO. =iDU=. quotes. =. wO } w. w. l} =@ xJ xm O}vm xHwD. CW=O OwHw. CQ Y QO '. =iDU= n. R=. O}=@. w. wDU=B xDWQ. hQ. O} |t V}B =]N. w. =iDU=. 'O W xO. x { "Ali's apple" x

(38) 1] "Ali's apple" x { 'Alin's apple' x

(39) 1] "Ali's apple" >. <. >. >. <. >. ". O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@. wtv pQDvm. "O. =Q |Q. =Wa= s=kQ=. O=. OaD. w |t. digits. =. OaD. u= D. wDUO =@. Q. print(1/1:5, digits=2)

(40) 1] 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20. >. O =@ wDUO Qy. " W v Q. QO. =yv s}_vD. Q. =} Qo}O xm Owtv u}at |rm Qw]x@. |= @ |R v. w |t. "O W. =Q Q. =Wa=. =iDU=. xO. sQ kQ= O=. w |t xD@r=. u= D. options ` =. = u}=. @ D R= Q m. Q. |= @. options(digits = 3) print(1/1:5)

(41) 1] 1.000 0.500 0.333 0.250 0.200 > >. l}. R=. V}@ xm O}W=@ p}=t xJv=vJ. w. Ovm|t ". =. A J =Q. |W l} \ki. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@. "O. wtv. print() ` = x O} =iD cat() ` =. xO. @ D. U=. m. = xDW=O xHwD ,=vt. W @. @ D R=. O}=@. Q. =. OO o A J. |W. x { 1:10 cat('x=', x, '\n') x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >. <. >. Z} waD Q]U =} ". w. \N CtQi u}= QDj}kO. O}vm pta Q} R. w. CQ Y. x@ O}=@ OvwW. x { 1:10 cat('x=', '\n', x, '\n') x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. > >. <. =@ x@. CQ a. =. O. A J = H. "OQ. wNv sy x@ >. Q]U. O. =. xm CU= u}=. | H. x=. wO QO O= a= w . . Q '\n' CtUk. |= @. CtUk xm O}y=wN@ Qo = Ovm|t.

(42) R |U w x = Q. 9. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. 1. R u @ R QO xO t | yxO=O =. xO. =iDU=. xO. u R=. =iDU= =@. R}v Q=DWwv u}=. QO. xm CU= xOW. =yu pt=m CUQyi. =Q. w |t xD@r=. u= D. Q =yp=Ft. xO=O Q= k. =iDU=. QO xO. =. Q. : : : trees Nile LakeHuron iris cars Ov = C= R Q w. '. '. '. data() O w Q. Qty. =. " v= N= i =Q u x=. w |t Q} R QwDUO =@ 'OW. "O. =iDU=. | yxO=O u= D. library(gstat). >. R. OaD. |= @ xO t xO=O |O= '. ". >. 4 4 1. =. =. wtv x_Lqt Q} R QwDUO \UwD. =Q. gstat xDU. xO. Ovt. w |t. QO. wDUO. }R Q. package l CUQyi. R=. Qo = ,=vt. } R=. | yxO=O. =. u @ R QO. v t "O W. i }. =. @ QO GQ. pYi. w |t uwvm =. u= D. data(package="gstat"). >. C=Q. wDUO =@. =Q. meuse.alt x. w Q. =. O. @ \ @ t | yxO=O 'x W. CUQyi. =. |t=U= u=}t. | yxO=O. w |t p=Ft. R= u= D. wva x@. u=. wtv x_Lqt Q} R. "O. data(meuse.alt) meuse.alt. > >. R u=@ RQO =yxO=O R= |DtUk V}=tv w |t Q=m u}=. u= D. Q. |= @ "O. wtv xOy=Wt. =yv. =Q. R=. |DtUk. w |t '=yxO=O. u= D. w |vqw] ?@U x@. uO @. wtv. "O. =. =F. Q. w |t. | yxO=O p t |= @ "O W. xO. =iDU=. head() ` =. Q]U. @ D R= xO=O . 6. . =iDU=. xO. x}rw=. > >. =. =. C kw= R= |=xQ B QO. tail() head() ` = w. = Q]U. | y. "O. 1 4 4 1. Q}o Q_v. @ D wO R=. uO=O u. QO. R. =Wv. QO =Q. Q. |= @. trees. data(trees) head(trees) Girth Height Volume 1. 8.3. 70. 10.3. 2. 8.6. 65. 10.3. 3. 8.8. 63. 10.2. 4. 10.5. 72. 16.4. 5. 10.7. 81. 18.8. 6. 10.8. 83. 19.7. Q O}k ,=L} QY Q_v. "OO o. w. OaD O}=@ 'OW=@. OQ t O=. sRq. Q]U. 6. R=. QDtm =}. w. Q]U. 6. R=. V}@ x@ Qo =.

(43) 1391 '. >. |vWwOv|wUwt. 10. head(trees, 8) Girth Height Volume. trees. 1. 8.3. 70. 10.3. 2. 8.6. 65. 10.3. 3. 8.8. 63. 10.2. 4. 10.5. 72. 16.4. 5. 10.7. 81. 18.8. 6. 10.8. 83. 19.7. 7. 11.0. 66. 15.6. 8. 11.0. 75. 18.2. =. =F. Q. w |t xO=iDU= tail() `@=D R= xO=O Q]U 6 QN=w= |=yQ]U uO=O u=Wv |=Q@. | yxO=O p t |= @ "O W. Q}o Q_v. "O. >. QO. R. QO =Q. tail(trees) Girth Height Volume 26. 17.3. 81. 55.4. 27. 17.5. 82. 55.7. 28. 17.9. 80. 58.3. 29. 18.0. 80. 51.5. 30. 18.0. 80. 51.0. 31. 20.6. 87. 77.0. Ovm|t pta. ". head() ` =. @ D. Ovv=t. tail() ` =. @ D '. Q]U. 6. R=. QDtm. w. QDW}@. = Q]U. | y. OaD E}L. O=. 5 4 1. =yxO=O O}rwD. OvW=@|t Q} R KQW x@ xm 'OvDUy O}rwD p@=k. ". w. CQ Y wO. =yxO=O R= s_vt |=yxr=@vO O=H}= O Q}o@ Q_v. " }. QO =Q. 30 = 1 D. =. qFt 'K}LY. | yxO=O ,. O. O= a= R=. R=. x@ =yxO=O 1 5 4 1. s_vt xr=@vO.

(44) R |U w x = Q. 11. x { 1:30. >. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. 1. pYi. <. "OQ=O. C} wrw=. O. :. = Qorta u}@. |O a | y. QO ' . Qorta "CU= QYva. 30 =. x. l}. @ |= }=Q. w. wDUO xH}Dv. Ov=wD|t. seq() ` =. j i Q. 1:10-1

(45) 1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1:(10-1)

(46) 1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >. >. =F. wva x@ "Ovm O}rwD. %p t u=. =Q. |k}kL. O. x =@. O= a= R= |= r vO. @ D. seq(1, 5, 0.5)

(47) 1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 >. O. " yO. |t u=Wv. =Q. V}=Ri=. R}t OOa u}twU. u=. w. xr=@vO xtD=N OOa u}twO 'xr=@vO. Q. O u}rw= '`@=D u}=. `w W O a ". seq(from=1, to=5, length=9)

(48) 1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0. CWwv. QO. w |t u}vJsy. u= D. >. CU= xOW s}UkD. ". combine ` = c() x @ D. @ "OQw QO. xr=@vO l}. w. CQ Y. x@. |w. =Ut CtUk. Q sy Q=vm. w O=O Q= k. =Q. 9 x 5 = 1 u} @. Q_v. D. w. O. @. xrY=i =Hv}=. w |t. OQ t O= a= u= D. ". c(1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0)

(49) 1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0. c() ` =. QO. =. @ D @. Ov} wo|t R}v. >. QY=va Q=QmD. O=. OaD. = w. u u t oQ. u}twO. Q. = w. w Q=O @ u u t oQ. u}rw= xm. w. OQ=O O Hw. rep(). wva CLD. u=. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "CU=. ". Qo}O `@=D. |. = w. pw= u t oQ. rep(1:4, 4)

(50) 1] 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 >. u}=. QO ". CU=. = w. Q QY=va. pw= u t oQ Q=O @. O=. OaD =@ Q@=Q@. u. QY=va. OaD xm OW=@. O=. Q Ov=wD|t R}v. Q=O @. = w. swO u t oQ. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm = "Ovm|t u}at =Q pw= u=twoQ QY=va Q=QmD O=OaD 'swO u=twoQ Q=OQ@ QYva Qy Cr=L. ". rep(1:4, c(2,2,2,2))

(51) 1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 >. O}vm xHwD. ". >. rep() ` =. @ D R=. Q} R. =. =F x@. xO U p t. rep(' ', 3).

(52) 1] ". "" "" " =yxO=O R= |iO=YD |=yxr=@vO O=H}=. R = Q| rfunc(n, w u @ R "OO o. t. 2 5 4 1. Qm P xQ=@ u}= QO |QYDNt KQW u}=Q@=v@ "CU= O}rwD p@=k |Q=t |=y`} RwD \UwD xr=@vO `wv u}=. CQ Y. x@ `@=wD u}= |twta pmW "CU= p=tDL= |r=oJ w sQH `@=wD R= |=x_Lqt p@=k O=OaD pt=W.

(53) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 12. OaD n =yu QO "CU= xOW PN= |iO=YD |=vat x@ random xS=w R= r hQL xm CU= p1,. O. |O= a= O=. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "OyO|t u=Wv =Q `@=D |=yQDt=Q=B Q}O=kt. ". p1, p2, . Q. p2, : : : ). w O}rwD CU= Q=Qk xm CU=. hw L "O W. rnorm(1)

(54) 1] 1.358007 >. ". CU= xOW O}rwD l} Q=}at. QLv=. h=. w. QiY u}ov=}t. O =D. = Q |iO=YD OOa l} =Hv}=. OQ= v U= p t v. =yxO=O uDWwv. QO. 5 1. w uOv=wN. w C}ty= |Dkw ?r]t u}= XNq=@ "CU= u QO =yxO=O GwQN w OwQw Q=Ri=sQv Qy |U=U= |=yVN@ R= |m}. O N. syt u}= KQW Q=m xt=O=. Q. Q}NP p}=i l}. QO "OO o x. |wQ. =}. w. O w. w O W x v= N. p}=i l}. =. xm OyO|t u=Wv. R= yxO=O. O. Oy=wN. " t. p}=i. "O. wtv. =iDU=. xO. w |t Q=m u}=. Q O w |t p}=i. VwQ wO R= u= D. |= @ " v= N. R= =yxO=O uOv=wN. 1 5 1. text. R. |wQ R= =Q . |vDt. . =. | yxO=O. read.table uOv=wN QwDUO QO w. cw. qFt. }=QO QO ,. data.txt |r =. OW=@. w. Ovm|t pta Q} R. ". >. = Qo = "CU=. } i s v. w. CQ Y. read.table() ` =. =iDU=. @ D xO. x@ uOv=wN QwDUO x=ov 'OW=@ xOW xQ}NP. mydata { read.table("c:/test/data.txt"). =Q. =. u @R. 1 1 5 1. w. wDUO u}rw=. OQ t Q. test. = x@. s v. x w. |= W B. <. pt=a sDU}U. QO. xm |DQwY. /. CU= xOW XNWt. QO '. . =@ p}=i. TQO. =}. Q}Ut xm O}W=@ xDW=O xHwD. w. nn wO R= O}=@ O}vm xO=iDU= n O=tv R= O}y=wN@ xJ=vJ "OOQo|t xO=iDU= n O=tv R= Q=m u}= |=Q@windows w |t |U} wvR=@ Q}N=. "O W. >. w x. =. =F. CQ Y @ q @ p t u. wvm =. Q. =iDU=. "O m xO. . mydata { read.table("c:nntestnndata.txt") <. w x CU= s=v |=Q=O u Q}eDt Qy xm OwW|t p}mWD mydata s=v x@ =yxO=O R= |rwOH l} jwi QwDUO |=QH= =@. Q ] @ ". mydata$V1, mydata$V2, = w x = x | QD w | O} = V1, V2, Q V} O = | mydata, 1], mydata, 2], mydata"V1"], mydata"V2"], : : : = wD wt =iD w ?U w| x C =}D =} wY p = read.table C O Q} data.txt Q w x |r = O}v x w Q =F x wv | yCQ Y. Q. UO " W @. @ yu. t. @. U. UO w O W. t x. t v. Z i. w. "O. v xO. U= u R= OQ t ". Author: John Davis Date: 18-05-2007. U= x W x. L u= D. NP. B. } w. t. m. U= |Q. } R CQ Y. N= C Y. @. } i ". N. m. H D. t W. }R p t. @ u. m=.

(55) R |U w x = Q. 13. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. pYi. 1. Some comments... Col1, Col2, Col3, Col4 23, 45, A, John 34, 41, B, Jimmy 12, 99, B, Patrick. R = = mydata { read.table("c:/test/data.txt", skip=3, sep=",", header=T) mydata = w Ov | w@ C =L} w w Q x p = Q] x skip = w read.table() ` = T =Hv C |k]v w x header = w Q = O =t | P = u} w Q sep O}v x w | Q x wv Ov | ^i = | = u Q =v O Q C TRUE hiN x w |t xOv=wN=Qi. "O W. >. u @ R QO q L. <. >. u t oQ w . . m. t Q. }= QO w. ". m. a. U= C. U=. H D. D \ @ t. t ` v R=. Hw N. @ u. m= ". m. m. m. } i pw=. U. U R=. u t oQ x Nq @ w. t. L =Q. yxO=O. t U=. }. u t oQ. v. t h L =Q. }= @ @ 'x W. mP. @ D QO. yxO=O. @ p o }w. U=. t. m. =}U@ Q=L p=L. QO. Col1 Col2 Col3 Col4 1 23 45 A John 2 34 41 B Jimmy 3 12 99 B Patrick R. u @R ". xU |}=yxO=O u}vJ uOv=wN. |= @ ". O w. u v= N. x@. = |}=yvD x@. QO k. =. CU= xOW xQ}NP. Excel. Q CU}v *.xlsx =}. w. R. Q. q@k =yxO=O. Q= i=s v QO ,. *.xls. = O wUB |va}. | y v. R= |Q. Excel. = p}=i s}kDUt. | y. w. "OQ=O O Hw. |vDt p}=i =yv read.table() `@=D =@ TBU 'Owtv xQ}NP *.txt CtQi x@ Excel. pL. =. w |t. O w. *.txt. QO =Q yxO=O u= D. x=Q. 1. " v= N =Q . read.csv("p =. = ") `@=D =@ TBU 'Owtv xQ}NP *.csv CtQi x@ Excel QO =Q =yxO=O u=wD|t. } i TQO w s v. O w. " v= N =Q. O w |t. " v= N. =. | yxO=O. =Q. Excel. = p}=i ,=t}kDUt. | y. R. =. u @ R 'u R= xO. =iDU= =@ xm x]w@ Qt. package. R= xO. =yv. =iDU=. 3. p}=i u=wD|t 'OOQo|t pYw R x@ xm foreign |Q=Ri=sQv xDU@ ltm x@ =t= s}kDUt CQwYx@ xv R QO CU=. ". read.spss("p =. =. } i s v w. Q}Ut"). w x. O w. wDUO "Ov=wN. CQ Y @ u v= N Q. =Q. spss. p}=i |rt=aD uDi=} u}= |HwQN "O@=}@. =Q u w xO. wtv wHDUH |rt=aD. w x. CQ Y @ =Q. =tW Q_v. w p}=i Ov=wD|t. OQ t. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm = "OyO|t u=Wv. ". >. 2. le.choose(). =Q u. x@. Q. 2 1 5 1. le.choose() ` =. w Q Q}Ut. \ @ t. R. Q= i=s v. @ D. w. p}=i s=v `@=D.

(56) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 14.

(57) 1] "D:\\R_les\\data\\debit.txt" Q}Ut. u. w. p}=i s=v. OwQw. x@. =} Qo}O. |R v. 'O. read.table() ` =. Q}o Q=Qk. =Hv=. "O=O s. wvax@ Q}N= `@=D Qo =. wvm =. =Q. wHDUH pta O}=@ xt=vQ@. Q. = Qy. |= H= Q @. u. =t= 'CU}v. QO. read.table(le.choose()). >. = Ov=wD|t `@=D u}= "OQ=O s=v choose.les() xm OQ=O OwHw xO=wv=N u}ty R=. p}=i OvJ TQO. =Q. = w. @ D u t oQ u=. w s v. O}rm uDW=O xov =@ O}v=wD|t =tW = p}=i s=v. | y. w |t. "O W. =ov "O}vm l}rm. w TQO x. =Q. xO. wWo. Select les. Open O}r. m. TBU. = x@. s v. wtv. w xO. |=x. QHvB `@=D u}=. =NDv=. ?. w. =Q O N. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm =. ". Q. |. Qo}O `@=D. = O. CUOx@. |= H= @ " yO. Q_v. w. = p}=i. OQ t | y. Q |t Qy=_ xOW. "OO o. Ctrl. ?. =NDv=. choose.les()

(58) 1] "D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt" "D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt" >. `@=D |HwQN =yv. =. | yTQO w. airpass.txt boise.txt w. =. = x@ p}=i. | ys v. w |t x_Lqt xm Qw]u=ty. wO O W. OvDUy xOW xDio. ". =yv. RHt Qw]x@. R= =. R. w. sw r CQ Y QO w. CW=O xov. x. = x@ ,qFt |W l} pN=O. s v. w |t. u= D. =Q. =yp}=i s=v. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@. w TQO. "O. wtv. w |t =yp}=i. ?. ". =iDU=. xO. x { choose.les() x

(59) 1] "D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt" "D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt" x

(60) 1]

(61) 1] "D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt" x

(62) 2]

(63) 1] "D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt" >. <. >. >. >. CU= Q_v Kt]t |}=yp}=i ,qFt O}vm ". >. Q. Z i "O. wtv QDr}i u=WOvwUB ?UL Q@. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "OyO|t s=Hv= Q}N= `@=D. QO. QDr}i u=twoQ. =Q. =Q. =yv. u= D. xi}_w u}= 'OW=@. txt =y. v. R}v Q@ Q=m xr}Uw x@ Ov=wD|t `@=D u}= "Ovm|t =iDU=. O. |tv Q_v x@ ?U=vt. u R= ' UQ. xO. =iDU=. read.table. scan(). = x@. s v. Qmrta xm. Q u}}=B K]U `@=D. | D. OvwUB xm. =. =. w. R=. 3 1 5 1. read.table ` =. @ D. O w Q =t}kDUt. C kw= R= |=xQ B QO w O W x v= N= i ,. O. CU= Q} R KQW x@. ". >. QO. choose.les(lters = Filters

(64) c("txt", "All"), ]). scan uOv=wN QwDUO xO. =NDv=. u. |twtta pmW. w |t. "O W. scan(le=" "). p}=i Q=DN=U Qo = xm O}W=@ xDW=O xHwD "OOQo|t GQO u TQO w p}=i s=v 'uW}Dwm pN=O 'p}=i u=twoQ |wrH xm w x. CQ Y @ =Q. p}=i C=} wDLt xm u}= |=Q@ w Ov=wN|tv pwOH pmW x@ =Q. u. scan() ` =. w. O. @ D 'O @ pw H. l} CQwYx@.

(65) R |U w x = Q. 15. =. } v t v @ u @R. O. " W. Oy=wN. xO=O. K}wD =yT} QD=t CtUk. QO. xm Owtv. xO. matrix() ` =. =iDU=. @ D R=. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "Ov=wN@ O}rm xLiY. ". =@ |}=vW. O}=@ O} Q=O xov. =yxO=O Ov=wD|t. |wQ R= =Q. pYi. 1. O. pw H. scan() ` =. @ D. x { scan() 1: 10 2: 11 3: 12 4: 13 5: 14 6: 15 7: 16 8: Read 7 items >. <. =yxO=O OwQw xrLQt R= u=wD|t Enter O}rm uOR =@ 'O}OH OOa OwQw uwO@ =yxO=O s=tD= R= TB xrLQt u} QN QO =tW ". =. Qo =. | yxO=O. w. CU= umtt. O. =. |O a | yxO=O OwQw. what="". O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "CU=. = w. u t oQ. \ki xOW xDio `@=D. OvtR=}v. scan() ` =. @ D. R= xO. =iDU= pmW u}=. OW=@ =yQDm =Q=m. O. =. QO " W GQ N. xDWQ. R= |=. w x. CQ Y @. scan(what="") 1: 1Jan2000 2: 5Mar2001 3: 1May2002 4: 10Jun2003 5: 11Sep2004 6: Read 5 items

(66) 1] "1Jan2000" "5Mar2001" "1May2002" "10Jun2003" "11Sep2004". >. =yxDWQ sy w O=Oa= sy `@=D u}= xvwoJ xm OW Oy=wN xQ=W= xDmv u}= x@ CUQyi =} w CU}r x@ \w@ Qt CtUk QO O w. " v= N. p}=i. OU} wv|t p}=i. ". >. write.table(x, le=" "). Q}NP. x. u QO. =yxO=O xm CU= |r}=i s=v. le=" ". CU= xHwD QwNQO xm. w. ". =yuwDU |t=U= Q |t. "OO o. R=. h}OQ Qy. P. Cr=L u}=. = uW}Dwm OwW. Q. P. CU= CUQO = h}OQ. h L y. T. =tW. xQ. = w. Q V}B. Z i. Q. OO o. =yxO=O. write.table. Q}NP CU= Q=Qk xm CU= |}=yxO=O. OvJ. write.table() ` =. |DQwY. w. OQ=O O Hw. quote |k]v. row.names=F x. u QO. w. m. |DQwY. row.names |k]v O. = w. t u t oQ. Q}o|t Q=Qk uW}Dwm =yh}OQ. OQ=O O Hw. |t Q=Qk. QO " yO. wDUO. Q. xm. Q}o|t Q=Qk OvwW|t. QO w O. w x xm. CQ Y @. x. @ D QO "O. Q V}B CQwYx@ xm m. |wQ =Q. 2 5 1. uDWwv. w. Z i. quote=F x. |wQ =yxO=O. w w x. s-= D Q ] @ =Q. QO w O W x. OQ=O O Hw u t oQ. CU= T. QO w. h L y. |= @ w. Q |t. "OO o. QwO. Oy=wN. xQ. xQ. =tW. w. = w. t u t oQ. =tW =yxO=O.

(67) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 16. sy Q=vm =yxO=O uwDU OwWv. w. "O. wtv. xO. =iDU=. w |t. u= D. =iDU=. xO. sep="\t". = w. w |t xDWwv p}=i. = u}=. Excel. Q O =. R= Q m. |= @ " W @. Qo = xm. w. = u}=. ?DQt. QO. Q. sy. w. O w. Ovvm =OH =}. OQ=O O Hw x. Q}owrH. u t oQ R= Q m. "O W. CtQi. u R=. R= |. Q. sep. = x@. s v. |. w |t xDWwv p}=i. |= @ "O W. u}at xrY=i l} =@ =yxO=O uwDU. R=. p@=k xm Owtv xQ}NP. R. w. xw x. CU= Q} R KQW x@ QwDUO |rm. CQ Y "O W. w. u}=. QO. p}=i l}. u @ R QO |= v o @ =Q. ". ?DQt=v. QO. CQ Y. =. |= @ u v= N. Qo}O u=twoQ. w |t. w |t. u= D. =iDU= *.csv. xO. write.csv2(x, le=" .csv"). >. row.names |k]v. w. OQ=O O Hw. xm |DQwY. O. |t Q=Qk. = w. =tW =yxO=O. QO " yO. Q =tW x=wNrO s=v xm O}vm xHwD. =vt "OW=@|t |HwQN p}=i. t u t oQ ,. xQ. CWwv. R=. h}OQ Qy. w |t |va}. ". Q. P. "OO o. T. Z i. =tW. OO o. CU= CUQO. |= @ w. Q |t. u= D. |= @. = h}OQ. h L y. xQ. R= xO=iDU= =@. uDWwv. Q V}B. w x xm. CQ Y @. row.names=F. Q. write.csv2(x, le=" .csv", row.names=F). >. p}=i. x@ xm. u. Q} R. w. OQ=O O Hw. w x@. OQ t. |Qi V}B. w |t. "O W. xO. =iDU=. p}=i l}. TQO '. |wQ. Q@ uDWwv. getwd() ` =. w. 3 5 1. pLt. R = working directory O w. p}=i l}. CUOx@. @ D R= u TQO uOQw. w uOv=wN. Q. |wQ R= u v= N |= @. Q Ov} wo. |= @ ". u @ R QO. O}vm xHwD. ". getwd()

(68) 1] "C:/Documents and Settings/shahin/My Documents" >. w}=QO '=tW Q_v. w. xm O}vm. OQ t TQO. Q qFt. Z i,. wtv. "O. =iDU=. xO. CU= Q} R. ". >. setwd() ` =. O}vm pQDvm. w. TQO. =Q O N. O}OH. getwd()

(69) 1] "D:/R_les". TQO. getwd(). u}= Z} waD. R_les x. w x wDUO u}=Q@=v@ 'OW=@. CQ Y @ Q. setwd("D:/R_les") ". w |t. @ D R= u= D. w. Q. |= @. W B w. D. wDUO =@ O}v=wD|t uwvm =. Q. >. u. u}=Q@=v@. Q |tQ@. 'OO o. Q V}B. Z i. x@ O}OH. TQO. O}vm pta Q} R. ". x@ s. w Q. \ @ t. =Hv=. 2.14.0 = u R. =Q Q m. }=. =. w. OQ t TQO. w. O=. Q Qy=_. "OO o. ,=O. OHt. w. O} wW. Z} waD xm u}=. Q CU= |Dkwt s}_vD. |Q H. w. xO @ QO. properties xv R O} R ok O}r TB =Q. wm} Q@. O}vm. ". m. w. =. xNUv. Qt= u}= =t= "O}yO. } o. v @ =Q. |Dkw =yDvt. |= @ ". R. O}vm l}rm. QO ". R=. u. Ovm|tv =i}= |Wkv xHwI}y x@ pta xH}Dv. =@ p@=kt x@aH. CQ a. R. QHvB =D 'O}vm CU=Q l}rm. Qo}O xNUv =@ =tW xm CU= |a}@] ,qt=m u}=Q@=v@ "CU=. Start in:. =. GQ N. |=x. O Oy=wN O}OH TQO =tW ZQi V}B TQO ?}DQD u}= x@ ". ' W. R. R= |. ". Q_v. w x. =Q. CQ Y @ O W Q= } B TQO. xm O}W=@ xDW=O xHwD. s kQ=. O}vm R=@. TQO ". U w. Q=L xQHvB O}vm OQ=w OHt xm. Z a =Q u ,=O. QO. w. =Q O N u. Qot.

(70) R |U w x = Q. 17. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. l}. QO. xm u}at xWwB l} x@ =tW =t= 'Ov=t@ |k=@ OwN. O}W=@ xDW=O s}kDUt |UQDUO xv=o =OH R}v. ". TQO u. w x@ O}OH. C k. x@ O}r}=t. w. O}y=wN|t xm O}vm. TQO. O} Q=O QQmt xaH=Qt. w x = u}=. CQ Y @ Q m. Ow. " } W. =Q. Change dir . xv} Ro Q=L xQHvB. QO. Q |t R=@. "OO o. getwd(). wDUO. Q. R=. Q}Ut. =NDv= |DUQO. ?. File =@ Browse For Folder = TBU "O}vR@. =v}t]=. R= u. Q O}vm ?}kaD Q_v. |= @ ". O. =Wv. =ov 'O}vm ?=NDv= =Q. Save Workspace . O. Save O}r. OvwUB =Hv}= =@. w xO. wtv. Q}}eD I}y. m 'u QO |. =Q. O}vm|t xOy=Wt. QO ". =Q. O O. uw @ " yO. |t u=Wv. wm} x=ov "O} wQ@ u=DQ_v. =NDv= x=wNrO x@ sU= l} O}v=wD|t u}=Q@=v@. POT.RData xH}D. v. O. =. wvt. |q @ |. R=. QHvB x=ov 'O}vm. w xWwB =D. OQ t. w. Q}Ut. =Q O N xO. =iDU=. =@ xLiY |q=@ |wvt. CQ a. = x@. s v. |=x. R=. QHvB. =}DN= Q}Ut u=ty Q=L xQHvB. =Q x W Q. u. ?. OD@=. |=x. Save image in. O. Q. |= @. OQ=w =. =}DN= Q}Ut O}=@ O}vm. xv} Ro TBU "O}vR@ =Q File w |t R=@. O}vR@. x@. R. =Q x W Q. "O W. ". xLiY. CQ a s v. " yO u. x. =Q. wvm =. Q |Y=N Q}Ut. O}vm pta Q} R. =NDv=. Q. Z i u. 'OQ=O Q= k. ". ?. pYi. 1. R RData. w xWwB x@ TBU "O}Ov@. OQ t. w. Q |tU= =t= CU=. "OQ= v O Hw u |= @. =Q. OW=@ POT Q_v OQwt sU= Qo = ,qFt "O}vm xi== =Q u Rename VwQ R= xO=iDU= Q |t. "OO o. Desktop xLi xrt R xLi =

(71) Previously saved workspace restored]. u}=. R= ". O}vm O=H}= OwN. Rw. Ov} w. Y |wQ. H. w |t x_Lqt Q_v. "O W. w. shortcut. xDWwv Q]U u} QN. Y | y. =ty 'O}vm =QH=. OQ t TQO u. =Q. l}. O}v=wD|t =tW. u R=. Ow. QO ,qw= " } W. getwd(). R. OQ=w. wDUO Qo = ,=}v=F. wtv. |Q=. Oyov Q} R. =. w. | yCQ Y. x@. =Q. shortcut Q |t Qy=_. Q. "OO o. =yxO=O. "O. wvm =. u. 6 1. Q=DN=U. =yxO=O. R. w |t. u= D. (vector). =. u @ R QO. Q. Q=O @. (matrix) T Q =. } D t. (array) x. }=Q. (data frame). w. =. =. Q. =. Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O. (time series) | =. v tR | U | yxO=O. (list) C. U. Qyi.

(72) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 18. w |t xDN=OQB =yu. "O W. R=. l} Qy. RHt KQW x@ uwvm =. |=. 1 6 1. =yQ=OQ@. OvDUy u=Um} `wv =@ xO=O OvJ pt=W xm CU= |W Q=OQ@ "OvDUy =yQ=OQ@ 'R u=@ R QO =yxO=O Q=DN=U u} QDxO=U. '. CN=U =Q Q=OQ@ c() `@=D =@ u=wD|t OW x_Lqt R}v ,q@k xm Qw]v=ty "OvW=@|t. ". :::. w. |k]vt ,=t=tD =} w OOa ,=t=tD ". O}vm xHwD Q} R p=kt x@. x { c(10,5,3,6) x

(73) 1] 10 5 3 6 >. <. >. =}. w. y { c(x, 0.55, x, x) y

(74) 1] 10.00 5.00 3.00 6.00 0.55 10.00 5.00 3.00 6.00 10.00 5.00 3.00

(75) 13] 6.00 >. <. >. ". O}vm xHwD. QDm =Q=m p=Ft l} x@ uwvm =. |. pets { c("cat","dog","gerbil","terrapin") length(pets)

(76) 1] 4 >. <. >. O |t CUOx@ Q} R. " }. w x xDWQ Qy pw] =t=. CQ Y @. w. "OQ=O O Hw. xDWQ Q=yJ xm OyO|t u=Wv. length() ` =. @ D. pets { c("cat","dog","gerbil","terrapin") nchar(pets)

(77) 1] 3 3 6 8. >. <. >. =yQ=OQ@ |wQ |=} Q C=@U=Lt =Q. x. Q QYva Qy xx p=Ft. Q=O @. Q. w |t s=Hv=. |= @ "O W. QYva Qy. V. wtat. |wQ ,q. O. =. 1 1 6 1. Q. =@ =Lt. |O a | yQ=O @ |wQ C U. Ovm|t `@ Qt. ". x

(78) 1] 10 5 3 6 z {x x z

(79) 1] 100 25 9 36 >. >. <. >. "O. wtv p=ta=. x. Q. Q=O @ |wQ =Q. s}DQ=or `@=D ,qFt. log(x)

(80) 1] 2.302585 1.609438 1.098612 1.791759 >. "O=O. QF=. Q l} QY=va. Q=O @. |wQ =Q. `@=wD. w |t. u= D.

(81) R |U w x = Q. 19. =. } v t v @ u @R. QD|vqw]. Q. O x@ = D. Q=O @ xR= v=. Q |t Q=QmD QOkv QDx=Dwm. Q OvW=@v u=Um} pw]. OO o. Q=O @ '. O Q}o Q_v. " }. =@ |}=vW. Q. O l}. Q. pYi. xm |Dr=L. |=Q=O Q=O @ wO. QO =Q O a. 1. =. =F. QO. w. w Q=O @ xO U p t "O W. sqrt(x) + 2

(82) 1] 5.162278 4.236068 3.732051 4.449490 >. `tH 2 OOa =@. Q QYva Qy TBU. Q=O @. Q. w OO o. x. Q. w. O x@ =D CU= xOW Q=QmD Q=@ Q=yJ. Q=O @ p ] xR= v=. OvW=@. ". Q Ovwrta. Q=O @. wO. 2. O =Hv}=. O a. Qy xm xm O}vm xHwD |r=Ft x@ uwvm =. QO. w |t. "O W. x { c(1,2,3,4) y { c(1,2,3,4,5,6) z {x y Warning message: In x y : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length z

(83) 1] 1 4 9 16 5 12. >. <. >. <. >. <. >. Q=OQ@ Q} R O=H}=. "O. =F. p t ". wtv O=H}=. O}vm XNWt. Q Q. =Q Q=O @ } R. w. =Q O W ?. l}. =NDv= O}=@ xm. w |t. u= D. Q =v. w. CQ Y wO. | Y a xQ. x@. =tW. x { c(3,11,8,15,12) x

(84) c(2,4)]

(85) 1] 11 15 >. <. >. wtv. "O. P. h L =Q sRq. Q}e QY=va. w |t QY=va. u= D. xQ. =tW |ivt. O= a= R= xO. O. =iDU= =@. Qit Q} R. w x. x { c(3,11,8,15,12) x

(86) -c(2,3)]

(87) 1] 3 15 12 >. <. >. O}vm xHwD. ". w |t s=Hv=. 'O W. x { c(1,3,6,10,15) x

(88) 1]

(89) 1] 1 x

(90) 5]

(91) 1] 15 length(x)

(92) 1] 5 dim(x) NULL nrow(x) NULL ncol(x) > >. >. >. >. >. >. <. u |wQ C. =}rta. u=. wva x@ xm. w x@ "CU=. |OQ= t. Zw. CQ Y @. x. Q. Q=O @.

(93) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. NULL |vwDU. Q l}. Q=O @. xx. 20. m. O}y=wN@ Qo = "CU}v O=a@= O}vm xHwD Q} R. ". T} QD=t. |=Q=O. = O x@. | y ) m. qN Q@. h. Q O}vm|t x_Lqt xm Qw]u=ty. Q=O @ '. wtv h} QaD T} QD=t l}. "O. w x. CQ Y @ =Q u. O}=@. Q. 'OO o. x { as.matrix(x) dim(x)

(94) 1] 5 1 >. <. >. R. =@ =yu. =. u @R |. =. w. u @ R QO CQ Y. OvW=@ xOW 13 Owkit |}=yxO=O =}. u}=. QO ". =tvy=Q x@ O}=@ xm 'CU= Cw=iDt =yNA. w. OQ t QO. R`. w pta. @= D. |x. Q |t Qm P p=Ft. "OO o. ". Ovm|t pkDvt. Q. | U. xO=O. xm CU= umtt =yxO=O. QN x@. NA C q. wLv "OvwW|t xO=O u=Wv wva x@ `@=D xU =Hv}=. u=. =Q. NA. =. | yxO=O. Q. | U QO t. QO "O. wtv xaH=Qt. order() ` =. @ D 1. x { c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22) order(x)

(95) 1] 1 3 2 5 4 x

(96) order(x)]

(97) 1] 1 2 20 22 NA >. <. >. >. ". Ovm|t. P. w x w. h L O N @O N =Q. NA. =. | yxO=O. sort() ` =. @ D 2. x - c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22) sort(x)

(98) 1] 1 2 20 22 >. <. >. =. =Q Q m . na.rm=T. . |DUO. w x O}=@. CQ Y @. w. Ovm|tv pta. w `@=D. j i. wO R=. l}I}y pFt. mean() ` =. @ D 3. =Hv=QU. "O=O s. x { c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22) mean(x)

(99) 1] NA mean(x, na.rm=T)

(100) 1] 11.25 >. <. >. >. wtv. "O. =iDU= R}v Q} R pL. xO. w |t xD@r=. x=Q R= u= D. x { c(1,2,NA,3,4) y { x

(101) !is.na(x)] mean(y)

(102) 1] 2.5 >. <. >. <. >. Q pta Q} R. "O m. x

(103) is.na(x)] { -999 x

(104) 1] 1 2 -999 3 4 >. <. >. 13. missing data. w x. w |t "O}vm. CQ Y @ u= D. w. Z a. -999. Q=. Okt =@. =Q. NA qF ,. t. a. O}y=wN@ Qo = uwvm =.

(105) R |U w x = Q. 21. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. w |t =yQ=OQ@ x@. 1. pYi. w Q xm O}vm xHwD Q} R ?r=H p=Ft x@ uwvm =. "O W. \ @ t. x { 0:10 x

(106) 1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sum(x)

(107) 1] 55 >. <. >. >. Qo = =t=. sum() ` =. w |t x@U=Lt. "O W. @ D. =@ =yv `wtHt TBU. xm OUQ|t Q_v x@ Qt=. =. wtv Q=}DN=. w xO. O}vm `tH sy =@. |O @ QO ". =Q. =Q. 10 = 0 D. xQ. =kt. }O. R=. O. O= a=. x Q}eD. t. |WN@ O}y=wN@. sum(x 5)

(108) 1] 5 >. <. CU=. wtv pta Q} R. ". R. w x. xO. CQ Y @. =. Q. CU}v CUQO. w. u @R = }R ". ?= H. xD@r= xm. x 5

(109) 1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE >. <. x@ p}O@D. =Q. =yFALSE. w. 1. O x@ p}O@D. O a. =Q. =yTRUE. w. xDiQo Q_v. QO =Q. x<5 |k]v. =@ |va}. t CQ a. xr=Ut pL |=Q@ xQNq=@ =t= "CU= xOW x@U=Lt 5 OOa |va} =yTRUE `tH TBU "CU= xOwtv 0 OOa wtv pta. "O. w x O}=@. CQ Y @. sum(x

(110) x 5])

(111) 1] 10. >. <. cumsum() `@=D u. QYva u}t=i. CU=. w. =. x}rw=. |OwQw | yxO=O. Q Q@=Q@. Q=O @. w. u p ]. xm Ovm|t O=H}=. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "CU=. ". Q. =Q |Q=O @. =. |OwQw | yxO=O pw=. cumsum() ` = QYv i `t Q Q. @ D. a. H. @= @. cumsum(rep(2,10))

(112) 1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 >. which() `@=D xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm =. Q |tQ@. "OO o. which() ` =. @ D. \UwD. u. T}Ov= OW Q=QkQ@. Q l}. Q=O @. QO. |Y=N. 2 1 6 1. Q. \ W. Qo =. O}vm. ". vals { c(1,3,2,68,11,13,19,8,49,4) my_max - max(vals) which_val { which(vals == my_max) cat(c("Max =", my_max, "Val#", which_val, "\n")) Max = 68 Val# 4. > >. >. <. <. <. >. O. " t. CUOx@. u. T}Ov=. w. QFm =OL QYva. w. = O. Q. =. w |t x_Lqt xm Qw]u=ty. j i | y m |= H= @ O W.

(113) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 22. 2 6 1. =yT} QD=t. Q CU= u=Um}. |= @ ". ncol = nc. . } w. =. w. | yxO=O ` v |=Q=O. T} QD=t l} QY=va s=tD. wDU O=OaD w nrow =} w nr Q]U O=OaD w. u. Q Ovv=t "CU= Q=OQ@ \U@ T} QD=t `k=w. Q=O @. c() ` =. @ D ". QY=va. QO. Q CU= |i=m T} QD=t uDN=U. |= @. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm =. wtv h} QaD. "O. A - matrix(c(1,2,3,4), nr=2, nc=2) A

(114) ,1]

(115) ,2]

(116) 1,] 1 3

(117) 2,] 2 4. >. <. >. =F. w |t. %p t "O W. xO. =iDU=. Ai,j]. R= '. O}vm =O}B CUO T} QD=t. R=. x} QO l} x@ xm O}y=wN@ Qo = uwvm =. A

(118) 1,2]

(119) 1] 3 >. =F. Ci=} CUO T} QD=t. %p t ". R=. |v}at |vwDU =} Q]U x@. w |t. u= D. A

(120) ,1]

(121) 1] 1 2 A

(122) 2,]

(123) 1] 2 4 >. >. w x xH}Dv OwW xO=iDU= dim() uw}Uv=t}O `@=D R= Qo = w CU}v x}=Q l} A,1] OwW|t x_Lqt xm Qw]v=ty. CQ Y @. CU= Q} R. ". dim(A

(124) ,1]) NULL >. O}OH OQ@ Q=m =@ p@k p=Ft x@. "OO. Qov. P. h L. x}=Q C}Y=N =D Owtv. =iDU=. xO. drop. = x@ |v=twoQ. s v. w |t =t=. R= u= D. O}vm xHwD. ". A

(125) ,1,drop=F]

(126) ,1]

(127) 1,] 1

(128) 2,] 2 dim(A

(129) ,1,drop=F])

(130) 1] 2 1 >. >. Q} R p=Ft x@ "OvwW|t xQ}NP. Q V}B |vwDU. Z i. w x. CQ Y @. R. =. u @ R QO. T} QD=t QY=va xm O}W=@ xDW=O xHwD O}vm xHwD. ". xx { matrix(1:6,ncol=3) # Equivalently, enter matrix(1:6,nrow=2) xx

(131) ,1]

(132) ,2]

(133) ,3]

(134) 1,] 1 3 5

(135) 2,] 2 4 6. > >. <.

(136) R |U w x = Q. 23. =. =@ |}=vW. } v t v @ u @R. w |t. "O W. =iDU= 14 |L}wD. xO. Q} R p=Ft x@ "Owtv xO=iDU= byrow=T. =@. CQ a R=. qtH. C. Q. R. Q. uO=O Q= k |= @. =. 1. # Ctqa. u @ R QO . pYi. %xHwD. R=. O}=@ OW=@ |Q]U pmW x@ uOW xQ}NP |xwLv xm O}y=wN@ Qo = O}vm xHwD. ". xx { matrix(1:6, ncol=3, byrow=T) xx

(137) ,1]

(138) ,2]

(139) ,3]

(140) 1,] 1 2 3

(141) 2,] 4 5 6. >. <. >. x@ |}=yxO=O p}=i xm O}vm. Q. O w |tv. Z i " v= N. O. w x. pw H CQ Y @ =Q. =yxO=O. scan() ` =. @ D. OW xDio ,q@k xm Qw]u=ty. O = Q} R. " W @. 123 456 789 ". CU= Q} R. w x |HwQN. CQ Y @. w |t xOv=wN. "O W. w x. CQ Y @. scan() ` =. try.txt. =. s v. =iDU= =@ uwvm =. @ D R= xO. scan( "D:\\R_les\\try.txt") Read 9 items

(142) 1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >. O. " W. Oy=wN ^iL. O. w x |HwQN xm OwW|t xOy=Wt. pw H CQ Y @. Q |t. "OO o. xO. =iDU= T} QD=t `@=D. =. R= q L. matrix(scan("D:\\R_les\\try.txt"), byrow=T, ncol=3) Read 9 items

(143) ,1]

(144) ,2]

(145) ,3]

(146) 1,] 1 2 3

(147) 2,] 4 5 6

(148) 3,] 7 8 9 >. O}vm xHwD Q} R x}=Q Q} R x@ uwvm =. ". B { matrix(1:6, nr=2) B

(149) ,1]

(150) ,2]

(151) ,3]

(152) 1,] 1 3 5

(153) 2,] 2 4 6 B

(154) ,2:3]

(155) ,1]

(156) ,2]

(157) 1,] 3 5

(158) 2,] 4 6. >. <. >. >. ". >. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "O}vm. =iDU=. xO. as.vector ` =. @ D R=. O} QO. Q. w. Q=O @ CQ Y. x@ T} QD=t l} xm O}y=wN@ Qo =. xx { matrix(1:6, ncol=3) <. O Q}o|t Q=Qk. " v. =iDU=. xO. w OvQ=O h}YwD x@ R=}v xm |r=ta= =}. OQ t. w C=Q. wDUO KQW. Q. |= @ w. OvwW|tv =QH=. C. qtH xvwou}=. "14.

(159) 1391 '. >. |vWwOv|wUwt. 24. xx.

(160) ,1]

(161) ,2]

(162) ,3]

(163) 1,] 1 2 3

(164) 2,] 4 5 6 x { as.vector(xx) x

(165) 1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 >. <. >. dim(). w}Uv=t}O `@=D \UwD Q=m u}=. u. "O=O. Q}}eD. O. Q. =Q O= a= R= | U. l} pmW ". w |t xvwoJ xm O}vm xHwD uwvm =. u= D. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@. Q}o|t. "O. w. CQ Y. x { 1:24 dim(x) { c(2,12) x

(166) ,1]

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(172) ,7]

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(176) ,11]

(177) ,12]

(178) 1,] 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

(179) 2,] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24. >. <. >. <. >. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ q=L. ". x { 1:24 dim(x) { c(3,4,2) x ,,1 >. <. >. <. >.

(180) ,1]

(181) ,2]

(182) ,3]

(183) ,4]

(184) 1,] 1 4 7 10

(185) 2,] 2 5 8 11

(186) 3,] 3 6 9 12 ,,2

(187) ,1]

(188) ,2]

(189) ,3]

(190) ,4]

(191) 1,] 13 16 19 22

(192) 2,] 14 17 20 23

(193) 3,] 15 18 21 24 =F. O. |t u=Wv. pw= p t " yO. =Q . <;. . Ctqa. =. w . . Ctqa OQ@ Q=m. =iD xm O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft. Cw. Q |t xH=wt =]N =@ xm 'CU= T} QD=t u=twoQ. "OO o. matrix(a = 10, 5, 5) Error in matrix(a = 10, 5, 5) : unused argument(s) (a = 10). wO. x@ uwvm =. =UD Ctqa OQ@ Q=m. QO |w. >. CU= T} QD=t u=twoQ. ". >. matrix(a { 10, 5, 5) <. <;. QO . . Ctqa OQ@ Q=m. =F. swO p t.

(194) R |U w x = Q. 25. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. 1. pYi.

(195) ,1]

(196) ,2]

(197) ,3]

(198) ,4]

(199) ,5] 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.

(200) 1,]

(201) 2,]

(202) 3,]

(203) 4,]

(204) 5,]. ". CW=O R}v =RHt Qw]x@. =Q. a. Q=. Okt. w |t xD@r= "OyO|t u=Wv. u= D. a

(205) 1] 10. =Q. 55 T Q=. } D t. l} xm. >. pYDt Qo}Om} x@ uwDU =}. w. Q]U ?UL Q@. =Q. T} QD=t. wO. =}. w. x}=Q. O Q}o@ Q_v. " }. wO. QO =Q. m1 { matrix(1, nr=2, nc=2) m1

(206) ,1]

(207) ,2]

(208) 1,] 1 1

(209) 2,] 1 1. >. cbind() rbind() `. Ovv=wD|t. w. T} QD=t u}rw= p=Ft. w. @= D. wva x@ "Ov}=tv. u=. <. >. CU= Q} R. ". m2 { matrix(2, nr=2, nc=2) m2

(210) ,1]

(211) ,2]

(212) 1,] 2 2

(213) 2,] 2 2. >. w. CQ Y. x@ p=Ft T} QD=t u}twO. <. >. ". CU= Q} R. w. CQ Y. x@ xH}Dv x=ov. w |t p=ta=. 'O W. m1, m2. rbind(m1, m2)

(214) ,1]

(215) ,2]

(216) 1,] 1 1

(217) 2,] 1 1

(218) 3,] 2 2

(219) 4,] 2 2. = T} QD=t. | y. |wQ. rbind ` =. wvm =. @ D u. >. ". CU= Q} R. w. CQ Y. x@ xH}Dv x=ov. cbind(m1, m2)

(220) ,1]

(221) ,2]

(222) ,3]

(223) ,4]

(224) 1,] 1 1 2 2

(225) 2,] 1 1 2 2. w |t p=ta=. 'O W. m1, m2. = T} QD=t. | y. |wQ. cbind ` =. @ D. Qo =. >. |U} wvxt=vQ@ x@. =}. |R v w O. wtv p=ta= uwDU. MARGIN T Q = X ... Q =t C Q '. w OO o p. } D t. a=. u QO. U= Q= k. w. Q]U =}. Q]U. w. wDU. 'u. |wQ =Q. `@=D l}. xm CU=. apply() ` =. w. x@ |rm wLv "CU}v. w |t. apply(X, MARGIN, FUN,...) |a = FUN c(1,2) Q = wD. xm 'CU=. u= D. CQ Y. @ D. '. wO. y. } w 2 u. U ' 1. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "CU= `@=D. ". >. x { rnorm(10, -5, 0.1) <. |Q. @ D. =@. Q]U xOvyOu=Wv =}DN=. =. = w. | yu t oQ.

(226) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 26. y { rnorm(10, 5, 2) X { cbind(x, y) apply(X, 2, mean) x y -5.027833 4.617558 apply(X, 2, sd) x y 0.1023305 1.8215198. >. <. >. <. >. >. wva x@ apply() `@=D "CU= uwDU xU pt=W. =F. w |t xO}t=v. p t u=. w O W. trees x. R. u @ R QO. Q |t p=ta=. u |wQ. w. m OQ=O O Hw |=xO=O ' "OO o. apply(trees, 2, sum) Girth Height Volume 410.7 2356.0 935.3. =. >. pta Q} R. w. CQ Y wO. x@. w |t 'O}vm x@U=Lt. u= D. Height. u. =Q . wDU l} `tH ,qFt \ki xm O}y=wN@ Qo = uwvm = wtv. "O. sum(trees

(227) ,2])

(228) 1] 2356 >. =}. sum(trees$Height)

(229) 1] 2356. w. >. w |tv trees. u= D. `@=D =@. =. | yxO=O u. = OD@=. =Q xO=O s v =. "O. wDU s=v. wtv. R=. =iDU=. xO. : : : u}o =} w | attach(). \ki u= D. =Hv=. "O=O s. attach(trees) sum(Height)

(230) 1] 2356. w. v t '. t. w. `tH x@U=Lt. = x@. s v. R. =. Q. u @ R QO. =}rta =yuwDU s=v =@. =Q j i C. w. w. |a@=D. R= Q m. |= @ j i CQ Y wO. = u}=. w |t TBU. u= D. w. Qy Q. Q. = =. QO x Nq @ t=. wtv. |= @ "O. =iDU=. xO. O}v=wN|t =Qi Qwm Pt. > >. xO. =iDU=. names() ` =. w |t. @ D R= u= D. trees. =. | yxO=O. xawtHt pN=O. QO. =yQ}eDt |t=U=. OaD. w O=. q]=. R= `. Q. |= @. wtv. "O. names(trees)

(231) 1] "Girth" "Height" "Volume" >. =. = w. | yu t oQ. x@ p=Ft u=wva x@ "OyO u=Wv =tW x@ =Q `@=D l} |=yu=twoQ Ov=wD|t args() `@=D R u=@ R QO %xHwD ". args(apply) function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) NULL >. O}vm xHwD. apply() ` =. @ D.

(232) R |U w x = Q. 27. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. |W l} Q=DN=U xOy=Wt =. w |t xO}t=v. s v "O W. =. ' yxO=O R=. str() x. m O. wtv. xO. =iDU= |a@=D. sa= |W Qy Q=DN=U Ov=wD|t `@=D u}= "OOQo|t O}vm. ". 1 2 6 1. args() names() ` w Q q R = =va x structure xtr str ` = | = =D = x w Q =F x O =W : : : ` w = Q}eD. w |t. R= u= D. pYi. 1. w. @= D. W v Q N U |. H D. }R p t. t. @ xw. a. @. u @ R QO. m R=. @ " yO u. v =Q . w. @ D. @= D ' y. t. > str(trees) 'data.frame':. 31 obs. of. 3 variables:. $ Girth : num. 8.3 8.6 8.8 10.5 10.7 10.8 11 11 11.1 11.2 .... $ Height: num. 70 65 63 72 81 83 66 75 80 75 .... $ Volume: num. 10.3 10.3 10.2 16.4 18.8 19.7 15.6 18.2 22.6 19.9 .... Q}eDt Qy. =. | yxO=O R=. |DtUk. w. =yxO=O. O=. OaD '=yxO=O `wv. w |t =yQ}eDt |t=U=. u= D. OaD Q@. w O=. qa =Hv}=. xw. "O. O}vm x=ov. ". Q. 'Gw N. `@=D |va}. q() ` =. =D =. @ D Q N U. QO. wtv xOy=Wt. x@ p=Ft. wva x@ =}. u=. =Q w. str(q) function (save = "default", status = 0, runLast = TRUE) >. u C=}rta w. m1, m2 T Q =. Q pY=L x@ p=Ft. } D t wO ? . Q. w |t. |= @ "O W. =iDU= %*% Qorta. xO. R=. T} QD=t. T} QD=t. 2 2 6 1. Q. Q. wO ? |= @. O}vm xHwD. ". rbind(m1,m2) %*% cbind(m1, m2)

(233) ,1]

(234) ,2]

(235) ,3]

(236) ,4]

(237) 1,] 2 2 4 4

(238) 2,] 2 2 4 4

(239) 3,] 4 4 8 8

(240) 4,] 4 4 8 8. >. cbind(m1, m2) %*% rbind(m1, m2)

(241) ,1]

(242) ,2]

(243) 1,] 10 10

(244) 2,] 10 10. =}. w. >. =}. Q]k. w |. = x. | y } QO. Q}}eD =}. QNDU=. w G=. Q. |= @. diag() ` =. Q |t pY=L. @ D "OO o. t() ` =. |t Q=mx@. "OwQ. diag(m1)

(245) 1] 1 1 >. @ D. |. \UwD x}=Q l}. xO. =yv=QD. Q]k T} QD=t l} uDN=U.

(246) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. 28. diag(rbind(m1, m2) %*% cbind(m1, m2))

(247) 1] 2 2 8 8 diag(m1) { 10 m1

(248) ,1]

(249) ,2]

(250) 1,] 10 1

(251) 2,] 1 10 diag(3)

(252) ,1]

(253) ,2]

(254) ,3]

(255) 1,] 1 0 0

(256) 2,] 0 1 0

(257) 3,] 0 0 1 v { c(10, 20, 30) diag(v)

(258) ,1]

(259) ,2]

(260) ,3]

(261) 1,] 10 0 0

(262) 2,] 0 20 0

(263) 3,] 0 0 30 >. >. <. >. >. >. <. >. u}}=B ErFt T} QD=t =}. = ErFt T} QD=t. w q @. = T}Ov=. 'u | y. w. T} QD=t l} uwDU. w. Q]U. =iDU= =@. R= xO. "O. A { matrix(1:9, nc=3) A

(264) row(A) col(A)] { 0 A

(265) ,1]

(266) ,2]

(267) ,3]

(268) 1,] 1 4 7

(269) 2,] 0 5 8

(270) 3,] 0 0 9. >. w |t. u= D. wtv O=H}=. <. >. >. <. >. solve(). wDUO. Q. "OwQ. =v}tQDO x@U=Lt. 'u. |t Q=mx@ xS} w. =. Q. | yQ=O @ w. Q. |= @. det(). Q}O=kt. uOQw. Q. wDUO. "OQ=O. CUO@. Q. |= @. |U} QD=t. C U. =@ =Lt. eigen(). Q. Q |t. "OO o. > > > > > >. wDUO. w. Q |Y=N `@=wD. |= @. T} QD=t. uO. wtv. R. wmat. T. wmat Q} R T} QD=t =Hv}=. T. QO. =. u @R. Q. |= @. %p=Ft. x {2 y {3 z {3 t {4 m { matrix(c(2 x, y, z+1, t+1), 2) solve(m) < <. <. <. <. Q |t pY=L Q} R xH}Dv Q}N=. "OO o. ,1] ,2] 1,]. 0.625 -0.5. 2,] -0.375. 0.5. = O. Q. | y ) m |= H=. =@.

(271) R |U w x = Q. 29. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. |]N CqO=at x=oDUO pL xHwD Q} R pwyHt. wO. xrO=at. wO. pL x@ p=Ft. Q. wtv pL. |= @ "O. =Q p. wyHt OvJ xrO=at OvJ. w |t. u= D. 1. 3 2 6 1. solve() ` =. O |t. QO. Q} R. O}vm. ". x@ O}U} wv@ |U} QD=t sQi x@. w. CQ Y. 0 10 1 0 1 @1 2A @x1A = @1A x2. 3 4. =. @ D @. 8 > <x1 + 2x2 = 1 > :3x1 + 4x2 = 1 " }. pYi. =Q u. Qo =. 1. O}vm xHwD. ". u. R. = O x@ uwvm =. | y ) m. A { matrix(c(1, 3, 2, 4), ncol = 2) b { c(1, 1) solve(A, b)

(272) 1] -1 1 > >. <. <. >. |=xrtHOvJ. u w. CU=. zx. Q} R x]@=Q x@. = w. m OQ=O u t oQ. wvm =. u. l} `@=D. Q |t s}_vD. "OO o. w |t. |= "O W. =. =iDU=. xO. w V}=Ri=. u | yu= D. xrO=at pL. polyroot() ` =. 4 2 6 1. =at `wv u}= pL. @ D R= CqO. w x xm. CQ Y @. |=. xrtHOvJ ?}=Q. Q. Q. |= @. CUDQ=@a. Q=O @ R=. O}vm xHwD. ". p(x) = z1 + z2 x + z3 x2 + + zn xn;1 z1 : n] Q w x x2 ; 0:3x ; 1:8 = 0. O}vm xHwD p=Ft OvJ x@ q=L "CU=. ". polyroot(c(-1.8,-0.3,1))

(273) 1] 1.5+0i -1.2+0i. xrtHOvJ ?}=Q. Q=O @ CQ Y @ |= swO. xHQO xrO=at pL. >. CU= QiY Q@=Q@. ". polyroot(c(-4,0,1))

(274) 1] 2+0i -2+0i. u pw=. xHQO ?} Q xm 2 ; 4. x. =0. swO. xHQOxrO=at pL. >. polyroot(c(6,11,6,1))

(275) 1] -1+0i -2-0i -3+0i >. x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0. w. s U. xHQO xrO=at pL.

(276) 1391 '. |vWwOv|wUwt. w. =. |OQ= t QO t= ". 30. CU= \rDNt O=Oa= CQwYx@ CqO=at xW} Q V}=tv OW x_Lqt Q}N= |=yp=Ft QO xm Qw]u=ty ". i | w w O ? Q OvDU x3 ; x2 + 1:5x ; 1:5 = 0. CU= QiY =@ Q}=Q@ O}vm xHwD. ". t y t O a. } . y. |k}kL =} w. s U. w. K}LY =yxW} Q xm. xHQO xrO=at pL x@ xQNq=@. polyroot(c(-1.5,1.5,-1,1))

(277) 1] 1+0.000000i 0+1.224745i 0-1.224745i >. 15 Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O. hrDNt. =. w =@. | yxO=O ` v. =. =. =. u @ R QO |Q t | yp=wQ. =. | yu. wDU. QFm = '`k=w. w. =. =. CU= T} QD=t \U@ =yxO=O `wv u}= `k=w. |=Q=O Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O ". O = |t. QO " W @. R. QO. p}rLD. w. x} RHD. =yxO=O Q=DN=U u} QD?U=vt. QO. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ uwvm = "CU= CUO u}=. ". >. mtcars. mpg Mazda RX4 21.0 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 Datsun 710 22.8 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 =yuwDU. w. w wQO N. O. Q l}. Q=O @. =. cyl 6 6 4 6 8. disp 160.0 160.0 108.0 258.0 360.0. l} xOv}=tv Q]U Qy q=@ " yO. |t u=Wv. hp 110 110 93 110 175. drat 3.90 3.90 3.85 3.08 3.15. O. wt 2.620 2.875 2.320 3.215 3.440. CU= hrDNt. wQ =. O. =Q Q D= @ Q m O a. carb Q}eD. wDU Qy "CU= 16 xOQDUo xLiY l} pFt. w = |}=yxO=O |=Q=O. Cw. =iDt. =. Q. | yQ=O @ |wQ. w. vs 0 0 1 1 0 =. =. R= |OwQw | yxO=O. w. =F u}=. t p t. =. =D =. |t=U=. R. = q]= pt=W =yxO=O u}=. CU= =yQ}eDt xOvyOV}=tv. =. |=Q=O Q N U. w. OvtR=}v. QO ". Q=O? JQ J | yxO=O. =yuwDU |t=U= pt=W |t=U= C}Y=N "OvW=@ =yQ]U s=v. CU=. | ywQO N C a. xm O}vm QwYD O}v=wD|t =tW. u}=. QO. Q Qy pN=O "CU=. Q=O @. =yQ=OQ@ s=tD "OvDUy uwo =vwo. Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O X=wN. w. w. QO. am gear carb 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 1 0 3 1 0 3 2. Qyx@ =t= "OvQ=O u=Um} `wv QY=va s=tD. OvW=@|t Q@=Q@ pw]. ". qsec 16.46 17.02 18.61 19.44 17.02. pw H QO ". u u. | y` v @. 3 6 1. w. X= N |=Q=O. 1 3 6 1. Ovv=wD|t =yxO=O `wv u}=. O}vm xHwD Q} R p=Ft x@ "OvW=@|t =yQ]U |t=U= V}=tv =yQ]U s=v C}Y=N. ". rownames(mtcars)

(278) 1:5]

(279) 1] "Mazda RX4" "Mazda RX4 Wag" "Datsun 710"

(280) 4] "Hornet 4 Drive" "Hornet Sportabout" >. =}. names(mtcars)

(281) 1] "mpg" "cyl" "disp" "hp" "drat" "wt" "qsec" "vs" "am" "gear"

(282) 11] "carb" >. 15. data frame. 16. spreadsheet. w.

(283) R |U w x = Q. 31. =. } v t v @ u @R. =@ |}=vW. Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O O=H}=. CU= p}=i l} j} Q]. ". R=. =yxO=O uOv=wN =yu. O}vm xHwD Q} R. ". > > > >. R=. =. |m}. w. "OQ=O O Hw. =F x@ "OW=@|t. | yp t. |irDNt. =. | yx=Q. pYi. 1. 2 3 6 1. =yxO=O `wv u}= O=H}=. data.frame() ` =. =iDU= Qo}O. @ D R= xO. Q. |= @. VwQ. my.logical { sample(c(T,F), size = 5, replace = T) my.numeric { rnorm(5) my.df { data.frame(my.logical,my.numeric) my.df <. <. <. my.logical FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE. 1 2 3 4 5. my.numeric -0.05643126 0.21557811 -0.04023551 -0.50746280 -1.63608548 =}. > > >. w. test - matrix(rnorm(21),7,3) test - data.frame(test) test < <. X1 -0.9247492 -0.6256957 -0.3338215 0.7411739 0.3436381 -1.0379184 -0.5624376. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. X2 X3 0.18698082 -1.39943435 0.86310566 0.91401401 -0.74399557 0.08866272 -0.61656031 0.18208417 -0.64038437 -0.76397593 -0.49068270 0.21339323 -0.01380767 -1.69015277 O}vm. ". =iDU=. xO. =. =F. q @ p t QO. |t=U= C}Y=N. wvm =. R= u. names(test)

(284) 1] "X1" "X2" "X3" >. w. wNrO |t=U= O}v=wD|t =tW "CU= xO}t=v. =Q O N x=. X1, X2, X3. =Q. =yuwDU |t=U= Q=mOwN. w x. CQ Y @. R. =. u @R. O}yO Q=Qk. ". > > >. names(test) { c("Price", "Length", "Income") row.names(test) { c("Ali","Abas","Hamid","Saeed","Amir","Mehdi","Majid") test <. <.