• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

The Development and Importance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Polish Economy During the Economic Slowdown

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "The Development and Importance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Polish Economy During the Economic Slowdown"

Copied!
16
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

vv

THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPORTANCE OF

SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE

POLISH ECONOMY DURING THE ECONOMIC

SLOWDOWN

Anna Nijakowska - Augustyn*1

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to discuss the condition of the sector of small and PHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHV 60(V DQGLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQWKH3ROLVKHFRQRP\ during the economic slowdown. The SMEs around the world play a significant role in the economic growth of many countries, as well as in the job creation or in the development of selected sectors or whole countries. The paper presents a classification of SMEs and the current state of the SME sector in Poland. In addition, the study attempts to prove that this sector, currently represents a significant segment of the Polish economy in the context of the micro- and macro-economic factors, especially during the economic downturn.

Keywords: SME sector, economic slowdown, importance of SMEs 1. Introduction

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

3K'6WXGHQW)DFXOW\RI)LQDQFH&UDFRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI(FRQRPLFVXO5DNRZLFND&UDFRZHPDLODQQD QLMDNRZVND#JPDLOFRP

(2)

vv

RUERWK$PHULFDVWKH60(VHFWRULVUHIHUUHGWRDVeWKHHQJLQHRIJURZWKs ZKLOHLWLVRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQHJOLJLEOHLQWHUHVWRUVWXG\RILWVQHHGV DQG H[SHFWDWLRQV %REHU L .DOXSD  S   :RUOG H[SHULHQFH VKRZV WKDWFRXQWULHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\G\QDPLFHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWDUHEDVHGRQ WKHIUHHPDUNHWHFRQRP\LQZKLFKWKHSUHGRPLQDQWEXVLQHVVIRUPLVSULYDWH SURSHUW\EDVHGRQWKHIUHHGRPRIHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGLQZKLFKWKHIXQFWLRQLQJ RIWKH60(VHFWRULVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHSURSHUHFRQRP\GHYHORSPHQW<HDUE\ \HDUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH60(VHFWRULQ3RODQGKDVEHHQVKRZLQJDQXSZDUG WUHQGDQGLWUHVXOWVLQDKLJKSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI60(VLQWKH*'3 WKH\JHQHUDWH DOPRVWRI*'3 RULQWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURISHRSOHHPSOR\HGE\WKH VHFWRUFRQFHUQHG6PDOOHQWHUSULVHVGHYHORSWKHLUEXVLQHVVHVPDLQO\RQDORFDO VFDOH 6]UHGHUS EXWVRPHRIWKHPDOVRSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQ WKHUHJLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGHYHQVXFFHVVIXOO\FRPSHWHLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO DUHQDFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHH[SRUWLQFUHDVHDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ %ñNDQG.XODZF]XNSSu 'XHWRWKHLUKLJKIOH[LELOLW\60(VKDYH DFKDQFHWRFRPSHWHHYHQZLWKWKHODUJHVWHQWHUSULVHVDPRQJRWKHUVWKDQNVWR WKHLUJUHDWDELOLWLHVWRFRQWUROFRVWVDQGWKHLUPLWLJDWLRQDVZHOODVWRWKHKLJK PRWLYDWLRQRIRZQHUVDQGHPSOR\HHVRIWKRVHFRPSDQLHV 6WDQNLHZLF] S 

7KH SULPDU\ DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV WR DQDO\]H WKH VHOHFWHG DVSHFWV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH 60( VHFWRU DJDLQVW WKH EDFNJURXQG RI WKH FKDQJHV WKDW RFFXUUHGLQ3RODQGLQWKH\HDUVuDVZHOODVWRGLVFXVVWKHFRQGLWLRQ RIWKLVVHFWRULQWKHFRQWH[WRILWVLPSRUWDQFHGXULQJWKHHFRQRPLFVORZGRZQ 7KHUHIRUHDK\SRWKHVLVZDVIRUPXODWHGZKLFKVD\VWKDWWKH60(VHFWRUGXULQJ WKHHFRQRPLFGRZQWXUQSOD\VDNH\UROHLQWKHPLFURDQGPDFURHFRQRPLF JURZWKRIWKHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\

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

(3)

vv

WKH EXVLQHVV HQWLW\ WHUP WKDW ZDV XVHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV $FW RI  DV DQ HQWUHSUHQHXU -RXUQDORI/DZ1RLWHP\HDU1RLWHP DQG1RLWHPDVDPHQGHG 7KHFRPSDQ\LVrDQHQWLW\WKDWFRQGXFWV DEXVLQHVVDFWLYLW\DQGWHQGVWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRIRWKHUVRFLDODFWRUV LQGLYLGXDOV RULQVWLWXWLRQV E\WKHSURGXFWLRQRISURGXFWVRUVHUYLFHVFRQVLGHULQJWKHIDFW WKDWVXFKDFWLYLW\LVPRWLYDWHGE\WKHGHVLUHWRREWDLQPDWHULDOEHQHILWVDQGLV PDQDJHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DWWKHRZQHUqVRURZQHUVqULVNs 6XGRä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u  RI 7KH )UHHGRP RI (FRQRPLF $FWLYLW\ $FW RI  -XO\  -RXUQDO RI/DZLWHPDVDPHQGHG 7KHVL]HRIWKHHPSOR\PHQWDVZHOODV WKHDPRXQWRIDQQXDOQHWVDOHVRUWKHVXPRIDVVHWVUHPDLQHGDFULWHULRQRI GLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKHVL]HRIWKHFRPSDQLHV7KHDFWVWLOOLQFOXGHVWKUHHFDWHJRULHV RIHQWHUSULVHVQDPHO\PLFURVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HG$PLFURHQWHUSULVH

(4)

vv LVWKHRQHWKDWHPSOR\HGRQDYHUDJHOHVVWKDQHPSOR\HHVLQWKHODVWWZR \HDUVDQGUHDFKHGWKHDQQXDOWXUQRYHUQRWH[FHHGLQJWKHHTXLYDOHQWRI(85 PLOOLRQRUWKHVXPRIDVVHWVQRWH[FHHGLQJ(85PLOOLRQ6PDOOHQWHUSULVHV DUHHQWLWLHVHPSOR\LQJUHVSHFWLYHO\OHVVWKDQHPSOR\HHVDQGUHDFKLQJWKH DQQXDOWXUQRYHURUWKHVXPRIDVVHWVQRWODUJHUWKDQWKH(85PLOOLRQ:KHQ LW FRPHV WR PHGLXPVL]HG HQWLWLHV WKH\ HPSOR\ UHVSHFWLYHO\ OHVV WKDQ  SHRSOHDQGJHQHUDWHDQQXDOWXUQRYHUQRWH[FHHGLQJ(85PLOOLRQRUWRWDO DVVHWVOHVVWKDQ(85PLOOLRQ

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

%URDGHU UHFRJQLWLRQ VD\V WKDW WKH FDWHJRU\ RI 60(V VKRXOG FRPSULVH WKH HQWHUSULVHV ZKLFK HPSOR\ D UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO QXPEHU RI HPSOR\HHV KDYHUHODWLYHO\OLWWOHFDSLWDODQGZKRVHRZQHULVXVXDOO\WKHPDQDJHU6XFK DSSURDFKHOLPLQDWHVFRPSOH[DGPLQLVWUDWLYHu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

(5)

vv

JRYHUQPHQWVDUHWDNLQJWKHVHTXHQFHRIWKHRSHUDWLRQVUHODWHGWRWKHVXSSRUW RI60(V

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

Table 1. 7RWDO QXPEHU RI HQWHUSULVHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ 3RODQG LQ WKH \HDUV uLQFOXGLQJWKHVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGEXVLQHVVVHFWRU ILJXUHV LQWKRXVDQGV (QWHUSULVHV      7RWDO      60(VHFWRULQFOXGLQJ      0LFURVL]HG      6PDOOVL]HG      0HGLXPVL]HG      6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI3$53  S

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

(6)

vv

HVSHFLDOO\ EHWZHHQ  DQG  ZKLFK EURXJKW HFRQRPLF UHFRYHU\ DQG LPSURYHPHQWLQWKHEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKLQWXUQUHVXOWHGLQLPSURYHG FRPSDQLHV SHUIRUPDQFH DQG WKH LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI DFWLYH HQWLWLHV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\LQWKHUHZDVDVKDUSVORZGRZQLQWKHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\ RIQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\UHVXOWLQJLQGHWHULRUDWLRQRIPDFURHFRQRPLFGHWHUPLQDQWV RIUXQQLQJDEXVLQHVV,QWKHUHDOJURZWKUDWHRIJURVVGRPHVWLFSURGXFW GHFUHDVHGWRFRPSDULQJZLWKJURZWKUDWHRQWKHOHYHOLQDV LOOXVWUDWHGRQ)LJXUH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GDP (% y/y)

GDP Figure 1.*'3JURZWKLQ3RODQGLQWKH\HDUVu 6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI(XURVWDWGDWD 8QIDYRUDEOHIOXFWXDWLRQVLQ*'3JURZWKGRHVQRWLQIOXHQFHQHJDWLYHO\ WKH QXPEHU RI FRPSDQLHV EHFDXVH LQ WKH DQDO\]HG SHULRG WKH QXPEHU RI EXVLQHVVHQWLWLHVRSHUDWLQJLQ3RODQGZDVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHJURZLQJWUHQG uLQWKHUHZDVDYLVLEOHGHFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIHQWLWLHVLQFRPSDULVRQ WRWKHSUHYLRXV\HDUEXWLQSRVLWLYHG\QDPLFVZDVREVHUYHGFRPSDUHG WR 7KHVKDUHRIPLFURHQWHUSULVHVLQWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIFRPSDQLHVLQ3RODQG LVYHU\KLJKEHFDXVHLQWKHHQWLUHVWXG\SHULRGWKH\DFFRXQWHGIRUDERXW RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ0LFURHQWHUSULVHVLQGLFDWHWKHKLJKJURZWKUDWHRILQFUHDVH DPRQJRWKHUVEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHORZFDSLWDOLQWHQVLW\ZKDWLVPRUHWKH\UHO\ RQWKHORZVNLOOHGODERU 3$535DSRUWRVWDQLHVHNWRUDfS 7KH LQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIPLFURHQWHUSULVHVLQUHFHQW\HDUVLVDOVRFRPELQHG ZLWKWKHHIIHFWRIHFRQRPLFVORZGRZQZKLFKFRXOGVSHHGXSWKHGHFLVLRQVRI PDQ\SHUVRQVFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHFRPSDQ\ZKHQWKH\ORVW WKHLUMREV $QRWKHULPSRUWDQWJURXSRIFRPSDQLHVLQWKH3ROLVKHFRQRP\LQWHUPVRI WKHVL]HZHUHVPDOOHQWLWLHVEHFDXVHWKHLUQXPEHUDPRXQWHGWRDQDYHUDJHRI RIWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIHQWHUSULVHV0RUHRYHUWKHQXPEHURIVXFKHQWLWLHV

(7)

vv

FOHDUO\LQFUHDVHVVXEVWDQWLDOO\LQWKHHQWLUHSHULRGRIUHVHDUFKDQGDVLQWKH FDVHRIPLFURHQWHUSULVHVLWVKRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\FDQEH VLPSO\HVWDEOLVKHG0HGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVPDGHWKHVPDOOHVWSDUWRIWKH ZKROH QXPEHU RI HQWHUSULVHV EHFDXVH WKHLU VKDUH LQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ WRWDOHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\LQHDFKSHULRG 7KHUROHRIWKH60(VHFWRULQWKH3ROLVKHFRQRP\u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u  WKH JOREDO HFRQRP\ ZDV VWUXJJOLQJ WZLFH ZLWK WKH SUREOHP RI HFRQRPLF VORZGRZQ ILUVWO\ LQ  DQG WKHQ DJDLQ LQ  ,Q WKLV FRQQHFWLRQ WKH DXWKRU PDGH DQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH VHOHFWHG DQG LQ KHU RSLQLRQ PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ ILJXUHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH HQWHUSULVHVRSHUDWLQJLQWKH60(VHFWRUWDNLQJWKHPDFURHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQ RIWKHFRXQWU\LQWRDFFRXQW

3.1. The share of SMEs is GDP creation

7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH60(VHFWRULQWKHHFRQRP\VKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGDPRQJ RWKHUV WKURXJK WKH SULVP RI WKH PHDVXUHV RI HFRQRPLF JURZWK 6PDOO DQG PHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVUHPDLQWKHGULYLQJIRUFHRIWKH3ROLVKHFRQRP\7KH VKDUHRIVXFKHQWHUSULVHVLQ*'3FUHDWLRQLVWKHEDVLVRIWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG PHDVXUHV$FFRUGLQJWRGDWDREWDLQHGIURP&HQWUDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IILFH *86  SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHFRPSDQLHVLQ3RODQGJHQHUDWHGRI*'3LQWKH\HDU 7KLVUHVXOWZDVDERXWORZHUWKDQLQZKHQDVWURQJHFRQRPLF

(8)

vv

GRZQWXUQWRRNSODFH7KHVKDUHRI60(VLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHJURVVGRPHVWLF SURGXFW DPRXQWHG WR  0LFURHQWHUSULVHV FUHDWHG HYHU\ WKLUG ]ORW\   VPDOOHQWHUSULVHV HYHU\ WKLUWHHQWK   DQG PHGLXPVL]HG RQO\ HYHU\WHQWK   3$535DSRUWRVWDQLHVHNWRUDfS ,QUHFHQW \HDUVZHFRXOGREVHUYHWKDWWKHVKDUHRI60(VLQ*'3FUHDWLRQUHPDLQHGRQ DUDWKHUVWDEOHOHYHOGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQSURFHVVLVYLVLEOHRQ WKHPDUNHWDQGLWOHDGVWRWKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJRIWKHSRVLWLRQRIODUJHHQWHUSULVHV 0DLQWDLQLQJDKLJKVKDUHRI60(VLQ*'3FUHDWLRQLQWKHFRQVLGHUHGSHULRG FRQILUPV WKDW HYHQ GXULQJ WKH HFRQRPLF VORZGRZQ VXFK HQWLWLHV DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQWOLQNVLQ3ROLVKHFRQRP\

Table 2.7KHVKDUHRIHQWHUSULVHVLV*'3FUHDWLRQ

60((QWHUSULVHV

Year (QWHUSULVHVWRWDO Total Micro 6PDOO 0HGLXP /DUJH

                                   6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI3$53  S 7KHVKDUHRI60(VHFWRULQ*'3FUHDWLRQLVDFRPPRQO\DFFHSWHGUDWLR RIWKHHFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGDPHDVXUHRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVVHFWRULQWKH QDWLRQDOHFRQRP\KRZHYHULWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRRYHUORRNWKDWZLWKUHIHUHQFH WR WKH VPDOO DQG PHGLXPVL]HG EXVLQHVV VHFWRU LW KDV DQXPEHU RI GHIHFWV LH

v 'LIILFXOW\ZLWKWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHUHDOUHVXOWRIWKH60(VHFWRU EXVLQHVV DFWLYLW\ SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ IDPLO\ HQWHUSULVHV LQ ZKLFK GHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRVWDQGZRUNLQJKRXUVRIIDPLO\PHPEHUVLVRIWHQ LPSRVVLEOH

v 7KHILQDOOHYHORI*'3JURZWKLVGLVWRUWHGE\WKHVLJQLILFDQWVKDUHRI EODFNHFRQRP\LQWKH60(VHFWRU

v /DFN RI DXWKRULWDWLYH VWDWLVWLFDO TXDQWLWLHV GHGLFDWHG HVSHFLDOO\ WR PLFURHQWHUSULVHV

$V D UHVXOW WKH GHJUHH RI WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKH 60( VHFWRU RQ *'3 FUHDWLRQ LV LQ VRPH ZD\ OLPLWHG DOWKRXJK GHILQLWHO\ LQGLVSXWDEOH %HGQDU] DQG*RVWRPVNLS 

(9)

vv 60(VHFWRUDVDPDMRUHPSOR\HU

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

$VRI'HFHPEHUWKHQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVZRUNLQJLQ3ROLVK HQWHUSULVHV DPRXQWHG WR  PLOOLRQ SHRSOH  PLOOLRQ   RI WKHP ZRUNHG LQ 60(V ,Q WKH VDPH \HDU PLFURHQWHUSULVHV HPSOR\HG DERXW  PLOOLRQSHRSOHLHRISHUVRQVZKRZHUHHPSOR\HGE\60(V6PDOO HQWHUSULVHV HPSOR\HG DURXQG  PLOOLRQ SHRSOH WKDW UHSUHVHQWHG  RI WRWDO HPSOR\PHQW LQ WKH 60( VHFWRU ZKLOH PHGLXPHQWHUSULVHV HPSOR\HG RYHUPLOOLRQSHRSOHDQGRIDOOHPSOR\HHVRI60(VHFWRU 3$53 5DSRUWRVWDQLHVHNWRUDfSS &RPSDUHGWRWKHUHKDV EHHQDVOLJKWGHFOLQHLQWKHHPSOR\PHQWOHYHOLQWKHDQDO\]HGVHFWRUDQGLQ HQWHUSULVHVLQJHQHUDODOWKRXJKWKHUHKDVEHHQDJURZWKLQVPDOOFRPSDQLHV DQGVLPXOWDQHRXVGHFUHDVHLQHPSOR\PHQWLQPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHV7KH GLVFXVVHGWUHQGZDVSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOH

(10)

vv

Table 3.7KHQXPEHURISHRSOHZRUNLQJLQ3ROLVKHQWHUSULVHVLQJHQHUDOE\ VL]HFODVVHVLQWKH\HDUV ILJXUHVLQWKRXVDQGVRISHUVRQV

(QWHUSULVHV

Year 727$/ SMEtotal % of total PLFUR % of total VPDOO % of total PHGLXP % of total large % of total                                                             6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI3$53  S *HQHUDOO\WDNLQJWKH\HDUSHULRGLQWRDFFRXQWLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW WKHQXPEHURISHRSOHHPSOR\HGGHFUHDVHGE\IURPPLOOLRQLQ WRPLOOLRQLQ7KHGHFOLQHLQWKHGHPDQGIRUWKHZRUNIRUFHLQWKH DQDO\]HGSHULRGZDVSUREDEO\FDXVHGE\WKHDGYHUVHGHFOLQHVLQ*'3JURZWK DQGLQWKHOLPLWHGFRQVXPHUGHPDQG+RZHYHUHYHQLQVSLWHRIZRUVHQLQJRQ WKHODERUPDUNHW3ROLVKPLFURHQWHUSULVHVSOD\DKXJHSDUWLQWKHFRXQWU\DV WKHPDMRUHPSOR\HU 'HFOLQHLQWKHQXPEHURIZRUNHUVHVSHFLDOO\LQFRUUHVSRQGHGWR DQLQFUHDVHLQWKHXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWH,QWKHSHULRGDQDO\]HGWKHVLWXDWLRQRQ WKHODERUPDUNHWGHWHULRUDWHGWKHUHIRUHDFFRUGLQJWR)LJXUHXQHPSOR\PHQW UDWHJUDGXDOO\LQFUHDVHG 9,5 12,1 12,4 12,5 13,4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Unemployment rate (in %)

Unemployment rate

Figure 2. 8QHPSOR\PHQWUHJLVWHUHGLQ3RODQGLQWKH\HDUVu LQ 6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRI3$53  S

7KHLQFUHDVHLQXQHPSOR\PHQWGXULQJWKHVWXG\SHULRGZDVXQGRXEWHGO\ FDXVHGE\WKHHFRQRPLFGRZQWXUQZKLFKUHVXOWHGLQGRZQWLPHVLQEXVLQHVVHV LQ PDQ\ EDQNUXSWFLHV LQ FROOHFWLYH UHGXQGDQFLHV DQG LQ QHZ HPSOR\PHQW OLPLWLQJ

(11)

vv

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fS 

7KHLQYHVWPHQWDFWLYLW\RI60(VHFWRU

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

(12)

vv Table 5.([SHQGLWXUHVRQEXVLQHVVLQYHVWPHQWV LQPLOOLRQ3/1 (QWHUSULVHV Year 2JÑäHP SME Total % of total PLFUR % of total VPDOO % of total PHGLXP % of total large % of total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u VL]HG HQWLWLHV VSHQW LQ WKH \HDU  PRUH WKDQ  OHVV WKDQ LQ  ,W VKRXOG DOVR EH QRWHG WKDW WKH \HDU  EURXJKW D UHYHUVDO RI WKH SRVLWLYHG\QDPLFVZKLFKZDVUHFRUGHGIURPWKH\HDU7KHDQDO\VLVRI WKH VWUXFWXUH RI FDSLWDO H[SHQGLWXUHV LQ WKH 60( VHFWRU DOORZV WR FRQFOXGH WKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHIXQGVIRULQYHVWPHQWVZHUHGHGLFDWHGE\PHGLXPVL]HG FRPSDQLHV EHFDXVH WKH DPRXQW RI WKHLU H[SHQGLWXUHV LV QHDUO\ D KDOI RI LQYHVWPHQWH[SHQGLWXUHVLQFXUUHGE\WKH60(VHFWRULQJHQHUDO

3.4. The size of the foreign trade of SMEs

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

(13)

vv

DVLQWKH\HDUVWRZKHQWKHHFRQRPLFGRZQWXUQLQ3RODQGDQGWKH (8FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRILPSRUWDQGH[SRUWJURZWK

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

'XH WR WKH LPSRUWqV H[SOLFLW GHSHQGHQFH RQ WKH H[SRUW DV ZHOO DV WKH 3ROLVKLPSRUWFRQFHQWUDWLRQPDLQO\RQ(8FRXQWULHVLQWKHDQDO\]HGSHULRG DVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHH[SRUWDQGLPSRUWG\QDPLFJURZWKDQG*'3 LQ3RODQGDQGRWKHU(8FRXQWULHVZDVREVHUYHG$VLJQLILFDQWGHFOLQHLQWKH JURZWKRIWKH3ROLVKHFRQRP\ IURPLQWRLQ DQGLQ GHPDQGHVSHFLDOO\LQYHVWPHQWUHVXOWHGLQDGHFOLQHLQLPSRUWJURZWK IURP LQWRLQ 

$V D UHVXOW WKH G\QDPLFV RI 3ROLVK LPSRUW UHDFKHG LQ  WKH ORZHVW OHYHOVLQFHDSDUWIURPWKHFROODSVHLQZKHQLPSRUWVIHOOE\RQH VL[WK  LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHSUHYLRXV\HDU,QDGGLWLRQYLFHYHUVDDV LQWKHFDVHRIH[SRUWWKHQRPLQDOLPSRUWJURZWKUDWHZDVVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHU LQ60(V  WKDQLQODUJHHQWHUSULVHV  7KLVGHWHULRUDWLRQFDPH DIWHUDUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQLPSRUWVLQDQGERWKLQWHUPVRI60(V DQLQFUHDVHRIDQG DQGODUJHHQWHUSULVHV DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\  3$535DSRUWRVWDQLHVHNWRUDSS 

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

(14)

vv

7KHLPSRUWDQFHRI60(VLQWKHPLFURHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLV

,QWKHPLFURHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVRIWKH60(VqLPSRUWDQFHHVSHFLDOO\LQWHUPVRI WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\HFRQRP\LWLVZRUWKSD\LQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQDO DQG PDQDJHULDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV $ EHQHILFLDO HIIHFW RQ WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH FRPSDQLHVLQWKLVILHOGLVH[HUWHGE\ 1RJDOVNL.DUSDF]DQG:ÑMFLN.DUSDF] SSu  v WUDQVSDUHQF\RIRUJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV v VPDOOQXPEHURIOHYHOVRIPDQDJHPHQW v KLJKVSHHGIORZRILQIRUPDWLRQ v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

6LPSOH VWUXFWXUH LPSURYHV WKH OHYHO RI PDQDJHPHQW DQG LQFUHDVHV PDQDJHUVq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

(15)

vv 4. Conclusion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

,WLVZRUWKUHPHPEHULQJWKDWWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHHQWLUH3ROLVKHFRQRP\ WKH LQFUHDVH RI LWV FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV RQ IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI XQHPSOR\PHQW LQ WKH FRXQWU\ DQG LPSURYHG SXEOLF PRRG DUH LQVHSDUDEO\ OLQNHGZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHFWRURIVPDOODQGPHGLXPHQWHUSULVHV 7KHUHIRUHDSRVLWLYHEDFNXSSROLF\LVQHHGHGZKLFKZLOOEHVXSSRUWLQJWKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VPDOO DQG PHGLXP HQWHUSULVHV IRFXVLQJ RQ UHGXFLQJ EDUULHUV LQ WKHLU IXQFWLRQLQJ IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH DFFHVV WR VRXUFHV RI ILQDQFLQJ DQGVXSSRUWLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHVDQGRIHQWUHSUHQHXULDO DWWLWXGHV

References

%DVV++  9HUJDQJHQKHLW*HJHQZDUW=XNXQIW.08,QGHU'HXWVFKHQ Volswirtschaft%UHPHQ

%ñN0.XODZF]XN3  Poradnik eksportera dla MSP:DUV]DZD3ROVND )XQGDFMD3URPRFMLL5R]ZRMX0Dä\FKLćUHGQLFK3U]HGVLöELRUVWZ %HGQDU] - *RVWRPVNL (   ']LDäDOQRĈè PDä\FK L ĈUHGQLFK

SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ QD U\QNDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK *GDþVN :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX*GDþVNLHJR

(16)

vv

%HGQDU]-*RVWRPVNL(  )LQDQVRZDQLHG]LDäDOQRĈFLJRVSRGDUF]HM *GDþVN:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX*GDþVNLHJR

%HUD $   0DNURHNRQRPLF]QD SR]\FMD VHNWRUD PLNUR L PDä\FK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ Z JRVSRGDUFH ,Q 8ZDUXQNRZDQLD U\QNRZH UR]ZRMX PLNUR L PDä\FK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH 8QLZHUV\WHWX 6]F]HFLþVNLHJRu(NRQRPLF]QHSUREOHP\XVäXJ,  

%REHU3.DOXSDã  6WUDWHJLHJRVSRGDURZDQLDPDMñWNLHPPDä\FKL ĈUHGQLFKSU]HGVLöELRUVWZZ3ROVFH3R]QDþ:\GDZQLFWZR:6% *86   ']LDäDOQRĈè SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ QLHILQDQVRZ\FK Z  URNX

5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVWDWJRYSOREV]DU\WHPDW\F]QHSRGPLRW\ JRVSRGDUF]HZ\QLNLILQDQVRZHSU]HGVLHELRUVWZDQLHILQDQVRZH G]LDODOQRVFSU]HGVLHELRUVWZQLHILQDQVRZ\FKZUKWPO

.DPURZVNL $   5ROD PDä\FK L ĈUHGQLFK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ Z UR]ZRMX aglomeracji miejskich. 6]F]HFLQ 6]F]\W *RVSRGDUF]\ 3RPRU]D =DFKRGQLHJR

.UDMHZVNL.  )XQNFMRQRZDQLH063ZZDUXQNDFKJRVSRGDUNLU\QNRZHM L LFK PRĔOLZRĈFL UR]ZRMRZH %LXOHW\Q ,QVW\WXWX 3U]HGVLöELRUF]RĈFL L 6DPRU]ñGQRĈFL

1RJDOVNL % .DUSDF] - :ÑMFLN.DUSDF] $   Funkcjonowanie L UR]ZÑM PDä\FK L ĈUHGQLFK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ 2G F]HJR WR ]DOHĔ\" %\GJRV]F]232

0LQW]EHUJ+  6WUXFWXUHLQ)LYHV'HVLJQLQJ(IIHFWLYH2UJDQL]DWLRQV 1HZ-HUVH\Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs

3XV]HU%  =MDZLVNDNU\]\VRZHQDU\QNXILQDQVRZ\P,Q-%äDFK 0*RUF]\þVND.0LWUöJD1LHVWUÑM%3XV]HU0:LHF]RUHN.RVPDOD . =QDQLHFND 2GG]LDä\ZDQLH JOREDOQHJR NU\]\VX 3HUVSHNW\ZD SU]HGVLöELRUVWZD:DUV]DZD&H'H:X 3$53  5DSRUWRVWDQLHVHNWRUDPDä\FKLĈUHGQLFKSU]HGVLöELRUVWZZ 3ROVFHZODWDFK3ROVND$JHQFMD5R]ZRMX3U]HGVLöELRUF]RĈFL 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZSDUSJRYSOLQGH[PRUH 6XGRä 6   3U]HGVLöELRUVWZR 3RGVWDZ\ QDXNL R SU]HGVLöELRUVWZLH =DU]ñG]DQLHSU]HGVLöELRUVWZHP:DUV]DZD3:( 6WDQNLHZLF] 0 -   .RQNXUHQF\MQRĈè SU]HGVLöELRUVWZD %XGRZDQLH NRQNXUHQF\MQRĈFLZZDUXQNDFKJOREDOL]DFML7RUXþ712L.

6WHLQHURZVND6WUHE ,   %DULHU\ UR]ZRMX PDä\FK L ĈUHGQLFK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ Z 3ROVFH ]PLDQ\ VSRZRGRZDQH GHNRQLXQNWXUñ JRVSRGDUF]ñ3U]HJOñG2UJDQL]DFML

6]UHGHU 0   6WDW\VW\F]Q\ REUD] VHNWRUD PDä\FK L ĈUHGQLFK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ ZRMHZÑG]WZD SRPRUVNLHJR 3LHQLñG]H L :LöĒ, 3    $FWRI1RYHPEHU7KH)UHHGRPRI(FRQRPLF$FWLYLW\$FW -/ 1RLWHPDVDPHQGHG  $FWRI-XO\7KH)UHHGRPRI(FRQRPLF$FWLYLW\$FW -/LWHP DVDPHQGHG 

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Prace należy opracować zgodnie z Zasadami przygotowania tekstów do druku umieszczonymi na stronie internetowej naszego kwartalnika. Index 371866

UHJLPH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHLQVWLWXWLRQRI6HFUHWDU\RI6WDWHIRU6FRWODQGZRXOGUH- PDLQ ZLWKLQ WKH %ULWLVK &amp;DELQHW DQG WKH FLYLO VHUYLFH ZRXOG EH QDWLRQDO

Inną z cnót mistrza jest jego postawa odpowiedzialności (Olbrycht 2007, s. Chodzi tutaj głównie o  psychopedagogiczną oraz moralną odpo- wiedzialność tworzenia więzi z 

Kłócą się z  doktrynami neoliberalnego ładu politycznego, z  grupami intere- sów zbiorowego egoizmu, z  dysfunkcjonalnymi instytucjami i  organami pań- stwa, wreszcie z 

Po pierwsze, podkreśla się, iż rzeczywista i pełna realizacja prawa do uczestnictwa społecznego dzieci opiera się na wprowadzeniu całej gamy warunków legislacyjnych, politycznych

Z homogenizacją ściśle wiąże się uniwersalizacja, która charakteryzuje się przede wszystkim wszechobecnością stereotypów, ano- nimowością osób, które

WRUDO DQG RWKHU SROLWLFDO DFWLYLWLHV OREE\LQJ WKH LQWHUHVWV RI WKH FRXQWU\

‡ 6WXG\LQJ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH OHYHO RI HPSDWK\ DQG VXFFHVV