ȱDZȱĴ
[Guest Editors: Katarzyna Lubiewska,
Marinus H. van IJzendoorn]
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE
OF THE POLISH PSYCHOLOGICAL FORUM
ON ATTACHMENT
£¢ȱ
1, Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
2, 3, 4 1 Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w BydgoszczyInstitute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki Unversity in Bydgoszcz
2 Centre for Child and Family Studies
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3 Institute of Education and Child Studies
¢ȱÚȱȱȱȱ£°
4 Graduate School of Social and Behavioural Sciences
¢Č£ȱ£ÙȱȱÙ£¢ȱȱ ¢ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȦ ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢££ǰȱ -ǰȱ ŘşȬřŖȱ ȱ ŘŖŗśǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ together developmental, clinical and social-psychology researchers with a strong ȱȱĴȱȱęȱȱȱ ¢Ȭ ȱȱǻȱȱ-¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱÙ£ȱà £Ȭǰȱȱ Ǽǯȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱĴȱǯ
Five papers presented in this volume represent some of recent areas of interest ȱĴȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ǻ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ groups of individuals whose relationship lasts longer or shorter than a year as well as ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǻǼȱǯȱȱ authors indicate numerous limitations of their study, the FWB group was found as ěȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ¡ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱě¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȬȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ǻǯǯǰȱŗşşśǼ1ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ Ȭ ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ consideration in the transmission process, and that there is a large ‘transmission Ȃȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ comparing teenage and non-teenage mothers of preschool children found that ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ in own parenting competences, helplessness, control, and distance in the
mother-1
ǯǯȱȱ£ȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱȱĴȱǰȱȱ- ǰȱȱȱĴDZȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴ-ment Interview. ¢ȱ, 117, 387-403.
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȬÙȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ researchers. Even though the papers included in this volume seem to support ȱ Ȭ ȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȬęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱǯȱ
ATTACHMENT STYLE, LOVE COMPONENTS
AND SOCIOSEXUAL ORIENTATION OF MEN AND WOMEN
IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Čȱ £
1ǰȱÙ ȱ£¿
1ǰȱ ȱ£
2,
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1, Aleksandra Januszkiewicz
1 ¢ȱ ¢Ùȱȱ¢£¢Úȱ ȱ£ ȱȱ¢£¢Úȱ¢ȱȱ
2 Uniwersytet Warszawski i Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
University of Warsaw and University of Zielona Góra
Summary. ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱȱ-ęȱȮȱǰȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱȱȬȱ ǰȱȱȱȱŗŘȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯȱ şŖȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŗśȱ ȱȱŗśȱȱȱȱǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱDZȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ£¢Ù ȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ -tionnaire Ȭȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ of variance indicated, that individuals in short-term and long-term relationships ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ-cy and commitment, while persons in FWB relationships showed higher intensity ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȬȱ¡ȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱęȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȦȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ of passion. Key wordsDZ Ĵǰȱǰȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱ
Introduction
Men and women around the world, regardless of culture, form more or less ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱěǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻ ǰȱ ǰȱŗşşşDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱDZȱȱČȱ £ǰȱȬǰȱǯ£ȓ ǯǯ
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 4, s. 490-513
mainly environmental. In the case of polygamy, an individual mates with multiple partners, whereas in monogamy, a male and a female mate for a longer or shorter ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȬȱȱ-¢Ǽȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢DZȱȬȱ-ships and long-term relationȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢DZȱȬȱ-ships. According to the World Health Organisation ǻǼǰȱȬȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱǻ£ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱęǯȱȱȱ¡- ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ǻȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱǯǼǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ-ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ ȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ-munities, the majority of studies conducted heretofore have focused on marriages. ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱę- ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ-ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ǯȱȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ , ȱ or ȱ ȱ
ęȱǻȱȱǼ. In their studies, Bisson and Levine found that 60%
ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱŘŞƖȱȱǰȱřŜƖȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ȱǰȱ ŘŜƖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŖƖȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ-came permanent.
The FWB phenomenon is of interest also to Polish psychologists and sociol-ǯȱȱȱȱęȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱřŖȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ-ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ partners will have known each other for a long time. Engaging in such relationships ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ Ȭȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ¡ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱě-ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȬȱǯȱȬǼǯȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ
identify psychological conditions for choosing one of three types of monogamous ¡ȱ DZȱ Ȭǰȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱǻǼȱȱęȱȱȃȱ ȱȬ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȄȱǻǰȱǰȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱǯȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŗśǰȱǯȱŗŞşǼǯȱȬ ȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĴǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǻȱ Ǽȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱ orientation. ȱĴȱ¢ ȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ ȱȬȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱŗşşŗǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęDZȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢¢-sis. Their theoretical and empirical achievements revolutionised our understanding ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşŘǼǯ It is ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ęȱǻ¢ȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱ-ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǻȱȱĴȱ¢Ǽȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱęǯȱȱ¡-ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡-ȦȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ
ȱǻŗşşŖǼȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȮȱ£Ȧ-ȱĴ. It is characteristic of people with no consistent, organised
strat-¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱDzȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡¢ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ£ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ-ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱǻȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱ
ǻŗşŞŘǼǰȱȱȱȱĴȱęȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ-ȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ £ȱȱȱǻŗşŞŝǰȱŗşşŚǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǯȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǻ·ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ£ǰȱ ǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ DZȱ ǻŗǼȱ ȃĴȱ ¢ȄDzȱ ǻŘǼȱ ȃȱ ¢Ȅȱ ȱ ǻřǼȱȃ¡¢ȱ¢Ȅǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ¡£ȱ-ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ·ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱĴȱ¢Ȅȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱȬ ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱ-ative appraisal of the self and a negǻȱȱȬ ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱ-ative appraisal of the others, fear of rejection ǯǯǰȱǰȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴǯȱ ·ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȃȱĴȱ¢Ȅȱ¢ȱȱ foundations for the perception of the self and partners, and regulating emotions ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ¢ȱĴȱęǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡- ¢ȱȱȱǻ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȃȱȱ¢ȄȱȱȃȱĴ-ment system” are comple¢ȱȱȱǻ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȃȱȱ¢ȄȱȱȃȱĴ-mentary and theoretically developed to increase safety ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȂȱ ȃĴȱ¢ȄȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȃȱ¢Ȅȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȂȱĴȱǰȱ- ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȬ£-ȱȱǻ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǻŗşşŚǼȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ Ĵȱ¢Ȅȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ-ȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱ to recognize distress signals in others and respond to them appropriately (Collins ȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȃȱ¡ȱ¢Ȅȱȱȱǯȱǻ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱ ¡¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱĚȱ ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱ¡ȱęȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȃȱ¡ȱ¢Ȅȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ·ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǼǯȱȱȱĴ-ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱ- ȱ¢ǰȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ- ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃ¢Ȅȱȱȃ-ȄȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǰȱŗşşŚDzȱ ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ-¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ their independence and self-reliance while denying emotional needs or states that ȱȱȃȱĴȱ¢Ȅǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşşŘDzȱ ĵǰȱȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ- ǯȱȱ¡Ȧȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡-¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȂȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ǰȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ¡ȱǯȱȱȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŗǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ- ¢ǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱȱ-dergraduates in informal relationships and among married couples. Furthermore, ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ĵǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ
Components of love: passion, intimacy, commitment ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱěȱ-ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ǰȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱDzȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ with the partner, giving and receiving emotional support, intimate communication ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǰȱǯȱŗŖǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ-ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯ ȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ¡¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱŗŞȱȱ 36 months. Passion grows at a tremendous pace as the relationship continues to ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ partner. Feelings, thoughts and emotions that accompany this love component do not lend themselves to reasoning.
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŜŜȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDzȱȱĴȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǻŗşşŜǰȱǯȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǰȱǯȱŘŘǼǰȱ ȱęȱȃȄȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȃȱȱȄȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱĴȱȮȱȃȱȱ¡¢ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ you. I am aroused and truly alive in your presence. I want to see you, touch you, ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢Ȅǯ
Commitment involves conscious decisions and actions aimed at transforming ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ-¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱęǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŗşŝŜǼǯ
Depending on the intensity of individual components of love, one can distin-ȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱDZȱŗǼȱȱȮȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱǼȱȱȮȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱřǼȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱȱǼȱȮȱȱ ȱ-ȱȱ¢ǰȱŚǼȱȱȱȮȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ śǼȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻ¢ȱȱ¡-ȱěǼǰȱŜǼȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ŝǼȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱǯȱŘśǼǯ Sociosexual orientation ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ŘŖȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱǻŗşŚŞǰȱŗşśřǼǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱĴȱ¡ǯȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻŗşşŗǼȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱǻǼǰȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ short-term relationship preferences while the other – long-term relationship pref-erences.
ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡-ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ as preferences of men and women for choosing a partner (Simpson, Gangestad, ŗşşŘDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŗşşşǼǰȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜǼȱǰȱę¢ǰȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŗşŞŝǼȱȱ- ¢ȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŗDzȱǰȱŗşşŞDzȱǰȱŗşşŞǼȱȱȱȱȱ-ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ-ǰȱĴȱ ȱĴȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ
To summarize, there are many indications that factors governing these choices ȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱǼȱȂȱȱȱȱ-¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȦȱ ¢ȱȱĴǰȱǼȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȂȱ¡ȱǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱǻȱȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǼǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱ¢ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ-¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ DZȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȬǰȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ-ȱȱ ȱȱ¢DZ ¢ȱŗȱȮȱȱȱȬȱȱěȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ-¢ǯȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ-ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȦȱȱ¢ǯ ¢ȱ Řȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ in short-term or FWB relationships in terms of passion.
Hypothesis 3 – Unlike people in short-term or FWB relationships, those in long-term relationships show a higher level of intimacy and commitment.
Hypothesis 4 – Unlike people in short-term or FWB relationships, those in long-ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯ
Subjects ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱşŖȱDZȱŚśȱ¡ȱȱǻ ȱȱȱ ÚǰȱŘŖŗŗǼȱȱŚśȱ¡ȱ ǰȱǻȱŗŞȬřśǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ DZȱǰȱȱȱȬȱȱǻȱȱŗŘȱǼȱȱ-ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ŗŘȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŖȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ- £ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ǰȱ-ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȬǰȱȬȱȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǰȱǯǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ-ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱ¢Ǽǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŚǯǰȱȬǯǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱę¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ-rect conversations. Such people were contacted through friends and completed the ȱȱǯ Instruments ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱǻǼȱȱ¢ȱ£¢Ù ȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŚȱȱȱȱřȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱDZȱǰȱ¡Ȧ-ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡-Ȧȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȂȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱĜ¢ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯŝŞȱȱȱ¡Ȧ-ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯşŗȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȂȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ěȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȱȱ ȱȱ DZȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȮȱǯŞŜǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡Ȭȱ¢ȱȮȱǯŞśǰȱȱȱ the scale of Avoidant Style – .83.
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ-£ǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱȱȱȱřŜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱDZȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ-ǯȱȂȱȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ DZȱ¢ȱȮȱǯŞşǰȱȱȮȱǯŞŞȱȱȮȱǯşŚǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱ-tionnaire ǻȬǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȬȱȱȱ şȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ-¡¢DZȱǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǻȱŗȱȱřǼǰȱǼȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱ ȱ Ĵȱ¡ȱǻȱŚȱȱŜǼǰȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ŝȱȱşǼǯȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǻȱ ȱȬ ȱǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ-ȱ ȱȬȱǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱRǰȱ£¿ȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱ DZȱǯŞśȱȱȱȱǰȱǯŝşȱȱ