Specificity of macrophyte vegetation of The Wielkopolski and Poleski National Parks – state of preservation and problems of protection

SPECIFICITY OF MACROPHYTE VEGETATION OF THE WIELKOPOLSKI

AND POLESKI NATIONAL PARKS- STATE OF PRESERVATlON

AND PROBLEMS OF PROTECTION

M Peleehatyl, P.

Sugier

2

łDepartment ofHydrobiology, Institute af Environmental BioJogy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Marcelińska 4 str., 60-80 I Poznań, Poland, e-mail: marpelhydro@poczta.onet.pl 2 Oepartment ofEcology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

Akademicka 19 sIr., 20-033 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: psugier@biotop.umcs.lublin.pl

A b s t r a c t. The aim ofthc present paper was a comparativc analysis ofsyntaxonomical com-position of Ihe lakes macrophyle vegetation in Iwo protected areas di fferentiated due to the origin,

geographical tocalion and forms of prcsent anthropogenic influcnces and protcction (the Wielkopol-ski and Poleski National Park s). As a result a few, differenccs onły referring to the present slale of vegetation ofboth Parks were found but there exist same aspects which differ entiate both areas: the origin and direclions ar changes ol' vegetation in a long-tillle scale.

K e y war d s: macrophytc vegetation, plant associations, łakcs, bogs, protection

OUTLlNE OF TI-IE SUI3JECT

The aim of the

present

paper

was

to

compare syntaxonomical composition of

lake

vegetation

in two protecled

areas differentiated

by Ihcir

geographical

localion

and forms

of present

anthropogenic

inf1uences. Two

National

Parks,

the

Wiel-kopolski

and the Poleski, localized in the

western and eastern

regions

of

Poland

were chosen. As far as Ihe origin of

lakes

and bogs basins adjacent to

them

are

conside

r

ed,

the

basic

difference

beeomes elear: lakeland landscape of the

Wiel-kopolsk

i

National

Park,

whieh is

part

of Ihe

Poznań

Lake District (and the larger

Wielkopolska

Lake District),

was shaped during the

lasl

glaciation so

the that the

above

mentioned

st

ru

ctural and functiona

l

landseape

features reveal

distinct

post-g

l

acial

character

and are

located in the

gullies

rulting

moraines

[13),

whereas

in

Ihe

area

of Ihe Poleski

Nationa

l

Park

(and

Ihe lar

ge

r

Łęczyńsko-Wlodawskie

238 M. PELECHATY, P. SUGIER

last glaeiation [19). The origin of this group of lakes and bogs, whieh aeeording to

some authors relating to [I) to ok place about 12,500 years ago,

is

eonsidered a

eomplex problem

hydrogeologieal

eonditions of the

region

resulting from

a

geo-logieal and geomorphogeo-logieal evolution understood as

sha

llow,

thermo-karst

[5,20). Therefore,

laeustrine basins are fiat, mostly shallow, dominated by

maero-phytes and eovered by

bed sediments of a signiticant thiekness exeeeding several

times

water depth. In

the ease of the

Lake Moszne, deposit thiekness

reaehes

10.5

m [I).

By

eontrast,

ribbon

lakes of the Wielkopolski National Park

loeated

witllin

the Park boundaries and

in its

proteetive zone form s 4 ehannels [18) with speeifie

features su ch as f10ral poverty of helophytes in the group of typieal

ribbon-like,

deep and stratified reservoirs, on one hand, and, shallowness and progressing

overgrowing by maerophytes in the

group of in

stratified

lakes on the other. There

is

only

one lake, Lake Skrzynka

-

with an

eeotone

zo

n

e formed as peat-bog

of

transitional character and mossy f10ating mats.

Lakes of the Wielkopolski National Park are mostly eutrophie but one of them,

i .e.,

the

above-mentioned Lake Skrzynka

-

is

said

to be dystrophic. According to

nutrient loading (from different sources

-

basieally anthropogenie) two general

gro

ups: highly loaded lakes and

lakes

less loaded with N and P are to

be

distin-guished [18)

.

Despite different forms of proteetion

including

striet

reservation,

in

almost a

l

i lakes, negative ehanges of vegetation affeeting vegetation landscape of

this area, are observed [12).

Lakes of the Poleski National Park have been subjected to

limited

anthropo-pressure and the Lakes Moszne and

Długie

are

protected

as

striet nature reserves.

They are said to be examples ofthe most natural ecosystems.

In

the present paper,

16

lakes of the Wielkopolski National Park and its

pro-teetive zon

e and

4

lakes

of the Poleski National

Park were

examined.

In

the

ease

of the Wielkopolski National Park, papers by

Pełeehaty

and Nagengast [11,12),

Nagengast

and

Pełeehaty

[10] we

re

eonsidered. Macrophyte vegetation of

the

Poleski National Park was charaeterized further

to

papers by Sugier and Popiolek

[16,17], Lorens and Sugier [8,9] and Sugier and Lorens [15). These papers provide

not only

an aetual state of vegetation

but also a tendeney for

changes

observed on

the basis of comparison with literature data and a noted own observations.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTER1STICS OF

TH

E

VEGETATION PRESENT IN LAKES

OF THE WIELKOPOLSKI AND POLESKI NATIONAL

PARKS

Further to authors cited above, in all lakes of the Wielkopolski National Park

39 associations belonging to the following 6 classes:

Lemnelea,

Charelea,

Fonli-nale/ea, Po/amoge/one/ea, Phragmilelea and Ar/emisie/ea are represented by

phy-tocoenoses in the phytolittoral zone (Table

l

)

but only in 2 lakes typical zonation

of phytolittoral

is

fully developed. Additionally, in the transition zone

surrounding

the Lake Skrzynka communities representing

Schellclcerio-Carice/eafllscae

elass

were

found. As it could be

seen from

Table I,

in

the lakes of the

Poleski

National

Park, there occur 19 eommunities from 4

c

la

sses: Lemne/ea,

C

harel

ea,

Po/amoge-lonelea and Phragmi/e/ea. Around 2 lakes,

the

Karaśne

and the Moszne, there

ap-pear large areas of peat-bogs adjacent to the lakes

and cove

ring

as tloating mats

riparian parts ol' the wat

er

sUl·face. In

genera

l,

the Iarger the lake the higher its

ob-served

qualitative phytoeoenotic diversity.

In

the

lakes

of the Wielkopolski

Na-tional Park, the highest num ber of associations represented the classes oC

Phragmi/e

/ea

(18) and

POlamogelone/ea (I I). S

uch tendency is typical for the Poleski

National

Park

too.

The above presented eomparison does not reveal many

significant

qualitative

differences

in

the macrophyte vegetation between both Park

s, beside

the num ber

of

associations higher in the Wielkopolski

National

Park whieh probably

resuIts

from

the number and area of lakes in this Park.

In

aecordance

with the

azonal

character of species forming

sllch vegetation, there exist

no differences

which

might be

expecte

d

as resuIting

from

the

transitional

character in the

east

-

west

di-rection ofthe Polish climate. The elements that differ in both Parks is an

abundant

oecurrence

of the

Nymphaee/ul11 candidae

phytocoenoses, boreal elements in

the

vegetation

in

lakes

of the Poleski National Park. In

the

lakes of the Wielkopolski

National

Park

phytocoenoses

representing associations expressing human impact

on

the aquatic eeosystems such as

Phalaridelum

arllndinaceae ar

Glyceriellll11

maximae are

found(3). Patches ofaxenospontaneous community

-

Acore/um

ca-lami

are

also faun d in the lakes ofthe Wielkopolski National Park.

From

all

that, there emerge only a few differences relating to the present

stale

of vegetation of

bot

h Parks

stu

died.

One of them

is also

the area of peatlands

adja

-cent to

the

lakes

,

much larger in the Poleski

National

Park. That might affect the

characler ofvegetation, on

one

hand,

and

function as

a kind

ofbuffer for the lakes,

on the other.

240 M. PELECHATY, P. SUGIER

T a b l e 1. Macrophyte associations and communilies' prescnt in lakes ef the Wielkopolski and

Poleski National Parks bascd on Pelechaty and Nagengast [11,12], Nagcngast and Pełechaty [10], Sugier and Popiołek [16,17], Lorens and Sugier [8,91 and Sugicr and Lorens [15J

Communities CI. Lemnetea Lemno·Spirodelelllm Lemnetum minoris L. trisulcae Lemno-Ulriculariel'llm vufgaris Lemno-HydrocJwritetum morsus-ranae Slroliolelllm aloidis CI. Charelea Nitef/opsidetum ohrume Chore/um lomenfosae Ch. Hispidae Ch vlI/garis

Community with Ch. delicatula

CI. FOlllinalelea Fonli/lOlelllm olltipyreliceae CI. POlamogefonelea POlamogelonelwn pel/o/jati P. peclinali P. fi'iformis P. nalantis

Community wit h P. pusillus Elodeelum eanadensis Najadelllm marinae Polygonelllm natanlis Myriophy/lelul11 spieal; M. vertieillali Ceratophy/letum demersi RammelllelUm eireinali Nupharo·Nymphaeetum albae Nymphaeellll1l eandidae CI. Phragmitelea Phragmitetul1l TJ1)hewm anguslifoliae T. latifoliae Seirpelllm lacuslris Acorellll1l calami Thefypleridi·PJlragmileIUI1/ Gl)'cerieluf// ma\'imae Sparganielul/l erecti Plwlaridelllll1 anmdinoceae Rorippo-Oenllll/helum aqllOliceae Equ;seletum limo)'; Wielkopolski NatjQllal Park + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Poleski Natiooal Park + + + +

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

T a b I e I. Continued Communities Eleocharitetlllll paluslris Irellłm pselldoacori Caricelun1 aculiformis C. ripariae

Cicuto-Caricerum pseudocyperi Caricetum elorae

C. paniculate C. rostralae CI. Ar/emisie/ea .E1!oatodetum CQl1nqbinii

Wielkopolski Natjooa!

Park

+ +

+

+

+

+ + + + Poleski Natjooal Park + + + +

However,

there

are some

aspects which

clearly

differentiate both

areas [rom

each other.

Those

aspects concem

the

origin

and

directions of changes in

vegeta-tion in

a

long-time

scale.

In the Wielkopolski

Nat

i

onal

Pa

rk, th

e most

significant

changes

took place

in the Lake

Łódzko-Dymaczewskie,

considered as one of

the

mostly

changed

by

anthropop

ressure

[2]

where

13 communities have

disappeared

dllring the

last

decade

[1

2].

From

amongst 7 communiti

es considered

as

rare for

the

Wielkopolska

region

and

present

in the

past

in

the lakes of the

Wielkopolski

National

Park,

the following 3 are

found any more:

Potamogeton

e

lllnl

gl'aminei,

Scir

p

e

lllm marilimi

and

Cladiel1ll11

marisci.

The

area ofthe

remaining

4

communi-ti

es

(Polamogelonelum filiformis

,

Myr

i

ophylle

lum

verlicillali, Ranllnclllelllnl

ci/'-cina

li

and

Porvopolomo-Zannichellielum) became considerably

smaller [

1

0,12].

Based on

the

previous literature

data

[4,7], a sharp syntaxonomical

impove-rishing

could be observed

in

the

lakes

of

the Wielkopolski

National

Park,

espe-cially

in the

group of eommunities

of

the

submerged

vegetati

on (apart

from

the

above mentioned, phytocoenoses

of 7

associations that

disappeared).

Thi

s

fact

in-dicates worse light

conditions in

the

watcr

as a result ofan anthropogenie impact.

Another tendency observed

in

the lakes or

the Wielkopolski

National Park,

is

dominanee of

the

Ph/'agmilelea elass commun

ities,

especially those

of wid e

eco-logical

amplitude, preferably

occllpying

elltrophic

or anthropogenically

changed

habitats

and an

increase

oftrophy ofthe littoral

habitats

[12]

wh

ich

impl

ies strong

needs

for

modern

water and

land use

management

beside the present form

s of

pro-tection

[i8].

In

the lakes ofthc Poleski

National

Park, an overgrowing by macrophyte

vege-tation

and

ongoing

shallowness relating to

the

deposition

of plant debris

and

other

forms

of

organie malter

is

observed from year

to year

(espeeia

lly

in

the

Lake

242 M. PELECI-IATY, P. SUGIER

Karaśne). The leading role in the processes of overgrowing is played by the phy to-coenoses of some very expansive associations such as

Slraliolelllllt aloidis,

Myrio-phy/lelum spicali, Scirpellllll lacIIslris

and

Phragmilelllnl comm"nis.

Significant changes in the macrophyte vegetation took place in the Lake

Karaśne [16]. Patches of

Slralioles aloides

showed up along the shoreline and in the mid-Iake as well. Contrary to that, phytocoenoses of

Charelum hispidae

and

CharelIlIII

vlIlgaris,

which used to cover almost the whole lake basin, have disap-peared for the last few years. The surface area of the lake decreased from 7 ha in

1953 [19] t02.7 in 1994 [16].

Overgrowing by

Slmliolellllll

aloidis

was also observed in the Lake Lukie where patches ofthis association replaced phytocoenoses of

Cemlophy/lelulI1 delllersi.

Oisappearance of hydrophytes (including charophytes) observed in the lakes of the Poleski National Park was explained by a strong ice cover and freezing of the surface layers ofsediments [14]. This phenomenon is considered in the conlext ofa naturally conditioned short-time fluctuations ofthc ecosystems [6].

CONCLUSION

Taking ali that above under consideration, it might be stated that the basic

dif-ference between the Wielkopolski and Poleski Nalional Parks is a consequence of the origin of bolh areas which influcnccd the characler of vegetation and direc-tions of its changes in time, strongly moditied by anthropopressure, especially in case ofthe Wielkopolski National Park.

I.

3.

4.

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244 M. PEŁECHATY, P. SUGlER

SPECYFIKA ROŚLINNOŚCI MAKROFITOWEJ WIELKOPOLSKIEGO PARKU

NARODOWEGO I POLESKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO - STAN ZACHOWANIA

I PROBLEMY OCHRONY

M

Pełechatyl,

P.

Sugie,)

IZakład Hydrobiologii, Instytut Biologii Środowiskowej, Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza ul. Marcelińska4, 60-801 Poznań, Polska, e-mail: marpelhydro@poczta.onet.pl

2Zakład Ekologii, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet M. Curie-Skłodowskiej ul. Akademicka 19,20-033 Lublin, Polska, e-mail: psugier@biotop.umcs.lublin.p!

S t r e s z c z e n i e. Celem pracy była analiza porównawcza składu syntaksonomicznego roślin­

ności jezior położonych w różnych regionach Polski, różniących się od siebie nie tylko

geo-graficznym połozeniem, ale także genezą i aktualnymi formami antropopresji oraz ochrony.

Wybrano dwa parki narodowe: Wielkopolski i Poleski. Stwierdzono, iż istnieją pewne różnice w ak-tualnym składzie roślinności, niezwiązane jednak wyraźnie z typową dla Polski przejściowością w charakterze szaty roślinnej w kierunku wschód-zachód. Zdecydowanie wyraźniejsze są różnice w typie i kierunku przemian roślinności w czasie, niewątpliwie uwarunkowane genezą obu obszarów i

intensywnie modyfikowane przez czynnik antropogeniczny pomimo różnych form ochrony, co szczególnie widoczne jest na terenie Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego, gdzie obserwuje się

zuboźenie syntaksonomiczne roślinności głównie w grupie zbiorowisk rzadkich i zanurzonych oraz rozprzestrzenianie zbiorowisk świadczące o eutrofizacji siedlisk. \V jeziorach Poleskiego Parku

Narodowego obserwuje się procesy wypłycania i zarastania ekspansywnymi zbiorowiskami oraz zanikanie zbiorowisk, które zdaje się wynikać z czynników naturalnych i stanowić etap fluktuacji ekosystemowych.