A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S
FOLIA 1UR1DICA 24, 1986
J e r z y W r ó b l e w s k i
CO N C EP TS O F LEGAL SYSTEM AN D C O N C E P TIO N S O F VALID ITY
IN TRO DUC TIO N
1. T h e r e a r e th r e e m ain d im e n sio n s of c o n s tr u c tio n of co n c ep ts of leg a l sy stem .
F irstly , th e sy stem s ca n be d efin ed by re la tio n s of th e ir elem en ts. T h e classic n o rm a tiv istic d y ch o to m y of static a n d d y n am ic n o rm a tiv e sy ste m s ca n be th o u g h t of as a first a p p ro x im a tio n in th is lin e of th in k in g 1.
S econ d ly, sy ste m s c an b e id en tified b y a tim e d im en sio n of th e ir ex isten ce . H e re th e co n ce p ts of m o m e n ta ry leg al sy ste m s a r e c o r r e -late d w ith th e n o tio n of a leg al o rd e r as a se q u e n ce of m o m en tary sy ste m s2.
T h ird ly , leg al sy ste m s ca n b e sin g led o u t b y th e ir sp a ce d im ension. T h en th e r e a r e c o n c re te le g al sy stem s tr e a te d as v alid in a c o n c r ete t e r r ito r y of a g iv e n S tate, or a b s tra c t sy ste m s as th e o re tic a l c o n stru c ts th o u g h t of as se ts of e sse n tial f e a tu re s of v a rio u s c o n c re te leg a l sy stem s u se d in a m a cr o c o m p ar a tistic r e s e a r c h 3. T h u s o n e h a s to do e.g. w ith s ta tu to r y lav/ an d com m o n la w o pp o sition , or w ith sy stem s id en tified as g re a t fam ilies of law , e tc .4
1 H. K e l s e n , R eine R e c hts l e hr e , W ie n I960* § 34 (b) ; I d e m , G e n e r a l T h e o r y o l L aw a nd Sl ale , C am bridge 1949, chapt. 10. K els en a ba n do ne d th e p os s ib ility of
a s ta tic s y s te m of norms: I d e m , A l lg e m e i n e T he o r ie d er N o r m e n , W ien 1979, chapt. 58. Cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i, Di ll em m a s of the N o r m a t i v is ti c C o n c e p t ol L e ga l Sy stem , „R e chtsth eorie" 1982, B ńn h e ft 4; I d e m , S y s t e m s ol N o r m s and L ega l S y s te m , „Ri- v is ta in te rn azion a le di filos o fia del diritto" 1972, 2.
2 J. R a z , T h e C o nc e p t o l a L ega l S y s t e m , O xford 1973* p. 34 sq.
3 W . L a n g , J. W r ó b l e w s k i , S. Z a w a d z k i , T eo ria p a ń s tw a i p r a w a [T heo ry
of Sta te and Law], W ar sz aw a 1980* — chapt. 19.1.
4 E.g. R, D a v i d , Les g r an ds s y s t è m e s d e dr oit c o n te m p o r a i ns , P aris 19693,- J. H. W i g m o r e , A P a nor am a o l W o r l d L ega l S y s te m s , St. P aul 1928, 3 vo l. Com pare la c k of ge n er al ty p o lo g y in M. G. L о s a n o, I gr a nd i s i s t e m i giur idici, T orino 1978
2. T h e r e a r e also m an y co n c ep tio n s of v alid ity . T he b a sic re le v a n c e in g e n e r a l le g a l th e o ry h a v e th r e e su ch co n cep tio n s, i.e. of sy stem ic, fa c tu al a n d ax io lo g ic al v a li d ity 5. T h e first h isto ric a lly is co n n e c te d w ith tra d itio n s of e n a c ted law an d its p o sitiv istic th eo r y , th e se co n d c a n b e lin k e d w ith som e v a r ie tie s of p ra c tic e -o rie n te d r e a list th o ug h t, th e th ir d is u se d p ar a d ig m a tic a lly in so m e n a tu ra l law d o ctrin es.
But o n e ca n a p p r o a c h th e c o n c e p tio n s of v a lid ity s ta rtin g fro m the co n ce p ts of leg a l sy stem . T h e n v a lid ity is th o u g h t of as a fe a tu r e of th e e le m e n ts of a g iv e n leg a l sy ste m d efin ed b y its s tr u c tu r e . W e w ill h av e, th en, as m an y c o n c e p tio n s of v a lid ity as m an y str u c tu re s of leg a l sy stem w e sin g le out®.
3. In th e p r e s e n t e s s a y I w ill d ea l w ith th e v a r ie tie s of leg al sy stem s th o u g h t of as a se ts of no rm s. By „n o rm " I m ean h e r e a ru le w h ose m ean in g is a p a tte r n of d u e b e h a v io u r in a g iv e n le g al la n -g u a -g e 7. F or m y p u rp o ses it is su p e rf lu o u s to d iv id e th e n o rm s in su ch c a te g o rie s as p rim ar y a n d s e c o n d a r y r u le s8 o r n o rm s of c o n te n t, of e n a ctm e n t an d of v a lid ity 9. S uch a n d o th e r ty p o lo g ie s a r e h ig h ly r e le -v a n t for d ete rm in e d a n a ly tica l p u r p ose s, b u t w e c an do w ith o u t th em
in th e p re s e n t essay .
N o rm s a r e in v a r io u s re la tio n s, and th e se r e la tio n s d e te r m in e c o n -ce p ts of a le g al sy stem . I am n o t in te r e ste d h e r e w ith o th e r d im en sio ns of le g al sy stem s (p oint 2).
I w ill id en tify th e c o n c e p tio n s of v a lid ity p ro p e r to e a c h of th e co n ce p ts of sy stem s.
I w ill u se a m e ta th e o r e tic a l a p p r o ac h , a n d a n a ly se th e v a rio u s co n stru c tio n s of leg a l sy stem s an d c o r r e la te d co n ce p tio n s of v a lid ity tr e a tin g all of them as p o ssib le th e o r e tic a l m od els w h ich ca n b e i n t e r -p r e te d on tw o lev els. T h e first lev el it is a lev el of c o n c re te th e o rie s
3 Cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , T hr e e C o nc e p t s ol V a l i d i t y ol Law, „Tidskrift, u tg iv e n a v Juridiska F ö re nin ge n i Finland" 1982, 5 —6.
6 Cl. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , M o d e l li di s i s t e m i o p e r a ti v i e p o t e n z i a li l à de ll' inior -
m a t ic a giur id ica , „Logicd, In for m atics , D iritto" 1978, IV (1); I d e m , O p e r a t i v e M o d e l s a n d L egal S y s t e m s , [in:] A r t i li c ia l I n te l lig e nc e an d Le ga l I nform ation S y s te m s , v ol.
1, ed. C. C i a m p i , N or th-H o llan d 1982; I d e m , F uz z in es s of L ega l S y s t e m , fin:]
E s s ay s in Le ga l T h e o r y in H onor of K aar le M a k k o n e n X V I O ik e u s ti e d e Jur is pr ude n- tia 1983, V am m a la 1983.
7 J. W r ó b l e w s k i , T he P r ob lem ol the M e a ni ng of th e L ega l N or m , „ ö s te r -r eic hisch e Zft.f.ö-rf. Recht" 1964, 3— 4, -rep-r inted I d e m , M e a ni ng and T -ruth in Judi cia l
De cis ion , H e ls in ki 1983s.
8 E.g. H. L. A. H a r t, The C o nc e pt ol L aw, O xford 1961, chapt. III, V. 9 Cf. W r ó b l e w s k i , Sy s te m s.. ., p. 224 sq.
of law , a n d th e seco n d le v e l is th e ir ap p lic a tio n to c o n c r e te le g al sy stem s w h ich a r e fu n ctio n ally o p e r a tiv e in d ete rm in e d sp a cio -te m p o ra l d im ensio ns.
4. M y th esis in th e p re s e n t e ssa y is th a t th e r e a r e fiv e c o n c e p ts of le g al sy ste m s sin g led o u t ac c o rd in g to th e u se d c r ite r ia (p oin t 3) a n d ea c h of th em is c o rr e la te d w ith a co n c ep t of v alid ity . In th e follo w in g p a r ts of th is e ssa y I d eal w ith five co n c ep ts of leg a l sy stem s for w h ich I w ill g iv e c o n v e n tio n a l n am es: (I) „leg a l sy ste m of e n a c ted law "
(LSLE), (II) „ leg a l sy stem of lo g ically d ev elo p p e d la w " (LSFC), (III)
„leg a l sy stem of in ter p re te d law " (LS/C), (IV) „leg a l sy ste m of o p e r a -tiv e la w (LSOL), an d (V) „p rin c ip le d leg al sy ste m " (LSPP).
In co n c lu d in g o b se rv a tio n s I w ill b rie fly p o in t o u t so m e th e o re tic a l v ista s co n n e cted w ith th e d isc u sse d co n c ep ts of le g al sy ste m a n d c o n -ce p tio n s of v a lid ity .
I. LEGAL SYSTEM O F ENACTED L A W
5. Legal sy stem of e n a c ted law (LSLE) co n sists ex c lu siv e ly of n o rm s e n a c ted by p ro p e r a u th o rities. T h is is a m inim um c o n c e p t of law in s ta tu to r y law sy stem s. T h e e n a c te d n o rm s a r e id en tified b y p ro p e r p ro c e d u r e s d eter m in in g th e ac t of e n a c tm e n t. T h e LSLE co rr esp o n d s to e x tre m e ly sim p lified p ar ad ig m of s ta t u to r y law .
S ta tu to r y law is an id ea liz atio n of th e le g isla tiv e sy ste m s o p e ra tin g e.g. in c o n tin e n ta l E u ro p e if th e y a r e d esc rib e d in a form al w ay, i.e. tak in g in to a c co u n t o n ly for m a l h ie r a rc h ie s of th e so -c alled „so u rce s of law " , te ch n iq u e s of th e la w - m ak in g a n d of a n a p p lic atio n of law ,
an d om ittin g th e d iffere n c es of th e c o n ten t b e tw e e n th e se sy stem s10. T h e p rin cip a l fo rm of th e law -m a k in g is e n a ctm en t, an d e a ch v a lid n o rm is e x p r e sse d in or c o n stru c te d fro m e x p lir ity e n a c te d p ro v isio n s. In th o se p r o v isio n s th e r e a r e so m etim e s r e f e rr e d fu n c tio n a lly h ig h ly r e le v a n t e x tra - le g al ru le s su ch as custom s, po licies, s ta n d a r d s e tc.11
10 T he o p po sitio n b e tw e en s tatutor y la w and c om m on la w s y s te m s is c le a r ly form al and not e x h a u s tiv e one . B e sid e s th e re is a k n ow n te n d e n c y tow ar d rap pro che -m ent b e tw e e n th e s e tw o s ys te-m s . I u se , the refore , th is ty p o lo g y o n ly as a to ol of p r e s en ta tion o f th e problem s w h ic h d e pen d o n so m e formal c h ar a cte ris tic s of th e s y s te m s in qu es tion .
11 Statu to ry la w s y s tem a ss u m es , thus, a rather narr ow or „ p o sitiv is tic" v is io n o f le g a l sy s tem , w h ic h is c h a lle n g e d by th o s e tr ea ting Ц in a m or e lo o s e w a y as a LSPP (cf. point 18). e.g. G. H u g h e s , Rule s, P o l ic y a nd D e ci s io n -M a k in g, (in:]
L a w , R e a so n an d J us ti ce , ed. G. H u g h e s , N e w York-L ondon 1969, p. 123— 131 R. D w o r k i n , T he M o d e l o l Rules , |[in:] P h i lo s o p h y o l La w, ed. J. F e i n b e r g a nd
L aw -m ak in g by p r a c tic e of d e cisio n -m ak in g p la y s o b v io u sly su b sid ia r y role, of an y.
T h e LSLE is b a se d on an assu m p tio n th a t th e re a r e so m e c rite ria of id e n tify in g th e sco p e of th e sy stem , th a t is of th e v alid ity of n o rm s in this sy ste m 12. T his a ssu m p tio n ca n b e c h a lle n g ed e ith e r b y p r a c tic a l e x p e r ie n c e o r on th e b asis of som e th eo r e tic a l ar g u m en ts. T h e fo rm e r o b jec tio n h olds fo r h a rd ca ses an d, th e re fo re , o ne c an say , th a t th e a ssu m p tio n in q u e stio n is ju stifie d a t le a st for a su b -g ro u p of n o rm s v a lid in LSLE-, th is su b -gro up , h o w ev e r, is id en tified b y p u r e ly p ra ctic a l cr ite ria . T h e la tt e r o b je ctio n c a n n o t b e d e a lt w ith w ith o u t ta k in g in to a c co u n t v a r io u s v isio n s of th e b o d e rlin e b e tw e e n law an d no -law , if an y ; o n e h as, h enc e, to assum e, th a t su ch a d iv id in g lin e ca n b e d ra w n a t lea st b y co n v e n tio n b a se d on so m e ex p lic it th e o r e tic a l a n d /o r p ra c tic a l a rg u m en ts.
6. LSLE is b a se d on th e assu m p tio n of th e c o n c e p tio n of a sy stem ic
v alid ity V( LS LE) 13. T h e co n ce p t of v a lid ity id en tifies th e c r ite r ia of re co g n itio n of a n o rm as v a lid in a sy ste m 14. T he n o rm N b elo n g s to LSLE if: (a) N is e n a c te d a cc o rd in g to th e n o rm s v a lid in LSLE) (b) N is n o t d e r o g a te d b y n o rm s v alid in LSLE-, (c) N is c o n s iste n t w ith n o rm s v a lid in L SLE; (d) if N is in c o n s iste n t w ith n o rm s v a lid in LSLE th e n e ith e r it d o es n o t lo o se its v a lid ity a cc o rd in g to th e a c ce p ted ru les of co n flic t of n o rm s or N is in te rp r e te d in su ch a w a y th a t it ce a se s to b e in c o n sisten t w ith th e n o rm s in q u e stio n 13.
T h e c o n c e p tio n V(LSLE) is w id e ly u se d in leg a l p r a c tic e a n d in p o sitiv istica lly b ia se d leg al th eo ry . It is a r a th e r n a r ro w c o n ce p tio n
H. G r o s s , E ncino-B elm ont 1975, p. 78, 82 sq., For an a n a ly sis cf. T. R. K e a r n s ,
R ules , P ri nc ip le s a nd t he L a w , „The A m erica n Journal of Jur isprudence" 1973, 18,
p. 120 sq.; S. I. S h u m a n , J us t il ic at io n o l J ud ic ia l De c is io ns, „C alifornia Law R
e-v iew " 1971, 3, p. 723— 730; R. A 1 e x y . Z um B e gri li d e s R e c h ts p r in z i ps , „R ec hts-theor ie" 1979, B eih eft 1.
12 I as su m e , the n, tha t le g a l s y s tem is thou ght of as a s y s te m of norm s. It is an op en qu estion , w h e th o r this ass um p tion is n e c e s s a ry , viz. w h e th e r o ne can no t le a v e th is q u e stio n o pe n and u s e the c on c ep tu al apparatus co ns tr u cted in a v e r y in ter e stin g w o rk of C. A. A l c h o u r r ó n a nd E. B u l y g i n , N o r m a t i v e S y s t e m s , W ie n — N e w York 1971, chapt. IV (4). I u se a tr ad itio na l approach as a m ore in tui-tiv e w ith in th e fr am ew o rk of ac tua l s y s te m s of le g a l inform atics.
18 In th e te x t I w ill u s e th e sy m b ol V (...) for a n y c o n c e p tio n of v a lid ity g iv in g in br acke ts th e sym b ol of a le g a l s y s tem th e v a lid ity c o nc e p tio n is c orr elated w ith.
14 In this s e n s e o ne can s a y that th e co n ce p t of v a lid ity de pe nd s o n th e criterio n or a se t of criter ia of id e ntific atio n . Cf. A l c h o u r r ó n a nd B u l y g i n , op. cit , p. 72.
15 Cf. in d e tail J. W r ó b l e w s k i , S ą d o w e s to s o w a n ie p r a w a [[Judicial A p p lica -tion of Law], W a rs z aw a 1972, chapt. X (2 ); I d e m , T h r ee C on ce pts .. ., p. 408— 414.
of v a lid ity an d lo o k s a v e r y fo rm al one. T h e c lo se r an aly sis, h o w e v e r, d e m o n stra te s th a t o n e c a n n o t r e d u c e its u se to p u r e ly fo rm al o p e r a -tio n s w ith o u t m aking so m e r a th e r co m p licated assu m p -tio n s.
7. T h e fulfillm e nt of (a) is r e la tiv e ly e a sy to st a te if o n e h as d ete rm in ed th e v a lid ity of o th e r n o rm s in th e LSLE a n d th e r e a r e n o d o u b ts c o n c e rn in g th e p ro c e d u re s and th e re q u ire m e n ts of p o ssib le c o n te n t of e n a c te d n o rm s th o u g h t of as lim ita tio n s of law m a k in g a c ti -v ities. T h e o c c u re n c e of th e co n d itio n (b) is q u ite e a s ily stated , if u n d e rsto o d as th e n o n -e x iste n c e of v alid n o rm s e x p lic itly d e ro g a tin g th e n o rm N.
M o re co m p licated p ro b lem s a r e th o se of co n sisten c y . W e assu m e th a t w e c a n sp ea k in a m ea n in g fu l w a y ab o u t co n siste n cy a n d in c o n si-ste n c y of norm s, as w e a lw a y s do in le g al d o g m atics a n d leg a l p ractice, b u t n o t a lw a y s in logic or in leg al th e o ry 18. Th is assu m p tio n g ra n te d , w e d ec id e w h e th e r th e n orm N is o r is n ot co n siste n t w ith som e v alid n o rm in LSLE. In th e fo rm e r ca se th e re a r e no pro b lem s, in th e la tte r, h o w ev er , o n e h as to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e in co n s iste n c y is a re a l o n e (viz. it is u p to th e la w - m a k e r to c h a n g e la w for d isc ar d in g it, b e c a u se it w as d e lib e r a te ly p u t in th e sy stem for c e r ta in p u rp o ses) or is a sp u rio u s o n e (viz. it is u p to th e p e r so n a p p ly in g law o r sy stem a- tyz in g it to re m o v e it as a le g isla tiv e m ista k e )17. T h e a sc r ip tio n of an in co n sis te n cy to o n e of th e ab o v e -m e n tio n ed ty p e s is b as e d on axio- lo g ical co n sid e ra tio n s. W e c a n n o t deal, h o w e v er , w ith th is issu e h e re .
To re m o v e th e in co n sis te n cy th e ru le s of co n f lict of la w s a r e ap p lie d u sin g th e c r ite r ia of h i e r a r c h y (l ex superi or — l e x inferior), of tim e (l ex ant eri or — l e x posterior) , an d of su b s ta n ce (l ex gen e ral i s —
l e x specialis). If th e u se of th e ru le s b a se d on th e se c r ite ria le ad s to
in c o n siste n t co n c lu sio n s (e.g. w h e n th e r e is an in co n sis te n cy b e tw e e n
l e x posterior general i s and l e x ant eri or specialis), th e n th e ru le s of
th e se co n d le v el a r e u s e d 18. T h e c r ite ria of h ie r a r c h y a r e w e ll d efin ed
’* E g . K e l s e n , A l lge m e in e ..., chap t. 57— 59. Cf. a b alan ce d v ie w of G. H. v on W r i g h t , No r m s , T rut h an d Logic, i[in:] D eo nt ic Logic, C o m p u t a ti o n a l L in gu ist ics a n d Le ga l I nform ation S y s t e m s , v o l. 2, ed. A. A . M a r t i n o, N o r th-H ollan d 1982, p. 3 sq.
17 Cf. К. О p a 1 e к and J. W r ó b l e w s k i , Z a ga dn ie nia te o r ii p r a w a [P ro ble m s of Leg al T h e o r y ] W a r sz aw a 1969, chapt. 111(3.1); L a n g , W r ó b l e w s k i , Z a
-w a d z k i , op. cit., chapt. 19.3.1.; Z. Z i e m b i ń s k i , P r o b l e m y p o d s t a -w o -w e p r a -w o -
z n a w s t w a [Basic P roblem s of the L egal S c ie n c e s ), W ar sz a w a 1980, chapt. 4.5.2.; cf.
in ge ne ral G. G a v a z z i, D e ll e an ti no m i e, Torino 1959; A . G. C o n t e , Sa gg io sulla
c o m p l e t e z z a d e g l i o r d in am e nt i gi uri dic i, T orino 1962, chapt. 1.2.2.
18 О p a l e к and W r ó b l e w s k i , op. cit., chapt. Ill (3.2.) ; L a n g , W r ó b l e w -s k i , Z a w a d z k i , op. cit., chapt. 19.3.2; N. В o b b i о, D e-s c r i tè r e -s p o ur r é -s ou d r e
in s ta tu to r y le g al sy stem s at le a st in th e h ig h e r le v e ls of h ie r a r c h y of n orm s a n d c an b e s ta te d q u ite fo r m a lly 10. T h e sam e h o ld s for the c r ite ria of tim e. T h e re la tio n of l ex special is an d l ex gen er al i s is, h o w ev e r, n o t fo rm al o n e an d a t le a st in so m e c ases d ep e n d s on e v a -lu a tio n s20.
The d e cisio n w h ich of th e c o n tra d ic to r y n o rm s is v alid a t le a s t in so m e c a se s c an n o t be fo rm u late d b y u sin g w e ll d efine d a n d axiolo - g ic ally n e u tr a l c r ite r ia b ase d o n th e d esc rip tio n of th e tex ts of th e n o rm s in q u estio n . T h is is also th e c ase w h e n th e u se of th e r u le s of co n flicts is n o t en o u g h a n d le g al in te r p re ta tio n h as to b e u sed . A n d th is u se d ep e n d s o n a ch o ice of i n te r p r e ta tiv e d ire c tiv e s (comp, p o in t
1.3 below ).
T he v a lid ity in th e LSLE is, h en ce, r e la tiv e ly sim ple if it is d e t e r m ined by th e c r ite r ia (a) a n d (b). In th e se s itu a tio n s V{LSLE) is d e te r -m in ed b y d e scrib in g th e tex ts of n o r-m s of LSLE a n d law -e n a c t-m e n t
acts.
T he c h a r a c te r is tic ts of th e re m a in in g c r ite ria a r e c o n tro v e r sia l. In a n a n ti-p o sitiv is t th in k in g it is ta k en a s g r a n te d (and e v e n so m etim e s d e m o n strate d ) th a t a t le a st in so m e c a ses th e u se of th e c r ite r ia in q u estio n r e q u ir e e v a lu a tio n s w h ich e x h y p o t h e s i s c a n n o t b e re la tiv iz ed to th e c o n te n t of th e n o rm s of LSLE in q u estio n . If it is so, th e n to d ec id e th e issu e o n e u ses so m e a rg u m e n ts b ro u g h t in th e d isc o u rse from o u tsid e of th e LSLE. In tr ad itio n a l th in k in g all sy ste m ic c r ite ria of v a lid ity a r e „form al". A c c o r d in g ly e v e n ev a lu a tio n s, if n ec es sa ry , ca n b e r e la tiv iz e d to th e ax io lo g ica l p re su p p o sitio n s in h e re n t in LSLE an d, h en ce, o n e is n o t co m p elled to go o u tsid e th e law an d e v e n o n e sh ou ld n o t do it for th e sa k e of leg ality .
8. T h e LSLE is e v id e n tly n o t a d e q u a te e ith e r for in leg a l th e o ry or fo r le g a l d o g m atics or le g al p ra ctic e. F o r ea c h of th em le g al sy ste m
is so m e th in g m o re th a n n o rm s e n a c te d b y the law - m ak er.
F irstly , th e e n a c te d n o rm s a r e „v alid " in so m e d eter m in e d m ean in g. If this m e an in g is clea r , in a c o n c re te situ atio n , th e n this im m e d iate u n d e r sta n d in g is th o u g h t of as th e m ean in g of th e no rm . If, h o w e v er, th e r e a r e d o u b ts ab o u t th e p r o p e r m ea n in g of th e norm , th e n o n e
1# 1 his c on flict rule is not, h o w ev e r, a lw a y s a pp lie d and e v e n a c k n o w le d g e d as v alid . Cf. e.g. for he u ristic s H. Т. К 1 a m i, L e ga l H e ur is t ic s , V am m ala 1982, p. 47— — 53; A. R o s s , On L aw a nd Jus ti ce , London 1958, p. 132, about th e r ole of l e x
s u p e r io r rule cf. A. P e с z e n i k, T he Basis o l L e ga l J us ti fi c atio n, Lund 1983, p. 66
sq., 133.
20 Cf. J. W r ó b 1 e w s к i. L ex g en e r al is a l e x s p e c ia l is [Lex G en er alis and Lex S p e c ia lis], „ Z e s z yty N a u k o w e UŁ" 1963, S. I, nr 28.
h a s to u se an in te r p r e t a tio n 21. T h e in te rp re ta tio n , e it h e r o p e r a tiv e in th e p ro c es s of an ap p lic atio n of law o r d o c tr in a l m ad e w ith in th e sco p e of le g al d o gm atics, is ju stifie d b y d ire c tiv e s of le g a l in te r p re -tatio n a s a rg u m e n ts o r lopoi. But then a v alid n o rm is an in te rp re ted no rm , a n d w e go from th e LSLE to th e le g al sy ste m of in te r p r e te d la w (LSIC) (point 12).
* S econ dly , th e u se of co n f lic t ru le s ca n be c o n te ste d and , th ere fo re , th e a p p lic a tio n of th e c o r re sp o n d in g c r ite r io n of v a lid ity co u ld b e do ub tfu l.
T h ird ly , it is w id e ly ad m itte d th a t a n u se of e x p lic it d e ro g a tio n in f lu en c es n o t o n ly a d e ro g a te d norm , b u t also its co n se q u en c e s. It h a s b e e n d em o n stra te d , th a t th e r e a r e v a r io u s se ts of n o rm s affected b y d er o g a tio n b ec a u s e of th e ir r e la tio n w ith a d e r o g a te d n o rm : o n e h as, in fact, to se le c t a m in im al s e t of n o rm s w h ic h a r e im p licitly d e r o g a te d as c o n se q u e n ce s of d er o g a te d n o rm 22. A d e te r m in a tio n of c o n se q u e n c e s of a n ex p licit d e ro g atio n a p p e a r s as h ig h ly c o m p lica ted p ro cess, a n d im p lies lo g ica l in fe re n c e s from a d e ro g a te d n o rm an d co m p a riso n of th e c o n clusio ns of th es e in f er en ce s w ith n o t d e ro g ate d n o rm s an d th eir c o n se q u e n ce s. T h e LSLE is, th u s, n o t sufficien t, an d o n e h as to d ra w fo rm al in f er en ce s of n orm s, i.e. to g o fro m th e LSLE to th e le g al sy s te m of lo g ica lly d ev elo p p e d law (LSFC) (p o in t 9).
II. LEGAL SYSTEM OF LOGICALLY DEVELOPPED LAW
9. Legal sy stem , as a ru le, is th o u g h t of n o t o n ly as a se t of e n a cte d le g al n o rm s [LSLE) b u t also in clu d es all fo rm al c o n se q u en ce s of th ese n orm s. T h us o n e h a s to do w ith th e le g al sy ste m of lo g ic ally d e v e lo p p e d law (LSFC). T h e u se of th is co n c ep t of a le g al sy ste m is b a se d on a thesis, th a t th e r e is a form al logic in t e r p re te d b y n o rm s o r b y th e ir co m p o n en t p a rts, a n d th a t th is log ic g u a r a n t e e s a tr a n s iv ity of r e le v a n t p r o p e rtie s of e n a c te d n o rm s to th e ir fo rm al c o n se q u e n c e s (F -conse- q u enc es).
T he tr a n sitiv ity in q u estio n c o n ta in s a t le a s t th e tr a n s itiv ity of v alid ity . If th e e n a c te d n orm is v alid , th e n its F c o n seq u e n ce is v a -lid too.
81 T his is a narrow m ea n in g of „inte rp retation" (cf. point 12). T r adition al d o c -tr in e of c lar il as ta ke n as an pragm a tical e va lu a tio n in c on c r e te situ a tion do e s co r-re s po nd w ith the pr ac tica l u se of this term .
“ Cf. С. E. A 1 с h o u r r ó n, N o r m a t i v e O r d e r a nd De r o ga t io n, [in:] D eo nt ic Logic... The de ro g a tio n is p os s ib le o n ly by a d er o ga tin g norm ac co rding to K e l s e n , A ll ge m e in e.. ., chapt. 27.
10. T h e fo rm al ca lc u lu s in q u estio n fu lfills tw o co n d itio n s; (a) it ca n be „ in te r p re te d " (in th e lo g ical se n se of this term ) b y n o rm s an d th e ir co m p o n en t p ar ts; (b) th e lo g ical d e r iv a tio n tr an s fe r s th e v a lid ity of p re m isses to th e v alid ity of th e co n se q u e n ce s.
T h e first co n d itio n (a) d ea ls w ith som e p ro b lem s of p h ilo so p h y a n d of logic. P h ilo so p h ica lly th is is th e o p p o sitio n b e tw e e n co g n itiv ism a n d a n ti-c o g n itiv ism in th e q u estio n w h e th e r n o rm s in g e n e r a l o r som e k in d s of n orm s ca n b e tr e a te d as tr u e o r fa lse in a g iv en la n g u ag e . T h e lo g ical p ro b lem is th a t of c o n stru c tin g a fo rm al cu lc u ls a d e q u a te fo r d e alin g w ith n o rm a tiv e d isco u r se in su ch a w a y th a t all c o r r e c t in f er en ce s b e tw e e n n o rm s co uld b e tr e a te d as „ in te r p re ta ti o n s ” (in th e lo g ical s en se of th is w ord), of som e th es es of this calcu ls.
„F o rm al lo g ic '' in th is c o n te x t m ean s e it h e r fo rm al a le tic log ic or d eo n tic logic a n d n o r m a tiv e logic, or all of them . T h e com m o n f e a tu r e of a n y fo rm a l log ic is th a t it is p re se n te d as a fo rm a liz ed calc ulus, w h ich is „ in te r p re te d ” in th e m a n n e r r e le v a n t for le g a l d isco urse, T h e d iffe re n ce b e tw e en aletic log ic on th e o n e h an d , a n d th e o th e r ty p es of fo rm al logic o n th e o th e r is t h a t th e fo rm er d ea ls w ith jtrue o r false p r o p o sitio n s an d th e ir p a rts, an d se v e ra l ty p es of re la tio n s an d classes r e la te d w ith th e „w o rld of f a c ts ” , w h e re a s th e la t te r d e als w ith n orm s a n d p ro p o sitio n s ab o u t no rm s. T h e p h ilo so p h ical issu e is w h e th e r n o rm s a r e tru e o r false, and if th e a n sw e r is y es, th e n w h e th e r ale tic logic c a n be u se d in a leg a l d isc o u rse in v o lv in g n o rm s an d e v a lu a tio n s. T h e r e a r e se v e ra l o nto lo g ic al, ep istem o log ica l, ax io log i- cal, m eth o d o lo g ic al an d sem io tica l issu es in v o lv e d in th a t c o n tr o v e r sy 23. I assu m e h e r e th a t a t lea st som e ty p e s of fo rm al logic a r e r e le v -a n t fo r le g -a l d is c o u r se 24. W e r e it no so, th e n th e w h o le c o n stru c tio n
of LSFC w o uld b e im p o ssib le25.
T h is c le a r ly d e m o n stra te s th a t th e LSFC is b ase d on h ig h ly c o n -tro v e r sia l assum p tio ns. In a r a th e r u n r e fle c tiv e le g a l th in k in g all th e se c o n tr o v e r sie s ar e, h o w e v er, tr e a te d as n o n e x istin g . O n e e ith e r ac c e p ts th em as ev id en t, or rejecLs th em as a n y a p p lica tio n of log ic for no rm s. T h e first p o sitio n ca lls for an id e n tific atio n of fo rm al log ic re fe rr e d
23 E.g. v o n W r i g h t , Nor m s .. ., p. 3; a ga in st th e r e le v a n c e of th e s e is s u e s H. N. C a s t a n e d a , L og ic a l St ru ct ur e ol L ega l S y s t e m s , [in:] De o nt ic Logic..., p. 25.
21 J. W r ó b l e w s k i , Jus ti fica tion ol L ega l De cis io ns, „R evu e in te rna tio n ale de ph ilos op hie " 1979, 127— 128, p. 280.
25 O ne ca n w o nd er, w h e th fr th is is not the c a s e w h en on e ac c ep ts the cha rac -te r is tics of leg a l r e as o n in g a ss er -ted by n e w rhetoric, cf. Ch. P e r e 1 m a n, L o giq ue
jur i d iq ue , P aris 1979s, part. II; cf. a ls o intr oduc tion b y A. G i u l i a n i , to the Italian
tr an slation of this w o rk L ogic a giur idic a. N u o v a r e tor ic a, M ila no 1979 and I d e m ,
Lo gica d el dir itt o. T e o r ia d e ll' a r go m e n ta z io n e, [in:] E nc i cl op e di a d e l d ir itto , M ilano
to, th e seco n d, ex c lu d in g in f e re n tia l re la tio n s b e tw e e n n orm s, e x c lu d e s th e LSFC.
T h e sec o n d c o n d itio n (b) also ca lls fo r clo se a tte n tio n . It p r e s u p -p o se s th a t v a lid ity ca n b e tr a n sf e r r e d ac c o rd in g to th e lo g ical r e la tio n s tric tly a n a lo g o u sly to th a t of tr u th in aletic logic. O n e feels th a t this a n a lo g y is ju stified , b u t a p e r p le x ity a r is e s w h e n o n e is ask in g th e sim ple „ w h y ” q u estio n of th is ju stific atio n . T h e a n s w e r co u ld b e th a t th e r e is a p r o to lo g ic al ca lcu lu s, w h ich c a n b e u se d fo r tr u t h an d v a li-d ity as w e ll20 or th a t t h e r e is n o e ss e n tia l li-d iff ere n c e b e tw e en tr u th a n d v a lid ity b e c a u se n o rm s a r e p ro p o sitio n s27. It is n o p lac e h e r e to d isc uss th is r a th e r c o m p lica te d a n d c o n tr o v e rs ia l issue. A n y w a y th e a ssu m p tio n of th is v a lid ity tr a n si tiv ity b e tw e e n e n a c te d n o rm s a n d th eir
fo rm al co n se q u en ce s is n e c e ssa r y co n d itio n of a n y LSFC con cep t.
11. T h e LSFC stim u late s, h o w e v e r, se rio u s p ro b lem s e v e n a c ce p tin g its p rem isses (po int 10).
F irstly , in th e leg al d isc o u rse th e re is a n o p e n q u e stio n co n c ern in g th e sco p e of fo rm a l c o n se q u en ce s of e n a c te d no rm s. T h e re a r e th e so -c alle d leg a l ar g u m e n ts of th e tra d itio n a l form s of a r g u m e n t u m a
fortiori, a contrario an d per anal ogiam. O n e can try to d esc rib e them
u sin g for m a l calculi, b u t th e re su lts a r e c o n tr o v e r s ia l28. E ven if o ne c a n d esc r ib e th em c o r re c tly , th e q u estio n is u n d e r w h a t c o n d itio n s th e y can b e u se d as th e „ ru le s" of fo rm al calculi.
S econ d ly, th e LSFC is a sy stem w h ich is n o t a fin ite sy ste m in a n y g iv e n m o m ent b e c a u se all th e p o ssib le fo rm a l c o n se q u en c e s a re „ g iv en " w h e n th e LSLE is g iven . T his c o n s e q u en c e of LSFC co u ld r u n a g a in st m an y ch e rish ed b eliefs of la w y e rs.
T h ird ly , to th e fo rm al c o n se q u en ce s of e n a c te d n o rm s a r e ap p lied all o b s er v a tio n s c o n n e c te d w ith th e m ean in g an d in te rp re ta tio n of th e n o rm s of LSLE (po int 8). A fo rm a l in fe re n ce s ta rts fro m an e n a c te d n o rm w ith a d e te r m in e d m ean in g, a n d if th is m e an in g is d o u b tfu l th en w e h a v e to do n o t w ith a fo rm a l c o n s eq u en c e b u t w ith an i n t e r p re ta -tiv e c o n se q u e n c e p r o p e r for th e LSI C (p oint 12). In th is situ a tio n o n e h as to le a v e th e LSFC fo r LSI C co n stru c tio n .
26 I. T a m m e l o , O ut li ne s ol M o d e r n L ega l Logic, W ie s b a d e n 1969, p. 38; Ch. and O. W e i n b e r g e r , Logik, Se m ant ic , H e r m e n e u ti k, M ünch en 1979, p. 100.
ï7 Cf. G. K a l i n o w s k i , Le p r o b l è m e d e la v é r it é en m o r al e et en dr oit, L yon 1967.
28 E.g. J. L. G a r d i e s, La l o g iq u e d e l'i nt e r pr é t at io n du dr oit et la l o gi q u e du
dr oit lu i-т е т е, „ A r ch iv e s de p h ilos o p h ie du droit" 1982, 27; G. K a l i n o w s k i , in t r od u c tio n à la lo g i q u e jur i di qu e , P aris 1965, chapt. IV § 3. A bo ut th e rhe torica l
F o u rth ly , th e Vf LSFC) is d e ter m in ed b y th e V(LSLE) p r o p e r for
LSLE p lu s fo rm a l co n se q u en ce s, i.e. th e c r ite ria of V( LSFC) a r e th o se
of V(LSLE) p lu s th e ru les of form a l calcu li. A ll o b se r v a tio n s co n c ern in g th e Vf LSLE) co n ce p tio n do a p p ly to th e V( LSFC) co n cep tio n .
III. LEGAL SVSTEM O F INTERPRETED LAW
12. To a leg al sy stem of in te r p re te d law (L SI C) b elo n g n o t on ly e n a c te d n o rm s (as in LSLE) and th e ir fo r m a l c o n se q u e n c e s (as in LSFC) b u t a lso i n te r p r e ta tiv e c o n se q u en ce s (I - c o n se q u e n ce s ) of th e se g ro u p s of n orm s. In o th e r w o rd s in tlie LSIC th e ru le s co n stru c te d in th e p ro c ess of in te r p r e ta tio n from th e n orm s of LSLE and LSFC a r e tre a te d also as v a lid no rm s.
T h e w h o le c o n ce p t of LSIC d ep en d s, of co ur se, on th e th e o r e tic a l co n ce p tio n of le g a l in te rp re tatio n . T h e re a r e s e v e r a l co n c ep ts of leg a l in te r p r e ta tio n sy m b olized h e r e by I. h m e an s co g n itio n of a n y o b je ct of c u ltu re („ cu ltu ra l in ter p re ta tio n " ) , Ii m ean s g iv in g a se n se to a n y lin g u istic a lly w ell-fo rm ed sign in a g iv en lan g u ag e („ in te r p re ta tio n in th e w ide sen se" ), h m eans a sc rip tio n of a m e an in g to a sig n in th e ca se of d o u b t ( „ in te r p re ta tio n in a n a r r o w se n se "), It m e an s h p er fo rm ed in th e p r o c e ss of a n a p p lic atio n of law ( „o p e ra tiv e i n te r p r e ta tio n " ) o r Is in th e d o g m atic d ea lin g w ith la w („ d o ctrin al in te r
-p re ta tio n " ) etc.29 In th e -p re s e n t -p a -p e r I w ill u se th e h an d U.
T h e in te r p re ta tiv e d ec isio n is ju stif ia b le by d ir e c tiv e s of le g al in te rp re tatio n , w h ic h ca n also g u id e th e in t e r p r e ta to r in his ta sk . T he d ir ec tiv e s of le g a l in te rp r e ta tio n a r e o ften in con flict, re f e r to so m e e v a lu a tio n s an d, th e re fo re , h a v e to b e ch o sen b y th e d e cisio n -m a k er. T his ch o ic e is u ltim a te ly b a sed on v a lu e s d eter m in in g th e sets of d ir e c tiv e s of leg a l in te r p r e ta tio n a p p e a rin g as n o r m a tiv e th e o rie s o r —• — m o re lo o sely — as id eo lo g ies of leg al in te r p r e ta tio n 30.
T h e in te r p r e ta tiv e d ec isio n ca n b e p u t into th e sta n d a r d fo rm u la: „th e n o rm N h a s th e m ea nin g M in th e la n g u a g e L ac c o rd in g to th e
19 For the m ain ide a s co n ce rn ing le g a l interp re ta tion in th e pr esent paper cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , S e m a n tic Basis o l th e T h e o r y o l Le gal In te r pr e tat io n , „Logique et A n a lys e" 1963, 21/24; I d e m , L ega l R e as o nin gs in Legal I n te rp r et at io n , „Logique
et A n aly s e" 1969, 45,- I d e m , M e an in g and Truth..,, p. 22— 48, 71— 103.
30 J. W r ó b l e w s k i , L 'inle rp re tati on e n d ro it: t h é o r ie et id é ol o gi e, „A r chive s
de p h ilo so ph ie du droit" 1972, 18; I d o m , Z a g ad nie n ia t eo r ii w y k ł a d n i p r a w a l ud o
-w e g o [P roblem s of In terpre tatio n of the P e op le's L a-w ], W a rsz a-w a 1959, chapt. IV;
d ire c tiv e s of leg al in te r p r e ta tio n Dit, Dis, DIn a n d e v a lu a tio n s Vi , Vs, V„ in h e re n t in th e ir ch o ic e a n d u se " 31.
13. T h e co n c ep tio n of v alid ity u sed in LSIC, i.e. Vf LSIC), is b a se d on fo llo w ing co n d itio n s: (a) th e r e is LSFC o r a t le a s t LSLE sy stem and e a ch of th em u ses th e p ro p e r co n ce p tio n of v a lid ity , i.e. V(LSLE) and
V(LSFC) ; (b) th er e is a set of d ire c tiv e s of leg al in te rp r e ta tio n DI,
w h ich is a fin ite se t w ith d efin ed situ a tio n s of th e ir u se; (c) th e v a lid ity of in te rp r e te d n o rm s is tra n sf o rm ed in to v a lid ity of th e ru les, w h ich o n e g e ts by or ju stif ies b y th e ch o se n DI.
T h e (a) co n d itio n is an assu m p tio n w h ic h is u s u a lly m ad e as e v id en t. I w o u ld like to s tre s s th a t a c co rd in g to th e p re v io u s o b s e r v a -tio n s th e a s se r -tio n of an e x iste n c e of LSLE a n d LSFC is lin k e d w ith se v e ra l prob lem s, w h ich a r e n o t e a sy to so lve.
T h e (b) p re se n ts se v e ra l p rob le m s. D ire ctiv es of le g a l in te rp r e ta tio n a p p e a r as a r a th e r h ete ro g e n o u s a n d co n flic tin g set of rules, w h o se a p p lic atio n is b a se d o n c e r ta in e v a lu a tio n s. O n e c a n sin g le o u t a set of th o se d ir e c tiv e s w h ich is fa ir ly co m m on ly a c ce p te d in in te r p r e ta tiv e a c tiv itie s w h en som e w id e ly sh ar e d assu m p tio n s c o n c ern in g le ga l n orm s, th e ir m e an in g s an d so m e p ro p e r tie s of le g al la n g u ag e a n d of leg al sy ste m a r e tak e n as g ra n te d . If o n e ag r e e s w ith th e se co n d itio n s th e n w e ca n talk ab o u t „co m m o nly a cc e p te d d ire c tiv e s of leg al in te r p r e ta tio n " 32. But th e s e d ire c tiv e s a r e n o t su fficien t to so lv e all in t e r -p r e ta tiv e -p ro b le m s and, h en ce, n eith e r in leg al d o g m atics n o r in le g al p r a c tic e a r e th o u g h t of as „ n o rm a tiv e th e o ry of leg a l in te rp r e ta tio n " .
To fo r m u late su ch a th e o r y it is n e c e ss a r y to ch o o se a se t of d ire c tiv e s of le g al in te r p r e ta tio n tak in g d e fin ite p re f e r e n c e co n ce rn in g th e to p v a lu e s th e i n te r p r e t a tio n h a s to se rv e. O n th e o n e h a n d w e h a v e to do w ith th e ch o ice of sta tic v a lu e s (e.g. sta b ility , c e rta in ty ), an d w ith th e d y n am ic v a lu e s („ a d e q u a c y of law an d life") o n th e o th e r 33.
T h e fu lfilm en t of th e (b) co n d itio n p re sen ts, th u s, s e v e r a l p ro blem s, w h ich in flu en c e th e v e r y c o n c e p t of th e LSI C a n d of th e c o r r e la te d
V(LSIC) .
31 W r ó b l e w s k i , Justification. .., p. 284— 286; I d e m , Są d o w e .. ., chapt. X(3). 38 Cf. W r ó b l e w s k i , Z a g ad nie n ia te o r ii w y k ł a dn i. .. , chapt. VIII § 2; I d e m ,
Są d ow e . .. , p. 143 sq. For co m m ents cf. A. P e c z e n i k , W a r to ś ć n a u k o w a d o g m a t y k i p r a w a [The Sc ie n tific V a lu e of L egal D o g m a tics ], K rak ów 1966, § 25; L. N o w a k , P r ó ba m e t o d o l o g ic z n e j c h a r a k t e r y s t y k i p r a w o z n a w s t w a [A n E ss ay o n th e M eth o do
lo-g ic a l F eatu res of the L elo-gal S c ie n c e ], P oznań 1968, p. 83— 94.
33 Cf. W r ó b l e w s k i , Z a g ad ni en ia te o r ii w y k ł a d ni .. ., chapt. I V and litt, c ite d in n ote 29.
T h e co n d itio n (c) co rr esp o n d s w ith th e co m m o n ly h e ld in tu itio n s of law y e rs. If th e y t re a t le g a l in te r p r e t a tio n as a d is co v e ry of o n e sin g le „tru e " m e aning of in te r p r e te d le g al no rm , th e n th e n o rm in th is m ea -n i-ng is r e a lly v alid -norm . If th e y tre a t le g al i-n te rp r e ta tio -n as a so rt of c r e a tiv e a c tiv ity , th e n a n o rm c r e a te d th ro u g h in te r p r e ta tio n is tr e a te d as a v a lid no rm . In b o th e x tr e m e c o n s tr u c tio n s th e a c t of in te rp r e ta tio n d e ter m in e s th e sco p e of LSIC: in th e fo rm er c o n stru c tio n it con firm s by d isc o v e ry w h a t is „ re a lly " v alid law , and, d e c la re s w h a t w as v alid ; in th e la tt e r c o n s tr u c tio n in te r p r e ta tiv e d ec isio n h a s a c o n stitu tiv e p o -w er, b e c au se is tr e a te d as a t le a st p a r tia lly la-w -m a k in g d ecision . It is w o r th m en tio n in g th a t th e la tte r c o n stru c tio n ca n b e m o re o r le ss c o n -v in c in g ly ju stifie d fo r an o p e r a ti-v e in te rp re tatio n , b u t is r a th e r do ub tfu l w h en it re fe r s to a d o c trin a l in te r p r e ta tio n w h ile su sta in in g th e v iew th a t le g a l scien c e is n o t a so u rc e of law 34.
14. T h e c o n c ep t of LSIC is sile n tly a c c ep ted in p ra ctic e: w h e n in te r -p re te d n o rm s a r e v a lid th e n th e ru le s re su ltin g fo rm in te r -p r e ta tio n a r e v a lid too. But th is th e V(L SI C) is th e q u ite d iffe ren t c o n c ep tio n of v a l i-d ity from th e V(LSLE) o r Vf LSFC) one.
T h e m o st se rio u s p ro b lem s w ith th e V( LS IC) a r e c o n n e cte d w ith fu l-film en t of th e (b) c o n d itio n d e a lt w ith a b o v e (p oin t 13). In th e situ atio n of p lu ra lity of co n flic tin g d ire c tiv e s of in te r p r e ta tio n o ne fa c es th e fo llo w ing th e o r e tic a l ch oice s: firstly , to r e je c t th e c o n stru c tio n of LSIC as n o t o p e ra tiv e; seco n d ly , to r e str ic t th e LSIC c o n stru c tio n o n ly to th e /-c o n se q u e n c e s sta ted a cc o rd in g to th e „co m m o nly a cc e p te d d ir e c tiv e s of leg al in te rp re ta tio n " ; th ird ly , to a c c ep t all in te r p re ta tio n s re la tiv iz e d to a n y d irec tiv e s.
T h e fir st ch o ic e is r e la tiv e ly sim p le one, th eo r e tic a lly ca n b e e a sily ju stif ie d b u t is n o t a d e q u a te fo r c u r r e n t v ie w s e ith e r in le g a l scien c e or in le g al p rac tice . It m ea n s th a t o n e c a n n o t c o n stru c t th e LSI C a t all.
T h e th ird ch o ice se em s to b e a d e q u a te for w id e ly sh a r e d o p in io n s in le g a l sc ie n c e a n d in leg a l p rac tic e. A c o n s eq u en c e of c o n tro v e rs ia l a x io lo g y u n d e rly in g in te rp r e ta tio n is th a t LSI C is c o n tro v e r sia l itself, a n d v a lid ity of its no rm s, if in ter p re te d , ca n as a r u le b e co n teste d . T his is a com m o n a ttitu d e of a ru le scepticism .
T h e sec o n d ch o ic e is th a t a co m p ro m ise in w h ic h a co n stru c tio n of th e LSI C is p r e s e r v e d a t th e p r ic e of r e str ic tin g it to som e / c o n s e q u e n -ce s a n d u p o n a co n d ition of re a c h in g a n a g r e e m e n t c o n c ern in g th e
34 J. W r ó b l e w s k i , P r a w o z n a w s t w o j a ko „ źr ód ło p ra w a" [Legal S c ie n ce as „The Source" o l L aw ], „P aństw o i P rawo" 1973, 7,- I d e m , La j ur is p r u d e n c e et la
d o c tr in e ju r id iq ue en tant q ue s o u r c e d e dr oi t, [in:] R a pp o r ts p ol o na is p r é s e n té s a i n e u v i è m e c o n g r è s in' ern. d e dr oit c o m p a r é , W r oc la w 1974, p. 56— 59.
„co m m o n ly a cc e p ted d ir e c tiv e s of legal in te r p r e ta tio n " . O n e ca n ar g u e th a t th is co m p ro m ise n e ith e r satisfie s th e str iv e r s for a d e te rm in a n c y of le g a l sy stem (the first ch oice) n o r th e co m m on in tu itio n s a n d p ra c tic e s of in te rp r e ta tio n (the th ird choice).
O n ly th e first ch o ic e is b a se d o n fo rm a l p r o p e r tie s of leg a l sy stem , a n d th is m e an s th e r e je c tio n of th e p o ssib ility of th e LSIC. T h e o th e r ch oice s, if n o t m ad e b y p u r e co n v e n tio n , sh o uld ta k e in to a c co u n t th e v ie w s c o n c ern in g d ire c tiv e s of le g al in te rp r e t a tio n e x p re sse d in leg al
d ec isio n -m a k in g p ra c tic e an d in le g al scien ce.
T h e r e is, h o w e v e r, o n e p o ssib ility fo r ch an g in g o u r c o nc lu sio n , b u t it d e p e n d s o n ly on le g is la tiv e a c tiv ity . T h e law c an fo r m u la te d ir e c ti-v e s of le g a l in te rp r e ta tio n in th e fo rm of s ta tu to r y n o rm s53. If th is is th e c a se th e n pri ma laci e o n e c a n c o n stru c t th e LSI C co n ta in in g /c o n -se q u e n c e s b a -se d on th o -se d ire ctiv e s. But th e re a r e tw o co m m e n ts to be m ade. F irstly , in o u r leg al c u ltu r e w e h a v e no ex p e r ie n c e of en a ctin g a s ta tu t e c o n ta in in g all d ir e c tiv e s of legal in te rp r e ta tio n n e c e ssa r y fo r p ra c tic a l sy ste m a tiz atio n a n d a p p lic a tio n of law . S econ dly, d ir ec tiv e s of leg al in te r p r e ta tio n , e v e n if en a c te d as v alid leg al no rm s, do u se e v a lu a tiv e te rm s of g e n e ra l clau se s w h ich le a v e r a th e r w id e le e- w ay s for in te r p r e t a tiv e a c tiv itie s; and , th us, th e r e is a n a r e a fo r e v a lu a tiv e ch o ic es n o t d eter m in e d b y law . A nd, h en ce, th e p ro b lem s of c o n s tr u c -tio n of th e LSI C d e a lt w ith a b o v e a r e d u p lic ated , a lth o u g h p e r h a p s o n a sm aller a r e a th a n in th e situ a tio n w h e n th e r e a r e n o o b lig a to ry d i-r e c tiv e s of leg a l in te i-r p i-re ta tio n .
IV. LEGAL SYSTEM O F O PERATIVE LAW
15. „ O p e ra tiv e la w ” is u n d e r sto o d h e r e as law w h ich is th o u g h t of as ap p lied o r as c r e a te d in th e d e cisio n s of c o m p ete n t S ta te o rgan s. T h e p a ra d ig m of ap p lie d law in s ta tu to r y law sy stem s is th e law r e f e r -re d to as th e b asis of d ec isio n s or, m o -re strictly , is th e law fo rm u late d as the r u le s of d e cisio n w h ich ju stif y th e d e cisio n s3,15. T h e p ar ad ig m of o p e r a tiv e la w in com m o n law sy stem s is ju d icial d ec isio n as a „ ju d g e
55 Cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , W ł a ś c i w o ś c i , r ol a i z ad a nia d y r e k t y w i n t e r p r e t a c y j
n y c h [P roperties, R ole and T ask s of the D ir ec tiv e s of In ter p re ta tion ], „Ruch P raw
-nic z y, E ko nom iczn y i S oc jo lo g ic z n y " 1961, 4, part. III. For a r e v i e w of A m e ric an lit-té ra tur e cf. J. W i t h e r s p o o n , A d m in is t r a t iv e D is c r e t io n t o D e te r m in e S t a t u t o r y
M e a ning : „T he L ow Road" , „T ex as Law R eview " I960, 38, p. 392— 438. T he m ost
r ad ica l partisan for th e la w of in te rpr eta tio n is H . S i I v i n g, A Ple a lor a La w ol
I nt e r pr e t at io n, „ U n iv er sity of P e n n s y lva n ia Law R eview " 1950, 98, p. 499 sq.
36 Cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , La r è g l e d e d é c is i on d a ns l 'a p pl ica tio n j ud ic i a ir e du
m ad e law " or, m o re stric tly , th e ratio d e ci d e nd i w hich is e ith e r d isc o -v e r e d in or c r e a te d by th e ju d ic ial d ec isio n 37.
O p e r a tiv e la w is th e ,,law in ac tio n " w ith in th e fra m ew o rk d e a r to th e A m er ic an so ciolog ic al ju ris p ru d e n c e or to v a rio u s tre n d s of r e a -listic leg a l the o ries. T h e d y ch o to m y of c r e a tio n an d a p p lic atio n of law is n o t u se d w ith in th is fra m ew o rk , or a t le ast u se d v e r y r e s tr ic tiv e ly in co m p a raiso n w ith th e basic c o n c e p tio n s of s ta t u to ry law sy ste m s an d th e p o sitiv ist id eo lo g y lin k e d w ith it38.
T he sy stem ic f e a tu r es of o p e r a tiv e law c a n n o t b e d isc u ssed h er e. G e n e ra lly sp e a k in g th is is th e la w w h ich is n o t th o u g h t of w ith in th e c a te g o r ies of „s y ste m -th in k in g " , b u t r a th e r in th o se of „p ro b lem -o rien - ted th in k in g " o r „c a se -o rien ted th in k in g " .
T h e r e a r e tw o b asic m a n n e r s of tr e a tin g o p e r a tiv e la w as a leg al sy stem : „ ra d ic a l o p e r a tiv e la w " (L S OL r) a n d „m o d e ra te o p e r a tiv e la w
(L SOL m) sy ste m s, T h e fo rm er id en tifies law w ith d ec isio n s d isp o sin g of
c o n c re te cases, i.e. w ith in d iv id u a l legal n orm s, th e la t te r tr e a ts leg a l sy stem as a se t of g e n e ra l n o rm s u sed in th e se d ec isio n s an d /o r d e ci-sio n s th em se lv es.
16. T h e c o n c ep tio n of v a lid ity p r o p e r for th e L S OL r, i.e. V( L S O L r), a p p e a rs as th e sim p le form of a fa ctu al v alid ity . A n o rm of L S OL r is v alid , if it is u se d in or re fe r r e d to in a d ec isio n d isp o sin g of a case. T his is th e ty p ic al ju d g e-m ad e-law c o n c e p tio n w hich in th e sim p licist w a y d o es n o t ta k e in to a c co u n t all th e in tr ic a c ie s of sin g lin g o u t a ratio
de ci d en di a n d of o p e r atio n of th e d o c trin e of p re c ed e n t.
T h e V( L S O L r) is p r a c tic a lly of n o u se in c o n te m p o ra ry sy stem s of s ta tu to r y law. E ven in th e p a st th e m ost ex tre m e p a r tis a n s of the fr ee law m o v em e n t do n o t d ec la r ed ex p licitly su ch c o n c ep tio n of v alid ity . A n u se of th is c o n c e p tio n of v a lid ity a n d of L SOL r c a n n o t b e c o n sis-te n t w ith b asic id e as of s ta tu to r y law .
T h e V( L SO L m) is u sed in s ta t u to r y la w p r a c tic e an d its th e o r y e s p e c ia lly in th e c ase of d es ue t ud o. A no rm is v a lid a cc o rd in g th is c o n c ep -tion if th e follo w in g c o n d itio n s a r e fulfilled : (a) th e n o rm is V(LSLE) o r V( LSFC) or V(LS1C) v alid ; (b) th e n o rm is u sed in or re fe r r e d to in a d e cisio n of d isp o sin g of th e case.
T h e co n d itio n (a) h as b e e n d iscu ssed a b o v e w h e n d e alin g w ith c o rresp o n d in g co n ce p ts of LSLE, LSFC an d LSIC an d c o rr e late d c o n c ep -tio n s of v alid ity .
3Ï Cf. th e c la s s ic w o rk of R C r o s s , P r e c e d e n t in English Law, O xford 1961, chapt. II, V, VII and tit. lilt.; J, W r ó b l e w s k i , T h e C o nc e pt an d Function of P re
-c e d e n t in St a tu te -L a w S y s t e m s , „A r -chivum Iuridi-cum C r a-c ov ien s -c" 1974, 7.
T h e co n d itio n (b) p u ts a r e s tr ic tiv e c la u se on ' n o rm s w h ic h a r e
V( LSLE) or V(LS FC) o r V( L SI C) v a lid . T h is c o n d itio n c an b e sta te d
fa c tu a lly b y lo o king a t th e set of d e cisio n s d isp o sin g of a c a se s in so m e tem p o ra l d im en sio n. In th is se n se also h e r e w e h a v e to do w ith a fa c tu a l v a lid ity , as b ase d o n a „ fa ct” , viz. th e c o n te n t of d e c isio n 39.
17. T h e LSOL a n d V( LS OL ) p r e s e n t se v e r a l th e o r e tic a l a n d p r a c ti-ca l pro blem s, d iffe ren t h o w e v er fo r b o th ty p e s of them .
L S OL r is, as sta te d ab o v e, n o t a d e q u a te for c o n te m p o r a ry s ta tu to r y
law sy stem s, an d, th er e fo r e , w e ca n le a v e it o u t of o u r d isc ussion .
L S O L m c a n b e u s e d in s ta tu to ry law sy ste m s a n d is u sed in th em
a t le a st w h e n o n e d e a ls w ith d e s u e t u d o th o u g h t of a s a f ac tu a l d e r o -g a tio n of a no rm . In th e c ase of d e s u e t u d o a n o rm w h ich V( LSLE) or
V(LSFC) o r Vf LSIC) v a lid is d ec la re d w ith o u t Vf L S OL m), v alid ity , a n d
th is la st c o n c e p tio n p re v a ils o v e r th e o th ers. T h is ca lls fo r so m e co m -m ent.
F ir stly , w e h av e to do in su ch situ a tio n w ith d iffe re n t co n ce p tio n s of v a lid ity , a n d th e s e co n c e p tio n s a r e in conflict. T a k e e.g. V(LSLE) an d V( L SO L m) in th e ca se of d es u et ud o . A n o rm is V( LSLE) a n d th e r e -fo re o u g h t to be -fo llo w ed b u t th e fact of n o t b ein g -fo llo w ed b y th e S ta te o r g a n s is sa n c tio n e d b y d e c la ra tio n of th e la ck of V( L S O L m) v a li -dity . T h e n o n o b se r v a n c e of n o rm v a lid in LSLE is, th u s, tra n sf o r m e d in to LSOL, an d a sse ssed as d e ro g a tio n v a lid in LSOL. T h is is a n e x tr e -m e ly sh o ck in g tra n sfo r-m a tio n for a n y id e o lo g y of le g a lity in LSLE,
LSFC a n d LSIC.
S econ dly , e v e n ac ce p tin g V( L S O L m) th e r e is a r e le v a n t p ro b lem of w h a t p r a c tic e of th e S ta te o rg an s, for h o w lo n g p e r io d an d in w h a t situ a tio n ju stif ie s th e u se of d e s u e t u d o d e ro g atio n .
T h ird ly , o n e h a s to tak e in to acc ou n t, th a t all th e p ro b lem s re la te d w ith an e x p lic it d e ro g a tio n in th e LSLE h a v e to b e a p p lied also in th is c a se (cf. p o in t 8).
F o u rth ly , th e LS OL c o n c e p t c a n b e u s ed for d e alin g w ith so m e p ro b lem s of th e V(L SI C) v alid ity . O n e ca n sta te th a t th e /- co n se q u en ce s a r e a cc ep te d o n ly if th e ru le s re s u ltin g from in te r p r e ta tio n a r e u se d in OL. T h is is, of co u rse, o n ly a p o ssib ility to r e s tr ic t th e a r e a of
I-con-39 T he u se of a ru le in a d e c is io n c an be tr ea te d th e o r e tic a lly as a cr iter ion of „factua l v alid ity" and if so, th en this co m bin atio n c an be u s ed to de m on str ate the r e le v an t c om p lem e ntar ity of a „sy stem ie" and of a „fac tual" v a lid ity . Cf. W r ó fa-l e w s к i, Są do we ... , p. 245 sq.; E. P a 11 a r о, V a fa-li d fa-l fa-là о v e r i fa-li c a b i fa-li ta d e fa-l diritto?, „R ivista trim e stra le di diritto o procedura c iv ile " 1966, 3. T h ere is a q ue stion , h o w e v er , w h e th er the re is a g en e ra l c o nc e p t o f v a lid ity su b d ivid ed in s y s tem ic and fa c -tua l o ne , ci. A. G. C o n t e , St ud ia p e r una te or ia d e lla v a li d i tà , „R ivis ta inte rnazio- n a lc di filo s o lia d el diritto" 1970, 47.
se q u e n ce s in a m an n e r fit for a fa c tu a l o p e ra tiv e c o n tro l. But it h as also a n e v id e n t d ra w b a ck b e c a u se its u se m ak es th e LSI C d e p e n d e n t on th e r a th e r a cc id e n tal d ecisio n -m ak in g p rac tice.
V. PRINCIPLED LEGAL SYSTEM
18. T h e r e a r e th e o r ie s ac c o rd in g to w h ic h le g al sy ste m in c lu d es „p rin cip les, p o lic ies an d o th e r sta n d a r d s" re fe r r e d to in g e n e ra l n orm s o r u se d in leg al d e cisio n s40. T his re fe r e n c e o r u se is th o u g h t of in th e se th eo r ie s as a n a c k n o w led g m e n t of th e ir v a lid ity in a sy ste m co n sistin g of g e n e r a l n o rm s as LSLE, LSFC, LSI C a n d /o r ind iv id u al n o rm s (LSOL). A le g a l sy stem b a se d on su ch th e o rie s is — c o n v e n tio n a lly — a ,,p ri n -cip led le ga l sy ste m " (LSPP).
T h is is a r a th e r la r g e id e a of a sy ste m b e c a u se it co n sists of all n o rm s re f e r re d to in g e n e r al an d in d iv id u al v alid leg a l norm s, w h ich a r e e.g. ru le s of m o ra lity , relig io n , m o res etc.
19. T h e V( LSPP) ca n be th o u g h t of as ad d in g to th e Vf LSLE),
V(LSFC) , V(LSI C) a n d Vf LSOL"') o n e su p p lem e n ta ry c r ite r io n for th e
v a lid ity of „p rin cip le s, ru le s a n d o th er sta n d a r d s" . Th is co n d itio n is sim ple: th e r u le s re f e r re d to h a v e to b e sin g le d b u t b y th e g e n e r a l n o rm s fu lfilling th e c r ite r ia of V(LSLE), V(LSFC), V(LSI C), V( L S O L m) o r sim ply be re fe rr e d in th e LS OL d ecisio ns.
20. T h e c o n ce p t of LSPP h a s b e e n stim u la te d b y id e o lo g ica l and th e o r e tic a l re a so n s of th e o r e tic a l d e sc rip tio n of la w -a p p ly in g d ecisio n s a n d elim in a tio n of ju d ic ial d isc re tio n . It is no p la c e h e r e to an a ly z e th is p e c u lia r k in d of d efen d in g som e th e o r e tic a l co n ce p tio n s u n d e r th e lab e l of „p o sitiv ism " . L eav ing asid e th is b asic issu e I w ill lim it b y o b s e r v atio n s o nly to th e p ro b lem s of th e u se of LSPP a n d th e V(LSPP) c o n -cep tion .
F irstly , th e LSPP m ak es le g al sy ste m alm o st an u n iv e rs a l n o rm a tiv e sy stem of a so cie ty w h e n th e g e n e ra l o r in d iv id u al leg a l n o rm s re f e r to ru le s co m m o n ly lab e lled as m o rality , m o res, p o litics etc. T h e p l u r a -lity of n o r m a tiv e sy ste m s in c o n te m p o r a ry so cieties is a fact. A n o th e r fa ct a r e w id ely u sed re f er e n c e s to „e x tra - le g a l" „p rin cip les, po licies and o th e r s ta n d a r d s ” in th e so cial co n tro l th ro u g h law an d th e c o n te m p o r a ry le g isla tiv e te ch n iq u e of fo rm u la tio n of le g al p ro v isio n s. T h e LSPP c o n -ce p tio n p ra c tic a lly re d u c e s all r a th e r la r g e p a r t of n o r m a tiv e sy ste m s
40 Cf. R B e n d i t t , L aw as Rule a nd P r in ciple , Stanford 1978, chapt. IV and litt. cit. in n ote 11.
to a le g al sy stem , or in o th e r w o rd s, a sc rib e s th e V(LSPP) v a lid ity to th e se sy stem s o r to th e ir p a r ts 41.
S econ dly , th e LSPP is th e less d efine d sy ste m from all th e fiv e d is-cu sse d h ere. O n e c a n a rg u e , th e re fo r e , th e n th e LSPP c o n str u c tio n is le ad in g n o t to w a r d s th e e lim in a tio n of d e cisio n a l lee w ay s b u t for s a n -c tio n in g a lm o st e a -c h lee - w a y ex istin g in d e-cisio n -m ak ing .
T h ird ly , th e Vf LSPP) a ssu m es an id en tifica tio n of th e s e „ prin ciple s, p o licies an d o th e r s ta n d a rd s " , w h ich in m an y c a ses is r a th e r c o n tr o -v er sia l. It w a s rig h tly str e s se d th a t o ne of th e d iffe re n c es b e tw e en law a n d m o r ality is th e d e g re e of d e te r m in a tio n of d u tie s42.
VI. CO NC LU DIN G O BSER VATIO N S
21. E n u m era ted five c o n c ep ts of leg a l sy stem s a n d c o rr esp o n d in g c o n c e p tio n s of v a lid ity stim u la te th r e e g e n e ra l p ro b le m s: (a) w h a t is a re latio n , if an y , b e tw e e n th e g e n e r a l th e o re tic a l sin g lin g o u t of th e sy stem ic, fa c tu a l a n d ax io lo g ica l v a lid ity an d th e fiv e co n c ep ts u se d in th is e ss a y (cf. p o in t 2); (b) w h a t is a re la tio n , if an y , b e tw e e n th e co n c ep ts of leg a l sy ste m s a n d c o r re la te d c o n c ep ts of v a lid ity w ith th e b asic ty p e s of id eo lo g y of a p p lica tio n of law ; (c) th e r e la tiv e fuzzin es of leg al sy stem a n d leg al v a lid ity co n cep tio n s.
22. T h e V(LSLE) is p a ra d ig m a tic fo r sy ste m ic v alid ity , w h ic h is in fa c t d efin ed as Vf LSLE)*3. T h e V( LSFC) ca n b e th o u g h t of as m ak ing th e V(LSLE) w id e r w ith o u t c h an g in g a n y of its e sse n tial c h a ra c te r istic s b u t fo r u se of logic; a n d n o o n e r a tio n a lly c a n b e a g a in st it.
T h e V( LSI C) is in its d ee p s tru c tu r e a fo rm of a n ax io lo g ic al v a l i-d ity 44. T h is p ri ma f aci e p a r a i-d o x ic al c o n te n tio n h as n o th in g sta r tlin g if w e ta k e in to a c c o u n t th e e v a lu a tiv e c h a ra c te r of leg al in te r p r e ta tio n , i.e. its d e p e n d e n ce on e v a lu a tiv e ch o ic es in sp ite of th e ju stif ic a to ry r o le of d ire c tiv e s of leg a l in te r p re ta tio n . T h e co n flict of in te r p r e ta tio n s claim in g th e v a lid ity of d iffe ren t /c o n se q u e n c e s is a n axio lo gical c o n -flict. T h e r e je c tio n of i n te r p r e t a tio n I A b y i n te r p r e t a tio n IB m ean s, th a t a c co rd in g to th e e v a lu a tio n s a n d c o r r e la te d d ire c tiv e s of in te rp r e ta tio n
41 A b ou t the g e n er a l problem of r e fe re n ce of la w to e x tr a -le g a l s y s tem s cf. J. W r ó b l e w s k i , T h e d e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n N o r m a t i v e S y s t e m s , „ A r ch ivu ni Iuridicum C r ac ov ie ns e" 1973, 6.
42 E.g. L. P o t r a ż y c k i , T e or ia p r a w a i p a ń s tw a w z w i ą z k u z te or ią m o r aln oś c i JTheory of Law and State R elate d w ith a T h eor y of M o ra lity ], W ar sza V a 1959, v ol. 1 § 10.
43 Cf. n ote 15.
a c ce p te d in IB th e I A is cont ra o r pr aet er l egem, an d I A is n o t a no rm w h ich is V( L SI C) v alid, a n d v i c e versa.
T h e V( L SOL ') is c le a rly a c a se of fa c tu a l v a lid ity 45: th e d ecisio n a n d its c o n te n t is a „fact" . T h e Vf LSOL"') h a s a m ixed c h a ra c te r of s y s -tem ic a n d fa c tu a l v a lid ity , b u t in th e e x tr e m e c a se of d e su et ud o , the fa c tu al v a lid ity p rev ails.
T he V(LSPP) pri ma facie seem s to be k in d of fa ctu a l v alid ity , sin ce th e „p r in cip les, p o lic ies a n d o th e r sta n d a r d s" e x ist as so cia l „facts". But o n e c a n a r g u e th a t in th e d e ep s tru c tu r e a n a x io lo g ica l c o n ce p t of v a lid ity is a t stak e, b e c a u se th e se ru le s a n d s ta n d a r d s r e fe rr e d to a r e u su ally so lo o se th a t a n y id en tifica tio n of th eir c o n te n t is in fact an ev a lu a tio n , an d c o n tr o v e rs ies co n c ern in g th em ca n b e so lv ed on ly in term s of d iffe ren t v alu e s.
23. T h e co n c ep ts of leg a l sy ste m s an d co n c e p tio n s of leg a l v alid ity h av e th e ir id eo lo g ical u n d er p in n in g . It seem s in te re stin g to o u tlin e b ri e -fly w h at, if any , a r e th e re la tio n s b e tw e e n th r e e b asic id eo lo g ies of an a p p lic a tio n of la w 40 an d th e co n c ep ts in qu estio n .
Id e o lo g y of th e b o u n d ju d ic ia l d ecisio n , w h ich is lin k e d w ith th e p o sitiv ist id ea s of la w a n d its a p p lic a tio n ev id e n tly is for the LSLE an d
LSFC a n d th e c o rre la te d c o n c e p tio n s of v alid ity . T h e V( LSLE) is th o u g h t
of as a set of str ic tly d eter m in e d c rite ria , a n d th e V( LSFC) as th e a p p li-ca tio n of th e c lassili-ca l a le tic logic. T h e V( LSI C) is tre a te d as a Vf LSFC) b y e lim in a tio n of e v a lu a t iv e elem en ts.
T h e id eo lo g y of a fre e ju d ic ia l d e cisio n in its ra d ic al fo rm seem s to im p ly th e L S OL r a n d th e V( L S O L r). In its m o d e ra te v e r sio n s th e L S OL m a n d V( L S O L m) a r e used. In m o d e ra te v e rs io n also th e LSI C a n d Vf LSIC) is a p p ro v ed of in re la tio n w ith o p e r a tiv e law.
T h e id e o lo g y of a ra tio n a l an d le g al d ec isio n is d eter m in e d n e g a ti-v e ly b y elim in atio n of th e L S OL r an d its ti-v a lid ity co n cep t. T his id eo lo g y str es se s th e lim its of th e d e te rm in a tio n of le g al sy ste m b y e v a lu a tiv e elem e n ts a n d is, th e re fo re , c a u tio u s to w ar d s LSIC: it see s th e in te r p re -ta tiv e le e -w a y s of th e la w -m a k e r b u t is a w a re of th e fact th a t in le g al d isco u rse th e I-c o n se q u en ce s of n o rm s a r e tr e a te d as v a lid ru le s. T his ide o lo g y is also a w a r e of all p ro b lem s co n n e c te d w ith th e LSLE a n d
■LSFC co n c ep ts an d th e c o rr e la te d co n ce p tio n s of v a lid ity . It is p ro b le
-m atic h ow th is id e olo g y is re la te d w ith th e LSPP co n cep t, b u t it see-m s, th a t it c a n n o t a cc e p t th e V(LSPP) v a lid ity stressin g , h o w e v e r, th e ro le
45 Ut supra p. 414—417.
46 W r ó b l e w s k i , Są dow e ... , chapt. XII; I d e m , I d e o lo g ie d e l'a p pli ca tio n j u d i
