Selection in Swimming Training- Theoretical Study

SELECTION IN SWIMMING TRAINING – THEORETICAL STUDY

3DZHá(LGHU

)DFXOW\RI3K\VLFDO&XOWXUHDQG+HDOWK3URPRWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6]F]HFLQ3RODQG

Address for correspondence:

3DZHá(LGHU )DFXOW\RI3K\VLFDO&XOWXUHDQG+HDOWK3URPRWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6]F]HFLQ3RODQG DO3LDVWyZ%EORN6]F]HFLQ 3KRQH (PDLOSDZHOHLGHU#XQLYV]F]HFLQSO

Abstract.

7KHDLPRIWKLVUHVHDUFKVWXG\LVWRVXPPDUL]HWKHQRWLRQRISUHIHUHQFHDQGVHOHFWLRQZKLFKDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHNH\ HOHPHQWRIVSRUWVWUDLQLQJZKDWHYHUWKHGLVFLSOLQH 7KLVUHYLHZSURYLGHVD WKHRUHWLFDOVWXG\RQWKHVXEMHFW7KHLQWURGXFWLRQVHFWLRQGHDOVZLWKWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGWHUPLQRORJ\ZKHUHDV WKHPDLQSDUDJUDSKSUHGRPLQDQWO\GLVFXVVHVWKHSURFHVVRISUHIHUHQFHDQGVHOHFWLRQLQVZLPPLQJ 3UHVFKRROSHULRG±\HDUVRIDJHLVWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWIRUVZLPPLQJVHOHFWLRQ6XFKVHOHFWLRQVKRXOGEHOHGE\DGHTXDWHO\ TXDOLILHGWUDLQHUVZLWKORQJVWDQGLQJH[SHULHQFHLQSURIHVVLRQDOWUDLQLQJRI\RXQJVZLPPHUV<RXQJVZLPPLQJFDQGLGDWHVVKRXOGEH FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KLJKHUOHYHOPRWRUVNLOOVZKLFKLQWXUQDIIHFWWKHWLPHHIILFLHQF\RIDFTXLULQJQHZVZLPPLQJWHFKQLTXHVDQGVSRUWOHYHO ,QVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVLWLVDGYLVHGLPSRUWDQWWRXWLOL]HWHVWVZKLFKSUHGRPLQDQWO\GHWHUPLQHWKHOHYHORIVSHFLILFPRWRUVNLOOVVXFKDV VSHHGVWUHQJWKDJLOLW\PRWRUFRRUGLQDWLRQVXSSOHQHVVDQGVRFDOOHGµZDWHUIHHOLQJ¶7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGPRWRUVNLOOVSOD\DQLPSRU WDQWUROHLQVSRUWWUDLQLQJDQGVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFH'XULQJVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVVSRUWVWHDPWUDLQHUVVKRXOGSD\VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRFKLOG¶V ERG\SRVWXUHDQGLWVOHQJWKSDUDPHWHUVVSHFLILFDOO\ERG\¶VKHLJKWOHQJWKRIXSSHUDQGORZHUH[WUHPLWLHVOHQJWKRIKDQGVDQGIHHWZLGWK SDUDPHWHUVRIWKHVKRXOGHUVDQGFKHVW)LUVW*UDGHVFKRROVZLPPLQJFODVVHVHQUROOPHQWLVDOVRD FUXFLDOIDFWRULQLGHQWLI\LQJVSRUW WDOHQWV7KHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVVKRXOGEHWUDQVSDUHQWKDYHFOHDUKHDOWKVRPDWLFDVZHOODVPRWRULFUHTXLUHPHQWVZKLFKWKHQDIIHFWWKH SDFHDQGHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIDFTXLULQJVZLPPLQJVNLOOVDQGVSRUWOHYHO

Key words:

VHOHFWLRQSURILOLQJFRPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ

Introduction

6HOHFWLRQDQGSURILOLQJRIFDQGLGDWHVLVD NH\FRPSRXQGHOHPHQWLQWKHFRPSHWLWLYHVSRUWVWUDLQLQJV\VWHP (LGHUE5DF]HN6DFKQRZVNLHWDO3DF3RPDUQDFNL%HUJLHU,WFRQVLVWVRIVHDUFKLQJ VSRUWLQJWDOHQWVZLWKSDUWLFXODUVRPDWLFPRWRUDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOVNLOOVUHTXLUHGIRUVSHFLILFLQGLYLGXDODSSURSULDWH VSRUWGLVFLSOLQHZKRDUHODWHUVHOHFWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUDELOLW\WRDFKLHYHJRRGUHVXOWVLQVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFH (YHU\JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LQGLYLGXDOWUDLWVNQRZQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVRFDOOHGµVSRUWLQJ FKDPSLRQSURILOH¶DQGIRUWKHVHUHDVRQVLWLVVRLPSRUWDQWWRVHOHFWVXFKLQGLYLGXDOVIRUFRPSHWLWLYHVSRUWVZKRVKRZ SDUWLFXODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSUHUHTXLVLWHVDVHDUO\DVDWVHOHFWLRQSURFHVV.RVPRODQG6R]DĔVNL6DFKQRZVNLHW

DO$ FORVHVWXG\RIWKHVSRUWLQJDFKLHYHPHQWVDVZHOODVDYDLODEOHTXDOLWLHVDJHKHLJKWDQGERG\PDVVRI WKH2O\PSLFPHGDOLVWVDQGILQDOLVWVPD\FRQVWLWXWHYDOXDEOHVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQIRUFRDFKHVLQYROYHGLQVHOHFWLRQ DQGSURILOLQJRIFDQGLGDWHVDORQJZLWKFRDFKHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWUDLQLQJDWYDULRXVOHYHOVRIVSRUWOHYHO6DFKQRZVNL HWDO.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá.DUSLĔVNLDQG5HMG\FK

Profiling and selection in sport

$OODWKOHWHVVWULYHWRDFKLHYHVSRUWFKDPSLRQVKLSLQD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQH)RUPRVWLWFDQJXDUDQWHHDQ RSSRUWXQLW\WRWDNHSDUWLQWKHELJJHVWVSRUWLQJFRPSHWLWLRQ±WKH2O\PSLFV2QO\ZRUOGFODVVDWKOHWHVFDQDFFRPSOLVK WKHLUORQJWHUPVSRUWDLPV(LGHU-(LGHU3

7RNQRZSDUWLFXODUTXDOLWLHVRIWKH2O\PSLFPHGDOLVWVDQGILQDOLVWVLQD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLVD valuable VRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQIRUVSRUWFRDFKHV+HQFHLWLVPDLQO\WKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRVHDUFKIRUIXWXUHVSRUWVFKDPSLRQV VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQVKRXOGEHSDLGWRWKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUV ± SURSHUVHOHFWLRQDQGSURILOLQJSURFHVVRI\RXWKDQGFKLOGUHQ+DOHF]NRHWDODE5DNRZVNL  ± SURSHUIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHVHOHFWLRQSURFHGXUHV6DZF]\QHWDO/HRQDUG%HUJLHU ± WKHVHOHFWLRQV\VWHPWDNLQJDFFRXQWRISURILOHTXDOLWLHVFKDQJHVRIVSRUWFKDPSLRQVKLS.DUSLĔVNLDQG 5HMG\FK.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá 7KHWHUPµVSRUWVHOHFWLRQ¶LVZLGHO\SUHVHQWLQWKHVWXGLHVRIQXPHURXVDXWKRUVLQWHUSUHWLQJWKLVWHUPLQRORJ\ VLPLODUO\6R]DĔVNL3U]\E\OVNL6DZF]\QHWDO.RFKDQRZLF]1LHPF]\N +DOHF]NRHWDOD6LHZLHUVNLHWDO 1DJODNFRQVLGHUVVSRUWVHOHFWLRQWREHD RQHVKRWDFWLRQLQZKLFKWKHEDVHOLQHTXDOLWLHVDUHRIORZ PHGLXPDQGKLJKOHYHO$VD UHVXOWRIVSRUWVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVZHFDQGLYHUVLI\IRXUJURXSVRIFKLOGUHQWDOHQWHG XQWDOHQWHG±UHMHFWHGWDOHQWHG±XQODZIXOO\UHMHFWHGDQGWDOHQWHG±XQODZIXOO\TXDOLILHGIRUIXUWKHUVSRUWWUDLQLQJ

7XUHFNL   GHILQHV VHOHFWLRQ DV D ³ORQJWHUP VHOHFWLRQ SURFHGXUH FRQGXFWHG DW GLIIHUHQW WUDLQLQJ SHULRGVFRYHULQJLQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQIRUD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHVSRUWVWHDPDVZHOODVVHOHFWLQJSDUWLFLSDQWVIRU WKH DFWXDO VSRUW WRXUQDPHQW (DFK VWDJH FRYHUV WKH WDVNV UHODWHG WR WKH EURDG UHTXLUHPHQWV RI D JLYHQ VSRUW GLVFLSOLQH´ 3DUWLFXODU DWWHQWLRQ LV EHLQJ SDLG WR LQLWLDO VHOHFWLRQ ZKHQZKHUH FRDFKHV DQDO\]H ODUJH JURXSV RI FKLOGUHQDWVWLSXODWHGDJHLQWHUPVRIWKHLUSUHGLVSRVLWLRQWRSUDFWLFHD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLHDQWKURSRPHWULFDQG FRRUGLQDWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV 6]RSDDQGĝUXWRZVNLFRQVLGHU©LQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQWREHRQHRIWKHPRVWFRQWURYHUVLDOEXWDWWKHVDPH WLPHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSUREOHPVLVVXHV,WVKRXOGOHDGWRWKHVHOHFWLRQRIWRVHOHFWLQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOVZKR KDYHVSHFLDOSUHGLVSRVLWLRQVIRUD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHª 6R]DĔVNLRQWKHRWKHUKDQGUHJDUGVWKHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVWREH³VXFKD SURFHGXUHZKLFKHQDEOHV LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHPRVWWDOHQWHGDQGSURPLVLQJLQGLYLGXDOVLQD JLYHQDJHFDWHJRU\´ $FFRUGLQJWR:DĪQ\±LQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQLV³WKHILUVWSKDVHRIVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVFRQVLVWLQJRI directing individuals to a JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLQZKLFKWKH\DUHPRVWOLNHO\WRDFKLHYHVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFHOHYHORI DWOHDVWDYHUDJHOHYHO6HOHFWLRQFULWHULDFRQVWLWXWHD most commonly estimated set of leading qualities for a given VSRUWGLVFLSOLQH´

/LWZLQLXNVLPLODUO\WR6]RSDDQGĝUXWRZVNLGHILQHVHOHFWLRQDVD ³SURFHGXUHZKLFKHQDEOHV LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHPRVWWDOHQWHGDQGSURPLVLQJLQGLYLGXDOVLQD JLYHQDJHFDWHJRU\,WLVD series of organizational

DQGSURSDJDQGDDFWLYLWLHVDLPHGDWGLUHFWLQJLQGLYLGXDOVWRD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHLUPDLQ LQWHUHVWVDQGSURJQRVWLFDELOLWLHV´$FFRUGLQJWR/LWZLQLXNVSRUWWUDLQLQJVHOHFWLRQRIFKLOGUHQPD\EHVKDOO EHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHIRUPRIQDWXUDOVHOILQLWLDWHGHQUROOPHQWDQGVWDUWFRPPHQFHPHQWRIWKHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVRU DUWLILFLDOVHOHFWLRQVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVRQWKHEDVLVRIVSHFLDOWHVWVH[DPLQDWLRQVVSRUWOHYHOSURJUHVVLRQHYDOXDWLRQ WHVWV7KHSUREOHPRIVHOHFWLQJFKLOGUHQDQG\RXWKWRVSRUWVWUDLQLQJLVD ZLGHO\SUHVHQWVXEMHFWLQWKHVSHFLDOL]HG OLWHUDWXUH0RVWRILWGHDOVZLWKWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIFDQGLGDWHVVHOHFWLRQWRVSRUWFODVVHVDQGVFKRROVDORQJZLWKVSRUW FOXEV6LHZLHUVNL+DOHF]NRHWDOE6LHZLHUVNLHWDO )HZDXWKRUVLH3DLQWD.RVHQGLDN%HUJLHUXVHWKHWHUP³VSRUWUHFUXLWPHQW´LQVWHDGRI ³VSRUWVHOHFWLRQ´LQWKHLUVWXGLHV$OWKRXJKWKHUHLVD OLWWOHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHWHUPLQRORJ\WUDLQLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDUH H[DFWO\WKHVDPH$VSRLQWHGRXWE\&KRPLDNDQG0LJDVLHZLF]³ERWKWHUPVDUHHTXDOWKHLUVHSDUDWLRQ KRZHYHURIWHQDLPVDWORFDOL]LQJVLWXDWLQJWKHSURFHVVXQGHUGLVFXVVLRQLQWKHORQJWHUPFRDFKLQJSURFHVV´ 6RIDUWZRIRUPVRIDWKOHWHVHOHFWLRQKDYHEHHQDFFRXQWHGLQWKHFRDFKLQJSUDFWLFH)LUVWO\WKHUHLVWKHVR FDOOHGQDWXUDOVSRQWDQHRXVVHOHFWLRQZKLFKLVD VHOILQLWLDWHGHQUROOPHQWDQGVWDUWFRPPHQFHPHQWRIWKHWUDLQLQJ SURFHVV6HFRQGO\WKHUHLVDQDUWLILFLDOVHOHFWLRQEDVHGRQWHVWVGHILQLQJFKLOGUHQ¶VDJHKHDOWKERG\VWUXFWXUHZLWK VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRDQWKURSRPHWULFSDUDPHWHUVUHTXLUHGLQD JLYHQVSRUWVGLVFLSOLQHDQGSK\VLFDOHQGXUDQFHOHYHO PRWRUVXLWDELOLW\LQSDUWLFXODU6R]DĔVNL )ROORZLQJWKHLQLWLDOVSRUWVHOHFWLRQPDLQVHOHFWLRQLVWKHQH[WVWDJHLQWKHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVV$FFRUGLQJWR 3LOLF]³0DLQVHOHFWLRQLVD G\QDPLFSURFHVVDLPHGDWVHOHFWLQJIURPDPRQJFKRLFHVWKRVHLQGLYLGXDOVZKR KDYHRSWLPDOSK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOTXDOLWLHVQHHGHGWRVXFFHHGLQD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQH´ 6R]DĔVNLFODLPVWKDW³6SRUWVHOHFWLRQLVDQRUJDQL]HGDFWLYLW\LQZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKIXWXUHHOLWH DWKOHWHTXDOLWLHVDUHFKRVHQ :DĪQ\EHOLHYHVVSRUWVHOHFWLRQWREH³D VHWRIDFWLRQVDLPHGDWVHOHFWLQJDQGSURILOLQJPRVW talented individuals in a JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQH´7KHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVVKRXOGEHGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVILQGLQJWKH TXDOLWLHVRIWKHVRFDOOHG³VSRUWFKDPSLRQSURILOH´ .DUZDFNLRQWKHRWKHUKDQGGHILQHVVHOHFWLRQDVD ORQJWHUPSURFHVVRI³VHDUFKLQJIRUWKHPRVW WDOHQWHGLQGLYLGXDOVDQGFRDFKLQJDQGSURILOLQJWKHPLQD ZD\WKDWZLOOKHOSDFKLHYHRXWVWDQGLQJVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFH´ 6SRUWVHOHFWLRQWRSLFLQWKHJLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHVLVSUHVHQWDPRQJRWKHUVLQWKHZRUNVRI%XUQVDQG *DLQHV:LHF]RUHN2S\UFKDáHWDO+DOHF]NDHWDOD6LHZLHUVNLHWDO 'LYLGLQJVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVLQWRVHFWLRQVVWDJHVRFFXUVDSSHDUVDPRQJRWKHUVLQWKHZRUNVRI=DFLRUVNLDQG %XáJDNRZ6R]DĔVNLZKRFODVVLI\WKUHHPDLQVHOHFWLRQW\SHV ± VSRUWGLVFLSOLQH±RULHQWHGVHOHFWLRQ±DLPHGDWFKRRVLQJFKLOG¶VSUHGLVSRVHGVSRUWGLVFLSOLQH ± WHDPIRUPLQJ±DLPHGDWVHOHFWLRQDQGIRUPDWLRQRID VSRUWWHDPRIPDQ\NLQGVVRUWVURZLQJWHDPVSRUW JDPHVLQFOXGLQJDFFRUGLQJO\WRRXUVWXG\WKHIRUPDWLRQRIVZLPPLQJUHOD\UDFH ± VSRUWVHOHFWLRQ±FRQFHUQVHOLWHOHYHODWKOHWHVIURPZKLFKFRXQWU\¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDUHFKRVHQ2O\PSLF *DPHV:RUOG&KDPSLRQVKLSV(XURSHDQ&KDPSLRQVKLSVHWF 6R]DĔVNLRQWKHRWKHUKDQGGLVWLQJXLVKHVWKUHHVWDJHVRIVSRUWVHOHFWLRQLQFOXGLQJ ± LQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQ±XWLOL]HGLQPRVWVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHVDPRQJFKLOGUHQDJHG±,WLVDLPHGDWFRPSUHKHQVLYH VSRUWWUDLQLQJ ± PDLQVHOHFWLRQ±XWLOL]HGDPRQJFKLOGUHQDIWHUWKH±\HDUORQJSHULRGRIFRPSUHKHQVLYHWUDLQLQJ

± VSHFLDOLVWVHOHFWLRQ±WKLVVWDJHRIVSRUWVHOHFWLRQPDLQO\LQYROYHVSUHGLVSRVLWLRQHYDOXDWLRQLQD given GLVFLSOLQH,WDSSOLHVWRDWKOHWHVZLWKD ±\HDUFRDFKLQJSHULRG

,WLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDJHOLPLWVDQGFRDFKLQJSHULRGDUHIOH[LEOH7KXV,QWKH FRDFKLQJSURFHVVLQGLYLGXDOGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJWKHWUDLQHHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ

$PRQJ WKH VHOHFWLRQ FULWHULD 6R]DĔVNL  GLVWLQJXLVKHV VRPDWLF EXLOG PRWRULF VNLOOV WKH\ GR QRW DSSHDUXQGHUWKLVQDPHLQWKHSUHVHQWPRWRULW\QRPHQFODWXUHSK\VLFDOHQGXUDQFHVSRUWUHVXOWVSV\FKRORJLFDO SUHGLVSRVLWLRQVHOLWHDWKOHWHHYDOXDWLRQ ,QRWKHUUHVHDUFKVWXGLHV6R]DĔVNL.RVPRODQG6R]DĔVNLWKUHHPDLQVHOHFWLRQW\SHVKDYH EHHQGLVWLQJXLVKHG ± QDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQVSRQWDQHRXV±DOOKHDOWK\LQGLYLGXDOVDUHDFFHSWHGWRHQUROOIRUD GLVFLSOLQHRIFKRLFH WKH\FDQRSWRXWIURPWKHLQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQDWDQ\WLPH ± LQWXLWLYHVHOHFWLRQ±LVOHGE\SK\VLFDOHGXFDWLRQWHDFKHUVFRDFKHVZKRRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUH[SHUW NQRZOHGJHDQGSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHNQRZWKHVSHFLILFLW\RID JLYHQVSRUWVGLVFLSOLQHDQGDUHDEOHWR FKRRVHWDOHQWHGFKLOGUHQ ± GLUHFWHGVHOHFWLRQ±WKLVVHOHFWLRQW\SHEULQJVDORQJWKHUHGXFWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVVWDUWLQJVSRUWWUDLQLQJ PDLQWDLQLQJWKHQXPEHURIWKHRQHVPHHWLQJWKHSURJQRVWLFFULWHULD6R]DĔVNL $FFRUGLQJWR.RVPRODQG6R]DĔVNLFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHOHFWLRQLVPDGHXSRIIRXUVWDJHV ± SUHVHOHFWLRQ±FRPSUHKHQVLYHREVHUYDWLRQRIFKLOGUHQDWSUHVFKRRODJHLHGXULQJPRWRUVNLOOVDFWLYLWLHV at a SUHVFKRRO ± LQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQ±EDVHGRQVHDUFKLQJIRUWDOHQWVGLUHFWLQJWKHPWRZDUGVFRPSUHKHQVLYHWUDLQLQJRQWKH EDVLVRIWKHLUKHDOWKEDVLFSDUDPHWHUVRIVRPDWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSK\VLFDOHQGXUDQFH ± PDLQVHOHFWLRQ±LVDLPHGDWVHOHFWLQJWDOHQWHGFKLOGUHQFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KLJKOHYHOVRPDWLFSUHGLVSRVLWLRQV LWLVEDVHGRQREVHUYDWLRQWHVWUHVXOWVDQGVSRUWFRPSHWLWLRQV ± VSHFLDOLVWVHOHFWLRQ±DLPHGPDLQO\DWWKHHYDOXDWLRQRISUHGLVSRVLWLRQVIRUD JLYHQVSRUWGLVFLSOLQH,WPDUNV WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVSHFLDOLVWWUDLQLQJVWDJH.RVPRODQG6R]DĔVNL

6HOHFWLRQDQGSURILOLQJLQFRPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ

6ZLPPLQJLVDQ2O\PSLFGLVFLSOLQHVLQFH2YHUPDQ\\HDUVWKHVZLPPLQJWHFKQLTXHRID SDUWLFXODU VZLPPLQJVW\OHKDVEHHQFKDQJLQJ%DUWNRZLDNDORQJZLWKWKHQXPEHURIHYHQWV/LSRĔVNL'XULQJWKH ODVWVXPPHU2O\PSLFVLQ/RQGRQLQWKHUHKDYHEHHQIHPDOHDQGPDOHVZLPPLQJHYHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ZLWK 2O\PSLFPHGDOVWRZLQ,JU]\VND;;;2OLPSLDG\6ZLPPLQJLVWKHUHIRUHD VSRUWGLVFLSOLQHLQZKLFKVXFK a JUHDWQXPEHURIPHGDOVFRXOGEHZRQ7DNLQJDOOWKHDERYHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ1DWLRQDO2O\PSLF&RPPLWWHHVLH 3ROLVK2O\PSLF&RPPLWWHHDQGWKHLU6ZLPPLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQVLH3ROLVK6ZLPPLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQDUHYHU\PXFK LQWHUHVWHGLQWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHLUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVLQWKH2O\PSLF*DPHV±WKHELJJHVWVSRUWLQJHYHQWLQWKH ZRUOG2QO\WKHEHVWRIWKHEHVWVKDYLQJSDUWLFXODUTXDOLWLHVDJHVRPDWLFPRWRUFDSDFLW\SV\FKRORJLFDOUHODWHG HWFDQGDGHTXDWHWUDLQLQJZLQ2O\PSLFPHGDOVZRUOGRU(XURSHDQFKDPSLRQVKLSV *HWWLQJDWKOHWHVWRDQHOLWHOHYHOLVD ORQJWHUPSURFHVV6ZHHWHQKDPDQG$WNLQVRQ/HRQDUGZKLFK LVXVXDOO\FRPSOHWHGDIWHUD ±\HDUSHULRGRILQWHQVLYHWUDLQLQJDFFRUGLQJWR3áDWRQRZDQG:LHF]RUHN ±DFFRUGLQJO\WR%DUWNRZLDNRU±DFFRUGLQJWR:LHGHUHN2O\PSLFDWKOHWHVDJH DQDO\VHV.RVPROO2S\UFKDáDQG.DUSLĔVNL.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDáLQGLFDWHWKDWÄWKHDYHUDJH

DJHUDQJHOLPLWLVLQFUHDVLQJDOVRDPRQJWKH2O\PSLFPHGDOLVWV´.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá6LPLODUO\ DYHUDJHKHLJKWDQGERG\PDVVRIWKHFRPSHWLWRUVDUHRQWKHULVHFRPSDUHGWRWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHUHPDLQLQJ VZLPPHUV2S\UFKDáDQG.DUSLĔVNL.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá6RFKD7KDWLVZK\LWLVVRLPSRUWDQW WRFRQVWDQWO\DQDO\]HDYDLODEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVDJHKHLJKWDQGERG\PDVVRI2O\PSLFRUZRUOGFKDPSLRQV LQVZLPPLQJDVLWHQDEOHVFRDFKHVWRÄHYDOXDWHWKHFKDQJHVRIWKHSURILOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRID VSRUWFKDPSLRQ´ .DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDáDQGWRPRGLI\WKHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVDFFRUGLQJO\ 6HOHFWLRQDQGSURILOLQJLQFRPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJDUHSUHVHQWLQPDQ\UHVHDUFKVWXGLHV6WU]HOF]\N(LGHU D1RZDFND&KLDUL2S\UFKDáHWDO6RFKD6LHZLHUVNLHWDO=LDUD/HNRDQG *UþLHDFXWH=XEþHYLp 6HOHFWLRQSKDVHLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWLVGXULQJWKLVVWDJHFRDFKHVVKRXOGVHDUFKIRUKHDOWK\ FKLOGUHQDWD ULJKWDJHKDYLQJDGHTXDWHVRPDWLFEXLOGDQGSK\VLFDOHQGXUDQFH5LJKWFDQGLGDWHVVHOHFWLRQLVDOVR DQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHDVLWLVWKLVFKRLFHWKDWLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUILQGLQJVXFKDWKOHWHVZKRZLOODFKLHYHJUHDWVSRUWUHVXOWV ±VDWLVI\LQJERWKIRUWKHDWKOHWHDQGWKHFRDFK3LHFKDF]HNHWDO &RPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJLVD SDUWRIVXFKVSRUWGLVFLSOLQHFDWHJRU\LQZKLFKVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJDVZHOODV FRPSUHKHQVLYHWUDLQLQJLVLQWURGXFHGDWD YHU\HDUO\VWDJH(LGHU0DJOLVFKR*UDQGJHDQG*RUGRQ 5DNRZVNL(LGHU-DQG(LGHU33áDWRQRZFRQGXFWHGD very detailed analysis of the starting DJHRIVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJDPRQJWKHEHVWVZLPPHUVRIWKHZRUOG7KHVWXG\VKRZHGWKDWPRVWRIWKHZRPHQJLUOV VWDUWHGWKHLUWUDLQLQJDWWKHDJHRI±ZKLOVWPHQER\VVWDUWHGDWWKHDJHRI±GHWDLOHGYDOXHVDYDLODEOHLQ 7DEOH

Table 1.

6WDUWLQJDJHRIVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJDPRQJZRUOG¶VEHVWVZLPPHUV3áDWRQRZ 6H[ 6ZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJVWDUWLQJDJH\HDUV 3HUFHQWRILQGLYLGXDOVH[DPLQHG Male Q  ± ± ±    Female Q  ± ± ±    7KHSHUFHQWRIH[DPLQHGLQGLYLGXDOVH[FHHGV±RULJLQDOGDWD :LHGHUHNRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFRQGXFWHGVRPHUHVHDUFKDPRQJWKHVZLPPHUVRI3ROLVKVSRUWFOXEV WKH6SRUW&KDPSLRQVKLS6FKRROV%DVHGRQWKHGDWDDQDO\VLVLQ7DEOHLWWXUQVRXWWKDWRIWKHVXUYH\HG SHRSOHVWDUWHGWKHLUVZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQLQSUHVFKRROLQWKHVWDQGQGJUDGHVRISULPDU\HGXFDWLRQZLWK RQO\LQODWHU\HDUV,QDQRWKHUVWXG\:LHGHUHNSRLQWVRXWWKDWWKHILUVWVWDJHRIWUDLQLQJFRQVLVWVRI VZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJRIFKLOGUHQDJHG±7DEOH 2O\PSLFVZLPPHUVIURP6]F]HFLQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGVWDUWHGWKHLUVZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQDWWKHDJHRI± 7URV]F]\ĔVNL(LGHU(LGHU-DQG(LGHU3DQGDWWKHDJHRI±WKH\DOUHDG\ZHUH 2O\PSLFVSDUWLFLSDQWV7DEOH

'XULQJ FRPSHWLWLYH VZLPPLQJ VHOHFWLRQ LW LV DGYLVHG WR VHDUFK IRU LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK SURJQRVWLF VRPDWLF SDUDPHWHUV HVSHFLDOO\ KHLJKW %RPED  3LHFKDF]HN HW DO  :LHF]RUHN  7KLV WUDLW LV PDLQO\ JHQHWLFDOO\FRQGLWLRQVVRLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRWDNHSDUHQWV¶SDUDPHWHUVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ6DFKQRZVNLHWDO,WLV

FRQILUPHGE\PRVWRIWKHDXWKRUV&KRPLDNDQG0LJDVLHZLF]6WDFKRZLF]HWDO=DU]HF]Q\HWDO WKDWFKLOGUHQFODVVLILHGIRUFRPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJDUHWDOOHUWKDQQRQSUDFWLFLQJSHHUV+HLJKWLVDQLPSRUWDQW IDFWRULQDFKLHYLQJEHWWHUVZLPPLQJUHVXOWVZKLFKLVFRQILUPHGE\WKHDQDO\VHVRI2O\PSLFVILQDOLVWV¶ERG\VWUXFWXUH .DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá6RFKD

Table 2.

6ZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQVWDUWLQJSRLQW:LHGHUHN Ordinal

number 6SHFLILFDWLRQV Number 6H[ 3UHVFKRRO ±*UDGH *UDGHXSZDUGV

 National team and seniors 

 M.



  ±

 National team and juniors _ . M    ±  Juniors _ . M     7RWDO    

Table 3.

3=3FRDFKLQJSODQIRUWKH\HDUV±:LHGHUHNS

Stage Swimming level $JH *UDGH\HDU School $JHFDWHJRU\

 Swimming education ± ,,,,, Primary children

 ,PSURYLQJVZLPPLQJVNLOOV  ,99 Primary children

 Basic swimming  99, Primary youngsters

 &RPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ  ,,,,,, Middle School young juniors

 &RPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ  ,,,,,, Secondary juniors

 &RPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ  ,,, Higher Education youth

 &RPSHWLWLYHVZLPPLQJ  ,, Higher Education seniors

Table 4.

6ZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQDQG2O\PSLFVSDUWLFLSDWLRQVWDUWLQJSRLQWRI6]F]HFLQ¶V2O\PSLFVZLPPHUV Ordinal

number Full name

Starting age

7KH2O\PSLF*DPHV\HDU 6SRUWGLVFLSOLQH 5HVXOWV

6(6$ 3$

 'RURWD%U]R]RZVND   0RVFRZ PIUHHVW\OH 9

 0DUWD:áRGNRZVND   %DUFHORQD PLQGLYLGXDOPHGOH\ ;;,9

 .DWDU]\QD%DUDQRZVND   %HLMLQJ PLQGLYLGXDOPHGOH\ 9,,,  3U]HP\VáDZ6WDĔF]\N   $WKHQV PIUHHVW\OH ,;  %HLMLQJ PIUHHVW\OH îPIUHHVW\OH ±UHOD\UDFH ;,; ;,9  Mateusz Sawrymowicz   %HLMLQJ PIUHHVW\OH ,;  /RQGRQ PIUHHVW\OH PIUHHVW\OH ;;, 9,,  _.UXSHFNL2VNDU   /RQGRQ îPLQGLYLGXDOPHGOH\ _{±UHOD\UDFH} B 6(6$±VZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQVWDUWLQJDJH3$±2O\PSLF*DPHVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDJH%±EHQFKZDUPHU

*HQHUDOKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQRID FKLOGFDQGLGDWHLVD YHU\LPSRUWDQWFULWHULXPGXULQJVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJVHOHFWLRQ :LHF]RUHN6DFKQRZVNLHWDO6LHZLHUVNLHWDO&ROOHFWLQJEDVLFLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHFDQGLGDWH DQGGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHSDUHQWVJUHDWO\LPSURYHVDFFXUDWHVHOHFWLRQRIFDQGLGDWHVSUHGLVSRVHGWRDFKLHYH KLJKVSRUWOHYHOLQVZLPPLQJ+RZHYHUWKHHFRQRPLFILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQLQPRVWVZLPPLQJFOXEVGRQRWDOORZIRU VSHFLDOLVWPHGLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQVDWVHOHFWLRQVWDJH³,WVKRXOGEHUHPHPEHUHGWKDWHYHQWKHWLQLHVWKHDOWKLVVXHVFDQ GHHSHQGXULQJLQWHQVLYHWUDLQLQJUHJLPHSXWWLQJDZD\WKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIDFKLHYLQJKLJKVSRUWUHVXOWV´:LHF]RUHN  1XPHURXVVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDWZKHQVHOHFWLQJFKLOGUHQIRUVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJZHVKRXOGIROORZWKHYDOXHV RIVWDEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVJHQHWLFDOO\FRQGLWLRQHGQRWGHSHQGHQWRQWKHWUDLQLQJSURFHVV5\JXáDDQG:RMW\ODN :LHF]RUHN6DFKQRZVNLHWDOLQFOXGLQJKHLJKWXSSHUDQGORZHUOLPEVOHQJWKDVZHOODVWKHOHQJWKRI KDQGVDQGIHHW%RPED&KRPLDNDQG0LJDVLHZLF]%RG\¶VKHLJKWLVD significant factor in achieving JRRGUHVXOWVZKLFKKDVEHHQFRQILUPHGE\UHVHDUFKDQDO\VHV3HUQDN.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá6RFKD 

:KHQ VHOHFWLQJ FKLOGUHQ IRU VZLPPLQJ WUDLQLQJ VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ VKRXOG EH SDLG LQ FKRRVLQJ WKRVH ZKR DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WDOHQWV LQ VSRUW DQG VZLPPLQJ 3DF3RPDUQDFNL  $FFRUGLQJ WR DQ H[ SURIHVVLRQDO VZLPPHU.OLPHN:áRGDUF]\NZHFDQXVHWKHWHUPVSRUWWDOHQWWRZDUGV³DQLQGLYLGXDOZKRKDVLQERUQQDWXUDO SUHGLVSRVLWLRQVWRVZLPPLQJ±KDYLQJWKHVRFDOOHGµIHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU¶VNLOODVZHOODVKLJKPRWRULFSK\VLRORJLFDO DQGSV\FKRORJLFDODELOLWLHV´3DF3RPDUQDFNL,WLVZRUWKEHDULQJLQPLQGWKDWRQO\D few candidates have SURJQRVWLFGHYHORSPHQWDOWUDLWVRID VZLPPLQJFKDPSLRQSURILOH.DUSLĔVNLDQG2S\UFKDá

6HOHFWLRQ LQ VZLPPLQJ WUDLQLQJ LV SUHVHQW WKURXJKRXW D ORQJWHUP FRDFKLQJ SURFHVV ,W FRQVLVWV RI VHYHQ VHOHFWLRQOHYHOVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHWUDLQLQJ¶VVWDJHV7DEOH6DFKQRZVNLHWDO

Table 5.

6HOHFWLRQOHYHOVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHWUDLQLQJ¶VVWDJHV6DFKQRZVNLHWDO

6HOHFWLRQOHYHOVDQGWKHLUNH\DLPV Selection stages %DVHOLQHWKHUDWLRQDOLW\RIVZLPPLQJHGXFDWLRQHYDOXDWLRQ baseline 3UHOLPLQDU\HYDOXDWLRQRIHIIHFWLYHVSRUWDGYDQFHPHQWSHUVSHFWLYHV SUHOLPLQDU\ ,QWHUPHGLDU\VSRUWFKDPSLRQVKLSDELOLWLHVHYDOXDWLRQLQD given swimming style VSHFLDOLVWSUHOLPLQDU\ %DVLFVWDJHRQHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOUHVXOWVDELOLWLHVHYDOXDWLRQ EHWWHUVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFH %DVLFVWDJHWZRFKDPSLRQVKLSPDWHULDOHYDOXDWLRQ PD[LPDOXVHRIRQH¶VDELOLWLHV )LQDOVWDJHRQHPDLQWDLQLQJVSRUWVPDVWHU\HYDOXDWLRQ PDLQWDLQLQJVSRUWVPDVWHU\ )LQDOVWDJHWZRJUDGXDOVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFHGHFUHDVHDQGLWVHYDOXDWLRQ gradual achievements decrease

%DVHOLQHVHOHFWLRQ

$FFRUGLQJWRSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGWKHRUHWLFLDQVRIVZLPPLQJ/LWZLQLNXN%DUWNRZLDN6DFKQRZVNL HWDOEDVHOLQHVHOHFWLRQVKRXOGEHFRQGXFWHGDPRQJFKLOGUHQWKDWDUHDEOHWRVZLPDJHG±$PRQJ VHOHFWLRQFULWHULDWKHUHDUHKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQVWDEOHVRPDWLFSDUDPHWHUVPRWRUVNLOOVYDOXHVIOH[LELOLW\ÄIHHOLQJRI WKHZDWHU´VSRUWIDPLO\WUDGLWLRQV 3RVVHVVLQJWKHVRFDOOHG³IHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU´DELOLW\VSHHGVXSWKHDFTXLUHPHQWRID VZLPPLQJWHFKQLTXHDV ZHOODVDFKLHYLQJEHWWHUVSRUWUHVXOWV%DUWNRZLDN6WDURVWDDQG5RVWNRZVNDDE3DF3RPDUQDFNL %DUWNRZLDNGHVFULEHVÄIHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU´DVD ÄKXJHVHQVLWLYLW\RIKDQGVWRFKDQJLQJZDWHU

SUHVVXUHLQNH\KDQGVPRYHPHQWVSKDVHV´6WDURVWDH[SODLQVWKLVWHUPDVÄD high level of coordination VNLOOV HQDEOLQJ IXOO DGMXVWPHQW WR ZDWHU HQYLURQPHQW DQG UDWLRQDO PRYHPHQWV XWLOL]LQJ WKH PLQLPXP HQHUJ\´ WKHVWUXFWXUDOFRQFHSWRI³IHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU´LVPDGHXSRIWKHIROORZLQJFRPSRQHQWVNLQHVWKHWLFGLYHUVLI\LQJ RI PRWLRQ UK\WKPLFLW\ RI PRWLRQ VSDWLDO RULHQWDWLRQ TXLFN UHDFWLRQUHVSRQVH EDODQFH 6WDURVWD  ,W LV a ³FRRUGLQDWHGFRQFXUHQFHRIYDULRXVVHQVHVLHYLVXDODXGLWRU\WDFWLOHPRWRUDQGYHVWLEXODU´6WDURVWDHWDO 3UHYLRXVO\FRQGXFWHGVXUYH\VWXGLHVDPRQJFRDFKHVKDYHVKRZQWKDW³WKHIHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU´FRXOGEH ERWKLQERUQRUDFTXLUHG6WDURVWDDQG5RVWNRZVNDE

3UHOLPLQDU\VHOHFWLRQ

7KLV VHOHFWLRQ SKDVH UHODWHV WR FKLOGUHQ DJHG ± ZKR KDYH DFFRPSOLVKHG \HDU VZLPPLQJ WUDLQLQJ RIZKLFKWKHPRVWWDOHQWHGZLWKVRXJKWIRUTXDOLWLHVJXDUDQWHHLQJWKHHOLWHVWDWXVDFKLHYHPHQWVDUHVHOHFWHG &RDFKHVVKRXOGFRQVLGHUWKHIDFWWKDWÄ6XFFHVVHVLQFKLOGKRRGRUDGROHVFHQFHFDQQRWJXDUDQWHHWKHHOLWHVWDWXV DFKLHYHPHQWVLQWKH\HDUVWRFRPHGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJFKLOGUHQDVD UHVXOWRIGLIIHUHQWLDOSDFHRIUHDFKLQJ SK\VLFDOPDWXULW\´%XáJDNRZDDQG:RURQFRZ

,QWHUPHGLDU\VHOHFWLRQ

&RQFHUQLQJFKLOGUHQDJHG±ZKRDOUHDG\KDYH±\HDUWUDLQLQJH[SHULHQFH±7KHPDLQDLPRI WKLVVHOHFWLRQW\SHLVWRHYDOXDWHWKHSUHGLVSRVLWLRQVRIVZLPPHUVLQD JLYHQFRPSHWLWLRQ6SHFLDOLVWWHVWVFRQGXFWHG ERWKLQZDWHUDQGRQODQGKHOSWRHYDOXDWHWKHVSRUWOHYHORIVZLPPHUV6SHFLDOUHVHDUFKHTXLSPHQWLVDOVRKHOSIXO in the evaluation of a VZLPPLQJWHFKQLTXHOHYHODQGPRWLRQSDUDPHWHUV&RDFKHVDQDO\]HWKHSURJUHVVLRQRIVSRUW UHVXOWVYHU\DPSO\ZLWKWKHUHJDUGWRLQGLYLGXDOVSRUWH[SHULHQFHDQGDSSOLHGWUDLQLQJORDGV6DFKQRZVNLHWDO

Main evaluation (stage one)

2FFXUVDIWHUSULRU±\HDUVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJDPRQJJLUOVDJHG±DQGER\VDJHG±7KLVVHOHFWLRQLV PDLQO\DLPHGDWGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRIDWKOHWHV¶PRWLYDWLRQLQDFKLHYLQJVSRUWHOLWHVWDWXVIXQFWLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDO UHVLVWDQFHWRLPSOHPHQWHGWUDLQLQJORDGV6DFKQRZVNLHWDO

Main evaluation (stage two)

7KLV VHOHFWLRQ DSSOLHV WR DWKOHWHV ZLWK DSSUR[ ±\HDU WUDLQLQJ H[SHULHQFH ,W LV FRQGXFWHG DPRQJ ±\HDUROGIHPDOHVZLPPHUVDQG±\HDUROGPDOHVZLPPHUV7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDJHUDQJHVFDQYDU\ WKLVLVFDXVHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWVZLPPHUVKDYHWKHLURZQLQGLYLGXDOYDULRXVVSRUWOHYHOV7KHIXQFWLRQLQJFRDFKLQJ WHDPZLWKWKHLUOHDGLQJWUDLQHUDWWKHIRUHIURQWHYDOXDWHSUHGLFWHGVSRUWUHVXOWVZKLFKFDQWKHQJXDUDQWHHVXFFHVVHV DWPDLQVSRUWHYHQWVVXFKDVWKH2O\PSLFV*DPHVRUZRUOGFKDPSLRQVKLSV7DEOH6FLHQWLILFSHUVRQQHOSOD\VD NH\ role as a ÄVHOHFWLRQDGYLVRU´HJGRFWRUSV\FKRORJLVWSK\VLRORJLVWELRPHFKDQLFELRFKHPLVWSK\VLRWKHUDSLVW ZKRVXSHUYLVHWKHHIIHFWLYHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVFRQFHUQLQJLHWUDLQLQJORDGVELRORJLFDOUHJHQHUDWLRQRUQXWULWLRQ

Final selection (stage one)

&RQFHUQV WKH DQDO\VLV RI WLPH SHULRG LQ ZKLFK KLJK OHYHO RI VSRUW SHUIRUPDQFH FDQ EH PDLQWDLQHG ,W LV GHSHQGHQWRQYDULRXVIDFWRUVLQFOXGLQJDJHKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQHJH[SHULHQFHGLQMXULHVILQDQFLDOPRWLYDWLRQIDPLO\

VLWXDWLRQZLYHVKXVEDQGVWKHLUFKLOGUHQSV\FKRORJLFDOH[KDXVWLRQGXHWRORQJWHUPVSRUWNLQGRIOLIHVW\OHHJ WUDLQLQJFDPSVDZD\IURPKRPHDQGIDPLO\IRUORQJSHULRGVRIWLPHVDPHWUDLQLQJHQYLURQPHQWILQDQFLDOVHFXULW\

Final selection (stage two)

'XULQJWKHODVWVHOHFWLRQVWDJHIXWXUHDLPVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGLHSRVVLEOHWLPHIUDPHVRIVZLPPLQJFDUHHU VZLPPLQJFRPSHWLWLRQSDUWLFLSDWLRQKDYLQJUHJDUGWRUHJUHVVLRQRIWKHUHSUHVHQWHGVSRUWOHYHO6DFKQRZVNLHWDO 

Conclusions

 3UHVFKRROSHULRG±\HDUVRIDJHLVWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWIRUVZLPPLQJVHOHFWLRQDPRQJODUJHFKLOG SRSXODWLRQ 6XFKVHOHFWLRQVKRXOGEHOHGE\DGHTXDWHO\TXDOLILHGWUDLQHUVZLWKORQJVWDQGLQJH[SHULHQFHLQSURIHVVLRQDO WUDLQLQJRI\RXQJVZLPPHUV

<RXQJ IXWXUH VZLPPHUV VKRXOG KDYH KLJK OHYHOV RI PRWRU VNLOOV ZKLFK VSHHGV XS WKH DFTXLUHPHQW RI a VZLPPLQJWHFKQLTXHDVZHOODVDFKLHYLQJEHWWHUVSRUWUHVXOWV

 :KHQ VHOHFWLQJ FKLOGUHQ IRU VZLPPLQJ WUDLQLQJ VSHFLDO HYDOXDWLRQ WHVWV VKRXOG EH LPSOHPHQWHG WR GHWHUPLQHVSHHGVWUHQJWKDJLOLW\PRWRUFRRUGLQDWLRQIOH[LELOLW\DQGWKHVRFDOOHG³IHHOLQJRIWKHZDWHU´$OOWKHVH IDFWRUVSOD\D NH\UROHLQVSRUWVWUDLQLQJDQGDUHKHOSIXOLQDFKLHYLQJJRRGUHVXOWV :KHQVHOHFWLQJFKLOGUHQIRUVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJFRDFKHVVKRXOGSD\VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWROHQJWKSDUDPHWHUV VXFKDVKHLJKWXSSHUDQGORZHUOLPEVOHQJWKKDQGVDQGIHHWOHQJWKDQGZLGWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVKRXOGHUVDQGFKHVW )LUVWJUDGHVZLPPLQJVFKRROVHQUROOPHQWVKRXOGEHEDVHGRQFOHDUDQGWUDQVSDUHQWUXOHVKHDOWKVRPDWLF SHUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQIOXHQFLQJVSHHGVZLPPLQJVNLOOVWHDFKLQJTXDOLW\DQGVSRUWOHYHO

References

%DUWNRZLDN(3á\ZDQLH±SURJUDPV]NROHQLDG]LHFLL PáRG]LHĪ\&265&06.)L6:DUV]DZD %DUWNRZLDN(6SRUWRZDWHFKQLNDSá\ZDQLD5&06.)L6:DUV]DZD %DUWNRZLDN(7UHQLQJSá\ZDFNL6L7:DUV]DZD

%HUJLHU - 2G QDERUX GR PLVWU]RVWZD VSRUWRZHJR Z SLáFH QRĪQHM ,Q 6SRUW Z\F]\QRZ\ VWDQ L SHUVSHNW\Z\ HGV - %HUJLHU $3LHFKQLF]HN.DQFHODULD6HQDWX:DUV]DZD±

%RPSD77KHRU\DQGPHWKRGRORJ\RIWUDLQLQJ.HQGDOO+XQW3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\7RURQWR %XUQV$5*DLQHV&K6SRUW6HOHFWLRQ0F*UDZ1HZ<RUN

%XáJDNRZD1:RURQFRZ$6HOHNFMDL V]NROHQLHPáRG\FKSá\ZDNyZ6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±±

&KRPLDN-0LJDVLHZLF]-2UJDQL]DFMDGRERUXL V]NROHQLDG]LHFLXF]ĊV]F]DMąF\FKGRV]NRá\R SURILOXVSRUWRZ\P,Q6SRUWSá\ZDFNL LOHNNRDWOHW\F]Q\Z V]NROHHG3.RZODVNL-0LJDVLHZLF]:URFáDZ±6UHEUQD*yUD@$:):URFáDZ± (LGHU-2OLPSLMF]\F\L SDUDROLPSLMF]\F\NOXEyZVSRUWRZ\FKZRMHZyG]WZD]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLHJR±$WHQ\$036WXGLR3DZHá

0DMHZVNL6]F]HFLQ

(LGHU-2OLPSLMF]\F\L SDUDROLPSLMF]\F\ZRMHZyG]WZD]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLHJR±3HNLQ:1866]F]HFLQ (LGHU-3URJQR]RZDQLHZ VSRUFLH=HV]\W\1DXNRZH:63:1:636]F]HFLQE±

(LGHU-8G]LDáX]GROQLHĔUXFKRZ\FKZ Z\QLNXVSRUWRZ\PX dzieci w ZLHNX±ODW5R]SUDZ\L 6WXGLD7:1:636]F]HFLQD (LGHU-(LGHU32OLPSLMF]\F\L SDUDROLPSLMF]\F\ZRMHZyG]WZD]DFKRGQLRSRPRUVNLHJR/RQG\Q33+=DSRO6]F]HFLQ *UDQJH-*RUGRQ56XFFHVVLVORQJWHUP/RQJWHUPDWKOHWHGHYHORSPHQWUHODWHGWRWKHMRXUQH\WKURXJKVZLPPLQJ$6$7HFKQLFDO

+DOHF]NR$-H]LHUVNL5.RU]HZD50LVLRáHN(:áRGDUF]\N8)RUP\VHOHNFMLL LGHQW\ILNDFMLWDOHQWyZSU]\GRERU]HG]LHFLGRV]NROHQLD VSRUWRZHJR$QWURSRPRWRU\NDD± +DOHF]NR$-H]LHUVNL5.RU]HZD50LVLRáHN(:áRGDUF]\N82FHQDPRWRU\F]QRĞFL]GROQRĞFLNRQG\F\MQ\FKL NRRUG\QDF\MQ\FK G]LHVLĊFLROHWQLFKG]LHFLZ UDPDFKGRERUXGRV]NROHQLDVSRUWRZHJR$QWURSRPRWRU\NDE± /RQG\Q,JU]\VND;;;2OLPSLDG\HGV0-DQLFND3/HZDQGRZVNL3.2,:DUV]DZD .RFKDQRZLF].5R]ZyMIL]\F]Q\PáRG\FKJLPQDVW\NyZ5RF]QLNL1DXNRZH$:)*GDĔVN79,,,± .RVHQGLDN-1DEyUL VHOHNFMDGRXSUDZLDQLDVSRUWXMDNRZLHOROHWQLSURFHV6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±

.RVPRO $ 6R]DĔVNL + .ZDOLILNDFMD GR VSRUWXGREyU L VHOHNFMD ,Q 3RGVWDZ\ WHRULL WUHQLQJX VSRUWRZHJR HG + 6R]DĔVNL &26 :DUV]DZD±

.DUSLĔVNL52S\UFKDá&]3á\ZDQLHQD,JU]\VNDFK2OLPSLMVNLFKZ 3HNLQLHDQDOL]DSR]LRPXVSRUWRZHJRZLHNXL budowy somatycznej Sá\ZDNyZ6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±±

.DUSLĔVNL55HMG\FK:3R]LRPRVLąJQLĊüF]RáRZ\FKSá\ZDNyZSROVNLFKQDWOHZ\QLNyZĞZLDWRZ\FKZ URNX6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\ ±±

.DUZDFNL$(IHNW\ZQRĞüV]NROHQLDPáRG]LHĪ\X]GROQLRQHMVSRUWRZRZ systemie organizacyjnym SMS w 3ROVFH7UHQLQJ ±

.RVPRO$3á\ZDQLHQD,JU]\VNDFKZ $WODQFLHL %DUFHORQLH6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±±

/HNR**UþLHDFXWH=XEþHYLp16HOHFWLQJFKLOGUHQIRUVZLPPLQJVFKRRO±WKHFDVHRI&URDWLD.LQHVLRORJ\± /HRQDUG-3K\VLRORJ\VFKRRO7KH$PHULFDQ6ZLPPLQJ&RDFKHV$VVRFLDWLRQ)W/DXQGHUGDOH

/HRQDUG-6L[WHHQ9DOXHVWKDW6ZLPPHUV/HDUQIURPWKH6SRUW$6&$1HZVOHWWHU /LSRĔVNL:(QF\NORSHGLDVSRUWyZĝZLDWD3R]QDĔ

/LWZLQLXN $ 'REyU L VHOHNFMD GR VSRUWX NZDOLILNRZDQHJR 5RF]QLNL 1DXNRZH ,QVW\WXW :\FKRZDQLD )L]\F]QHJR L 6SRUWX Z %LDáHM 3RGODVNLHM$:):DUV]DZD7,±

0DJOLVFKR(6ZLPPLQJHYHQIDVWHU0D\ILHOGSXEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\0RXQWDLQ9LHZ&DOLIRUQLD 1DJODN=6SRáHF]QHL PHWRG\F]QHDVSHNW\VSRUWXNODV\ILNRZDQHJR6WXGLDL 0RQRJUDILH$:):URFáDZ

1LHPF]\N ' '\QDPLND ]PLHQQRĞFL ]GROQRĞFL NRQG\F\MQ\FK MDNR NU\WHULXP GRERUX PáRG\FK G]LHVLĊFLRERLVWyZ ,Q 0DWHULDá\ NRQIHUHQF\MQH6SRUW3á\ZDFNLL/HNNRDWOHW\F]Q\Z 6]NROHHGV3.RZDOVNL-0LJDVLHZLF].=DWRĔ:URFáDZ±6UHEUQD*yUD $:):URFáDZ±

1RZDFND&KLDUL(%XGRZDFLDáDPáRG\FKSá\ZDF]HN6áXSVNLHSUDFHELRORJLF]QH8QLZHUV\WHW=LHORQRJyUVNL± 2S\UFKDá &] .DUSLĔVNL 5 3á\ZDQLH QD ,JU]\VNDFK 2OLPSLMVNLFK Z $WODQFLH Z\EUDQH SDUDPHWUyZ XF]HVWQLNyZ L RFHQD SR]LRPX

VSRUWRZHJR3URJQR]DQDURN6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±

2S\UFKDá&].DUSLĔVNL56DFKQRZVNL.3URFHVZLHOROHWQLHJRV]NROHQLDSá\ZDNyZZ\VRNLHMNODV\6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\± ±

3DF3RPDUQDFNL$7DOHQWVSRUWRZ\GHILQLFMDLGHQW\ILNDFMDVHOHNFMDV]NROHQLH6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±± 3DLQWD3:\WUZDáRĞüL SR]LRPDVSLUDFMLMDNRNU\WHULXPQDERUXGRVSRUWX6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\

3HUQDN3%XGRZDFLDáDSá\ZDNyZXF]HVWQLNyZ,JU]\VN2OLPSLMVNLFKZ $WODQFLH:\FKRZDQLH)L]\F]QHL 6SRUW± 3LHFKDF]HN + /HZDQGRZVND - &KDU]HZVNL - %XGRZD FLDáD FKáRSFyZ L G]LHZF]ąW XSUDZLDMąF\FK VSRUW Sá\ZDFNL :\FKRZDQLH

Fizyczne i 6SRUW±

3LOLF]66HOHNFMDVSRUWRZD,Q:\EUDQH]DJDGQLHQLDVHOHNFMLZ VSRUFLHHG63LOLF]%LEOLRWHND7UHQHUD3.2/:DUV]DZD 3áDWRQRZ:17UHQLQJZ\F]\QRZ\Z Sá\ZDQLXVWUXNWXUDL SURJUDP\&265&06.)L6:DUV]DZD

3U]\E\OVNL:3UREOHP\XQRZRF]HĞQLHQLDGRERUXL VHOHNFMLPáRG]LHĪ\Z SLáFHQRĪQHM7UHQLQJ±

5DNRZVNL06SRUWRZ\WUHQLQJSá\ZDFNLQRZRF]HVQHPHWRG\WUHQLQJXSá\ZDFNLHJR] XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPV]NROHQLDSá\ZDNyZPDVWHUV i WULDWORQLVWyZ/RQG\Q

5DF]HN-0RWRU\F]QRĞüF]áRZLHNDSRJOąG\NRQWURZHUVMHL NRQFHSFMH,Q0RWRU\F]QRĞüG]LHFLL PáRG]LHĪ\±DVSHNW\WHRUHW\F]QH i LPSOLNDFMHPHWRG\F]QHHG-5DF]HN$:).DWRZLFH

5\JXáD,:RMW\ODN06WHURZDQLHRSW\PDOQHUR]ZRMHP]GROQRĞFLV]\ENRĞFLRZ\FKOHWQLFKSá\ZDNyZ6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\ ±

6DFKQRZVNL.2S\UFKDá&].DUSLĔVNL5:\EUDQHSUREOHP\VHOHNFMLZ SURFHVLHZLHOROHWQLHJRV]NROHQLDSá\ZDNyZZ\VRNLHMNODV\ 6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±±

6DZF]\Q6.RFKDQRZLF]..UXF]NRZVNL''DQFHZLF]7&HFK\SURJQRVW\F]QHEXGRZ\VRPDW\F]QHMZ GRERU]HGRJLPQDVW\NL VSRUWRZHM7UHQLQJ±

6LHZLHUVNL0$GDPF]\N-*U]HFKQLN6LHZLHUVND0'REyUL VHOHNFMDZ SROVNLFKNOXEDFK(WDS\V]NROHQLDD URG]DMHVHOHNFML6SRUW :\F]\QRZ\±

6LHZLHUVNL0'REyUL VHOHNFMDZ Sá\ZDQLXQDSU]\NáDG]LHZDUV]DZVNLFKNOXEyZSá\ZDFNLFK,Q3URFHVGRVNRQDOHQLDWUHQLQJXL ZDONL VSRUWRZHMHGV$.XGHU.3HUNRZVNL'ĝOHG]LHZVNL$:):DUV]DZD±

6RFKD6/HNNRDWOHW\NDL Sá\ZDQLHQD,JU]\VNDFK2OLPSLMVNLFKZ 3HNLQLH6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±± 6R]DĔVNL+6HOHNFMD±ZDĪQ\HOHPHQWV\VWHPXV]NROHQLD6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\±±

6R]DĔVNL+HG3RGVWDZ\WHRULLWUHQLQJX5&06.)L6:DUV]DZD 6R]DĔVNL+HG3RGVWDZ\WHRULLWUHQLQJXVSRUWRZHJR&26:DUV]DZD

6R]DĔVNL+HG6SRUWG]LHFLL PáRG]LHĪ\9DGHPHFXPWUHQHUD5&06.)L6:DUV]DZD

6WDFKRZLF]00LOGH.-DQLN0:\WU]\PDáRĞüEH]WOHQRZDPáRG\FKSá\ZDNyZZ ZLHNXODW:\FKRZDQLH)L]\F]QHL 6SRUW ±

6WDURVWD:Ä&]XFLHZRG\´X Sá\ZDNyZ7UHQLQJ±

6WDURVWD:5RVNWRZVND(Ä&]XFLHZRG\´Z RSLQLL]DZRGQLNyZL WUHQHUyZSá\ZDQLD6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\E±± 6WDURVWD : 5RVWNRZVND ( 6WUXNWXUD L KLHUDUFKLD HOHPHQWyZ VNáDGRZ\FK ÄF]XFLD ZRG\´ Z RSLQLL XSUDZLDMąF\FK VSRUW Sá\ZDFNL

0HG\F\QD6SRUWRZDD±

6WDURVWD:5RVWNRZVND(.RNRV]NR-3RMĊFLHF]XFLDZRG\MHJR]QDF]HQLHXZDUXQNRZDQLDL NV]WDáWRZDQLHZ RSLQLL WUHQHUyZURĪQ\FKVSRUWyZSá\ZDFNLFK$QWURSRPRWRU\ND±

6WU]HOF]\N5&KDUDNWHU\VW\ND]DOHĪQRĞFLPLĊG]\VLáąFLąJXD SUĊGNRĞFLąSá\ZDQLDL SRGVWDZRZ\PLSDUDPHWUDPLVRPDW\NLZ DVSHNFLH VWRSQLD]DDZDQVRZDQLDVSRUWRZHJR,Q3RGVWDZ\WUHQLQJXVLá\PLĊĞQLRZHM±, .RQIHUHQFMD1DXNRZD$:)3R]QDĔ ±

6ZHHWHQKDP%$WNLQVRQ-&KDPSLRQVKLS6ZLP7UDLQLQJ+XPDQ.LQHWLFV&KDPSDLJQ,OOQRLV

6]RSD-ĝUXWRZVNL$3UyEDRGUĊEQHJRRV]DFRZDQLDHIHNWyZGRERUXZVWĊSQHJRRUD]]ZLĊNV]RQHMDNW\ZQRĞFLUXFKRZHMZ SU]HELHJX UR]ZRMX VRPDW\F]QHJR IXQNFMRQDOQHJR L VSUDZQRĞFL PRWRU\F]QHM XF]QLyZ NODV VSRUWRZ\FK PLĊG]\  D  URNLHP Ī\FLD :\GDZQLFWZR0RQRJUDILF]QHQU$:).UDNyZ

7URV]F]\ĔVNL - 3á\ZDF]NL 6]F]HFLQD QD ,JU]\VNDFK 2OLPSLMVNLFK Z 0RVNZLH  URNX L %DUFHORQLH  URNX ,Q 2OLPSLMF]\F\ 3RPRU]D=DFKRGQLHJRHGV-(LGHU+/DVNLHZLF]:1866]F]HFLQ± 7XUHFNL%5R]SR]QDZDQLHZ\EUDQ\FKFHFKSV\FKLF]Q\FKZ SURFHVLHGRERUXGRVSRUWX6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\± :DĪQ\=/HNV\NRQ7UHQLQJX6SRUWRZHJR$:):DUV]DZD± :LHF]RUHN:2FHQDSUDZLGáRZRĞFLGRERUXG]LHFLGRVSRUWXSá\ZDFNLHJR:8ààyGĨ :LHF]RUHN:2FHQDWUDIQRĞFLVHOHNFMLG]LHFLGRVSRUWXSá\ZDFNLHJR.XOWXUD)L]\F]QD±± :LHGHUHN-0RW\ZDFMDSá\ZDNyZGRWUHQLQJXL ]DZRGyZ7UHQLQJ± :LHGHUHN-3á\ZDQLHSRGVWDZRZHSUREOHP\7UHQLQJ±± =DFLRUVNL:0%XáJDNRZD1ĩ7HRUHW\F]QHSRGVWDZ\VHOHNFMLVSRUWRZHM6SRUW:\F]\QRZ\± =DU]HF]Q\5.XELHUVND0'HVND$=DU]HF]QD'5\G]./HZDQGRZVND$%DáFKDQRZVNL7%RVLFNL:Sá\ZW\JRGQLRZHJR WUHQLQJXSá\ZDFNLHJRQD]GROQRĞüZ\VLáNRZąOHWQLFKFKáRSFyZ:\FKRZDQLH)L]\F]QHL 6SRUW± =LDUD:-HV]F]HUD]R PRUIRORJLF]QRIXQNFMRQDOQ\FKGHWHUPLQDFMDFKQDXNLSá\ZDQLDPáRGV]\FKG]LHFL$QWURSRPRWRU\ND ±

&LWHWKLVDUWLFOHDV

(LGHU36HOHFWLRQLQVZLPPLQJWUDLQLQJ±WKHRUHWLFDOVWXG\&HQWU(XU-6SRUW6FL0HG±