ɎɍɇɄɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈ-ɋȿɆȺɇɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɂə ɋɅɍɀȿȻɇɕɏ ɄɈɆɉɈɇȿɇɌɈȼ ɂɆȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɂ ȽɅȺȽɈɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɋɄȺɁɍȿɆɈȽɈ
FUNCTIONALLY-SEMANTIC DISTINCTIONS OF SERVICE COMPONENTS IN NOMINAL AND VERBAL PREDICATE
ɅȺɊɂɋȺ ɉɈɉɈȼȺ
ABSTRACT. In the article are considered service components of analytical predicates (nominal and verbal). Despite presence the general attributes (service role in structure of a predicate, incomplete meaning, expression of predicative values), these components carry out different functions and possess specialized values. Distinctions of these verbs are caused by degree of the nominative importance, position in clause, functional loading, character of typical values (phase and modal), syntagmatic features.
Ʌɚɪɢɫɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɚ, ɉɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ, Ⱥɪɯɚɧ-ɝɟɥɶɫɤ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɦ (ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ) ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɦ, ɢɥɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɧɨɦɢɧɚ-ɰɢɹɯ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ; ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟ-ɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɫɟ-ɝɨɥ (ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɟ – ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨ-ɜɨ). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ1. ɘ.Ƚ. ɋɤɢɛɚ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ________________ 1 Ʌ.ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɫ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ 1971; ɘ.Ƚ. ɋ ɤ ɢ ɛ ɚ, ɉɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɑɟɪɧɨɜɰɵ 1970.
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ „ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɢ”2. ɋ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɢɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ – ɫɜɹɡɤɚ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ3. Ɋ. Ɇɪɚɡɟɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ „ɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɟ […], ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɵ» ɛɵɥ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɬɨɜ”4. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. ɉɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɸ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɤɚɧɬɚ, „ɫɜɹɡɤɚ – ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ”5. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɭ, ɨɧɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɹɡ-ɤɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɫɜɹɡ-ɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ, – ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ-ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɨɸɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ „ɨɝɥɚɝɨɥɢɜɚ-ɧɢɹ” ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢ-ɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɢ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɨɦ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɩɪɹ-ɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɦɨɞɚɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫ(ɦɨɞɚɥɶ-ɧɵɟ), ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɫɩɨ-ɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ, ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɦɨɞɚɥɶ-________________ 2 ɘ.Ƚ. ɋ ɤ ɢ ɛ ɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 10. 3 Ⱦ.ȼ. Ɋ ɭ ɞ ɧ ɟ ɜ, ɋɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞ-ɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ „ɟɫɬɶ”, „ɫɭɬɶ”. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɤɚɧɞ. ɮɢɥɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2004. 4 Ɋ. Ɇ ɪ ɚ ɡ ɟ ɤ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ), [ɜ:] Sbornik praci Filosoficke̅ fakulty BrnƟnske̅ Univerzity, roþ. VII, Brno 1958, ɫ. 12
5
ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɟ ɤ ɚ ɧ ɬ, Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ „ɛɵɬɶ”, [ɜ:] ɇɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ ɚɤɚɞɟ-ɦɢɤɚ Ɏ.ɂ. Ȼɭɫɥɚɟɜɚ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɉɟɧɡɚ 2008, ɫ. 15.
ɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɨ-ɢɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ. ɋɪ.: ə ɯɨɱɭ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ). Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. ɇɟ-ɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭ-ɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫ-ɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɮɚɡɢɫ-ɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɥ-ɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɟɩɨɥ-ɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ „oɫɬɚɬɤɢ” ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ „ɢɞɟɚɥɶ-ɧɚɹ” ɫɜɹɡɤɚ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɩɨ-ɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɧɮɢ-ɧɢɬɢɜɨɦ6. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ? ȼ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɚ. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – ɛɵɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɣ: ɛɭɞɭ ɠɢɬɶ – ɠɢɜɭ – ɠɢɥ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟ-ɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɚ7, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɭ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɨɲɢ-ɛɨɱɧɨ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɤɚ-________________ 6 ȿ.Ⱥ. ɇ ɟ ɥ ɢ ɫ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɯ, [ɜ:] Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɜɵɩ. V, Ⱥɥɦɚ-Ⱥɬɚ 1966, ɫ. 139. 7 ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɟ ɤ ɚ ɧ ɬ, ɑɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2002, ɫ. 30–31; Ɇ.ȼ. Ⱦ ɟ ɝ ɬ ɹ ɪ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɑɚɫɬɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɪɟ-ɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 108–110.
ɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɛɵɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ-ɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ-ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ „ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ”, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪ-ɦɨɣ? əɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɢɞɚ, ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ? ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɏ.ɂ. Ȼɭɫɥɚɟɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɯɨɱɭ ɝɨɜɨ-ɪɢɬɶ, ɧɚɱɧɭ ɝɨɜɨɝɨɜɨ-ɪɢɬɶ, ɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ8. ȼɨɡ-ɪɚɠɚɹ ɟɦɭ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɬɟɛɧɹ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɨɱɭ, ɧɚɱɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɞ. ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: „Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ”9. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟɦ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɨ-ɬɟɛɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɚ Ȼ. ɏɚɧɡɟɧɚ ɇɚ ɩɨɥɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɨ-ɜɚɪɹ ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ: ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ10. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ „ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ”11. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ-ɳɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ12. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ-ɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɛɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ13. ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ. ɂɯ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚ-ɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɪ-ɦɢɧ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢ-________________ 8 Ɏ.ɂ. Ȼ ɭ ɫ ɥ ɚ ɟ ɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1959. 9 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉ ɨ ɬ ɟ ɛ ɧ ɹ, ɂɡ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɬ. 1–2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1958, ɫ. 361. 10 Ȼ. ɏ ɚ ɧ ɡ ɟ ɧ, ɇɚ ɩɨɥɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ: ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ” 2006, ʋ 2, ɫ. 68–84. 11 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 68. 12 Ʌ.ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɫ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 17. 13 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 16.
ɧɚ: „ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ, ɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ”14. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɚɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧ-ɬɢɤɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɟ, ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-ɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟ-ɫɬɜɚ). ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦ: ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɟ-ɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɧɢɠɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ-ɬɨɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸ-ɳɢɦ ɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɟ (ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ) ɫɜɨɸ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨ-ɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ (ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢ-ɧɚɬɶ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɚ-ɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚ-ɡɢɫɧɵɟ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɨɦ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-ɦɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɩɪɢɧ-ɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ (ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ – ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɨɪ-ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ________________ 14 Ɉ.ɋ. Ⱥ ɯ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1966, ɫ. 89.
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ-ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: 1. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɪɚɦɦɚ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ). ɗɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. 2. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ) ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɪɨɞɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ, „ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɚɹ” ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɢɡ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ „ɫɜɹɡɢ”. 3. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ „ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ” ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ (ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ) ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ-ɡɧɚɤ (ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ). ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚ-ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɭ-ɟɦɨɝɨ. 4. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɨ--ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ „ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ”. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ-ɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ „ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ” ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ). ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɯɨ-ɬɹ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɟ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɤɜɚɥɢ-ɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɦɢ-ɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ-ɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɧɨ-ɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ „ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ”, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ – ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɣ „ɢɞɟ-ɚɥɶɧɨɣ” ɫɜɹɡɤɟ ɛɵɬɶ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ɉɨɷ-ɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ. ɂɧ-ɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ɋɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ: ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥ-ɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɵ-ɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɱɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɥɭ-ɠɟɛɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ ɤɚɤ „ɝɢɛ-ɪɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ”15. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɨɫɬɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɣ16. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɢ ɜɫɩɨ-ɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɹ-ɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɚ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ-ɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜ-ɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɈɫɧɨɜ-ɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ (ɞɨɥɠɟɧ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɨɝɭ), ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ (ɯɨɱɭ), ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ (ɥɸɛɥɸ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɠɭ), ɨɛɵɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɢɜɵɤ). ɉɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɥɚ-ɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ „ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ – ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ” ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɢɞɭɳɭɸ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɋɟ-ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ (ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɟɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɹɪɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟ-________________ 15 ȼ.ȼ. ȼ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɪ ɚ ɞ ɨ ɜ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɥɨɜɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ– Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1947, ɫ. 675. 16 Ɇ. Ƚ ɢ ɪ ɨ - ȼ ɟ ɛ ɟ ɪ, Ɉ ɫɜɹɡɤɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, [ɜ:] ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɋɚɪɚ-ɬɨɜ 1999, ɫ. 32–37.
ɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɛɵɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ), „ɤɚɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ” (ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɜɢɞɟɬɶɫɹ), ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɢɹ (ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɫɦɚɯɢɜɚɬɶ), ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɦɚɧɚ (ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ (ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɥɵɬɶ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɏɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ). Ɏɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ: ə ɧɚɱɚɥ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ. – ə ɩɪɨ-ɞɨɥɠɚɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ. – ə ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ. Ɏɚɡɢɫɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɩɢ-ɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. Ɏɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨ-ɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ (ɫɬɚɬɶ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚ-ɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ) (ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɨɩɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɛɵɬɶ – ɫɬɚɬɶ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ: ɇɨɱɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɟɟ (Ⱥ. Ʉɭɩɪɢɧ); Ɍɵ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɣɫɹ ɥɝɭɧɢɲ-ɤɨɣ (ɋ. Ⱥɤɫɚɤɨɜ). ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ: ɇɨ ɇɟɯɥɸɞɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɬɜɟɪɞ (Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ); Ⱦɜɟɪɶ ɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɨɫɬɚ-ɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ(ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ). ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟ-ɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɚɡɢɫɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɨ-ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ „ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ” ɩɪɟ-ɞɢɤɚɬɚ (ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɜɨɣ). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɩɨ-ɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɦ. ɋɪ.: Ɍɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɣɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɧɟɣ, ȼ ɬɟ-ɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɶ, ɜɫɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ (Ɉ. Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦ); ɉɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɢɳɚ! (Ʌ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ); ə ɯɨɱɭ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɪ-ɬɢɫɬɤɨɣ (Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜ); ɍɦɟɸ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ Ⱦɚɦɨɸ Ⱦɭɲɢ (Ɇ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɦ-ɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨ-ɪɚɦɢ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɢ-ɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ (ɮɚɡɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ), ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɦɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ).
