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Przejawy profanizacji przekazu ikonograficznego na obrazku religijnym

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Inną z cnót mistrza jest jego postawa odpowiedzialności (Olbrycht 2007, s. Chodzi tutaj głównie o  psychopedagogiczną oraz moralną odpo- wiedzialność tworzenia więzi z 

Kłócą się z  doktrynami neoliberalnego ładu politycznego, z  grupami intere- sów zbiorowego egoizmu, z  dysfunkcjonalnymi instytucjami i  organami pań- stwa, wreszcie z 

Po pierwsze, podkreśla się, iż rzeczywista i pełna realizacja prawa do uczestnictwa społecznego dzieci opiera się na wprowadzeniu całej gamy warunków legislacyjnych, politycznych

„Najbardziej fascynującym zjawiskiem z punktu widzenia pedagogiki jest reorientacja i  kształtowanie się postaw społecznych wobec tych fenomenów transformacji globalnej,

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