IN MEMORIAM OTTO OSKAROYICH KRÜGER
Soviet papyrology suffered heavy and irreparable loss. On April 12, 1967, Otto Oskarovieh K r ü g e r , professor and doctor of Historical Sciences, died after a very long illness in Leningrad. He was an outstanding Soviet papyrologist and epigraphist, and excellent expert in classical languages, history and culture.
Otto Oskarovieh K r ü g e r was born on October 31, 1893 in Moscow. He came from the family of a musician in the orchestra of Moscow Opera. After his father's death in 1894, his mother left for St. Petersburg, and since then all his life and activities have been connected with this city. After finish-ing the high school in 1913, he entered the classical department of the historicalphilological faculty. There he studied under T. Z i e l i ń s k i , M. R o s t o v -t z e f f and G. Z e r e -t e l i . The seminar conduc-ted b y M . R o s -t o v -t z e f f and G. Z e r e t e l i had a great influence upon 0 . 0 . K r ü g e r , determining his scientific career.
After graduation from the University in 1918, he was trained for a profes-sorship, and at the same time he got a job at the State Hermitage, where he was working (with some intervals) till 1937, occupying different posts (ranging from the junior research worker to the head of the department and the learned secretary). In 1918 his first work on papyrology, written together with G. Z e -r e t e l i , was published.1 The new edition of the text, later included in the first volume of the papyri of the Soviet collection,2 considerably improved the reading of the text offered by Α. Β a k s t r o m in 1903 and made possible a more profound interpretation of the text.
Almost at the same time O . O . K r ü g e r held different posts at the State Academy of Material Culture (1920—1937). He began as a research worker, being appointed the President at interim of the Academy at last. All these years 0 . 0 . K r ü g e r was teaching at certain Leningrad colleges, viz. the University (1926—1938), the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (1930—1932, 1934—1937), Pokrovskii Pedagogical Institute (1932— 1933, 1935—1938), where he was running the department of Ancient History. 1 0 . 0 . Krüger, G. Zereteli, Meditsinskii papirus Muzeya Aleksandra III v Moskvě Izvestiya RAN, ser. VI, t. X I I , 1918, pp. 1261-1278.
2 Papyri russischer und georgischer Sammlungen (P. Ross. Georg.) hrsgb. von G. Zereteli, I - V , Tiflis, 1925-1935. Réédition Amsterdam, 1966.
256 J. F. F I K H M A N
Ο. Ο. K r ü g e r gave m u c h t h o u g h t t o Hellenistic h i s t o r y a n d papyrological studies. M a n y of t h e well-known Soviet scholars in t h e h i s t o r y a n d c u l t u r e of t h e ancient world were t r a i n e d b y h i m a n d w a r m l y r e m e m b e r h i m n o w .
His scientific i n t e r e s t s e m b r a c e d a v a s t field a n d he h a d a g r e a t knowledge a n d t r u e r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t in a n t i q u i t y . W r i t i n g a b o u t his c r e a t i v e w o r k , we should m a k e special n o t e of his h a r d work in publishing t h e p a p y r i of t h e Soviet collections b o t h d o c u m e n t a r y a n d l i t e r a r y . I n 1925 he published t o g e t h e r w i t h G. Z e r e t e l i t h e f i r s t v o l u m e of Papyri russischer und georgischer
Samm-lungen.3 T h e v o l u m e included l i t e r a r y t e x t s . I n t h e s a m e y e a r he p u b l i s h e d a p a p y r u s on t h e T h e b a n uprising of 88 B.C.4 T h e p a p y r u s preceded t h e edition of P . Ross. Georg. I I5 in 1929, p r e p a r e d b y O. 0 . K r ü g e r himself. I t in-cluded 43 l a t e - P t o l e m a i c a n d e a r l y R o m a n d o c u m e n t s . T h e c o n t e n t s of t h e v o l u m e (e.g. P . Ross. Georg. I I 18, 41 a n d others) a r e of great v a l u e , a n d it should be m e n t i o n e d here t h a t its excellent historical-juridical a n d philological c o m m e n t s aroused great scientific i n t e r e s t . H i g h l y a p p r e c i a t i n g t h e edition as a whole, U . W i l c k e n praised t h e a u t h o r ' s resourcefullness e m p h a s i z i n g t h a t O. 0 . K r ü g e r n o t only o v e r c a m e difficulties he h a d been f a c e d w i t h b u t also in m a n y cases i m p r o v e d t h e r e a d i n g a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e t e x t s pre-viously p u b l i s h e d . To his work on p a p y r o l o g y we should a d d t h e selection a n d t r a n s l a t i o n s of t h e p a p y r i m a d e f o r t h e r e a d e r Antique Mode of Production in
Sources6 ( m a n y of t h e s e t r a n s l a t i o n s were included in o t h e r a n t i q u e readers) as well as p a p e r s a n d articles w i t h n u m e r o u s corrections of papyrological a n d epigraphic t e x t s .7
A n o t h e r field of Ο. 0 . K r ü g e r r e s e a r c h activities was t h e s t u d y of t h e class struggle in a n t i q u i t y8 a n d t h e h i s t o r y of a g r i c u l t u r e in P t o l e m a i c E g y p t .9 H e also w r o t e a brief essay on H e l l e n i s m .1 0
3 Literarische Texte bearbeitet von G. Z e r e t e l i und Ο. 0 . K r ü g e r , Tiflis, 1925.
4 O. 0 . K r ü g e r , Zum thebanischen Aufstand von 88 v. Chr. Raccolta di scritti in onore di
G. Lumbroso, Milano, 1925, pp. 316-318.
5 Ptolemäische und frührömische Texte bearbeitet v o n Ο. 0 . K r ü g e r , Tiflis, 1929. 6 Antichnyi sposob proizvodstva υ istochnikakh. Literaturnye, epigraficheskiye i papirolo-gicheskiye svideteVstva o sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy istorii drevney Gretsii, ellinisticheskogo Vostoka
i Rima, Leningrad, 1933.
7 O. O. K r ü g e r , Nadgrobiye Leoksa, syna Molpagora. Izvestiya GAIMK, I, 1921, pp. 4 1 - 5 0 ;
O. 0 . K r ü g e r , Epigraficheskiye melochi, Izvestiya GAIMK, IV, 1925, pp. 81 96; O. O. K r ü g e r ,
Papirologicheskiye zametki, Problemy istorii dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv, 1934, no 9 - 1 0
pp. 204-210.
8 O.O. K r ü g e r , Zum thebanischen Aufstand..., O. O. K r ü g e r , Dvizheniya antichnykh rabov
υ doellinisticheskuyu epokhu, in: Iz istorii antichnego obschestva, Izvestiya GAIMK, 101, 1934,
p. 116-138.
9 O. O. K r ü g e r , SeVskokhozyaistvennoye proizvodstvo v Ellinisticheskom Egipte. Zernovyye
kuVtury. Izvestiya GAIML, 108, 1935, pp. 7 - 1 1 4 .
1 0 O. O. K r ü g e r , Ellinizm, SotsiaVno-ekonomichskii ocherk. Problemy istorii
I N MEMORIAM O. O. K R Ü G E R 257
His w o r k was highly a p p r e c i a t e d a n d in 1938 he was g r a n t e d a professorship a n d t h e degree of d o c t o r of Historical Sciences. F o r a long t i m e t h e n he did n o t w o r k in his field, r e s u m i n g research a n d t e a c h i n g in 1957. B u t being old a n d ill he did n o t s t a r t a n y f u n d a m e n t a l m o n o g r a p h s . H e t r a i n e d p o s t - g r a d u a t e s a t t h e L e n i n g r a d B r a n c h of t h e I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r y , s t u d e n t s of L e n i n g r a d U n i v e r s i t y , r e a d p a p e r s a n d edited a n u m b e r of t r a n s l a t i o n s f r o m Greek a n d L a t i n .1 1 H e also r e s u m e d t h e edition of p a p y r i , o s t r a c a a n d m u m m y labels (cf. JJP X V p. 421 ; X V I - X V I I p. 199—200) a n d published a n u m b e r of p a p e r s a n d reviews. Special n o t e should b e m a d e of The Recluses in Ptolemaic Egypt which offers a new i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of this t e r m , Miscellanea epigraphica (cf. JJP X V p p . 4 2 1 — 4 2 3 ) as well as his review of Corpus of the Bosporan Inscriptions c o n t a i n i n g f e w , u n f o r t u n a t e l y v e r y few, of his o n o m a s t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s (cf. JJP X V I - X Y I I p. 199).
I n t h e l a s t y e a r s of his life his h e a l t h was t o o poor t o enable h i m t o w o r k actively a n d t o s t u d y in t h e libraries, b u t untill the last d a y of his life he t o o k g r e a t i n t e r e s t in w h a t e v e r was concerned w i t h ancient h i s t o r y . Science lost in O . O . K r ü g e r an excellent r e a d e r a n d i n t e r p r e t e r of papyrological a n d epigraphical t e x t s as well as a versatile s t u d e n t of a n t i q u i t y .
[ L e n i n g r a d , I. F. F i k h m α η I n s t i t u t e of O r i e n t a l Studies]
I N M E M O R I A M P E T E R V I K T O R O V I C H J E R N S T E D T
P . V. J e r η s t e d t , t h e o u t s t a n d i n g Soviet linguist, papyrologist a n d coptologist, a corresponding m e m b e r of t h e U . S . S . R . A c a d e m y of Sciences, died in L e n i n g r a d on D e c e m b e r 25, 1966.
P . V. J e r n s t e d t was b o r n on J u n e 21, 1890, in t h e t o w n of G a t c h i n a ( t h e L e n i n g r a d district) in t h e f a m i l y of A c a d e m i c i a n V. K . J e r n s t e d t , t h e well-known hellenist a n d p a l a e o g r a p h e r , t h e f o u n d e r of R u s s i a n p a p y r o l o g y . Being v e r y good a t linguistics, a f t e r his g r a d u a t i o n f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y school he e n t e r e d in 1908 t h e classical d e p a r t m e n t of t h e historical-philological f a c u l t y a t St. P e t e r s b u r g U n i v e r s i t y . T h e r e he chose as his f u t u r e field t h e h i s t o r y of Greek a n d in t h e f i r s t place M o d e r n Greek, This compelled h i m t o m a k e a t h o r o u g h s t u d y of Middle Greek. A t t h e s a m e t i m e he s t u d i e d some O r i e n t a l l a n g u a g e s a t t h e Oriental f a c u l t y , viz. H e b r e w , A r a m a i c , A s s y r i a n , Syriac, Arabic, S a n s k r i t , Old P e r s i a n , etc., a n d l a t e r E g y p t i a n a n d Coptic, t h e l a t t e r b e c o m i n g his second a n d l a t e r his m a i n speciality.
11 A r r i a n , Pokhod Aleksandra, M . - L . , 1962 (in the same book, pp. 5 - 1 4 his paper Arrian i ypgo trud "Pokhod Aleksandra", cf. JJP, X V , p. 422). V a r r o n , Sel'skoye khozyaistvo, M.-L.
