ɂ. ɌɍɊȽȿɇȿȼ ɄȺɄ ɉɊɈɌɈɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɋɌ.
ɉɖȿɋȺ Ɇȿɋəɐ ȼ ȾȿɊȿȼɇȿ ȼ ɄɈɇɌȿɄɋɌȿ ɐɂɄɅȺ ɗɋɋȿ Ʉ. ȽɊɂɇȻȿɊȽȺ ɁȺɓɂɌȺ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɂɁɆȺ.
ɉɊȿȾȼȿɋɌɂȿ ɇɈȼɈȽɈ ɏɍȾɈɀȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɋɌɂɅə
I. TURGENEV AS A PROTOMODERNIST. DRAMA A MONTH IN THE COUNTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF C. GREENBERG’S COLLECTED ESSAYS MODERNISM DEFENSE.
THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF A NEW ARTISTIC STYLE
ȻȿȺɌȺ ȼȺɅɂȽɍɊɋɄȺ-ɈɅȿɃɇɂɑȺɄ
ABSTRACT. Clement Greenberg is considered as one of the greatest and most influential American critics of the late 20th century. Understanding modern and postmodern discussions in the world of literature and fine arts seems to be impossible without the profound knowledge of Greenberg's opinions. The aim of the studies in this article is the comparative analysis of I. Turgenev's drama A Month in the Country and fundamental principles of Greenberg's theory of modernism, the attempt to generate the inner relationships between those two works of art. Treating the aforementioned drama as the model piece of Turgenev's dramaturgy we focus on the parametres which build up the openness of the play, emphasise the innovative character of the text in the context of the changes of the Great Theatre Reform. The interpretation of Turgenev's play in the view of global artistic tendencies shows the uniqueness of his work of art. The comparative method of the analysis helps to discover the encoded features which will influence modernist way of thinking, eliminating the differences between the word and other ways of artistic expression.
Beata Waligórska-Olejniczak, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢ-ɤɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XX ɜɟɤɚ. Oɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢ-ɹɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɟɤɚɞɚɯ ɦɢɧɭɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ. ȿɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɫɬɚɥ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɇɶɸ-ɣɨɪɤɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɟ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧɚ ɉɨɥɨɤɚ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ ɜɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢ-ɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ XX ɜɟɤɚ1 . ________________ 1
G. D z i a m s k i, Clement Greenberg: obrona modernizmu, [ɜ:] C. G r e e n b e r g, Obrona modernizmu, przekł. G. Dziamski, Kraków 2006, ɫ. V.
ȼ ɷɫɫɟ ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɭ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɦɨɞɟɪ-ɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɰɢɡɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɰɢɡɦɚ (ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ) ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵ-ɬɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɨɩɢɡɦ, ɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, – ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ2 . Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɨɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɟɸ-ɳɢɯ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɧɢ-ɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɢɦɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɟɪɚɦɢ, ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ, ɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ-ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ. Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɭɛɟɠɞɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜ-ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɦ „ɤɢɱɟɦ” ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɵ. ɋɭɬɶ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɟɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ; ɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ3 . ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢɦ Ⱦɠɟɤ-ɫɨɧɚ ɉɨɥɨɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɞɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ȼ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɚɦɟɪɢ-ɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨ-ɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɩɨɦ-________________ 2Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. V–XIV. 3 C. G r e e n b e r g, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 63–80.
ɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ, ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨ-ɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɵɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ, ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɡɚ-ɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ-ɧɢɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɚ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ. Ɋɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ Ɍɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɫɬɨɢɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟ-ɳɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɞɟɲɟɜɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɭɚ-ɪɚ4 . Ɉɬɦɟɧɚ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɚɬɪɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ, ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɫɦɨɝ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ-ɫɬɢ, ɫɦɨɝ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɍɟɚɬɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɹɞɨɦ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɭ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɦɢɫɬɟɪɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɶɟɫɵ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ, ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ. Ⱦɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɑɚɣɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɦɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɭ, ɜɜɟ-ɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɜɟ-ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧ-ɫɬɢɧɤɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ, ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɶɟɫɵ, ɜ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɢɞɚɫɤɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɭɡɵ. ɉɪɟɞɜɟɫɬɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɪɚɦɵ, ɩɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɠɟ ɜ 40-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡ-ɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɚɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɞɟ-________________
4ɋɦ.: B. W a l i g ó r s k a - O l e j n i c z a k, „Sceniczny gest” w sztuce A.P. Czechowa „Mewa” i „taniec wyzwolony” jako estetyczny kontekst Wielkiej Reformy Teatralnej, PoznaĔ 2009, ɫ. 9–30.
ɲɟɜɭɸ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɟɜɢɥɹ5 . ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɶɟɫɚɦɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɢ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɏɚɥɢɧɵ ɏɚɥɚɰɢɧɶɫɤɨɣ, ɫɬɚɜɹɳɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɑɚɣɤɢ6 . Ɍɪɚɤɬɭɹ ɩɶɟɫɭ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡ-ɰɨɜɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭ-ɬɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪ-ɦɵ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ, ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɦɭ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɟɣɡɚɠɚ, ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶ-ɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɢɝɪɭ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧɨɜ7 . ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɯ ɩɶɟɫ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɫɢ-ɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɪɟɩɥɢɤ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɛɚɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ8 . ɋɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɪɨ-ɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɶɟɫɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɤɫɟɦɢɤɭ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɢɝɪɭ ɰɜɟɬɨ-ɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣ-ɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɫɰɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ⱦɹɞɢ ȼɚɧɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɥɢɧɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɜɨ-ɩɢɫɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ Ʉɚɬɸ ɢ Ɇɚɬɜɟɹ, ɛɟɫɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɚɞɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɢɧ-ɧɢɤ. Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɟɟ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɥɢɰɨ Ʉɚɬɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɪɭɦɹɧɰɟɦ, ɨɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɭ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɫɯɨɞɢɬ Ɇɚɬɜɟɣ, ________________ 5
A. S e m c z u k, Iwan Turgieniew, Warszawa 1970, ɫ. 100. 6
H. C h a ł a c i Ĕ s k a - W i e r t e l a k, Turgieniewowsko-tołstojowski model epickich odniesieĔ w formie gatunkowej dramatu, [ɜ:] tejĪe, Komparatystyczne orientacje tekstu arty-stycznego, PoznaĔ 2007, ɫ. 31–42. 7 ɉ.Ƚ. ɉ ɭ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɣ ɬ, ɂ.ɋ. Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ – ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɫɥɨɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, ɫ. 57–77. 8 ɋ.ȿ. ɒ ɚ ɬ ɚ ɥ ɨ ɜ, ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɂ.ɋ. Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979, ɫ. 172– 232.
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɒɚɚɮ ɫ ɭɞɨɱɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ. ɇɟɦɟɰ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɹɬɶ Ʉɚɬɸ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɭɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɹɱɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɥɢɧɧɢɤɟ. ɗɬɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞ-ɧɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɨɱɟɪɟɞ-ɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ʉɚɬɢ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɥɢɧɭ, ɟɟ ɩɟɫɧɸ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɠɢ-ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɟ Ȼɟɥɹɟɜɚ. ɂ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɫɬɟ ɭɥɵɛɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ Ʉɚɬɸ, ɥɢɰɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɭɦɹɧɟɰ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫ Ȼɟɥɹɟɜɵɦ, ɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ȼɟɪɭ ɢ Ȼɟɥɹɟɜɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɨɣ ɦɚɥɢɧɵ, ɢɯ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɦɟɣɤɟ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɭɥɵɛɚɸɬ-ɫɹ, ɫɦɨɬɪɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɦɟɹ9 . ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɚɡɛɚɜ-ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɫɨɤ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ ɦɢɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɵɦ ɜ ɩɶɟɫɟ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ; ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɸ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸ-ɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɫɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɚɥɨɧɟ. ȼ ɩɶɟɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ-ɦɢ, ɚ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɵ. ɗɬɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥ-ɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ: ɤɨɪɡɢɧɚ ɦɚɥɢɧɵ, ɡɦɟɣ, ɡɨɧɬɢɤ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɰɟɧɹɬ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, Ɋɚɤɢɬɢɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɧɟɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɩɚɮɨɫɚ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɭɛɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɟɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ; ɨɧɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚ-ɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɬɟɤɚ-ɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɠɚɥɨɛɵ Ȼɟɥɹɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼɟɪɚ ɜɡɞɵɯɚɟɬ, ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɧɟɛɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢ-ɰɢɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɚɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɰɟɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɫɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɟɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɚɡ Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɦɩɵ ɢ ɦɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɫɬɢɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɚ. ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɉɢɤɚɫɫɨ ɢ Ɋɟɩɢɧɚ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢ-ɬɢɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɫɬɚɯ Ɋɟɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɛɳɟ-ɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ, ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ________________ 9ɉ.Ƚ. ɉ ɭ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɣ ɬ, Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1977, ɫ. 39.
ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ. Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɸ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ, ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɉɢɤɚɫɫɨ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨ-ɝɢɦɢ. Ɋɟɩɢɧ – ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ – ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛ-ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɱɟɪɩɚɟɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɉɢɤɚɫɫɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ Ɋɟɩɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɭ ɢ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ. Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɭ Ɋɟɩɢɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɣɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɪɟɮ-ɥɟɤɫɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɉɢɤɚɫɫɨ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɰɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟ-ɪɟɜɧɟ, ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɹ ɥɢɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɜɢɞɭ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɶɟɫɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɚɤɬɭɹ ɫɰɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɦɨɝ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɢɥɢ Ɋɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ, ɫɥɟ-ɞɭɹ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝ ɜɫɸ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨ-ɫɜɹɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɬɟ-ɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɱɬɟ-ɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɞɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ” Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɨ-ɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚ-ɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɪɚ-ɞɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɨ – ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɭɦɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɭ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬ-ɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ10 . ɉɶɟɫɚ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɞɨ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ. ɋɸɠɟɬɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɟɡɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ – Ȼɟɥɹɟɜɚ – ɢ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬ-ɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɵɣ ɞɥɹ ________________ 10 C. G r e e n b e r g, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 68.
Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɶɟɫɟ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɚɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɱɬɨ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɶɟɫ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɰɟɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɩɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-ɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɗɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɡɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɜɧɟɮɚɛɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɞɚɫɤɚɥɢɢ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɢɦɢ ɠɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɜ ɩɶɟɫɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱ-ɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱ-ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɠɟɫɬ ɩɨɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɧɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɢɟɣ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ. ɀɟɫɬɵ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɶɟɫɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ, ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢ-ɜɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜɨɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɢɥ. ɉɶɟɫɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɵɛɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɬɴɟɡɞɨɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɟ ɨɫɬɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɫ Ⱥɧɧɨɣ ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜɧɨɣ Ʌɢɡɚɜɟɬɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɞɚɪɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɨ ɒɩɢɝɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ, ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ. Ƚɟɪɨɢ ɪɚɡɥɟɬɟɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɬɤɢ – ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɂɫɥɚɟɜ, – ɭɛɟ-ɝɚɹ ɨɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɬɚɥɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɞɧɚ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɸ ɨɬ-ɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɶɟɫɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɵɬɢɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧ-ɮɥɢɤɬɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɟɣ, ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢ-ɮɢɤɟ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɉɬɰɵ ɢ ɞɟɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨ-ɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɱɬɨ ɩɶɟɫɚ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɟ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɨɜ. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɶɟɫɨɣ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɵɦ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞ-ɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ-ɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɞɪɚɦɚ-ɬɭɪɝɨɜ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧ-ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɫɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɇɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ-ɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢ-ɜɭ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ. ɉɨ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝɭ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɤɭɫɭ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɫɬɚɥɥɹɰɢɢ Ɇɚɪɫɟɥɹ Ⱦɸɲɚɦɩɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ (ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɡ-ɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ Ʌɹɬɚɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɜɵɪɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ƚɪɢɧ-ɛɟɪɝɚ Art and Culture, ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɢ). ɋ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɪɢɧɛɟɪɝ ɭɥɨɜɢɥ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧ-ɰɢɣ, ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ Ȼɨɥɶ-ɲɨɣ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ.
