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Pérdida y reemplazo de arabismos en español: Los nombres de oficios

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Pérdida y reemplazo de arabismos en español

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Abstract:

Loss and Replacement of Arabisms in Spanish. Names of Professions

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1.12. Alfarero (variante alfaharero)

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1.17. Trujamán (variante truchimán)

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0LKDL(QăFKHVFX  Alfarero (VDWHVWLJXDGRDEXQGDQWHPHQWHHQHOFRUSXVVHJ~QORLQGLFDQORV FDVRVHQGRFXPHQWRVODJUDQPD\RUtD  HQHOVLJOR;;OR TXHFRPSUXHEDVXYLJHQFLDDFWXDO8QVLQyQLPRTXHQRFXEUHH[DFWD PHQWHODPLVPDiUHDFRQFHSWXDOHVceramistaYR]FXOWDGRFXPHQWDGD HQHOVLJOR;; Rabadán (QHOCDHDSDUHFHQRFXUUHQFLDVHQGRFXPHQWRVGHra-badánHQHOVLJOR;;6HFRQVHUYD~QLFDPHQWHFRQHOVLJQL¿FDGR µSDVWRUTXHJRELHUQDXQRRPiVKDWRVGHJDQDGRDODVyUGHQHVGHO PD\RUDOGHXQDFDEDxD¶&RURPLQDVGH¿HQGHTXHHORWURVLJQL¿FDGR µPD\RUDO¶VHGHEHDXQDPDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODHWLPRORJtDDUiELJD \TXHMDPiVWXYRHVWHVLJQL¿FDGR FIDCECH  Zagal (VXQDYR]GHXVRFRUULHQWHFRQDWHVWLJXDFLRQHVHQGR FXPHQWRV'HHVWRVPiVGHODPLWDG  VHUHJLVWUDQGXUDQWHORV 6LJORVGH2URPXFKRVHMHPSORVSHUWHQHFHQVLQGXGDDODOtULFDGH LQVSLUDFLyQSDVWRUDO(VYRFDEORDFWXDOLJXDOPHQWHSXHVWRTXHKD\ FDVRVHQHOVLJOR;; +DVWDHOVLJOR;9,,VHXVDFRQVXVLJQL¿FDGRHWLPROyJLFRµMRYHQ IXHUWH¶(OGLFFLRQDULR Autoridades FINTLLE LQGLFDTXHGXUDQWH DTXHOODpSRFDKDEtDHPSH]DGRDXWLOL]DUVHFRQRWUDDFHSFLyQµ6HOODPD WDPELHQHO3DVWyUPR]R « ¶ &RQFDPELRGHVLJQL¿FDGR Azafata (OFDPELRGHVLJQL¿FDGRLQLFLDO GHREMHWRDSHUVRQD ORH[SOLFD AutoridadesµOOiPDVHazafataSRUHOD]DIDWHTXHWLHQHHQODVPDQRV PLHQWUDVVHYLVWHODUHLQD¶ apud DCECH 8VDGRDXQTXHHVFDVDPHQ WHHQOD(GDG0HGLDFRQHOVLJQL¿FDGRµFULDGDGHODUHLQD¶GHVDSDUHFH OXHJRSDUDVHUUHVXFLWDGRHQHOVLJOR;;FRQHOVLJQL¿FDGRµSHUVRQD TXHDWLHQGHDORVSDVDMHURVGHXQDYLyQ¶+D\RFXUUHQFLDVHQHO CDHGHORVFXDOHVVRQGHOVLJOR;;

(11)

3pUGLGD\UHHPSOD]RGHDUDELVPRVHQHVSDxRO  3. Arabismos desaparecidos 0XFKRVDUDELVPRVKDQGHVDSDUHFLGRGHELGRDXQYDFtRFRQFHSWXDOHV GHFLUGHELGRDFDXVDVH[WUDOLQJtVWLFDVODUHDOLGDGH[WUDOLQJtVWLFDDOD TXHUHPLWtDQKDGHMDGRGHH[LVWLU'HQWURGHOFDPSRPiVDPSOLRGHODV SURIHVLRQHVHVHOFDVRGHPXFKRVFDUJRVS~EOLFRVRPLOLWDUHVFRPR

almocadénalmojarife o zalmedina TXHGHVDSDUHFHQSRUFRQGLFLRQHV

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4. Arabismos reemplazados por otras voces

(O~OWLPRDSDUWDGRGHHVWHWUDEDMRORYDPRVDGHGLFDUDORVDUDELVPRV UHHPSOD]DGRVSRURWURVYRFDEORV$OJXQRVDUDELVPRVKDQWHQLGRFRPR FRPSHWLGRUHVSUpVWDPRVFXOWRVGHRULJHQODWLQR(QRWURVFDVRVVRQ ODVIRUPDFLRQHVLQWHUQDV GHULYDGRVFRPSXHVWRV ODVTXHVHKDQLP SXHVWR1RVLHPSUHVHWUDWDGHXQUHHPSOD]RIiFLOGHKDFHUSXHVORV FRPSHWLGRUHVFXEUtDQHVIHUDVFRQFHSWXDOHVQRGHOWRGRLGpQWLFDV(V SRUHVRTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVKHPRVSURSXHVWRGRVRPiVVROXFLRQHV GHUHHPSOD]R

(12)

0LKDL(QăFKHVFX  4.1. Latinismos Alarife – arquitecto AlarifeHUDXQDSDODEUDSROLVpPLFDTXHSRGtDUHIHULUVHRELHQDXQ DUTXLWHFWRRPDHVWURGHREUDVRELHQSRGtDWHQHUXQDDFHSFLyQD~QPiV HVSHFt¿FDODGHPDHVWURGHREUDVGHDOEDxLOHUtDRFDUSLQWHUtDRLQFOXVR LQVSHFWRUGHXQRVR¿FLRV FI0DtOOR6DOJDGR  (VUHHPSOD]DGRSRUarquitectoWRPDGRGHOODWtQARCHITECTUSGR FXPHQWDGRHQIHFKDEDVWDQWHWHPSUDQDKDFLD Albéitar – veterinario AlbéitarHVXQFDVRPiVHVSHFLDOSXHVWRTXHVHUHVLVWHDODHOLPL QDFLyQKDVWDHOVLJOR;,;VLHQGRKDVWDDTXHOODIHFKDOD~QLFDSD ODEUDFRQRFLGD\XVDGDVeterinarioWRPDGRGHOODWtQ9(7(5,1Ɩ5,86 XQGHULYDGRGH9(7(5Ʈ1$(µEHVWLDVGHFDUJD¶HVWiGRFXPHQWDGRHQHO VLJOR;,;\FRQVLJXHHQSRFRVDxRVHOLPLQDUFDVLSRUFRPSOHWRDVX FRPSHWLGRU.

Alfaquín – médico, doctor

El alfaquínHUDPiVELHQXQPpGLFRPXVXOPiQDVRFLDFLyQTXHKD

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FDVRGHfísicoWRPDGRGHOODWtQPHYSICUSµUHODWLYRDODVFLHQFLDVQDWX

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 +HPRVKHFKRXQDQiOLVLVSRUPHQRUL]DGRGHalbéitar y veterinarioHQRWUR

(13)

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Trujamán – intérprete

0X\XWLOL]DGRGXUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLD trujamán FDHHQGHVXVR DSDUWLUGHOVLJOR;9,\HVVXVWLWXLGRSRUintérpreteWRPDGRGHOODWtQ

INTERPRES-ETISµPHGLDGRU¶DWHVWLJXDGRSRUYH]HQ. 4.2. Creación interna (derivación, composición)

Alarife – maestro de obras

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GRVSDODEUDVSDWULPRQLDOHVSURFHGHQWHVGHOODWtQMAGISTER y OPUS

UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

Alatar – droguero, perfumista

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PERµSHU¶\)80Ɩ5(µSURGXFLUKXPR¶ FIDLE /DVHJXQGDYDULDQWH

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(14)

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*raupa µERWtQ¶\viejoSDODEUDKHUHGDGDSURFHGHQWHGHOODWVETULUS

EDVHDODTXHVHDxDGHHOVX¿MRero.

4.3. Préstamos de otros idiomas romances

Albardán – bufón AlbardánYLHQHVLHQGRUHHPSOD]DGRDSDUWLUGHOVLJOR;9,,SRU ODSDODEUDGHRULJHQLWDOLDQRbufónSURFHGHQWHGHOLWbuffone FI DCECH  Alfayate – sastre AlfayateHVOD~QLFDIRUPDGRFXPHQWDGDHQHOVLJOR;,,,\VLJXH YLYDKDVWDHOVLJOR;9<DDSDUWLUGHOVLJOR;,9HPSLH]DDFRPSHWLU FRQVXVLQyQLPRsastreGRFXPHQWDGRHQTXHSURFHGHGHOFDW

sastre\DVXYH]GHOODWSARTORGHULYDGRGHSARCIREµUHPHQGDU]XU

FLU¶ FIDCECH  4.4. Otros arabismos Alcaller – alfarero AlcallerUHSUHVHQWDXQFDVRPiVHVSHFLDOHOGHXQDUDELVPRVXVWL WXLGRSRURWURDUDELVPR(VSDODEUDGHSRFRXVRHQHVSDxROWDO\FRPR ORLQGLFDQODVRFXUUHQFLDVGHOCDH\UHVXOWDUiFRPSOHWDPHQWH GHVSOD]DGDSRUalfareroTXHVLJXHVLHQGRHOYRFDEORHQXVRKDVWDKR\ HQGtD 5. Conclusiones 1XHVWURHVWXGLRVHKDEDVDGRHQXQLQYHQWDULRGHGLHFLRFKRQRPEUHV GHSURIHVLRQHVHQWUHORVFXDOHVKDEtDXQDSDODEUDSROLVpPLFDDVtTXH KHPRVOOHJDGRDXQWRWDOGHGLHFLQXHYHOH[HPDV'HORVWpUPLQRVDQD OL]DGRVKD\VHLV albacea, albañil, alcahuete/a, alfarero, rabadán,

zagual TXHVREUHYLYHQVLQFDPELRGHVLJQL¿FDGR\XQR azafata 

FRQXQFDPELRQRWDEOHGHVXVLJQL¿FDGR2WUROH[HPD aldrán GHVD SDUHFHWRWDOPHQWHPLHQWUDVTXHRWUR azafata VRODPHQWHSLHUGHXQR GHVXVVLJQL¿FDGRV)LQDOPHQWHKD\FXDWURYRFDEORV alarife,

(15)

3pUGLGD\UHHPSOD]RGHDUDELVPRVHQHVSDxRO 

alatar, alfajeme, aljabibe SRUFUHDFLRQHVLQWHUQDV GRVGHULYDGRVXQ

FRPSXHVWR\XQFRPSXHVWRGHULYDGR GRV albardán, alfayate SRU

SUpVWDPRVGHRWURVLGLRPDVURPDQFHV FDWDOiQHLWDOLDQR \XQR al-caller SRURWURDUDELVPR+D\WUHVWpUPLQRV alarife, alatar, alfaquín 

SDUDORVFXDOHVKHPRVLQGLFDGRGRVRLQFOXVRWUHVSRVLEOHVUHHPSOD]RV GDGRTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVORVVXVWLWXWRVQRFXEUtDQODPLVPDHVIHUD FRQFHSWXDO $SHVDUGHOLQYHQWDULRUHGXFLGRDQDOL]DGRHQHVWHWUDEDMRKHPRV SRGLGRHYLGHQFLDUODGLQiPLFDGHHVWHFDPSRHQODGLDFURQtDTXHKD FRQVLVWLGRHQFDPELRV\VROXFLRQHVGHVXVWLWXFLyQPX\YDULDGRV Bibliografía CDH ,QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ5DIDHO/DSHVDGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxR OD  Corpus del Nuevo diccionario histórico del Español >RQOLQH@ KWWSZHEIUOHV&1'+(

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&255,(17()  Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindered Dialects%ULOO /HLGHQ%RVWRQ

&26(5,8(  ³+DFLDXQDWLSRORJtDGHORVFDPSRVOp[LFRV´HQPrin-cipios de semántica estructural*UHGRV0DGULGSS

DCECH &RURPLQDV-3DVFXDO-$  Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánicoYRO*UHGRV0DGULG

DELR 5HLQKHLPHU5vSHDQX6 FRRUG   Dictionnaire des emprunts latins dans les langues romanes(GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL5RPkQH%XFXUHúWL DLE 5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxROD$VRFLDFLyQGH$FDGHPLDVGHOD/HQJXD

(VSDxROD  Diccionario de la lengua españolaHG(VSDVD0D GULG>RQOLQH@KWWSZZZUDHHVUHFXUVRVGLFFLRQDULRVGUDH

 Para alarifeKHPRVSURSXHVWRGRVUHHPSOD]RVSRVLEOHVXQFXOWLVPRODWLQR

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(16)

0LKDL(QăFKHVFX 

(1Ă&+(6&80 HQSUHQVD Pérdida y reemplazo de arabismos en es-pañol: cargos militares y cargos públicos.

(1Ă&+(6&80  ³(OUHHPSOD]RGHDUDELVPRVSRUODWLQLVPRVHO FDVRGHalbéitar´HQ(VWHED5DPRV'0DX[3LRYDQR0+ pGV  Langue, grammaire et didactique en diachronie. Domaine roman3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH6WUDVERXUJ6WUDVERXUJSS

/$3(6$5  Historia de la lengua españolaHG*UHGRV0DGULG 0$Ë//26$/*$'2)  Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja

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3(11<5  Gramática histórica del españolHGDFWXDOL]DGD$ULHO %DUFHORQD

5(,1+(,0(55,3($186  Les emprunts latins dans les langues romanes(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLWăĠLLGLQ%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL

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