284 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY
as a well-organized social m o v e m e n t . I n his conclusions t h e a u t h o r says t h a t a b o u t t h e y e a r 400 A. D. t h e forces of p a g a n i s m t h o u g h g r a d u a l l y d i s i n t e g r a t i n g are n o t disorganized b u t a r e still of mili-t a n mili-t spirimili-t a n d a mili-t e n d e n c y mili-t o resismili-t. A mili-t mili-t h e e n d of mili-t h i s smili-truggle, a b o u t 450 A. D . t h e p a g a n s were in m i n o r i t y and t h e i r n u m b e r s c o n s t a n t l y fell — so t h a t t h e hopes of their philosophers f o r p a g a n revival in 484 are a p u r e folly. T h e y t o o k r e f u g e in p a r t i c u l a r shel-t e r i n g places: shel-t h e School of A l e x a n d r i a , shel-t h e s a n c shel-t u a r i e s of Isis, c e r t a i n places in t h e U p p e r E g y p t . U n d e r J u s t i n i a n , p a g a n i s m al-m o s t dies o u t . Y e t soal-me vestiges survived, so s t u b b o r n l y t h a t w h e n a m e n d i n g a c o n s t i t u t i o n of Arcadius a n d H o n o r i u s concer-ning t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of t h e chiefs of S t a t e - w o r k e r c o r p o r a t i o n in A l e x a n d r i a (Cod. T h e o d . X I V , 27, 1) J u s t i n i a n a m e n d e d it w i t h a provision t h a t these chiefs should be Christians (C. J . 1, 4, 5). P a g a n i s m was still s t r o n g a n d one m a y a s s u m e t h a t n o t too f e w E g y p t i a n s h a d become M o h a m m e d a n s w i t h o u t h a v i n g ever been f i r s t c o n v e r t e d t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .
J . F . G i l l i a m , Paganus in BGU 896 ( R e p r . f r o m A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of Philology vol. L X X I I I , 1 p. 76 — 78).
I n t h i s short article t h e a u t h o r asserts a g a i n s t F i n k (cf. A m e r . J o u r n . of Phil. X L I I I (1942) p. 61 — 71) t h a t Candidus was m a d e c e n t u r i o n in an auxiliary cohort s t a t i o n e d in E g y p t directly f r o m civilian s t a t u s . Such a p p o i n t m e n t s were a p p a r e n t l y q u i t e rare. One m a y c o m p a r e however t h e legionary c e n t u r i o n s w h o were a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t l y to t h e c e n t u r i o n a t e , o f t e n ex e quite Romano.
M a r i a J a c z y n o w s k a , Rozwój rzemiosła w świetle papi-rusów z Oxyrynchos (The d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e h a n d i c r a f t in t h e light of t h e p a p y r i in O x y r y n c h o s „ M e a n d e r " vol. V I 1951). I n t h e n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s t h e h a n d i c r a f t developed in a close dependence on t h e whole economic, social a n d political s i t u a t i o n in t h e G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t . B u t developed were s u c h b r a n c h e s of p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h h a d t h e facility of g e t t i n g t h e r o w m a t e r i a l s on t h e spot as for i n s t a n c e t h e textile i n d u s t r y . T h e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s was set u p r a t h e r t o m e e t t h e d e m a n d s of t h e local c o n s u m p t i o n t h e n for t h e e x p o r t . T h e whole c r a f t was s u b j e c t t o t h e S t a t e - c o n t r o l b u t in t h e R o m a n period t h e r e can be observed a distinct decline of monopolistic o r g a n i z a t i o n in t h e
SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1951 1952 285 n o m o s O x y r y n c h o s . T h e p r i v a t e u n d e r t a k i n g p l a y e d a greater p a r t in R o m a n t i m e s ; a t a n y r a t e one can s p e a k of a full p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y on t h e w o r k shops w h e r e t h e p r o d u c t i o n was carried on. I n t h e declining p e r i o d of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e t h e n e w economic s y s t e m h o u n d t h e c r a f t m e n t o t h e place of t h e i r w o r k , m a d e t h e profes-sions t r a n s m i s s i b l e f r o m p a r e n t s t o offspring a n d b r o u g h t a b o u t c o m p u l s o r y t r a d e - u n i o n s . P R I V A T E L A W T H E L A W G O V E R N I N G D O M E S T I C A F F A I R S N . N. P i k u s , Παιδίσκαι šerstotkackoj masterskoj Apolonija w
Mem-fise ( V e s t n i k Ď r e v n e j Istorii 1952, 1 p. 84—89).
I n this article t h e a u t h o r tries t o establish t h e m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m s παις, ποαδίσκη, παιδάριον in Z e n o n ' s p a p y r i . According t o h i m these t e r m s refer t o slaves. C o n s e q u e n t l y he asserts t h a t on Apollonios' δωρεά a p r o d u c t i o n of textiles existed in w h i c h slaves were m o s t l y e m p l o y e d .
F . S c h u l z , Roman Legislation of Births and Birth Certificates (reprinted f r o m J o u r n a l of R o m a n Studies X X X I I (1942) and X X X I I I (1943) in Bull. d e l l ' I s t . di dir. r o m . vol. X I V — X V , p. 170 — 206).
T h e f i r s t p a r t ol this article was reviewed in J o u r n a l J u r . P a p . I , p . 91; t h e second p a r t (p. 194 f f ) deals w i t h b i r t h certificates of l e g i t i m a t e children (ch. I V ) , b i r t h certificates of illegitimate chil-d r e n (ch. V), t h e legal value of t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n a n chil-d of t h e b i r t h certificates (ch. V I ) . As in t h e f i r s t p a r t t h e a u t h o r m a k e s also in t h i s one a v a s t e use of t h e p a p y r i .
E d o a r d o V o l t e r r a , L/n' osservazione in tema di tollere liberos ( F e s t s c h r i f t F r i t z Schulz 1951 p. 388 — 398); Ancora in tema di „tollere liberos'''' ( J u r a I I I (1952).
T h e a u t h o r discusses some d o c u m e n t s in w h i c h t h e expression „tollere liberos,'> a s s u m e s a legal-technical m e a n i n g . T h e privilege
„perinde liberos tollant ac si ex duobus civibus natos" o u g h t t o refer logically t o t h e sons b o r n a f t e r t h e missio of a R o m a n citizen wed b y a iustum matrimonium w i t h a peregrine w o m a n cum conubio: t h e concession is m a d e t o t h e consorts, on t h e base of a f i c t i o iuris,
