The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing Climate

Delft University of Technology

The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing Climate

Aktürk, Gül DOI 10.7275/ak7n-z606 Publication date 2019 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA)

Aktürk, G. (2019). The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing Climate. Poster session presented at ICOMOS Advisory Committee Scientific Symposium , Marrakesh, Morocco.

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University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Massachusetts Amherst

ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst

Rural Heritage - Landscapes and Beyond / PATRIMOINE RURAL: Paysages et au-delà

The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing Climate // Le Paysage Rural Turque, un Patrimoine Soumis au Climate // Le Paysage Rural Turque, un Patrimoine Soumis au Changement Climatique

Changement Climatique

Gul Aktürk

gulaktrk@gmail.com

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/icomos_isccl

Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons, Architectural Technology Commons, and the

Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons

Aktürk, Gul, "The Rural Landscape as Heritage in Turkey Under Changing Climate // Le Paysage Rural Turque, un Patrimoine Soumis au Changement Climatique" (2019). Rural Heritage - Landscapes and Beyond / PATRIMOINE RURAL: Paysages et au-delà. 4.

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I

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I

COMOS

RURAL

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LANDSCAPES

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PATRI

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RURAL:

Paysages

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17

October

2019,

Marr

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Mor

occo

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17

octobre

2019,

Marr

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Mar

oc

The

Rural

Landscape

as

Heri

tage

i

n

Turkey

Under

Changi

ng

Cl

i

mate

Abst

r

act

The

The various determinants ofvernaculararchitecture embrace ethnic culturaldiversity,morals,climate,culturaland geographicalse ng,topography,policala tude,religion and language spoken which shaped the ruralbuiltheritage in Fındıklıin the Black Sea region.Yet,climate change hazards such as riverflooding,more frequenterosion and landslides affectnotonly localcommunies’livelihoods but also the ruralculturallandscape.There are importantlessons this rurallandscape as heritage holds in terms oftheirpastclimate pracces thatwe can learn from crasmanship,tradionalconstrucon t

ech-niques,m

niques,materials and localpracces to tackle currentand future condions ofenvironmentalchange.

This presentaon first,explores how pastlocalclimate trends in the region have shaped construcon and locaon technologies and lifestyles.Next,on site invesgaons such as seasonalphotographs of historic buildings,meteorologicaldata,records offlooding and erosion,including interviews with localstakeholders are applied to idenfy the localvulnerabilies ofruralbuiltheritage and landscape. Findings show various challenges and pressures on the ruralbuiltheritage underchanging climate such as materialdegradaon,structuraldamage in addion to the loss ofintangible heritage.Insufficient financialincenve from the localadministraons forrestoraon ofthe historic mansions,inaccessibility ofthe localmaterials,deforestaon,(Eres,2016)and lack ofclimate change consideraons in conser -vaon planning (Thackray,2013)accelerated pressure imposed by climate change on the scaered historic ruralselements.The findings also indicate thatthere is a crucialneed foridenficaon ofvulner a-bilies in lo

bilies in localscale considering the climate change through the lens ofculturallandscape heritage (Kaslegard,2011)and developing climate adaptaon plan forclimate resilientrurallandscape in the

region.

Probl

em

Definion

In the region,the characteriscs ofthe genuine ruralhouses incorporang the historical-culturallegacy are disregarded in the climate acon plans thus making the city more vulnerable to cli

ma-c hazards.

Inc

Increase in the frequency and intensity ofrainfall,riverflooding and landslides

Deforestaon fortea culvaon

Inavailability ofchestnuttrees (disease)

Decrease in snow cover

Shi towards Mediterrenean climate Increase in forestfires

C

Crop failure (maturaon me ofthe fruits has decreased)

Construcon ofhouses nearthe streambeds

Localadaptaon measures

Restoraon ofdeteriorated facade withouttechnicalguideliness Building a setwallto behind the mansions to preventfuture landsli -des Construcon ofstone wallalong the rivers by the Hydraulic

Works

Définion

du

Probl

ème

Dans la région,les plans d’acon pourle climatne ennentpas

compte des caractérisques des anciennes etauthenques mai

-sons rurales,témoignage d’un héritage historique etculturel,et cela rend la ville plus vulnérable aux aléas climaques.

Augme

Augmentaon de la fréquence etde l'intensité des précipitaons, des crues des rivières etdes glissements de terrain

Déforestaon pourla culture du thé

Indisponibilité des marronniers (maladie) Diminuon de la couverture neigeuse Décalage vers un climatméditerranéen Augmentaon des feux de forêt

Mau

Mauvaises récoltes (le temps de maturaon des fruits a diminué) Construcon de maisons près des lits des cours d'eau

Mesures d'adaptaon locales

Restauraon de façades détériorées sans direcves techniques Construire un muretderrière les hôtels parculiers pouréviterde futurs glissements de terrain

Con

Construcon d'un murde pierre le long des rivières parl’agence des travaux hydrauliques

Le

Paysage

Rural

Turque,

un

Patri

moi

ne

Soumi

s

au

Changement

Cl

i

maque

Les di

Les divers déterminants de l'architecture vernaculaire englobentune diversité d’aspects tels que la culture,l’ethnie,la morale,le climat,la géographie,la topographie,l'a tude polique,la religion etla langue parlée.Tous ces facteurs ontfaçonné le patrimoine bâ ruralde Fındıklı,dans la région de la merNoire en Turquie.Cependant,les aléas du changementclimaque,tels que les inondaons liées aux rivières,l'ér o-sion etdes glissements de terrain plus fréquents,affectentnon seulementles moyens de subsistance des communautés locales,mais égalementle paysage culturelrural.D'importantes leçons sontà rerde ce pa

patrimoine paysagerrural,notammentvia les praques passées de réponse au climatquinous apprennentl'arsanat,les techniques de construcon tradionnelles,les matériaux etles praques locales pour faire face aux condions actuelles etfutures du changementenvironnemental.

Cee présentaon explore dans un premiertemps commentles tendances climaques locales du passé ontfaçonné les technologies de construcon,l'emplacementetles modes de vie.Dans un second temps, des études de sites telles que des photographies saisonnières de bâments historiques,des données météorologiques ,des enregistrements d'inondaons etd'érosions,ainsique des entreens avec des pares prenantes locales sontulisées pouridenfierles vulnérabilités locales du paysage etdu patrimoine bâ rural.

Les

Les résultats montrentdivers défis etpressions surce patrimoine face au changementclimaque,tels que la dégradaon des matériaux,des dommages structurels ainsiqu’une perte du patrimoine immatériel. Les administraons locales n’ontpas suffisammentencouragé les autorités locales à restaurerleurs demeures historiques,l’absence de prise en compte du changementclimaque dans la planificaon de la con-servaon (Thackray,2013),l’inaccessibilité des matériaux locaux etla déforestaon (Eres,2016)ontaccéléré cee pression imposée parle changementclimaque surdes établissements ruraux historiques et

dispe

dispersés .Les résultats indiquentégalementqu’ily a un besoin cruciald'idenficaon des vulnérabilités locale,avec une prise en compte du changementclimaque,via le prisme du patrimoine paysageretcul -turel(Kaslegard,2011)etle développementde plans d’adaptaon aux changements climaques dans le butd’améliorerla résilience du paysage ruralde cee région .

Ref

erences

Ph.

D.

Candi

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dat

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₂₁₄

TU

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Del

₂₆₁₁

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_MP

Department

_Del

_|

_The

of

_Netherl

Ar

Gül

chi

t

Aktürk

ectur

_ands

e

Mai

l

:

G.

Akturk@tudel.

nl

|

Phone:

(

0)

6

17285407

Eres,Z.(2016).Türkiye’de GelenekselKöy MimarisiniKoruma Olasılıkları.Ege Mimarlık,8-13.

Kaslegard,A.S.(2011).Climate Change and CulturalHeritage in the Nordic Countries.Copenhagen:Nordic Councilof Ministers.

Thackray,D.(2013).Considering Significance in the Landscape:Developing Priories Through Conservaon Planning.In J.Grenville (Ed.),Managing the Historic RuralLandscape (pp.21-26).London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Photographs taken by the author, Map created by the author