A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S F O L I A S O C I O L O G I C A 14, 19 87 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Paweł Starosta
THE P A R T I C I P A T I O N IN THE LIF E OF THE RU RA L LO CA L C O M M U N I T Y
In e a c h s o c i e t y the l e v e l and d i r e c t i o n of s o c i a l a c t i v i t y of i n d i v i d u a l s and g r o u p s is not w i t h o u t i n f l u e n c e on its d u r a -ti o n and rat e of d e v e l o p m e n t . Thus the p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g the c o o p e r a t i o n or p a r t i c i p a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s in the life of the s o c i e t y is of e s s e n t i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , b o t h c o g n i t i v e and prac-t i c a l .
The l a t t e r s i d e of the p r o b l e m m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f e s p e c i a l l y c l e a r l y in the c o n t e x t of our c o u n t r y s p r e s e n t s i t uation. For it is q u i t e a p p a r e n t th a t a p a t h y , p a s s i v e n e s s and an a t t i t u d e of r e l u c t a n c e of a m a j o r p a r t of the s o c i e t y do not f o s t e r a ra p i d r e c o v e r y fr o m s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . F r o m the above, as if n a t u r a l l y , t h e r e f o l l o w s the n e e d for a c o n s t a n t a n a l y s i s of f a c t u a l and not a s s u m e d and s i m u l a t e d f o r m s of s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n in d i f f e r e n t ty p e s of s o c i a l s t r u c -tures. Thus the a t t e n t i o n of s o c i o l o g i s t s s h o u l d c o n c e n t r a t e to a g r e a t d e g r e e on e s t a b l i s h i n g b a s i c p a t t e r n s of s o c i a l p a r t i -c i p a t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n in d e t e r m i n e d s t r u -c t u r e s , on i n d i c a -ti n g f a c t o r s w h i c h w o u l d a c t i v i t é the p r o c e s s , as w e l l as on e x p o s i n g the r e a s o n s for a p a t h y and p a s s i v i t y .
The a c h i e v e m e n t s of s o c i o l o g y in g e n e r a l , as wel l as P o l i s h s o c i o l o g y , are not in t h i s r e s p e c t m a r g i n a l . In P o l i s h s o c i o l o g i cal s t u d i e s m u c h a t t e n t i o n w as g i v e n to the p r o b l e m of p a r t i c i p a t i o n and p r o f e s s i o n a l as we l l as s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l a c t i v a -ti o n in the ru r a l m i l i e u . The w o r k s of W. A d a m s k i , D. G a ł a j , * W. A d a m s k i , G r u p y i n t e r e s ó w w s p o ł e c z n o ś c i w i e j s k i e j (The G r o u p s of I n t e r e s t in R u r a l C o m m u n i t y ) , W a r s z a w a 1967. 2 D. G a ł a j, A k t y w n o ś ć s p o ł e c z n o g o s p o d a r c z a c h ł o p ó w ( S o -cial and E c o n o m i c A c t i v i t y of the P e a s a n t s ) , W a r s z a w a 1961.
F. W. Mleczko3 , 3. T u r o w s k i 4 , Z. T. W i e r z b i c k i 5 p r o v i d e d the i m p u l s e fo r the nex t in time, no t too s y s t e m a t i c and m u l t i d i r e c -t i o n a l s -t u d i e s in -the field.
The f o l l o w i n g t e x t c o n t i n u e s t his s u b s t a n t i a l d i r e c t i o n of s t u d i e s . H a v i n g at my d i s p o s a l the r e s u l t s of my o w n e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s f r o m the en d of the s e v e n t i e s 6 , o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d s a m p l e l o c a l i l l u s t r a t i o n s in the ru r a l m i l i e u f r o m the end of the s e -v e n t i e s an d the y e a r 1 9 8 4 7 j I u n d e r t a k e in the f o l l o w i n g p a p e r an a t t e m p t to a n s w e r the f o l l o w i n g p r o b l e m s - q u e s t i o n s : 1) W h a t p a t t e r n s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the ru r a l p o p u l a t i o n d o m i n a t e in d i f f e r e n t f o r m a t i o n s of s o c i a l c o n t a c t s an d s t r u c t u -res f u n c t i o n i n g w i t h i n a lo c a l c o m m u n i t y ? 2) D o e s a h i g h d e g r e e of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in on e f o r m a t i o n of s o c i a l c o n t a c t s c o r r e s p o n d w i t h an e q u a l l y h i g h c o m m i t m e n t in F . W . M l e c z k o , Z b a d a ń n a d a k t y w n o ś c i ą z a w o d o w ą i s p o ł e c z n ą c h ł o p ó w ( F r o m the S t u d i e s on P r o f e s s i o n a l and S o c i a l A c t i v i t y of the P e a s a n t s ) , W r o c ł a w 1964. 4 J. T u r o w s k i , Z m i a n y s p o ł e c z n e wsi a m i a s t o (S o c i a l C h a n g e s of a V i l l a g e as C o m p a r e d to th e C i t y ) , L u b l i n 1949. 5 Z. T. W i e r z b i c k i [ed.] A k t y w i z a c j a i r o z w ó j s p o -ł e c z n o ś c i l o k a l n y c h (The A c t i v a t i o n an d D e v e l o p m e n t of L o c a l C o m -m u n i t i e s ) , W r o c ł a w 1973. 6 The m a i n s o u r c e for th e r e f l e c t i o n s e x p r e s s e d in t h i s a r t i -cl e is c o n s t i t u t e d by th e r e s u l t s of e m p i r i c a l s t u d i e s r e a l i z e d in 1977 a n d 19 78 in U n i v e r s i t y of Łó d ź . T h e s e s t u d i e s w e r e r e a -l i z e d g e n e r a -l -l y in n i n e c o m m u t e s : W i d a w a v o i v o d s h i p S i e r a d z , P ę -p o w o v o i v o d s h i -p L e s z n o , S u l m i e r z y c e v o i v o d s h i -p P i o t r k ó w , O -p i n o g ó r a v o i v o d s h i p C i e c h a n ó w , K r o k o w a v o i v o d s h i p G d a ń s k , M i ł a k o w o v o i v o d -s h i p O l -s z t y n , N o w e M i a s t e c z k o v o i v o d s h i p Z i e l o n a Gó ra , S k i e r b i e -s z ó w v o i v o d -s h i p Z a m o ś ć and W o d z i -s ł a w v o i v o d -s h i p K i e l c e . In this s t u d y I t ak e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n d a t a f r o m W i d a w a , Pę p o w o , S u l m i e -rzy c e , O p i n o g ó r a , No w e M i a s t e c z k o , S k i e r b i e s z ó w and W o d z i s ł a w , A l t o g e t h e r in t h e s e c o m m u n e s 125 3 f a m i l i e s w e r e i n c l u d e d in the s t u d i e s . I n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g f a m i l y c o n t a c t s wa s r e c o r d e d o nl y in W i d a w a , Pę p o w o, O p i n o g ó r a an d S u l m i e r z y c e . Th e w h o l e study has b e e n r e a l i z e d as a r e s u l t of an o r d e r of in W a r s a w u n d e r c o n -t r a c -t PR-5. For d e e p e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t p r i n c i p l e s of s e l e c t i o n and o t h e r d at a c o n c e r n i n g th i s s t u d y lo ok in: M. K o w a l s k i , A. M a j e r , W. P i o t r o w s k i , P. S t a r o s t a , P r o -b l e m y k s z t a ł t o w a n i a o ś r o d k ó w m i e s z k a l n o - u s ł u g o w y c h w ś w i e t l e spo-ł e c z n y c h p o s t a w l u d n o ś c i gmi n. S y n t e z a b a d a ń s o c j o l o g i c z n y c h ( P r o b l e m s of S h a p i n g th e R e s i d e n t i a l an d S e r v i c e C e n t e r s in the L i g h t of S o c i a l A t t i t u d e s of the C o m m u n e P o p u l a t i o n . T h e S y n -t h e s i s of -the S o c i o l o g i c a l S -t u d i e s ) , PR-5, 1 1 1 / 1 2 0 / 7 8 , Ł ó d ź 1980. T he t y p e s c r i p t in IKS in W a r s a w . The s t u d i e s on e l e c t i o n s to the c o u n c i l s I c a r r i e d o ut in O c t o b e r 1984.
the r e m a i n i n g f o r m a t i o n s w h e r e a s a l ow d e g r e e of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in o n e of th e f i e l d s is a c c o m p a n i e d by an e q u a l l y lo w d e g r e e in th e r e m a i n i n g f i e l d s ? 3) W h a t is the r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e g l o b a l l e v e l of p a r t i c i -p a t i o n in th e l if e of th e r u r a l l o c a l c o m m u n i t y a n d the s e l e c t e d f e a t u r e s of s o c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s u c h as: th e f a c t of p e r t a i n -in g to a c e r t a i n s o c i a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o u p , a m o u n t of i n -c o m e , l e v e l of m a t e r i a l w e a l t h , le v el of e d u c a t i o n , the f ac t of b e l o n g i n g to an e c o l o g i c a l z o n e of i n h a b i t a t i o n w i t h i n the dis-t r i c dis-t a n d f i n a l l y dis-t he l e v e l of dis-t h e d i s dis-t r i c dis-t s u r b a n i z a dis-t i o n . As f o l l o w s f r o m the a b o v e , th e k e y n o t i o n u t i l i z e d in t h i s p a p e r a n d at the s a m e t i m e th e d e p e n d e n t u n i t of a n a l y s i s is thé p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the i n h a b i t a n t s in th e s o c i a l l i f e of the r u r a l l o c a l c o m m u n i t y . Th at c o m m u n i t y is th e d i s t r i c t c o m m u n e 1,, for the b o r d e r s of the c o m m u n e , in m y o p i n i o n , m a r k o u t the f r a m e w o r k of a r e l a t i v e l y c o m p l e t e a nd f u n c t i o n a l a r e a of f u l f i l l i n g th e b a s i c s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c a l an d c u l t u r a l n e e d s . M a n y s o c i o l o g i s t s h ad p u t h o p e in the c o m m u n e in the s o c i o l o g i c a l s e n s e s e e i n g it as an i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e 1 0 . It w a s b e l i e v e d t ha t th e e x i s t i n g w i t h i n it i n s t i t u t i o n a l f o r m a t i o n w o u l d b e c o m e the c a u s e of f o r m i n g n e w b e y o n d - v i 1 l a g e l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s of a ne w ty pe, in o t h e r w o r d s t h a t t hi s c o m m u n i t y w o u l d b e g i n to f u l f i l l the c o n d i t i o n s of a d i s t r i c t c o m m u n i t y . In t h i s c o n t e x t t h e s t u d i e s of th e p o p u l a t i o n ' s s o c i a l p a r -t i c i p a -t i o n in -the d i s -t r i c -t c o m m u n i -t y m a y be of e s s e n t i a l s i g n i -f i c a n c e in t h e e m p i r i c a l v e r i -f i c a t i o n o-f th e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t of a r e i n t e g r a t i o n of th e t e r r i t o r i a l r u r a l c o m m u n i t y a c o n -c e p t f u l l y d i s -c u s s e d in P o l a n d by J. T u r o w s k i . On e w o u l d a l s o n e e d to d i s c u s s h e r e th e w a y of u n d e r s t a n d i n g the t e r m " p a r t i c i p a t i o n " in th e l i f e of th e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y . The g C o m m u n e is a s m a l l e s t r u r a l of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n of P o l i s h c o u n t r y s i d e . 9 Т. К а с h n i a r z, K i e r u n k i i z a s a d y p r z e s t r z e n n e g o z a -g o s p o d a r o w a n i a wsi (T he D i r e c t i o n s a n d P r i n c i p l e s of the Are a P l a n n i n g of th e V i l l a g e ) , W a r s z a w a 1975. W. P i o t r o w s k i , P r o c e s y k s z t a ł t o w a n i a s i ę p o n a d - k l a s o w e j s p o ł e c z n o ś c i g m i n y ( P r o c e s s e s of F o r m i n g th e B e y o n d - C l a s s C o m m u n i t y of the C o m m u n e ) , [in :] G m i n a . Je j f u n k c j e i w a r u n k i r o z w o j u (T he C o m m u n e . Its F u n c t i o n s an d C o n d i t i o n s of D e v e -l o p m e n t ) , O -l s z t y n 1975.
t e r m " p a r t i c i p a t i o n " , e v e r so o f t e n u s e d in c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e c a n n o t be by any m e a n s e a s i l y p r e c i s e l y d e f i n e d . In fac t I d o u b t if t h e r e e x i s t s a p o s s i b l e real d e f i n i t i o n of this n o t i o n w h i c h w o u l d s a t i s f y th e m a j o r i t y of s o c i o l o g i s t s . It is d i f f i c u l t to s u g g e s t t hat the m u l t i p l i c i t y an d v a r i e t y of s o c i a l p h e n o m e n a w h i c h e x i s t w i t h i n t his t e r m c o u l d be e x p r e s s e d by a short for-m u l a w h i c h w o u l d not f a v o u r a c e r t a i n for-m a n n e r of s i for-m p l i f i c a t i o n . Th i s a s c e r t a i n m e n t b e c o m e s e v i d e n t w h e n we r e v i e w the d e f i n i ti o n of the ter m " p a r t i c i p a t i o n " u s e d by s o c i o l o g i s t s . Th e f o r -m u l a t i o n s of A. L. B e r t r a n d an d Z. T. W i e r z b i c k i 1 1 , S. C h a p i n 1 2 , E. F. K a t z 1 3 , 3. K u l p i ń s k a 1 4 , В. M i s z t a l 1 5 , P. R y b i c k i 16 i n d i -c a t e th e e x i s t e n -c e of a s m a l l r a n g e of c o m m o n m e a n i n g f o r t hi s n o t i o n . The q u o t e d a u t h o r s and o t h e r s o c i o l o g i s t s in g e n e r a l p r e s e n t a c o i n c i d i n g o p i n i o n o n l y in on e m a t t e r , t ha t is th a t a s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n is a s p e c i f i c i n v o l v e m e n t or e n t a n g l e m e n t of an i n d i v i d u a l or a g r o u p in the d e f i n i t e s y s t e m of m u t u a l i n -t e r a c -t i o n s an d c o n s e q u e n -t l y of s o c i a l s -t r u c -t u r e s . H o w e v e r , the c h a r a c t e r of th i s i n v o l v e m e n t is of a v a r i o u s n a t u r e . F i r s t of all, s o m e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t t h a t s u c h e n t a n g l e m e n t s ar e of a b e -h a v i o u r a l n a t u r e , and t h e y p r o c e e d t h r o u g h b e h a v i o u r an d c o n n e c -t e d -to i-t s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s . O t h e r s b r o a d e n t h i s r a n g e by i n -c l u d i n g the m e n t a l s p h e r e a n d t h a t of the -c o n s -c i o u s n e s s . S o m e b e l i e v e t ha t p a r t i c i p a t i o n is a s o c i a l f ac t w h i c h t a k e s p l a c e o p e n l y a n d o b j e c t i v e l y w h e r e a s o t h e r s a s s u m e t h a t p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a y a l s o e x i s t in a l a t e n t f o r m as a s p e c i f i c p r e d i s p o s i t i o n to 11 A. L. B e r t r a n d , Z. W i e r z b i c k i , S o c i o l o g i a wsi w S t a n a c h Z j e d n o c z o n y c h . S t a n i t e n d e n c j e r o z w o j o w e ( S o c i o l o -gy of th e C o u n t r y s i d e in th e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Th e P r e s e n t State and T r e n d s of D e v e l o p m e n t ) , W r o c ł a w 1970. p. 87. 12 F. S. С h a p i n, S o c i a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n an d S o c i a l I n t e l -l i g e n c e , " A m e r i c a n S o c i o -l o g i c a -l R e v i e w " 1939. 13 E. F. K a t z , S o c i a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n an d S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e , " S o c i a l F o r c e s " 1966, vol. 45, p. 199. 14 3. K u l p i ń s k a , S p o ł e c z n a a k t y w n o ś ć p r a c o w n i k ó w p r z e d s i ę b i o r s t w a p r z e m y s ł o w e g o (T he S o c i a l A c t i v i t y of the E m -p l o y e e s of th e I n d u s t r i a l E n t e r -p r i s e ) , W r o c ł a w 1969, p. 20. 15 В. M i s z t a 1, Z a g a d n i e n i a s p o ł e c z n e g o u c z e s t n i c t w a i w s p ó ł d z i a ł a n i a ( P r o b l e m s of S o c i a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n an d Co op er a ti on ) W r o c ł a w 1977. 16 P. R у b i с к i, S p o ł e c z e ń s t w o m i e j s k i e (The U r b a n S o -c i e t y ) , W a r s z a w a 1972, p. 315.
t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e fac t. S o m e e x p o s e t e l e o l o g i s m as th e m a i n f e a t u r e of s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n w h e r e a s th e o t h e r s t r e a t t his f e a t u r e w i t h s o m e d e g r e e of r e s e r v e . The d i f f e r e n c e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e a r e o n l y a g o o d e x a m p l e of the d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s of s t a n d i n g s in th e w a y of u n d e r s t a n d i n g the t e r m of s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n . As f o l l o w s f r o m th e a b o v e it is e a s i e r to e s t a b l i s h in w h a t r e -s e a r c h -s i t u a t i o n -s t hi -s t e r m is u s e d by s o c i o l o g i s t s than, in fact, to d e t e r m i n e h o w it is c o m p r e h e n d e d . P a y i n g c l o s e a t t e n t i o n to t h i s fa ct , G. A. a n d A. G. T h e o d o r s o n s s t a t e t h a t t he t e r m " s o -c i a l p a r t i -c i p a t i o n " in s o c i o l o g i c a l p r a c t i c e m o s t o f t e n is a s -s i g n e d to th e 1. p a r t i c i p a t i o n of an i n d i v i d u a l in s o c i a l g r o u p s [ ... J 2. p a r t i c i p a t i o n in v o l u n t a r y a s s o c i a t i o n s [ . . . ] 3. p a r t i -c i p a t i o n in s o m e t y p e s of s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s or a c t i o n s as w e l l as 4. in e x t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n s as c o m p a r e d to t h a t of th e i n d i v i d u a l s p l a c e of w o r k 1'1 7 . T h u s e x c l u d i n g f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n s of th e d e f i -n i t i o -n of th e term, I a s s u m e f o r the p u r p o s e of t h e s e s t u d i e s t h a t I u n d e r s t a n d the t e r m " p a r t i c i p a t i o n in t h e l i f e of the l o ca l c o m m u n i t y " as b e h a v i o u r a l f o r m s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n of i n d i v i -d u a l s a n -d g r o u p s in s u c h c o n t a c t s a n -d s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s w h o s e e x i s t e n c e a n d f u n c t i o n i n g r e s u l t s f r o m the fac t of i n h a b i t i n g a n d u t i l i z i n g a c e r t a i n t e r r i t o r y by the p o p u l a t i o n l i v i n g there. In t h e s t a t e m e n t f o r m u l a t e d a b o v e it is a s s u m e d tha t the o p e r a t i v e a n a l y s i s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n as r e l a t e d to a lo c a l or t e r r i t o r i a l c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t th e d e s c r i p t i o n of th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a c h o s e n s o c i a l s u b j e c t in c o n t a c t s and s t r u c t u r e s s p e c i f i c fo r t h i s an d o n l y t h i s c o m m u n i t y , as well as its p a r t i c i p a t i o n in f o r m a t i o n s c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d to th e b a s i c ar ea b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l w i t h it. U t i l i z i n g th e t h e o r e t i c a l s u q o e s t i o n s 18 of W. K o r n h o u s e r w h i c h p o i n t to th e t r i p l e l e v e l desc rip ti on of t h e l a y e r s of s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s in e a c h s t r u c t u r e , I a p p l i e d it to my r e s e a r c h s i t u a t i o n . S i n c e in my s t u d i e s t h e c o m m u n e wa s my m a i n h i g h e r s t r u c t u r e , I d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w i t h i n its f r a m e three b a s i c f o r m a t i o n s of c o n t a c t s a n d s t r u c t u r e s , w h i c h in th e c o u r s e of t h i s p a p e r I w i l l a l s o ca l l a r e a s of i n t e r a c t i o n . The f i r s t G. A. T h e o d o r s o n , A. G. T h e o d o r s o n , A M o d e r n D i c t i o n a r y of S o c i o l o g y , C r o w e l l C o m p a n y , N e w Y o r k 1969, p. 292. 18 W. K o r n h a u s e r , The P o l i t i c s of M a s s S o c i e t y , L o n d o n 19 6 0 , p. 21 - 1 0 1 .
is the f o r m a t i o n of c o n t a c t s an d s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s of a g e n e r a l or c o m m u n a l n a t u r e . Th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of th e i n h a b i t a n t s in t hi s f o r m a t i o n is r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h s u c h c o n t a c t s an d s o c i a l s t r u c -t u r e s w h i c h r e c o g n i z e the c o m m u n e in its e n t i r e t y as t h e b a s i s an d a i m of a c t i v i t y an d ar e o r i e n t e d at it. As an e x a m p l e of t h e s e o b j e c t s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n o n e c a n c o n s i d e r the ac ti vities and u n d e r t a k i n g s of a c o m m u n i t y a c t i o n s t y p e w h i c h w e r e d e p i c t e d by 1 9 W. A. S u t t o n and J . K o l a j a as w e l l as s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h 3. Y o u n g 20 a n d S. M a y o ca ll l o c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Th e a r t i c u l a t i o n of the n e e d s of th e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d th e c o n n e c t e d a c t i v i t i e s of the i n h a b i t a n t s w e r e e m p i r i c a l l y a n a l y z e d . M o r e o v e r , the s t u d i e s c o n s i d e r e d : the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the i n h a b i t a n t s in s o c i a l a c t i o n s o r g a n i z e d fo r th e s a k e of th e c o m m u n e a n d f o r m s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the lo c a l p o p u l a t i o n in th e c o m m u n e c o u n c i l . The s e -c o n d f o r m a t i o n -c o n s t i t u t e s th e l a y e r of i n t e r m e d i a t e c o n t a c t s an d s t r u c t u r e s w h o s e e s s e n c e is u s u a l l y d e f i n e d t h r o u g h the f u n c t i o n s . T he y c o n s t i t u t e a s p e c i f i c l ink a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e most o f t e n f o l l e w c o n t a c t s of th e i n d i v i d u a l w i t h th e m a i n s t r u c t u r e . G e n e r a l l y t h e s e t y p e s of s t r u c t u r e s i n c l u d e s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n s 21 a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h W. P i o t r o w s k i c a l l s loca l . A c t i n g at a g i v e n l o c a l i t y t hey r e p r e s e n t t h e i n t e r e s t no t o n l y of th e p o p u l a t i o n i n h a b i t i n g the ar e a bu t a l s o s t r u c t u r e s of a h i g h e r o r -der an d p a r a l l e l to the c o m m u n e . The s t u d i e s a n a l y z e d e m p i r i c a l -ly th e f o r m a l a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e s e t y p e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n s , the s o c i a l w e l f a r e r o l e s p l a y e d by the i n h a b i t a n t s , an d the f r e q u e n -cy of a t t e n d i n g m e e t i n g s . F i n a l l y , the las t f o r m a t i o n c o n s t i t u -tes the i n t e r a c t i o n s an d p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r e s . T h e i r e s s e n c e is t h e d i r e c t , p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t b e t w e e n th e s u b j e c t s t a k i n g par t 19 W. A. S u t t o n, J. К o 1 a j a, E l e m e n t s of C o m m u n i t y A ct i o n , " S o c i a l F o r c e s " 1960, vol. 38. 20 J. N. Y o u n g,. S. С. M а у о, M a n i f e s t and L a t e n t P a r -t i c i p a -t i o n s in a R u r a l C o m m u n i -t y A c t i o n P r o g r a m m , " S o c i a l F o r c e s " 1960, vol. 38. Ó I W. P i o t r o w s k i , M i e j s k a s p o ł e c z n o ś ć l o k a l n a a o r -g a n i z a c j e t e r e n o w e (The U r b a n L o c a l S o c i e t y and the L o c a l O r g a -n i z a t i o -n s ) , Z e s z y t y BRU, W a r s z a w a 1968.
in th e i n t e r a c t i o n , w h e r e a s th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e of the s t r u c t u r e s is the f a c t t h a t al l its m e m b e r s ar e no t able to c o n -t a c -t w i -t h e a c h o t h e r al l at o n e p l a c e a n d ti me . In the e m p i -r i c a l s e n s e t h i s le v e l of c o n t a c t s w a s a n a l y z e d t h r o u g h the i n -t e r - n e i g h b o u r an d i n t e r - f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s . T he n e i g h b o u r p a r t i -c i p a t i o n w a s a n a l y z e d t h r o u g h s u -c h f a c t s as: the n u m b e r of n e i g h b o u r s w i t h w h o m t h e s t u d i e d f a m i l y k e e p s s o c i a l c o n t a c t s ; t he n u m b e r a n d t y p e of m u t u a l s e r v i c e s a n d m e e t i n g s . T he i n t e r - - f a m i l y c o n t a c t s w e r e a n a l y z e d f r o m th e p o i n t of v i e w of t h e i r c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h the a r e a of t h e c o m m u n e e s t a b l i s h i n g for e a c h f a m i l y the n u m b e r of c l o s e f a m i l i e s i n h a b i t i n g a g i v e n c o m m u n e (i.e. p a r e n t s , s i b l i n g s , c h i l d r e n ) th e f r e q u e n c y of c o n t a c t s an d m u t u a l s e r v i c e s . Le t us add, t h a t w e w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of t h e l o c a l c o m m u n a l c o m m u n i t y of o n l y it s p e r -m a n e n t i n h a b i t a n t s . P u t t i n g a s i d e th e p r o c e d u r a l a n d t e c h n i c a l d a t a I w i l l n o w d i s c u s s the m a i n e m p i r i c a l a s c e r t a i n m e n t s . T h e i r r e s u l t s c an be e x p r e s s e d as f o l l o w s : on e n e e d s to s t a t e th a t in th e s p h e r e of s e l f - d e c l a r a t i o n s th e s t u d i e d p e r s o n s c l e a r l y s t r e s s e d the g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e of c o n s t a c t s a n d p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r e s fo r th e life of t he s o c i e t y . The n e i g h b o u r an d f a m i l y w e r e th e tw o b a s i c s p h e -r e s of r e f e r e n c e f or th e i n h a b i t a n t s of the c o m m u n e s u n d e r s t u d y . T he p e r s o n s i n t e r v i e w e d w e r e f i r s t of all i n t e r e s t e d in g a i n i n g the r e c o g n i t i o n a n d r e s p e c t of th e n e i g h b o u r s - 58%, n e x t th e f a m i l y - 55%, f r i e n d s an d s u p e r i o r s f r o m s o c i a l o r g a -n i z a t i o -n s - 29%, an d o t h e r p e o p l e - 6%. W h e n r e f e r r i n g to the p a t t e r n s a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n in p a r t i c u l a r p r i m a r y s p h e r e s on e n e e d s to s t r e s s t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y , i n t e n s i t y and d u r a t i o n in time. U n i v e r s a l i t y m e a n s h e r e th a t the i n t e r - f a m i l y a n d i n t e r - - n e i g h b o u r c o n t a c t s in th e s t u d i e d c o m m u n e s c o n c e r n a l m o s t all of the f a m i l i e s . O n l y 2 . 5 % of th e f a m i l i e s di d no t k e e p any c o n -t a c -t s w i -t h n e i g h b o u r s , an d 4% w i t h the f a m i l i e s of th e c l o s -est m e m b e r s of th e f a m i l y . In t e r m s of th e n u m b e r s th e 3-4 f a m i l y n e i g h b o u r h o o d c i r c l e s a n d 56 f a m i l y c i r c l e s of the c l o s -est r e l a t i v e w e r e d o m i n a n t . Le t us ad d th at s i m i l a r n u m b e r s of n e i g h b o u r c i r c l e s w e r e a l s o d o m i n a n t in the s e v e n t i e s in the
22 23 s m a l l t o w n an d u r b a n m i l i e u . The g r e a t i n t e n s i t y of c o n t a c t s in t h i s a r e a of i n t e r a c t i o n is the e f f e c t of f r e q u e n t e v e r y d a y n e i g h b o u r c o n t a c t s a n d les s f r e q u e n t bu t m a i n l y w e e k l y m e e t i n g s w i t h c h o s e n c l o s e l y r e l a t e d f a m i l i e s . Th e b a s i s of t h e s e n e i g h -b o u r c o n t a c t s are m a i n l y m e e t i n g s " fo r no s p e c i a l o c c a s s i o n " - 82%, w h e r e a s f a m i l y c o n t a c t " v i s i t s " - 71%. T h e y r e s u l t in the e x c h a n g e of i n f o r m a t i o n a nd a d v i c e d e a l i n g w i t h v a r i o u s m a t t e r s of life. The n e i g h b o u r an d f a m i l y c o n t a c t s ar e r e p e a t e d s y s t e -m a t i c a l l y w h i c h a s s u r e s t h e i r c o n t i n u i t y an d s e c u r e s its d u r a -b i l i t y in time. C o n s i d e r i n g the c o n t e n t s or the s u b j e c t ba si s , o n e m a y s t a t e t h at m o r e an d m o r e o f t e n t h e y e v o l v e f r o m t h e i r p r o t e c t i v e a nd e c o n o m i c f u n c t i o n to th e on e of a s o c i a l and con-s u m p t i v e c h a r a c t e r . T ha t l a t t e r f u n c t i o n is r e a l i z e d m o r e and m o r e o f t e n b o t h in n e i g h b o u r a n d f a m i l y c i r c l e s . P r e s e n t l y in the v i l l a g e the n e i g h b o u r h o o d is an i n s t i t u t i o n p r o t e c t i n g and h e l p i n g in s m a l l and e v e r y d a y m a t t e r s an d t he f a m i l y in b a s i c a n d s p o r a d i c m a t t e r s . The e v o l u t i o n of th e f u n c t i o n of p a r t i c i -p a t i o n in the p r i m a r y c i r c l e s in th e v i l l a g e f r o m s e r v i c e s o -c i a l f u n -c t i o n s to m o r e and m o r e s o l e l y s o c i a l o n e s is ca u s e d , a m o n g o t h e r s , by the f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : 1) M o v i n g of a n u m b e r of e c o n o m i c s e r v i c e s f r o m the r e l a t i o n s h i p s n e i g h b o u r - n i e g h b o u r and f a m i l y - f a m i l y to the r e l a t i o n s h i p s c i t i z e n - i n s t i t u t i o n . 2) S y -s t e m a t i c d e c r e a -s e a m o n g the r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n of th e n u m b e r of i n d i v i d u a l f a r m e r s a m o n g s t w h i c h e c o n o m i c s e r v i c e s an d m a t e r i a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e ar e u n d e r t a k e n as a c o n s e q u e n c e of p e r f o r m i n g t he p r o f e s s i o n . 3) A s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w i n g t e c h n i c a l i n -d e p e n -d e n c e of the far ms . 4) Th e d u r a b i l i t y of th e c o l l e c -t i v e an d e x t e r n a l s t y l e of l i f e of th e i n h a b i t a n t s of the v i l l a g e i n t e r p r e t e d as a s y s t e m of v a l u e s w o r t h a d o p t i n g . In c o n n e c t i o n w i t h th e ab o v e , th e o b j e c t i v e b a s i s of p a r t i c i p a -t i o n in p r i m a r y c i r c l e s is s u b m i t t e d to a c e r t s i n m i n i m a l r e d u c -22 H. M u r a w s к a- K o p r o w s k a , K s z t a ł t o w a n i e się s p o ł e c z n o ś c i u p r z e m y s ł a w i a n e g o m i a s t e c z k a R u c i a n e N i d a (Th e F o r -m i n g of th e S o c i e t y of the I n d u s t r i a l T ow n R u c i a n e N i d a ) , Ł ód ź 1981. p. 2 0 5 - 2 0 7 [ a P h D T h e s i s , t y p e s c r i p t in th e L i b r a r y of Łódź U n i v e r s i t y J . 23 A. S o s n o w s k i , J . W a 1 к o, w i а к , S ą s i e d z t w o i j e g o o d z w i e r c i e d l e n i e w ś w i a d o m o ś c i m i e s z k a ń c ó w w i e l k o m i e j s k i c h o s i e d l i (The N e i g h b o u r h o o d an d it s R e f l e c t i o n in th e C o n s c i o u s -n e s s of the I -n h a b i t a -n t s of U r b a n R e s i d e n t i a l C o m p l e x e s ) , " S t u d i a S o c j o l o g i c z n e " ( " S o c i o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s " ) 1983, No. 1.
t i o n in p r i m a r y c i r c l e s is s u b m i t t e d to a c e r t a i n m i n i m a l r e d u c -t i o n s i n c e it s r a n g e d o e s no t e m b r a c e al l or a l m o s t all d i m e n -s i o n -s of -s o c i a l l i f e b u t o n l y s o m e of the m. Th e p e r s o n a l , d i r e c t c h a r a c t e r of t h e s e c o n t a c t s , t h o u g h , d o e s n o t c h a n g e . W h a t is m o r e , o n e n e e d s to a d d t h a t th e p a t t e r n s of b e h a v i o u r t y p i c a l of t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s a r e c o n v e y e d to o t h e r l e v e l s of c o n t a c t s a n d s t r u c t u r e s , e s p e c i a l l y to the i n t e r m e d i a t e s t r u c t u r e s . U n l i k e th e p a t t e r n s d e p i c t e d a b o v e is th e d o m i n a t i n g p a t t e r n of p a r t n e r s h i p in the f o r m a t i o n of i n t e r m e d i a t e c o n t a c t s and s t r u c t u r e s . P a r t i c i p a t i o n in s t r u c t u r e s of t h i s k i n d is c o m m o n , o n l y 1 1 % of t h o s e u n d e r s t u d y d i d n o t b e l o n g to an y f o rm a l orga-n i z a t i o orga-n . S e c o n d l y , o n e n e e d s to s t a t e t h a t 72 % of t h o s e b e -l o n g i n g to o r g a n i z a t i o n s w e r e a b l e to a t t e n d t h e a b o d e of t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h i n th e v i l l a g e . Th e c o m m o n n e s s of f o r m a l p a r -t i c i p a -t i o n m a n i f e s -t s i t s e l f no t o n l y t h r o u g h the h i g h p e r c e n t -a g e of a f f i l i a t e d m e m b e r s , b ut a l s o t h r o u g h th e f a c t t h a t g e n e -r a l l y it is an a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h tw o o r g a n i z a t i o n s at th e s a m e tim e. M o s t o f t e n t h e s e a r e o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o n n e c t e d w i t h s e r v i -c e s r e n d e r e d to t h e v i l l a g e a n d a g r i c u l t u r e s u c h as: V i l l a g e W o m e n s A s s o c i a t i o n - 52%, F a r m e r s ’ A s s o c i a t i o n 3 4 % a n d C o m m u -na l C o o p e r a t i v e s - 44%. T h e p e r c e n t a g e of t h o s e s t u d i e d w h o b e -l o n g to p o -l i t i c a -l o r g a n i z a t i o n s w a s m u c h -lo w e r . O u r s t u d i e s f o u n d o ut , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n i n g of th e so- - c a l l e d s o c i a l a n d s o c i o - c u l t u r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s in th e ru r a l e n v i r o n m e n t is m a r g i n a l . Th e a f f i l i a t i o n a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n in r u r a l intermediate str uc -t u r e s w e r e b r o u g h -t a b o u -t m a i n l y by -t w o g r u p s of m o t i v e s . S t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d e i t h e r c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t s w h i c h c o u l d be obtain-ed by t he m e m b e r of the o r g a n i z a t i o n or hi s f a m i l y as a r e -s u l t of hi -s m e m b e r -s h i p , or a " s i t u a t i o n a l n e c e s s i t y " w h i c h as if f o r c e s m e m b e r s h i p of an o r g a n i z a t i o n if, for e x a m p l e , o n e p er - f o r m e s a c e r t a i n p r o f e s s i o n or o c c u p i e s a c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n . T h u s p a r t i c i p a t i o n is m a i n l y an i n s t r u m e n t fo r r e a l i z i n g p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t or n e e d s of th e p r i m a r y g r o u p s w i t h w h i c h th e i n d i v i -d u a l is c o n n e c t e -d . It ha s l i t t l e to do w i t h i d e o l o g i c a l , p o l i t i -cal or a l t r u i s t i c r e a s o n s . The c o m m o n n e s s of o r g a n i z a t i o n m e m -b e r s h i p r e m a i n s in q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t o p p o s i t i o n to the s m a l l i n -v o l -v e m e n t in o r g a n i z a t i o n m a t t e r s . T h i s m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f in h a r -d l y any a c t i v i t y fo r th e s a k e of th e o r g a n i z a t i o n as w e ll as
h a r d l y an y i n t e r e s t in its m a t t e r s . The p e r s o n s w h o w e r e i n -v e s t i g a t e d di d no t r e c a l l any t a s k s set f o r t h j o i n t l y for r e a l i -z a t i o n or m e a n s t h a t w e r e at th e d i s p o s a l of the o r g a n i z a t i o n to w h i c h th e y b e l o n g e d . As far as the p a r t i c i p a t i o n in p r i m a r y c i r c l e s is i n t e n s i v e an d l a s t i n g , and in th e f o r m a t i o n of i n t e r m e d i a t e c o n t a c t s it is c o m m o n b u t p a s s i v e an d i n s t r u m e n t a l , t h e n in the c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r e s it is the l e a s t d e v e l o p e d an d the m o s t l a t e n t . T hi s m a n i f e s t s it se l f f i r s t l y in h a r d l y any f e e l i n g of c o m m o n i n t e r -e s t r -e s u l t i n g • f r o m th-e f ac t of i n h a b i t i n g th e a r e a of th e c o m -mu n e . A b o u t 41% of the i n v e s t i g a t e d p e r s o n s w e r e n o t a b l e to p o i n t to any m a t t e r s or s o c i a l p r o b l e m s w h i c h n e e d e d to be s o l -v e d in t h e i r m i l i e u . I n o t e d a s i m i l a r l ac k of i n t e r e s t in 1984 d u r i n g s t u d i e s of e l e c t i o n s to th e c o m m u n e c o u n c i l in two o t h e r c o m m u n e s . At the e n d of th e s e v e n t i e s a w e a k a r t i c u l a t i o n of lo-cal n e e d s a p p e a r e d j o i n t l y w i t h a c o m m o n p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n in a c t i o n s for the s a k e of o n ^ s o w n l o c a l i t y or c o m -mu n e . In m a n y c a s e s t hi s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s of a r o u t i n e an d ri-t ua l ki n d , a l t h o u g h it w a s m u c h b r o a d e r a n d l es s a p p a r e n t t h a n in the c i t i e s . S i m i l a r l y the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the v i l l a g e in h a - b i t a n s in th e c o m m u n e c o u n c i l e l e c t i o n s w a s of a h i g h e r d e g r e e t h a n of the c i t y i n h a b i t a n t s to d i s t r i c t an d c i t y c o u n c i l e l e c -ti on s . H o w e v e r , the e l e c t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s w e r e no t t r e a t e d as a p o l i t i c a l e v e n t b ut as a n a t i o n - w i d e fact. T h u s in o u r c o n d i t i o n s o n e c a n n o t a c k n o w l e d g e w i t h o u t o b j e c t i o n s th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n in e l e c t i o n s as a f o r m of p a r t i c i p a t i o n of o n l y a c o m m u n i t y n a -t u r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , o n e n e e d s to s t r e s s the la c k of s e l f - d e p e n d e n c e in t e r m s of m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s , o r g a n i z a t i o n o r f i n a n c i n g of the l o c a l a p p a r a t u s of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t i.e. w h a t the c o m m u n e c o u n c i l s h o u l d h a v e b e e n in its a s s u m p t i o n s . As a r e -s u l t of -s u b o r d i n a t i n g the c o u n c i l to th e i n f l u e n c e of the C o m -m u n e C o -m -m i t t e e of th e P o l i s h U n i t e d W o r k e r ' s P a rt y, th e c o -m -m u n e c o u n c i l g o v e r n e d u n d e r th e g u i d a n c e a n d c o n t r o l of p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s an d h i g h e r l e v e l s of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h i s fa ct is c o n f i r m e d n o t on l y by my o w n s t u d i e s an d o b s e r v a t i o n s b u t a l s o 24 by th e s t u d i e s of my c o l l e a g u e s c o n c e r n i n g c o m m u n e c o u n c i l s . I do F r o m n u m e r o u s s t u d i e s p u b l i s h e d in: " P r o b l e m y R a d N a r o d o
-n o t s u p p o s e t h a t t h e r e c o u l d h a v e b e e n an y r a d i c a l c h a n g e s s i n -ce in th e s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d in 19 84 a b o u t 20 % of th e respondents c o n s i d e r e d th e r o l e of t he c o u n c i l in t h e i r c o m m u n e m o r e " d e c o -r a t i v e th an g o v e r n i n g . W h a t is m o r e , o n l y 3% of the i n h a b i t a n t s of th e tw o c o m m u n e s s t u d i e d in 1 98 4 s t a t e d t h a t the a v e r a g e i n -h a b i t a n t s a n d c o u n c i l m e m b e r s p o s s e s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e in s o l v i n g i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s of the c o m m m u n e , w h e r e a s 82 % of t h o s e u n d e r s t u d y a s s i g n e d to th i s s u b j e c t a b s o l u t e lack of i n f l u e n c e . In th e r u r a l m i l i e u b o t h in the s e v e n t i e s a n d t o d a y an o p i n i o n e x i s t s t ha t in d e c i d i n g a b o u t m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g the c o m m u n e a n d l if e w i t h i n it s f r a m e s n e i t h e r th e a v e r a g e i n h a b i -t a n -t s n o r b e y o n d - l o c a l (i.e. b e y o n d c o m m u n e ) a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e the g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e , but m a n a g e r s of m a i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s a nd i n s t i t u t i o n s of th e c o m m u n e e x c l u d i n g the c o m m u n e c o u n c i l . The n o m i n a t i o n an d no t th e e l e c t i o n of c o u n c i l m e m b e r s in th e s e v e n t i e s an d the l a c k of s e l f - d e p e n d e n c e of the c o u n c i l e v e n in s m a l l e s t lo ca l m a t t e r s b r o u g h t a b o u t th e f ac t that h a r -d l y a n y o n e t o o k i n t e r e s t in the w o r k of the c o u n c i l , an d t o d a y th e i n t e r e s t is n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r . S i m i l a r l y , the p a r t i -c i p a t i o n of the -c o u n -c i l m e m b e r s w a s p a s s i v e in its f o r m s and c a m e d o w n to a b i d i n g in th e c o u n c i l an d a c c e p t i n g d e c i s i o n s " r i g h t f u l in a d v a n c e " an d no t w o r k e d u p o n by t h e c o u n c i l . It f o l l o w s f r o m th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d by B. Z a w a d z k a t ha t a b o u t 20 % of th e m e m b e r s o n l y a b i d e d in th e c o u n c i l a n d d i d no t t a k e a c t i v e p a r t . T h i s p r o v i d e s p r o o f of th e w e a k f u n c t i o n i n g of the a re a of c o m m u n i t y i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h i n the c o m m u n e w h i c h is e v e n m o r e s u p e r f i c i a l th a n th e a r e a of i n t e r m e d i a t e i n t e r a c t i o n s .
S u m m i n g up, o n e n e e d s to s t r e s s that the p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e f o r m a t i o n of p r i m a r y c o n t a c t s r e m a i n s s t i l l in the rural m i-w y c h " (" T h e P r o b l e m s of N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l s " ) I w i l l l i m i t m y s e l f o n l y to p e c i f y th e f o l l o w i n g : J . B o r k o w s k i , Administra-cj a g m i n n a , je j ro l a w s y s t e m i e w ł a d z y g m i n n e j (Th e C o m m u n e A d -m i n i s t r a t i o n , Its R o l e in G o v e r n i n g S y s t e m of t h e C o m m u n e ) , 197 8 No. 41; S. D z i ę c i o ł o w s k a , G m i n n a r a d a n a r o d o w a i a d -m i n i s t r a c j a w o p i n i i -m i e s z k a ń c ó w wsi (The C o m m u n e C o u n c i l an d A d -m i n i s t r a t i o n in th e O p i n i o n of the I n h a b i t a n t s of the V i l l a g e ) 19 77 , No. 36; B. Z a w a d z k a , G m i n n y o r g a n p r z e d s t a w i c i e l -ski (T he C o m m u n a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e B o d y ) , 1978, No. 41. 25 Z a w a d z k a , op, c i t. , p. 45.
l ieu t h e m o s t a c t i v e an d s i g n i f i c a n t ; the p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the a r e a of i n t e r m e d i a t e i n t e r a c t i o n s is w e a k e r b ut c l e a r l y m a r k e d , w h e r e a s p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e c o m m u n i t y f o r m a t i o n is t h e l e a s t v i s i b l e and h a r d l y d r aw n . As far as the s e c o n d g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n - p r o b l e m is c o n c e r n e d , on e n e e d s to s t a t e that, g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , no d e f i n i t e , p o s i -t i v e c o n c u r r e n c e of the l e v e l s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e d e t e r m i n -ed c o n t a c t s an d s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s w a s n o t e d . F i r s t of all, i n -t e n s i v e an d b r o a d n e i g h b o u r c o n -t a c -t s do n o t a b s o l u t e l y e x c l u d e s i m i l a r l y i n t e n s i v e an d b r o a d c o n t a c t s of f r i e n d s a n d f a m i l y . A c e r t a i n p r i n c i p l e of e l i m i n a t i o n a p p l i e s , h o w e v e r , to th e c o n -t a c -t s of f a m i l y a n d f r i e n d s . It u s u a l l y h a p p e n s t h a t if the s p h e r e of i n t e r a c t i o n s is d e v e l o p e d in th e f i r s t sphe re of t h o s e l i s t e d we do not o b s e r v e t h i s p h e n o m e n o n in t h e s e c o n d s p h e r e - th e s a m e h a p p e n s in t h e o p p o s i t e ca s e . W h a t is m o r e , th e level of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in p r i m a r y s p h e r e s , b o t h f a m i l y a n d n e i g h b o u r , w e r e p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in c o m m u n i t y c o n t a c t s a n d s t r u c t u r e s . I n v o l v e m e n t in the a c t i v i -t i e s of -the i n -t e r m e d i a -t e s -t r u c -t u r e s w a s no -t r e l a t e d in a s i g -n i f i c a -n t w a y i-n a -ny d i r e c t i o -n to th e l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the c o m m u n i t y f o r m a t i o n . I f o u n d t h i s t e n d e n c y s u r p r i s i n g and d i f f i c u l t to e x p l a i n . On e c a n n o t e x c l u d e th e f a c t t h a t the con-c u r r e n con-c e is o n l y s t a t i s t i con-c a l , t h o u g h on th e o t h e r ha nd , t h i s t e n -d e n c y c a n be e x p l a i n e -d by a c o n c u r r e n c e of f o r m s of s o c i a l li f e in the p r i m a r y a n d c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r e s , a n d t h e i r d i s s i m i l i t u d e w i t h th e i n t e r m e d i a t e area. In th e p r i m a r y an d c o m m u n i t y s t r u c -t u r e s -th e i n v o l v e m e n t of th e i n d i v i d u a l d o e s no t c o n c e r n o nl y o n e r o l e or a g r o u p of r o l e s b u t u s u a l l y e n g a g e s th e w h o l e p e r -s o n a l i t y , w h e r e a s in the i n t e r m e d i a t e s t r u c t u r e s th e p a r t i c i p a -t i o n d o m i n a -t e s -t h r o u g h f r a c -t i o n a l rol es . It w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a w e a k n e g a t i v e c o n c u r r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in p r i m a r y c i r c l e s a n d i n v o l v e m e n t in th e a c -t i v i -t i e s of o r g a n i z a -t i o n s , arid i n s t i t u t i o n s b e l o n g i n g to the i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r m a t i o n . As f o l l o w s f r o m t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s , the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of th e p o p u l a t i o n in t he l i f e of t h e c o m m u n a l l o -cal c o m m u n i t y is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the c o n c u r r e n c e of l e v e l s of i n v o l v e m e n t for th e p a r t i c u l a r f o r m a t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s . It is t h u s th e s e l e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n , v a r i a b l e in its i n t e n s i t y of
i n v o l v e m e n t in th e a c t i v i t y of d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s a n d s o c i a l c i r -c l e s . T h i s a s s e r t i o n r e m a i n s in c e r t a i n o p p o s i t i o n to t he o p i n i o n p r o p a g a t e d p a r t i c u l a r l y by j o u r n a l i s m a n d c o m m o n in the a v e r -a g e c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t p e o p l e u s u a l l y b e l o n g to o n e of th e two g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s : e i t h e r of t h o s e w h o a r e "by n a t u r e a c t i v e e v e r y w h e r e " or t h o s e w h o a r e "by n a t u r e p a s s i v e " . T h i s a s s e r t i o n is r a t h e r c l o s e to th e s u g g e s t i o n s of S. O s s o w s k i w h o p o i n t e d to t h e f a c t t h a t in c e r t a i n s p h e r e s of li fe m a n is a c t i v e a n d r e a -dy f o r c h a n g e s w h e r e a s in o t h e r s he is p a s s i v e , i m m o b i l e and 26 e a g e r to a c h i e v e s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Th e p e r c e n t a g e of t h o s e u n i -v e r s a l l y a c t i -v e a n d t h o s e c o m p l e t e l y p a s s i v e a m o u n t e d in our s t u d i e s to 8% an d 12 % r e s p e c t i v e l y . W h e n c o n s i d e r i n g t he i m p o r t a n c e of t he f e a t u r e s of s o c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n fo r th e l e v e l of l o c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n th e e x i s -tence of c e r t a i n s t a t i s t i c a l o c u r r e n c e s of v a r i o u s f o r c e s and d i r e c t i o n s w a s n o t e d . W i t h r e s p e c t to n e i g h b o u r in t e ra c t i on s it w a s o b s e r v e d th a t th e h i g h e r th e l e v e l of r u s t i f i c a t i o n of a gi-v e n c o m m u n e , th e h i g h e r th e l e v e l of n e i g h b o u r p a r t i c i p a t i o n , w h e r e a s t h e h i g h e r th e l e v e l of its u r b a n i z a t i o n , th e l o w e r the l e v e l of a c t i v i t y in n e i g h b o u r h o o d c i r c l e s . T h e c o e f f i c i e n t of r a n k c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e s e tw o l a t t e r v a r i a b l e s a m o u n t e d to r s = - 0 . 1 0 0 . Th e l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in n e i g h b o u r h o o d c o n t a c t s i n c r e a s e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t hë w e a l t h of a g i v e n f a m i l y . T h o s e u n d e r s t u d y w h o h a d h i g h i n c o m e p e r p e r s o n a n d h i g h s t a n d a r d of w e a l t h m e a s u r e d by t h e p o s s e s s i o n of th e s o - c a l l e d g o o d s of du ra b le us-a g e r e v e us-a l e d h i g h e r us-a c t i v i t y t h us-a n p e r s o n s of a l o w e r l e v e l of w e a l t h . Th e r e l a t i o n d e s c r i b e d a b o v e w a s a l s o n o t e d by P. K r y c z -27 ka in u r b a n m i l i e u s t u d i e s . Th e f a c t s t h u s s u g g e s t t h a t the r a n g e of t h e s e t y p e s of r e l a t i o n s is n o t l i m i t e d o n l y to the r u r a l c o m m u n i t y . A m o n g th e s o c i a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s , t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in n e i g h b o u r h o o d c o n t a c t s w a s 2*7 S. 0 s s o w s к i, Z z a g a d n i e ń p s y c h o l o g i i s p o ł e c z n e j ( F r o m t h e P r o b l e m s of S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y ) , W a r s z a w a 1967. 27 P. К г у с z к a, S ą s i e d z t w o i k o n t r o l a s p o ł e c z n a . P r o -b l e m o d r a d z a n i a s i ę s p o ł e c z n o ś c i l o k a l n y c h w d u ż y m m i e ś c i e (The N e i g h b o u r h o o d an d t he S o c i a l C o n t r o l , the P r o b l e m of R e j u v e n a -t i o n of L o c a l C o m m u n i t y ,in a B i g C i t y ) , [i n: ] N o w e o s i e d l a m i e s z k a n i o w e . L u d n o ś ć - Ś r o d o w i s k o m i e s z k a l n e - Ż y c i e s p o ł e c z n e ( Ne w R e s i d e n t i a l C o m p l e x e s . P o p u l a t i o n - R e s i d e n t i a l E n v i r o n m e n t - S o c i a l L i f e ) , W a r s z a w a 1976, p. 114.
d i s p l a y e d by f a r m e r s an d f a r m l a b o u r e r s an d by whitecollar w o r k -e rs of a h i g h s c h o o l or u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n . In the i n s t a n c e of i n t e r - f a m i l y c o n t a c t s , o nl y the d e g r e e of f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p and the d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n l o c a l i t i e s d i f -f e r e n t i a t e d in a s i g n i f i c a n t w a y th e s t u d i e d p o p u l a t i o n . M o r e f r e q u e n t an d b r o a d e r in r a n g e c o n t a c t s e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the f a -m i l i e s of the p a r e n t s an d t h e i r a d u l t c h i l d r e n , an d to a l e s s e r d e g r e e b e t w e e n the s i b l i n g s . Th e d e g r e e of f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h e n i n h a b i t i n g the s a m e s e t t l e m e n t u n i t p o s s e s s e s a g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e t ha n the p h y s i c a l s p a t i a l d i s l o c a t i o n of f a m i l i e s . The le vel of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in i n t e r m e d i a t e s t r u c t u r e s wa s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d in a s i g n i f i c a n t wa y by s u c h f e a t u r e s as: the l e v e l of u r b a n i z a t i o n of the c o m m u n e , the s o c i a l an d p r o f e s s i o -nal a f f i l i a t i o n , e d u c a t i o n , th e a m o u n t of i n c o m e p e r p e r s o n in a f a m i l y , an d the le v e l of w e a l t h of th e f a m i l y m e a s u r e d by the v a l u e of p o s s e s s e d g o o d s of d u r a b l e u s ag e. The s t r o n g e s t c o n n e c -t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l c o n c u r r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n and the le vel of e d u c a t i o n as w el l as of s o c i a l a nd p r o f e s s i o n a l a f f i l i a t i o n . The d i r e c t i o n of t hi s fi r s t c o r -r e l a t i o n wa s p o s i t i v e an d u s u a l l y s i g n i f i e d an i n c r e a s e of the le vel of p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h an i n c r e a s e in the l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n (r = + 0. 7 0 0 ) . T h i s t e n d e n c y w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d by M. W i e r u s z e w s k a - A d a m c z y k in t he m o n o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s of the v i l l a a e 2 8 Z a b o r ó w . W i t h r e s p e c t to the s o c i a l an d p r o f e s s i o n a l a f f i l i a -t i o n -the h i g h e s -t le ve l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s d i s p l a y e d by the so- - c a l l e d " b i - p r o f e s s i o n a l s " , n e x t the w h i t e c o l l a r w o r k e r s w i t h -ou t a h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , as w e l l as p e r s o n s w o r k i n g i n t e l l e c -t u a l l y an d p o s s e s s i n g a h i g h s c h o o l an d h i g h e r th a n h i g h s c h o c l e d u c a t i o n . D e c i d e d l y the l o w e s t le v e l of i n v o l v e m e n t w a s p r e -s e n t e d by q u a l i f i e d w o r k e r -s an d f a r m l a b o u r e r s . The f a r m e r s D e -l o n g e d to the i n t e r m e d i a t e gr o up . Th e l ev el of p a r t i c i p a t i o n d> o v e r l a p p i n g w i t h o t h e r f e a t u r e s of s o c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s , ip = w a y c o n s o l i d a t e s them, th us b e i n g in i t s e l f a s i g n i f i c a n t f e a -t u r e of s o c i a l i n e q u a l i -t i e s in -th e ru r a l m i l i e u 2 9 . 2 8 M. W i e r u s z e w s k a- A d a m с z у к, S p o ł e c z n o ś ć w i e j s k a Z a b o r o w a w p r o c e s i e p r z e m i a n ( R ur al C o m m u n i t y of Z a b o -rów in p r o c e s s of c h a n g e s ) , W a r s z a w a 1980, p. 1 2 4 - 1? 5. 29 P . S t a r o s t a , A. M a j e r , U c z e s t n i c t w o w o r g a n i -z a c j a c h f o r m a l n y c h a z r ó n i c o w a n i e s p o ł e c z n e l u d n o ś c i w i e j s k i e j
W h e n it c o m e s to th e i n v o l v e m e n t in a c t i v i t i e s an d s t r u c -t u r e s o r i e n -t e d at t he c o m m u n e c o m m u n i t y as an e n t i r e t y , if f o l -lo w s f r o m o u r s t u d i e s th at to the g r e a t e s t e x t e n t it is d e t e r -m i n e d j o i n t l y by t h r e e v a r i a b l e s : a) th e l e v el of u r b a n i z a t i o n of the c o m m u n e , b) the s o c i a l an d p r o f e s s i o n a l a f f i l i a t i o n of the p e r s o n s u n d e r s t u d y a n a c) t h e i r l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n . The l e v e l of u r b a n i z a t i o n a f f e c t s th e l e v e l of p a r t i c i p a t i o n in a t w o f o l d way. F i r s t l y , it a c c e l e r a t e s the a r t i c u l a t i o n of the n e e d s of the c o m m u n e i n h a b i t a n t s if the m i l i e u is at a low l e -vel of s o c i a l an d economi'c d e v e l o p m e n t , but at the s a m e time d o e s no t l e a d to an a c t i v e i n v o l v e m e n t of the p o p u l a t i o n in s o -l v i n g p r o b -l e m s . S e c o n d l y , w h e n the l e v e l of s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t of th e c o m m u n i t y is h i g h t h e n its i n h a b i t a n t s e n g -ag e m o r e o f t e n in a c t i v i t i e s for the s a k e of t h e i r ow n m i l i e u , an d to a l e s s e r d e g r e e , a r t i c u l a t e the l o c a l n e e d s . In o t h e r w o r d s , in c o m m u n e s of a h i g n e r le vel of d e v e l o p m e n t l e s s is s a i d a b o u t the lo c a l p r o b l e m s , an d m o r e is d o n e to s o l v e them, w h e r ea s in w e a k e r c o m m u n e s a s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d l a y e r of c o n s c i o u -s n e -s -s i-s n o t a c c o m p a n i e d by b e h a v i o u r a l a c t i v i t y . It s e e m s to me t hat o n e of the f a c t o r s w h i c h f o r m s t hi s s e c o n d , d o m i n a n t in P o l a n d t e n d e n c y is the e x a g g e r a t e d s u b s t i t u t i o n of the i n d i v i -d u a l s a c t i v i t y by a s t r i c t l y forma l a c t i v i t y of i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e r e e x i s t s a t e n d e n c y for e a c h a c t i v i t y or l o c a l a c t i o n to be p l a c e d w i t h i n f o r m s of e x i s t i n g b e a u r o c r a t i c s t r u c t u r e s . T a k i n g o v e r the ro l e of the p i a n i s t , the d e c i s i o n - m a k e r and th e e x e c u t o r , th e f o r m a l o r g a n i z a t i o n g e n e r a l l y l i -m i t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y the i n d i v i d u a l or g r o u p i n i t i a t i v e th u s at th e s a m e tim e r e d u c i n g the f e e l i n g of s u b j e c t i v i t y a m o n g the m e m b e r s of the a c t i o n . F r e q u e n t l ack of s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n b e t w e e n the a i m of the i n d i v i d u a l ' s a c t i v i t y an d the a i m of a c t i v i t y of the s t r u c t u r e le^ids to th e lack of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h the a c -t i v i -t y an d i-ts e f f e c -t s and in consequence;, to a p s y c h o l o g i c a l a t t i t u d e w h i c h r e l e a s e s the i n d i v i d u a l in h i s o p i n i o n f rom the f e e l i n g of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for the e f f e c t s of the a c t i v i t y s i n c e he is no t th e m a i n d e c i s i o n - m a k e r an d p i a n i s t . This l e a d s
(T he P a r t i c i p a t i o n in F o r m a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s and S o c i a l D i f f e r e n -t i a -t i o n of -the R u r a l P o p u l a -t i o n ) , {_ i n : 3 T- b a d a ń n a d s t r u k t u r ą s p o ł e c z n ą ( F r o m th e S t u d i e s on the S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e ) , L ód ź 1983.
