2021, t. 66.1, s. 47–61 DOI: 10.48128/pisg/2021-66.1-04
Wpłynęło: 9.01.2021 Zaakceptowano: 12.05.2021
Zalecany sposób cytowania / Cite as: Cepil M., 2021, Spatial layouts of the Josephine villages in Galicia, Prace i Studia Geogra-ficzne, 66.1, Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, 47–�666111,,, DD�OO�II�::�� 11100�...44488�11122�88�//� pp�iiisssggg//�22�00�22�111--�66.1-04.
Monika Cepil University of Łódź
�e�artment of Political and Historical Geogra�hy and Regional Studies e�mail�� monika_ce�il@w�.�l
�RC���� ��������3��551��566
Spatial layoutS of the JoSephine villageS in galiCia
układy przestrzenne wsi józefińskich w galicjiabstract�� ��hehe mainmain aimaim ofof thethe articlearticle isis toto analyseanalyse thethe ss��atialatial layoutslayouts ofof selectedselected settlemsettlementent areasareas ofof thethe Jose�hine villages on the territory of former Galicia. After a short introduction on the legal as�ects of de-marcating of new villages, the �rimary forms of settlements were studied. �n the first �art of the article, the analyzes covered the following layouts of settlement areas�� one�sided linear villages, two�sided linear villages and street�green villages. �n the further �art of the article, multi�road layouts were �resented, including two� street layouts, radially ��lanned layouts, lattice chessboard layouts and cross�sha�ed layouts. �he com�arative analysis covers the discussion of all available ty�es of settlement areas. Street layouts turned out to be the dominant �attern of settlement areas. After in�de�th analyses, it is im�ossible to determine the regionaliza-tion of the linear villages’ distriburegionaliza-tion, as they were located throughout Galicia. �he situaregionaliza-tion is different with the location of multi�road layouts, which were designed only in Eastern Galicia in the vicinity of Lviv. �n the im�lementation of the assumed research �roblem, cartogra�hic materials and source documents in the form of the Jose�hinian Cadastre, the Franciscan Cadastre and the Galician Cadastre obtained during searches conducted at the National Archives in Krakow, State Archives in Przemyśl and the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv were used.
Key words�� Jose�hine colonization, s�atial layouts, village, settlement area, Galicia, historical geogra�hy
introduCtion
�he Jose�hine colonization was a �lanned settlement action carried out on the initiative of Em�e-ror Jose�h �� in the area of the former Austrian �artition. �uring the Jose�hine colonization between 17�3�17�9 13� new villages were created (Ce�il ����). �he intention of the Jose�hine colonization was to create a new system of agricultural settlement, the germanization of the former Polish territo-ries and the increase in the �o�ulation of Galicia. A�art from new legal�ownershi� forms, the settle-ment action brought about new, �reviously unused layouts of rural settlesettle-ments in this area (�okarz 19�9, Zimmermann 1915, Le�ucki 193�, Schneider 1939, Burszta 195�).
�he �roblems connected with the forms of settlement areas of the Jose�hine villages, were men-tioned by, among others�� Le�ucki (193�), Burszta (195�), Szulc (1995) and in local research, e.g. in the vicinity of Nowy and Stary Sącz (Beiersdorf, Krasnowolski 19�5, Grabski 1999, �wańska ���6, Marecki ��1�, Kiryk ��14), Ustrzyki �olne (Augusty ����, ����, ���4) and Lviv (Гайиц 1996,
Олешко 1996, Олешко, Гайиц ��16). So far, no one has attem�ted to analyse the s�atial layouts of the Jose�hine villages in the territory of former Galicia, which is why the author decided to com-�lete the missing ga�. �he main aim of this work is to analyse the sha�es of settlement areas of the Jose�hine villages. �he author, after an in�de�th analysis of scientific literature and source materials, decided to verify the hy�othesis �ut forward by herself�� in the initial forms of settlement areas of the Jose�hine villages, linear villages dominate; other s�atial layouts account for a small �ercentage.
reSearCh methodS and SourCe materialS
�n the article the mor�hological ty�es of s�atial layouts of the Jose�hine villages are distinguis-hed. �n the considerations a whole s�ectrum of methods commonly used in geogra�hical and histori-cal research was used. �he basic ones are �rogressive and retrogressive methods, including the first mention method and the �lanning�retroversion method.
�n the considerations, the monogra�hic method was also used, i.e. literature, legal acts and carto-gra�hic sources (ma�s, village �lans) related to the analysed subject were studied. For the �ur�oses of the study, searches were conducted at the National Archives in Krakow, State Archives in Prze-myśl and the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv. �he main source materials used
in the article are�� the �lans of the Jose�hine villages from the end of the eighteenth century1, the
Jose�hinian Cadastre (Metryka Józefińska), the Franciscan Cadastre (Metryka Franciszkańska) and the Galician Cadastre (Kataster Galicyjski).
�he Jose�hinian Cadastre, created for the whole of Galicia on the basis of the decree of Em�eror Jose�h �� of A�ril 1�, 17�5, was an extremely valuable source used in research on the initial forms of settlement areas and field layouts of the Jose�hine villages. �he �ur�ose of the Jose�hinian Cada-stre was to accurately measure the entire territory of the country for tax �ur�oses. Before starting the measurements, new territorial units, the so�called catastral communities were created, which became the basis for the subsequent calculation of the land tax. For this �ur�ose, small settlements, hamlets and individual homesteads were attached to larger villages, so that they consisted of at least 4��5� farms (Falniowska�Gradowska, Leśniak ���9). �he Jose�hinian Cadastre did not have cartogra�hic collections, only tables and descri�tions (Styś 193�, Wolski ����). �ue to the state of �reservation, the records are not made available to all villages; some of the archival units are illegible. �he cadastre did not include all the Jose�hine villages, as the field works on the metric were carried out at the same time
as the Josephine villages developed2. Another source used in the doctoral dissertation is the Franciscan
Cadastre created in the years 1�19�1���, based on the �atent of Em�eror Francis �� of �ecember �3,
1�17. �t was created just like the Jose�hinian Cadastre for tax �ur�oses3. All Jose�hine villages were
included in the Franciscan Cadastre. Both collections are stored in the Central State Historical Archi-ves of Ukraine in Lviv. �he data contained in the Jose�hinian and Franciscan Cadastre allowed the author, among others, to identify the number and size of homesteads in the analysed units. �hey also turned out to be necessary for the �recise analysis of the number of �arcels within the field layouts.
�ne of the most im�ortant �reserved cartogra�hic sources necessary for the inter�retation of rural systems was the Galician Cadastre. �he land register was created for the �ur�ose of calculating and distributing the tax for the whole of Galicia in the middle of the nineteenth century. �he document consists of ma�s and descri�tions of the so�called o�erators for individual administrative units (com-munes). For the author, the cadastre turned out to be a valuable source for determining the layout of settlement areas and the sha�e of the field layouts of the Jose�hine villages. �t is worth mentioning 1 �he author used the village �lans obtained through searches in the National Archives in Krakow from the
following collections�� Varia � � a collection of files and materials of various �rovenance (Varia � � zbiór akt i materiałów różnej �roweniencji) and �eki Schneidra.
2 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre. 3 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Franciscan Cadastre.
that smaller hamlets are usually included together with the neighbouring villages on whose territory they were established. Currently, the Galician Cadastre is located in�� �he National Archives in Kra-kow (for the Mało�olska region), the State Archives in Przemyśl, the State Archives in Rzeszów and in Sanok branch (for the Podkar�acie region) and for villages in the contem�orary borders of Ukraine in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv.
Spatial layoutS of the JoSephine villageS
�he �resented article is �art of a wide�ranging research on s�atial �lanning and changes in rural layouts in the area of former Galicia. When selecting the settlement units for the study, the necessity of including the re�resentation of the basic mor�hological ty�es of Jose�hine villages, the diversified level of �o�ulation develo�ment, the availability of source cartogra�hic materials and the author’s visits in these areas was taken into account. As a result of the selection, the �a�er �resents a re�resen-tation of selected ty�es of regular large street and multi�road layout villages. �n the article, the author chose �� s�atial layouts for detailed analyzes from among 13� identified Galician Jose�hine villages (the vast majority in the form regular large street). Among the selected villages, in several cases, in order to better �resent the com�lexity of the mor�hological forms �resent, several s�atial layouts were described, re�resenting the same s�atial ty�e.
Jose�hine villages were located in large settlement clusters (Le�ucki 193�). �he first grou� of settlements was located near Bochnia. �hen the villages were founded near Nowy and Stary Sącz. No village was established in the area from the Biała River to the San River, but only at the fork of the Vistula and San rivers. �n the north, German settlements were established between Mielec and Leżajsk. �he largest com�lexes of the Jose�hine villages were located east of the San near �obromil, Jaworów, Lwów, Żółkiew, Sambor, Stryj, Kałusz and Lubaczów. �he newly established settlements were also located on the Brzeżany�Stanisławów line. �he distribution of the Jose�hine colonies was random (de�ending on the location of the lands taken over by the Austrian state) (�okarz 19�9). Cur-rently, there are 7� settlement units on the Polish side of the border and 6� on the Ukrainian side.
�he discussed rural settlements areas had geometric, regular sha�es (Burszta 195�). �he rural layouts of the Jose�hine villages were modeled on the colonization of the Banat, where new ty�es of rural settlement �atterns were created, the so�called “Schabrettdorf” or a geometric chessboard �attern (this term referred to the area of the entire village, not just the settlement area) (Le�ucki 193�, Szulc 1995). With the colonization of the Banat in the second half of eighteenth century, Hungarian engineers who designed the housing estates reformed them in such a way that they used geometric regularity, both in the division of fields and settlement areas. �n Hungary, however, first of all large settlements were created for which it was necessary to use a large number of streets. With the colo-nization of Galicia, these ty�es of villages were used for it, too. �n �ractice, the Hungarian formula could not be a��lied in the Galician lands. �he difficulties resulted from the small sizes of the estates being set u�. �n most cases, all the develo�ments of the single colonies could be located along one street (Le�ucki 193�). Jose�hinian villages were characterized by such an arrangement of fields that from the entire area of the village land was first se�arated for the future develo�ment of the so�called settlement area, usually located in the central �art of the settlement. �he field was divided into as many �arts as there were settlers. �he most convenient area for develo�ment and living has been designated for the settlement area, that is close to flowing or standing water. �he develo�ment s�ace was com�act, tight and dense (Burszta 195�). �here were ditches on both sides of the streets. �riginally, the houses were not se�arated from the street with fences; fruit trees and lime trees were �lanted along the streets and between the houses, which were an effective �rotection against fire and had decorative functions (Le�ucki 193�).
Having analysed the available cartogra�hic base, the author �resented her own ty�ologies of s�a-tial layouts of the Jose�hine villages, based on the mor�hological forms described by �o�ular rural
settlement researchers, i.e. Zaborski (19�6), Burszta (195�), Chilczuk (1975), Szulc (1976, 1995) and �kocz (199�). According to the author’s own ty�ology, the forms of rural settlements areas of the Jose�hine villages can be divided into��
1. Regular large street layouts�� a) �ne�sided linear villages b) �wo�sided linear villages c) street�green villages �. Multi�road layouts
a) A two�street layout b) A cross�sha�ed layout c) A lattice chessboard layout d) Radially��lanned layout
linear villageS
According to the conducted research, the most �o�ular sha�es of jose�hine villages turned out to be regular street villages, the so�called linear villages (Szulc 1995) or row villages (Zaborski 19�6, Le�ucki 193�, �kocz 199�). �n the street layout, the buildings were evenly s�aced from each other, on one or two sides of the road, forming a rectangular sha�e together with the backyard gardens. Street layouts were often formed in the vicinity of existing villages, creating a street hamlet (�kocz 199�).
�he first subty�e of linear villages are one�sided linear villages, the first exam�le of a one�sided linear village is the village of Steinfels (fig. 1) located near Ustrzyki �olne. �n 17�4, 11 farms for
German colonists were marked out in the newly designed settlement4. �he houses were built in a row
to the north of the road to Krościenko, and o��osite there were the gardens and orchards of the
set-tlers (Schneider 1939, Augustyn ����)5. �he settlement area of �� identical homesteads situated along
a winding road was designed in �eutschbach� Polanka Horyniecka (Lubaczów district) (fig. �). �n this case the colonists’ settlement area was “squeezed” between the villages of Nowe and Stare Brusno. �he string of �lots of land stretched in one line, on the east�west axis by the road from Podemszczyzna to Brusno Stare. �t is interesting that half of the homesteads are on the southern side, the other half is on the northern side of the same road. �t may be assumed that such an unusual sha�e is connected with
the �re�existing road network (Mazur ��17)6. �n Burgau� Karolówka (Lubaczów district), which was
built on the land of Młodów village, the land o��osite the existing houses was intended for the German settlers. New houses were formed by the road in a one�sided way, forming its southern border (Le�ucki
1938)7. A one�sided linear village layout was characteristic of Lednice �eutsch�Gdowska Street in
Wie-liczka (WieWie-liczka district) (fig. 3), where the settlement area develo�ed along the east�west road (the
road from Gdów to Wieliczka), and the houses were located to the south of the road (Le�ucki 193�)8.
A one�sided linear village is re�resented by �strowiec� 3�go Maja Street in Lubaczów (Lubaczów district) (fig. 4), develo�ed south of the castle in Lubaczów. �he develo�ment of buildings took �lace on the western side of the road, running from the castle farm towards the village of Lisia Jama. �strowiec
was settled by 15 German families (Mazur ��17)9. Another exam�le of this ty�e of village is
Prin-zenthal�Смеречна (Lviv �blast) (fig. 5), located to the west of Smereczna village on the former field Na 4 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. XV��1.
5 State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 159�M.
6 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X�X�114; Central State
Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Franciscan Cadastre sygn. X�X��7; State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 14�M.
7 State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1�69M.
8 �he National Archives in Krakow, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1191 i 119�. 9 State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 914M.
Stępniu10. �n this case 9 farms a��eared on the northern side of the road in an east�west line. �he eastern
border of the village is a river, which made it im�ossible to ex�and the develo�ment in this direction11.
fig. 1. Steinfels (1�53). �ne�sided linear village
Source�� State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 159�M ryc. 1. Steinfels (1�53). Ulicówka jednostronnie zabudowana
Źródło�� Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, Archiwum Geodezyjne, sygn. 159�M
fig. 2. �eutschbach (1�54). �ne�sided linear village
Source�� State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 14�M ryc. 2. �eutschbach (1�54). Ulicówka jednostronnie zabudowana Źródło�� Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, Archiwum Geodezyjne, sygn. 14�M
�he second sub�ty�e of Jose�hine villages s�ecified by the author in the grou� of linear villages are the layouts with two�sided develo�ment. �he first analysed exam�le of a two�sided linear village is Neukałusz�Vulytsya �mytra Vitovsʹkoho, Kalush (�vano�Frankivsk �blast) (fig. 6), situated north of the city of Kałusz. According to the �lan and available source materials, we can find out that the settlement area included 34 homesteads. �dd numbers were on the southern side of the road and even numbers on the northern one. �here was only one road leading to the village from the town
of Kałusz12. According to the data found in the Jose�hinian Cadastre, the area of the settlement was
10 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. XV�1�. 11 State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1544M.
12 �he National Archives in Krakow, Cartogra�hic collection, Plan von der angelegeten deutschen Colonie
Neukalusz samt den zugetheilten Grunden, auf der Kaluszer Cameral Herrschafft, sygn. 64�; Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. XV��141.
163,563 fathoms. �he area of a single garden and home meadow ranged from 1 to 3 morgens13. The
s�atial form of a two�sided linear village and a regular settlement area on the east�west road was found in the Golkowitz�Gołkowice �olne (Nowy Sącz district) (fig. 7) settlement unit (a hamlet of Gołkowice) (Grabski 1999), located on the right bank of the �unajec River, 1 km from the ri-verbed. From the southern side, the village is closed by the Radziejowskie range, and from the east � a forested �rominence with two �eaks�� Pańska Góra i Sokolnica (Rutkowski, Arvay�Podhlańska 19��). Field Gurbielice was designated as a settlement area for the colonists. According to the data contained in Jose�hine Cadastre, Golkowitz was inhabited by 1� German families, each of the
co-lonists was given a house with a garden of the size of 534 fathoms14. �he homestead �lots located
on the southern side of the road were the same, as o��osed to the o��osite ones, the irregularities of which were determined by the course of the stream and the terrain configuration (Rutkowski, Arvay� Podhlańska 19��).
fig. 3. Lednica �eutsch (1�47). �ne�sided linear village
Source�� �he National Archives in Krakow, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1191 ryc. 3. Lednica �eutsch (1�47). Ulicówka jednostronnie zabudowana Źródło�� Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Kataster Galicyjski, sygn. 1191
�he same mor�hological form with an irregular settlement area characterized Schomlau� Віжомля (Lviv �blast) (fig. �), being a hamlet of the �żomla village. As in the case of Gołkowice, the
settle-ment area is located in a latitudinal manner15. Schomlau had 61 farms of various sizes16.The
settle-ment of Unterbach�Podrzecze (Nowy Sącz district), which is a hamlet of the village of Podrzecze,
also develo�ed along the east�west line17.Schönanger (Mielec district) located on the land of the
Pławo village re�resents a form of an irregular two�sided linear village in the east�west system. Schö-nanger��rłów is an exam�le of a village inhabited by around 46 families. Within the settlement
deve-lo�ment, �er�endicular to the main street, there is a narrower road leading to the settlers’ fields18.
13 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. XV��141. 14 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. �V�3�. 15 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1�6�9�51.
16 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X����1�9 cz. 1. 17 �he National Archives in Krakow, Varia � � a collection of files and materials of various �rovenance, sygn.
122 i 122.
18 National Library in Warsaw, Plan von dem, in der K��K�� Kammeral Herrschafft Sendomir in den �uszower
fig. 4. �strowiec (1�54). �ne�sided linear village
Source�� State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 914M
ryc. 4. �strowiec (1�54). Ulicówka jednostronnie zabudowana
Źródło�� Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, Archiwum Geodezyjne, sygn. 914M
fig. 5. Prinzenthal (1�53). �ne�sided linear village
Source�� State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1544M
ryc. 5. Prinzenthal (1�53). Ulicówka jednostronnie zabudowana
Źródło�� Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, Archiwum Geodezyjne, sygn. 1544M
fig. 6. Neukalusz (17�7).�wo�sided linear village
Source�� �he National Archives in Krakow, Zbiór kartograficzny, Plan von der angelegeten deutschen Colonie
Neukalusz samt den zugetheilten Grunden, auf der Kaluszer Cameral Herrschafft, sygn. 640
ryc. 6. Neukalusz (17�7).Ulicówka dwustronnie zabudowana
Źródło�� Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Zbiór kartograficzny, Plan von der angelegeten deutschen Colo-nie Neukalusz samt den zugetheilten Grunden, auf der Kaluszer Cameral Herrschafft, sygn. 64�
fig. 7. Gołkowitz (the first half of the nineteenth century). �wo�sided linear village Source�� Grabski 1999, s. �7
ryc. 7. Golkowitz (� �oł. X�X w.). Ulicówka dwustronnie zabudowana Źródło�� Grabski 1999, s. �7
fig. 8. Schomlau (1�53). �wo�sided linear village
Source�� Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1�6�9�51 ryc. 8. Schomlau (1�53). Ulicówka dwustronnie zabudowana
Źródło�� Centralne Państwowe Historyczne Archiwum Ukrainy we Lwowie, Kataster Galicyjski, sygn. 1�6�9�51 �he village of Weissenberg�Добростани (Lviv �blast) (fig. 9), designed with a square in the
middle, had a street�green character19. Houses and farms were located along the road leading from
north to south. �here are 4� �lots of land located within the settlement area20. �he settlement had an
area of �� morgens �6� fathoms21. �he village of Hutweide�Gaj (nowosądecki district) (fig. 1�) also
had street�green features. Regular �lots for settlers were marked around the rectangular square. Four
roads led to the village22.
fig. 9. Weissenberg (17�6). Street�green village
Source�� �he National Archives in Krakow, Teki Schneidra, Geometrischer Plan des neuanzulegenden Dorfs
Weissenberg bey dem Meyerhof Kamienobrod in der k. k. Cameral – Herschaft Grodek, sygn. 2637
ryc. 9. Weissenberg (17�6). Wieś ulicowo��lacowa
Źródło�� Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, �eki Schneidra, Geometrischer Plan des neuanzulegenden �orfs Weissenberg bey dem Meyerhof Kamienobrod in der k. k. Cameral � Herschaft Grodek, sygn. �637 19 �he National Archives in Krakow, �eki Schneidra, Geometrischer Plan des neuanzulegenden �orfs
Weis-senberg bey dem Meyerhof Kamienobrod in der k. k. Cameral � Herschaft Grodek, sygn. �637; H. Le�ucki, �ziałalność kolonizacyjna…, s. ��.
20 �he National Archives in Krakow, �eki Schneidra, Geometrischer Plan des neuanzulegenden �orfs
Weissen-berg bey dem Meyerhof Kamienobrod in der k. k. Cameral � Herschaft Grodek, sygn. �637.
21 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X���13�. 22 �he National Archives in Krakow, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. �7�6.
fig. 10. Hutweide (1�47). Street�green village
Source�� �he National Archives in Krakow, The Galician Cadastre, sygn. 2705 ryc. 10. Hutweide (1�47). Wieś ulicowo��lacowa
Źródło�� Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Kataster Galicyjski, sygn. �7�5
multi-road layoutS
Multi�road mor�hological layouts a��eared in the early stages of colonization �rocesses (�okarz 19�9). According to the �lans, villages consisting of more than 5� farms should not be built in one row, because it would be too far for the colonists living on the outskirts of the newly established settlement to get to the centre and to a common �asture (Le�ucki 193�). �he only exce�tion were the villages in the Sandomierz estates of Hohenbach�Czermin (Mielec district) and Steinau�Kamień
(Rzeszów district), where the regular large street system housed over 5� homesteads23. �n larger
settlements, in addition to the main street, the designs also included narrower transverse streets (Le-�ucki 193�). �his is why, during the ex�ansion of the Jose�hine villages, geometric, o�en, unty�ical forms of rural systems arose (Szulc 1995).
�ne of the first exam�les worth discussing is the two�street layout that characterizes Hortfeld� Речичани (Lviv �blast) (fig. 11). �he settlement consists of two latitudinal roads. �he first (nort-hern) road has the character of a two�sided linear village, the second (sout(nort-hern) one is a one�sided
linear village24. Both roads are interconnected by two streets running in a longitudinal system25.
A cross�sha�ed layout was taken on by the village of Falkenstein�Фалькенштайн (Lviv �blast) (fig. 1�), settled by the Mennonites (Bachmann 1934). �he central �lace in the colony was occu�ied by a square�sha�ed square with four diverging streets of the same width at which the colonists’ farms were located. �he farms were laid out on a regular two�sided basis. �nitially, 34 settlers inhabited the village. Falkenstein was �lanned latitudinally on the road from Szczerc to Jastrebków (Le�ucki
1938)26. �he sha�e of an irregular cross characterized the village of Kaisersdorf�Калинів (Lviv
�b-last). �he main road ran from the north�east to the south�west. Kaisersdorf was originally inhabited by
�� families (Le�ucki 193�)27. �he villages of Wiesenberg�Мервичі (Lviv �blast), Bruckenthal (Lviv
�blast) and Ugartsthal�Сівка�Калуська (�vano�Frankivsk �blast) also had a cross�sha�ed layout28.
23 State Archives in Przemyśl, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. �96M and sygn. 1593M. 24 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1��15�.
25 National Library in Warsaw, Gründ Riess von den �orff �eütsch Rzecziczan der Kaÿss�� Königl��� Kammeral
Herrschafft Jaworow geherig, sygn. ZZK � �35; CPAHUL, Kataster Galicyjski, sygn. 1��15�.
26 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. ��1�37. 27 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn.1��5�3. 28 htt�s����ma�ire.eu�de�ma��secondsurvey�galicia�?layers [�9.11.���� r.].
fig. 11. Hortfeld (1��1). A two�street�layout
Source�� National Library in Warsaw, Gründ Riess von den �orff �eütsch Rzecziczan der Kaÿss�� Königl��� Kammeral Herrschafft Jaworow geherig, sygn. ZZK � �35
ryc. 11. Hortfeld (1��1). Wieś dwuulicowa
Źródło�� Biblioteka Narodowa w Warszawie, Gründ Riess von den �orff �eütsch Rzecziczan der Kaÿss�� Kö-nigl��� Kammeral Herrschafft Jaworow geherig, sygn. ZZK � �35
fig. 12. Falkenstein (the end of eighteenth century). A cross�sha�ed layout Source�� Le�ucki 193�, s. 1�6
ryc. 12. Falkenstein (koniec XV��� w.). Układ krzyżowy Źródło�� Le�ucki 193�, s. 1�6
�ornfeld�Тернопілля (Lviv �blast) (fig. 13) assumed the layout of a lattice chessboard
(Chi-czuk 1975)29. �his layout was based on the intersection at right angles (�rexler 19�1) of a series
of �arallel streets with the other row of streets, thus creating rectangular sides. �ornfeld was one of the largest of the Jose�hine villages, it had the characteristics of a city founded according to the German tradition from the fourteenth century. �he settlement area was closed in a regular square (Олешко, Гайиц ��16). �n the middle of the village there was a square where the church was desig-ned. �here were four roads leading to the square from each side of the world (Пегришин, �лeшко 29 National Library in Warsaw, Plan des in der Kameral Herrschaft Szczerzec angelegten deutschen
Ansied-lungs � �orfes �orn Feld �� nebst Grundriss, Aufriss und Profil eines Hauses und Scheuer, wie auch der Ansicht eines Brunne � Quirsfeld, ok. 17�6, sygn. ZZK � �36.
1996; Олешко, 1996). �ornfeld develo�ed on the field Łany Dworskie belonging to the village of �obrzany. According to the first �lans, an area of 1�1� morgens and 46 fathoms was allocated to
�ornfeld, of which 31 morgens and 135� fathoms were allocated to the settlement area30. In the 20s
of the nineteenth century the settlement area in �ornfeld had an area of 6� morgens and 991 fathoms,
where �� �lots were located31.
fig. 13. �ornfeld (17�6). A lattice chessboard layout
Source�� National Library in Warsaw, Plan des in der Kameral Herrschaft Szczerzec angelegten
deutschen Ansiedlungs - Dorfes Dorn Feld : nebst Grundriss, Aufriss und Profil eines Hauses und Scheuer, wie auch der Ansicht eines Brunne / Quirsfeld, ok. 17�6, sygn. ZZK � �36
ryc. 13. �ornfeld (17�6). Układ szachownicy kratowej
Źródło�� Biblioteka Narodowa w Warszawie, Plan des in der Kameral Herrschaft Szczerzec angelegten deutschen Ansiedlungs � �orfes �orn Feld �� nebst Grundriss, Aufriss und Profil eines
Hauses und Scheuer, wie auch der Ansicht eines Brunne � Quirsfeld, ok. 17�6, sygn. ZZK � �36 Another mor�hological exam�le of a Jose�hine village with a lattice checkboard layout is Jose�-hsberg�Коросниця (Lviv �blast). �he village was divided into eight identical rectangles in which the settlers’ houses were located. �here was a square in the middle of the main road of the village running in a latitudinal way. �he main axis of the com�osition is se�arated from the main axis at regular intervals by three roads at which the settlers’ �lots were located. Roads diverged to the north and south. Jose�hsberg was well connected with seven roads leading to the village (Пегришин,
�лeшко 1996)32. �n 17�9, Jose�hsberg was inhabited by �6 families (Le�ucki 193�). �he village of
Brigidau�Ланівка (Lviv �blast) (fig. 14) had the features of a ty�ical lattice chessboard layout. �he settlement consisted of three �arallel streets running in a latitudinal system, where the settlers lived. �n the middle of the village, a central square was designed, with four streets running from each of its sides (in all directions of the world). All streets intersect at right angles to form se�arate rectangular
residential areas. �he settlement area had the sha�e of a regular square (Пегришин, �лeшко 1996)33,
consisting of 1�5 �lots. �he area of the settlement was �4 morgens, 13�� fathoms34.
30 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv,, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X���66. 31 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Franciscan Cadastre, sygn. X���1�9. 32 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1�6� 1��55�. 33 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Galician Cadastre, sygn. 1�6�1��157. 34 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X�V��14.
�n the ty�ology of the mor�hological systems of the Jose�hine villages, the radially��lanned lay-out of the village of Königsau�Рівне (Lviv �blast) (fig. 15) �lays a s�ecial role. �t is a symmetri-cally �olygonal, star�radial and circular layout, a reflection rarely found in a settlement structure (Szeligowska, Szewczyk ��19). �he radially��lanned layout consists in concentrating a combination of radial (centri�etal) streets (�rexler 19�1). According to H. Szulc (1976), such a form, due to its mor�hological character, can be described as�� a central village with a concentric layout. �he �ro�er �entagon layout was designed by the Austrian architect Burgalar. �t was characteristic of urban set-tlements (�rexler 19�1; Гайиц 1996). �he settlement unit consists of a central area, the so�called village green (Szeligowska, Szewczyk ��19), where the church was located, and five streets running from the corners. Village green had the sha�e of a regular �entagon. Five roads led to the village. �here was a free s�ace around the church. �he roads where the settlers lived were marked out in a �arallel way between the central square and the roads closing the settlement develo�ment. �he colonists’ houses were on both sides of the streets. �he rows of houses were com�act. �he first �4 ho-uses were built in 17�4. A year later, as many as 7� families (3�� �eo�le) lived in Königsau (Słownik
Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego I innych krajów słowiańskich 1883, t. �V; Schuster 199�, ��1�).
According to the Jose�hinian Cadastre (17��), 9� �lots of land were designed in the settlement; �1
families had agricultural land and 17 �lots belonged to the craftsmen and the church35. �n 1���, there
were already 96 German homesteads in the Königsau colony (Пегришин, �лeшкo 1996)36. �t can be
assumed that the sha�e of Königsau was determined by the existing road network37.
fig. 14. Brigidau (1�53). A lattice chessboard layout
Source�� Пегришин, �лeшко 1996, s. 3�3
ryc. 14. Brigidau (1�53). Układ szachownicy kratowej
Żródło�� Пегришин, �лeшко 1996, s. 3�3
35 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv,, �he Jose�hinian Cadastre, sygn. X�V��11. 36 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv,, �he Franciscan Cadastre, sygn. X�V�144.
37 htt�s����ma�ire.eu�en�ma��euro�e1�centuryfirstsurvey�?layers [�3.��.��19 r.]; htt�s����forgottengalicia.com�
fig. 15. Königsau. (1�54). Radially��lanned layout
Source�� Г. Пегришин, �. �лeшко, Містобудівeьно – Архітeктурний аналз німeцьких колоній в
Галичині, [w��] Німeцькі Колонії в Галичині. Історія-Арітектура-Культура (Deutsche Siedlungen in Ost-galizien. Geschichte-Architektur-Kultur), Lwów 1996, s. 335
ryc. 15. Königsau. (1�54). Układ koncentryczno��romienisty
Źródło�� Г. Пегришин, �. �лeшко, Містобудівeьно – Архітeктурний аналз німeцьких колоній в Галичині, [w��] Німeцькі Колонії в Галичині. Історія-Арітектура-Культура (Deutsche Siedlungen in Ostgalizien.
Geschichte-Architektur-Kultur), Lwów 1996, s. 335 ConCluSionS
�n the above article the author �resented her own ty�ology of the layouts of settlement areas of the Jose�hine villages, distinguishing the following forms�� one�sided and two�sided linear villages, stre-et�green villages and multi�road village layouts including�� cross�sha�ed, two�street, lattice chessbo-ard and radially �lanned. Linear village layouts turned out to be the dominant �attern of the settlement areas. After in�de�th analyses, it is im�ossible to determine the regionalization of the linear villages’ distribution, as they were located throughout Galicia. �he situation is different with the location of multi�road layouts, which were designed only in Eastern Galicia in the vicinity of Lviv. According to the regulations issued by Jose�h ��, the linear villages should not consist of more than 5� farms; with greater number of households, non�standard sha�es were designed (multi�road layouts). �his �rinci-�le was fulfilled in most villages, with a few exce�tions constituting the minimum �ercentage of the analysed settlements. �he author also noticed that the settlement areas of the Jose�hine villages were determined by natural factors, such as the river or hills, which often inhibited the develo�ment of two�sided develo�ment of the linear villages. �he existing road network was an im�ortant factor in the design of the Jose�hine villages, because the main com�ositional axis of the settlement areas of the analysed villages was the road, which was sometimes widened. �he rural layouts of the Jose�hine villages are an exam�le of a homogeneous setttlement unit with a closed, concentrated and organized settlement. �he research undertaken in the article is �reliminary and constitutes a �art of the research undertaken by the author on the subject of the Jose�hine settlement in Galicia.
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