THE FUTURE FOR MALAYSIA TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM AND DEVICES
PERSPEKTYWY ROZWOJU SYTEMU
TRANSPORTOWEGO W MALEZJI
Kamaruzaman Ahmad Zulkifli (1), Szpytko Janusz (2)
1 - Technical Services Division, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia,Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia;
2 – AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland e-mail: (1) zul@jmg.gov.my; (2) szpytko@agh.edu.pl
Abstract: Transportation system and devices in Malaysia have shown much improvement and developing very fast and yet to develop the role as an important mean to handle and cater the requirement and necessity of the country in contributing to manufacturing growth aspect, hence supporting the country development. The transport sector has now entered the new era of a more challenging and requires a high commitment from all sides. Core of transportation now requires a mode of transport and more integrated services and quality system. In addition environmental aspects should also be given emphasis in the planning of all projects to ensure sustainable development can be achieved
Keywords: Transportation system,
Streszczenie: System transportowy i środki transportu są w Malezji istotnie doskonalone i unowocześniane z uwagi na potrzebę zrównoważonego szybkiego rozwoju gospodarki kraju oraz przemysłu. Uwagę zwraca się również na potrzebę rozwoju infrastruktury towarzyszącego sektora obsługiwania środków transportowych i całego systemu, w tym również na aspekty środowiskowe.
1. INTRODUCTION
The transport sector is an important component of the economy impacting on development and the welfare of Malaysian populations. A good and efficient transportation system is a prerequisite for the economic development of Malaysia, which has a very open and highly dependent economy and generates very large volume of trade – totalling more than 391 million tonnes (2009) – to be transported to global markets, as well as within different regions of the country.
As refer to preliminary release report on the 3rd November 2010 by MALAYSIA EXTERNAL TRADE (MATRADE) Statistics, the Minister of International Trade and Industry (MITI), YB Dato’ Sri Mustapa Mohamed announced that total exports in September 2010 were RM50.47 billion, an increase of 6.9% from September 2009. Imports grew by 14.6% to RM43.47 billion resulting in a total trade of RM93.94 billion, an increase of 10.4% from a year ago. A trade surplus of RM7.01 billion was recorded, making it the 155th consecutive month of trade surplus since November 1997. Compared with August 2010, exports in September 2010 declined by 4.5% while imports contracted by 2.4% and total trade decreased by 3.5%. During the period of January to September 2010, total trade increased by 23.0% to RM864.48 billion. Exports expanded by 20.4% to RM474.59 billion while imports rose by 26.4% to RM389.89 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of RM84.70 billion.
Given its importance to the national development, the Government has placed strong emphasis on the development of transport infrastructure, namely ports, airports, road and rail under its various development plans. A total sum of RM61.2 billion was spent in the RMK8 (2001-2005) and RMK9 (2006-2010) for the transportation sector comprising of roads, urban transport, rail, ports, airports and rural roads. The spill over effect from the implementation of the various infrastructure projects generated diverse economic activities for the nation (Yeoh Kah Choon, 2010).
2. A STATE OF THE ART: SOME ISSUES SOLUTION
2.1. Establishment of Malaysian Institute of Road Safety (MIROS)
In 2007, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety (MIROS) was set up to carry out research and development on road safety. The task includes reviewing road safety standard designs and audit, motorcycle lane, the usage of road safety gadget to establish a database for safe vehicles. MIROS functions as a one-stop centre for the generation and dissemination of road safety information through the print media and a concerted training programme. MIROS also carries out studies and evaluates current procedures on road safety to generate information that will form the core of its evidence-based intervention programmes to enhance road safety.
Basic facts and data such as provided by MIROS to road fatality in Malaysia. are shown in Figure 1a and Figure 1b, while Figure 2 shows the Malaysia trend in possessing vehicle. It is clearly shown that the most fatal victims are within the age
of 16-25 years. The trend is almost the same every year since 2001 to 2007. It also shown, that the major mode of transport involved is motorcycle. MIROS has suggested to the Ministry on the need of motorcycle lane to be develop for motorist, hence Malaysia is the first country to provide exclusive motorcycle lane along trunk road. Although motorcycle crashed still high, yet it is a positive effort from the government in order to improve the transportation system in this country.
Fig. 1a Basic facts and data to road fatality in Malaysia to Age of Victims. (Source: Malaysia Of Road Safety Research (MIROS))
Fig. 1b. Basic facts and data to road fatality in Malaysia by Mode of Transport (Source: Malaysia Of Road Safety Research (MIROS)).
MIROS has done a lot of research since its establishment related to human safety when dealing with transportation and produced reports comprises research, inquiry, code of practice, publications and archives.
2.2. Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART)
Kuala Lumpur is the nation’s hub for commerce and business. Large corporations and businesses are situated in the city. To meet their growing and sophisticated demands the city is being re engineered. The changes particularly since the eighties have been quite drastic. Its land use impact has rendered incapable the city’s flood management facilities to perform. Conventional means to mitigate the problem are no longer effective. A radical approach was necessary that led to the formulation of SMART. SMART is the flood management solution for 21st century KL (Abdullah Keizrul, 2004). This business and commercial hub of Malaysia has of late often been inundated by the floods from the Klang River as development has canalized the river. Over the years the intensity of the floods increased with each incidence, causing financial losses and inconvenience to the city folk. With cars submerged and traffic grinding to a standstill, the city was in urgent and immediate need of flood mitigation (Mohd Noor, 2010).
The innovative SMART Project provides a stormwater diversion scheme including floodwater storage and a 10km, 11.8m diameter bypass tunnel, sufficient to save the city from flooding in the foreseeable future. With no major flood event likely to occur over most of the year the tunnel a dual use was engineered, with double road decks built into the central three kilometre section, relieving traffic congestion by providing 2×2 traffic lanes for cars connecting the city centre to the southern gateway, the KL – Seremban Highway. The completion of the Smart Tunnel is attributed to the implementation of innovative technologies and skilled team players. Being the first of its kind in its concept as a whole, there were indeed many firsts for the Smart team (Mohd Noor, 2010).
SMART serves many benefits to city dwellers. Areas such as Masjid Jamek, Dataran Merdeka, Leboh Ampang and Jalan Melaka have witnessed no flooding incidence since 2007. It has also managed to save around RM112 million, based on the number of possible major floods that could affect these areas should there be no such infrastructure in place for Kuala Lumpur city centre. As far as traffic is concerned, it serves a release journey into the Kuala Lumpur city centre from the southern gateway and vice versa. It has been minimised the time from the normal 20 minutes when using the federal road to only eight minutes when using the Smart Tunnel. Besides that, SMART managed to develop more experts in the tunnelling job where from the project alone, it has groomed up to 200 local engineers who are now capable of taking up any tunnelling challenges anywhere in the world (Mohd Noor, 2010).
2.3. The Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS): Managing The Kuala Lumpur Road Network
The Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS) project for the Klang Valley was initiated by the Federal Government in early 2001 and deployed on a design-build basis in 3Q 2002. With the City Hall, Kuala Lumpur as the implementing agency, the project was successfully completed and handed over in June 2005. The ITIS project was completed in mid- 2005 and has since been providing real time traffic reporting and incident management for the city. Work on the ITIS project commenced in 3Q 2002. This project, which was awarded on a design-build basis, is a first step towards the coordinated integration of existing but separate traffic planning and traffic management systems in Kuala Lumpur. The ITIS project was completed in mid- 2005 and has since been providing real time traffic reporting and incident management for the city (Mahfix, 2006).
This large scale complex project involved, among others, the installation of over 250 CCTV cameras for traffic monitoring at key junctions, 700 video-based vehicle detector stations, 140 variable message signs and 1600 units of vehicle tracking units to serve as dynamic probes. These various systems are to be linked to an Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) and an Advanced Traveller Information System (ATIS) which are housed within a new purpose built facility, the Transport Management Center (TMC). Real-time traffic information are currently disseminated to the public via a call center, through the internet (www.itis.com.my), and arrangements with radio media. Efforts are underway to expand the various channels of communications via commercial media (Mahfix, 2006).
The Kuala Lumpur road network comprises 3 major concentric ring roads (the Inner Ring Road, Middle Ring Road 1 and the Middle Ring Road II, with average radii of 1.5km, 3km and 10kms, respectively) as shown in Figure 3.
These are served by a number of major radials of 4 to 6 lane dual carriageways which puncture the concentric ring roads at major junctions and/or interchanges. ITIS equipment are concentrated along 45 major roadways covering a combined length of about 150kms. Video based vehicle detector stations (VDS) or automatic incident detection (AID) system monitor traffic flows along these key roads. For example, the system provides can provide key statistics relating to in and out-bound flows based on the VDS info as shown in the following figures (in relation to the Middle Ring Road 1 which generally define the Central Planning Area of Kuala Lumpur) (Mahfix, 2006).
ITIS has provided the Kuala Lumpur City Hall a wide platform to launch improved services in the areas of planning (and profiling of flow conditions), integration of previously disparate systems and an operational model for smart partnerships between various public and private agencies working under one roof. Continuing challenges relate to how is the best ways to expand and to further improve the system to better serve the twin objective of making a Kuala Lumpur a safe city with a world class transport infrastructure (Mahfix, 2006).
These efforts would include, among others, expanding the information dissemination channels either through partnerships with the media, application service providers or via own TMC broadcasting station, enhancing the system to include elements of public security, enforcement of traffic and/or adoption of new technologies in management of traffic violations, use of emerging broadband technologies to expand the ease of deployment and to increase penetration of the system to new roadways (Mahfix, 2006).
Continuity to be cognizant of Government’s efforts to formulate a common ITS architectural framework that would help create an improved inter-operability environment for various systems to co-exist. In expanding ITIS, mindful of balancing technology with available operating resources and most importantly, developing our human talent pool (Mahfiz, 2006).
Figure 3. The Kuala Lumpur road network with ITIS and location of automatic incident detection (AID) system monitor
traffic flows ( after Ir Mahfix bin Omar (2006)). 3. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS)
Interest in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion and a synergy of new information technology for simulation, real-time control, and communications networks. Traffic congestion has been increasing worldwide as a result of increased motorization, urbanization, population growth, and changes in population density. Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution, and fuel consumption.
Quoted by Kamarudin Ambak et al in a paper titled as Intelligent Transport System for Motorcycle Safety and Issues, the term ITS refer to integrated applications, employing combinations of information, communications, computing, sensor and control technologies, which aim to improve transport safety and mobility and reduce vehicle emissions. Many such technologies have been developed to enhance vehicle safety: to prevent crashes, reduce trauma during a crash or to reduce trauma following a crash. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have significant potential to enhance traffic safety (Regan et al. 2001).
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are state-of-the-art approaches based on information, communication and satellite technologies in mitigating traffic congestion, enhancing safety, and improving quality of environment (Shah and Lee, 2007).
A lot of research had been carried out related to the ITS by higher education institution and government agencies. For instance, currently MIROS is conducting several researchs on road safety such as the Pilot Project on Optimally Designed Traffic Lights, The Effect of Rear Seat Belt Interventions on Rear Seat Belt Wearing and Health Outcome and Loss Output From Road Accidents.
Since from the facts and data by MIROS shown that the frequency and level accidents and fatality has higher rate and very prominent, research by students from the National University of Malaysia which is Intelligent Transport System for Motorcycle Safety and Issues shown that several factors on ITS will be helpful and viable for motorcyclists or drivers. It shows that, there a lot of new technology systems in the market concerning the transportation safety and so called ITS. ITS technologies may provide vehicles with different types and levels of “intelligence” to complement the driver. Information systems expand the driver’s knowledge of routes and locations. Warning systems, such as collision avoidance technologies, enhance the driver’s ability to sense the surrounding environment. Driver assistance and automation technologies simulate the driver’s sensor motor system to operate a vehicle temporarily during emergencies or for prolonged periods. These technologies are being developed and marketed to increase driver safety, performance, and convenience (Bertozzi et al, 2002). In recent years, the intelligent vehicle system has emerged and became a popular topic among transportation researchers.
However, the research of safety in vehicle is an important subset of intelligent vehicle system research. Meantime, active warning system is one of the designs on active safety system. The safety warning systems, mostly active warning systems for preventing traffic accidents have been attracting much public attention (Jian-Da and Tuo-Rung, 2008). Nowadays, the focus of road safety has shifted from collision protection to prevention. Many new accident avoidance techniques have been proposed, ranging from lane detection mechanisms, traffic analysis vision systems, vehicular networks, and tiredness estimation systems (Reddy et al. 2007). Bayly et al. (2006) claimed that numerous ITS technologies have been developed to improve the safety and efficiency of cars, commercial vehicles, public transport
and infrastructure. While any technology that improves the safety of other road users can reasonably be assumed to also at least indirectly improve the safety of other vulnerable road users, little has been done directly implement ITS in motorcycles (Hsu, 2000; Regan, et al., 2001). The European Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (FEMA, 2004) also recognized the need to shift some of the focus ITS developments onto motorcycles. FEMA particularly encourage the use of Daytime Running Lights (DRLs), Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS) and Combined Braking Systems (CBS) among other safety countermeasures.
A more detailed description of potential ITS applications for motorcycles were given by Regan et al. (2001). They identify fourteen in-vehicle technologies that could improve the key motorcycle safety issues of unlicensed riding, intoxicated riding, conspicuity, balance and stability, speed and road characteristics. These systems were: speed alter/limiters, helmet-mounted displays, electronic licenses, smart-cards, alcohol interlocks, automatic crash notification systems, anti-lock braking, vehicle diagnostics, rollover threshold warning, near-field monitoring, intersection warning, vision enhancement systems, lane change collision warning systems, and vehicle mounted airbags (Bayly et.al, 2006).
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are one of the emerging automotive markets, driven by a wide public and industrial interest in improved safety and comfort. Applications like lane departure warning, automatic cruise control, parking aids or night vision have already been introduced (Techmer, 2007). One of the key issues in bringing advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) like lane-keeping, lane-changing or collision avoidance systems into the market is the design of an appropriate interaction between driver and driver assistance systems (Brandt et al. 2007).
With the hard works of MIROS and others higher learning institution, it is believed that researchers and manufacturers in Malaysia will continue to explore and develop new technology or viable system for road users safety, is that to say Intelligent Transportation System devices as the state-of-the-art in transportation.
4. FUTURE NEEDS AND CHALLENGES
In fact, to achieve the very high class and up to date of transportation system as well as the devices, it is not an easy task and need a major effort from the authorities and also private sectors contribution as well.
Mohamed Shahabar Abdul Kareem, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) Malaysia in his presentation paper of Logistics and Supply Chain Development in Malaysia during the Roundtable Discussion On Logistics And Supply Chain Policy, Bangkok, Thailand, suggested that several requirements and needs should be taken into practice as well as the challenges to be solve regarding the transportation development in Malaysia comprising the need to improve efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness; the need for integration within the overall global logistics supply chain; better coordination of various ministries; regulatory framework and lberalisation.
Apart from that, the Malaysia Government has taken some necessary step to improve the transportation system and devices through some strategic plans for the near future.
4.1. Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) Strategic Thrusts: Logistics
The launching of the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) 2006-2020, is expected to drive industry to a higher level of global competitiveness through the transformation and innovation of the manufacturing and services sector.
In the Third Industrial Master Plan, there are several strategic thrust that support the logistic aspects particularly including ports, airports and haulage services. More than 90 per cent of international trade is seaborne, with the ports providing the important interface between shipping and land transport. The airports provide services for specialised cargo. The inland haulage services are provided by container and general cargo haulage companies.
As IMP3 is concerned for logistic as well as transportation, related strategic thrusts have been delineated which are to create an efficient and competitive logistics industry; to develop particular transport modes to operate in a competitive international environment; to improve capacity to enhance participation in global value chains; to intensify application of ICT; to make available adequate supply of competent workforce and to strengthen institutional support.
4.2. Malaysia future plan and hope in transportation: Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP)-2011-2015
On the 10th of June 2010, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato’ Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak, introducing the motion to table the Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). In the speech, several strategic plans related to transportation connected to economy have been raised and The Prime Minister’s speech text is referred to elaborate the future plan for Malaysia.
In the Second Strategic Thrust: Creating a Conducive Environment for Unleashing Economic Growth namely as ST2.1 the focus are on the National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs). The main approach in transforming to a high income economy will be to adopt strategies based on specialisation, given that strong and sustainable competitiveness is difficult to achieve without specialisation. This Plan will focus on 12 national key economic areas or NKEAs which have potential to generate high income. Apart from 11 sectors, Greater Kuala Lumpur has also been selected as an NKEA as it has the potential to become a world-class city that can be a driver of economic growth.
An Economic Transformation Unit will be established to plan and coordinate the implementation and development of the NKEAs. In addition, the application of high technology will be emphasised in the development of NKEAs. Technology platforms such as biotechnology, nanotechnology and high-end engineering will further increase the impact of the NKEAs on economic growth. For economic sectors which are not listed as NKEAs, such as green technology, automotive,
aerospace and logistics, the development of these sectors will continue to be driven by relevant ministries, agencies and councils.
Meanwhile, in the ST2.3 Public-Private Partnership, smart and effective partnerships between the public and private sectors will be established to drive the economic transformation agenda. This new wave of public-private partnership (PPP) will ensure equitable sharing of risks and returns. To date, 52 high-impact projects worth 63 billion ringgit have been identified for implementation. These include the development of seven highway projects at an estimated cost of 19 billion ringgit. Among the projects are the West Coast Expressway, Guthrie-Damansara Expressway, Sungai Juru Expressway and Paroi-Senawang-KLIA Expressway.
In the 10MP, the government will be stress on infrastructures, as in the ST2.5 Building World-Class Infrastructure. Again the 10MP will continue to focus on the provision of infrastructure to support national growth, while ensuring that it benefits all segments of the rakyat.
The development of a wider and efficient multimodal transport network is also needed to support national growth. Among the major projects that are currently being implemented is Phase 2 of the East Coast Expressway from Kuantan to Kuala Terengganu, which will be completed in the Plan period at a total cost of 3.7 billion ringgit. This expressway will also be linked to the Kuantan Port, which will be upgraded and will spur growth in the east coast. Road networks to the hinterlands will also be improved. Among them are the roads linking Kuala Lipis to Cameron Highlands and from Jerantut to Sungai Lembing. In addition, the electrified double track rail project from Gemas to Johor Bahru, which is estimated to cost 8 billion ringgit, will be implemented to complete the electrified double track rail project from Padang Besar in the north to Johor Bahru in the south. Apart from these, will be the construction of a sewerage treatment plant using green technology in Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur and at a later stage, similar plants throughout the country.
As for the Strategic Thrust 5: Building an Environment that Enhances Quality of Life, transportation efficiency will be enhance as stated in the ST5.3 Enhancing Public Transport Efficiency. Improving the public transport system is a major priority of the government. The government has established the Public Land Transport Commission (SPAD) as the lead agency responsible for planning, regulating and enforcing public land transport related matters and operations. It will also be responsible for providing safe and reliable services at reasonable fares to encourage more people to use public transport.
In line with the “Greater Kuala Lumpur” NKEA, the Government will further enhance the public transportation network in Kuala Lumpur with the implementation of the high capacity Mass Rapid Transit system. This is an iconic project in our capital city that will be highly beneficial to commuters and have large spillovers to the economy. When completed, the system is expected to cover a radius of 20 km from the city centre with a total length of about 150 km, and
when fully operational, will serve up to two million passenger trips per day from 480,000 trips on current urban rail systems.
The construction of bus and rail terminals such as the Gombak Integrated Transport Terminal, will ensure that public transport runs smoothly. These measures are expected to increase the public transport modal share in Greater KL from 12 per cent in 2009 to 30 per cent in 2015. Efforts to enhance the public land transport system will also be expanded to other cities. For this purpose, a Bus Rapid Transit system will be introduced in Iskandar, Johor, while the number of public buses in Pulau Pinang will be increased by 200 buses to enable the expansion of 26 routes with an added capacity of 75,000 passengers per day.
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Prof. dr hab. inż. Janusz Szpytko (Full Prof., D.Sc., Ph.D.,
M.Sc., B.Sc. C.Eng.), AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robo-tics. Specialist in designing and exploitation of transport systems and devices, automatics, safety and reliability, monitoring and diagnostics, decision making systems, telematics. Author or co-author of more then 350 publications, both in Polish and English. Member of: STST KT PAN, TC IFAC, SEFI, ISPE, PTD, PTB, PSRA, ISA, SITPH and others. Visiting professor at the universities in: UK, France, Canada, Italy, Greece, Canada, Laos. Coordinator and member of several R&D projects both national and international. Organizer and member of several scientific and programme committees of international and national conferences and symposiums.
Mr Kamaruzaman Ahmad Zulkifli, Malaysia, B.Sc. in
Geophysics, senior geophysicist in Geophysics Unit, Technical Services Division, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Ipoh, Perak. Author or co-author of number of technical reports provided to stakeholder and client related to geophysical surveys. Responsible for project management including administration, financial and technical aspects. Also conducting geophysical survey, data processing and interpretation of geophysical data and final report production as well.
