The System of Early Recognition of Changes in the Environment in the Opinion of Senior-Level Managers

vv

THE SYSTEM OF EARLY RECOGNITION OF

CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE

OPINION OF SENIOR-LEVEL MANAGERS

-DQXV]%ñN* Abstract

7KH SUREOHP RI HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHPV LV VWLOO LQVXIILFLHQWO\ H[SORUHG E\ researchers on the grounds of the management studies, and the overview of the literature of the subject reveals the scarcity of empirical papers which would attempt to identify and describe systems occurring in organizations. With regard to the above, it is necessary to intensify works in this area so that in subsequent research of the organizational phenomenon that early recognition is, it could be possible, on the one hand, to learn more about their structure and functioning in an organization, and on the other hand, WR LPSURYH UHVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV HQDEOLQJ WKHLU PHDVXUHPHQW 7KLV SDSHUqV aim is to present the findings of the research attempting to identify the early recognition system with regard to its four aspects: the functional, the process, the instrumental and the structural one.

.H\ZRUGV early recognition system, survey of enterprises, SME sector,

RSLQLRQVRIVHQLRUOHYHOPDQDJHUV

1. Introduction

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 7KH RYHUYLHZ RI WKH

*  3K'$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV0DQDJHPHQWDQG0DUNHWLQJ,QVWLWXWHRI(FRQRPLFV6RFLRORJ\ DQG3KLORVRSK\&UDFRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\XO:DUV]DZVND&UDFRZHPDLOMDQXV]EDN#SNHGXSO

vv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qVHQYLURQPHQWDQGWKH UHGXFWLRQRIXQFHUWDLQW\UHODWHGWRLWDVZHOODVRQLQIRUPLQJVHQLRUOHYHOPDQDJHUV DERXWWKHPLQVXFKDGYDQFHVRWKDWLWFRXOGEHSRVVLEOHWRXQGHUWDNHDGHTXDWH DFWLRQVHQDEOLQJWKHPWRDYRLGVWUDWHJLFVXUSULVHVWKHVSHFLILFFKDUDFWHURIWKH V\VWHPFRQVLVWVLQRULHQWLQJWKHSURFHVVHVRILQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJWRZDUGVWKH SHUFHSWLRQ DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ZHDN VLJQDOV EHLQJ WKH V\PSWRPV RI FKDQJHV VXEVWDQWLDWHGLQWKHIRUPRIIXWXUHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRUWKUHDWVWKHV\VWHPLVDWRRO VXSSRUWLQJ VWUDWHJLF PDQDJHPHQW WKH SODQQLQJ DQG VWUDWHJLF FRQWURO V\VWHPV IXQFWLRQLQJLQRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWHUPVRILQIRUPDWLRQE\SURYLGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ UHGXFLQJXQFHUWDLQW\RIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJVLWXDWLRQVDQGHQDEOLQJWRWDNHGHFLVLRQV OHDGLQJWREHWWHUDGMXVWPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHUHIRUH JXDUDQWHHLQJWKHVXUYLYDODQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KH V\VWHP PHWKRGRORJ\ 6LHQNLHZLF]  *KDUDMHGDJKL  SRLQWVRXWWRIRXUDVSHFWVRIWKHV\VWHPVUHTXLULQJVHSDUDWHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ,Q WKHDUHDRIWKHV\VWHPVWDWLFLWLVWKHVWUXFWXUDODVSHFWLWRUGHUVWKHV\VWHP GHILQLQJ LWV FRPSRQHQWV DQG UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ WKHP DQG LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH V\VWHP G\QDPLFV WKHVH DUH WKH IROORZLQJ DVSHFWV WKH IXQFWLRQDO RQH GHILQHVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHV\VWHPRSHUDWLRQVLQGLFDWLQJWKHJRDOVIXQFWLRQV DQGLPSOHPHQWHGWDVNVWKHSURFHVVRQHGHILQHVWKHVHTXHQFHRIDFWLYLWLHV OHDGLQJWRWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRILWVIXQFWLRQVWKHLQVWUXPHQWDORQHLWLGHQWLILHV WKHNH\WRROVVXSSRUWLQJWKHDFWLYLWLHV

7KH EDVLF DLP RI WKH (56 LV WKH V\VWHPDWLF SURYLVLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJDQWLFLSDWHGFKDQJHVWRVHQLRUOHYHOPDQDJHUVZKLFKPD\HQDEOH WDNLQJPRUHUDWLRQDOGHFLVLRQVLQWKHVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVV7KHJRDO LVDFFRPSOLVKHGYLDWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIORQJWHUPFKDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW DQGWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHLULPSDFWRQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQHDUO\HQRXJKWRVHFXUHWKH WLPHQHFHVVDU\WRWDNHDGHTXDWHGHFLVLRQV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHEDVLFJRDOUHODWHG WRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHIRUPDOL]HGV\VWHPLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRLQGLFDWH

vv

DQDGGLWLRQDOJRDOZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHFUHDWLRQDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI D FXOWXUH VXSSRUWLQJ DQG VWLPXODWLQJ WKH FRPPLWPHQW RI HQWLWLHV WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVHVUHODWHGWRUHFHLYLQJDQGDQDO\]LQJZHDNVLJQDOV

7KHJRDOVGHILQHGDERYHDUHUHDOL]HGE\WKHIXQFWLRQVZKLFKIRFXVRQWKUHH DUHDVWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOVWKHGLDJQRVWLFIXQFWLRQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ZHDN VLJQDOV WKH SURJQRVWLF IXQFWLRQ WKH IORZ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQRIIXWXUHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIXQFWLRQ

&RQVLGHULQJ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH (56 LV LQ IDFW D VSHFLILF NLQG RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQq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LWLVVFDQQLQJLQVHDUFKIRUZHDN VLJQDOVDQGPRQLWRULQJWKHLUHYROXWLRQDQGLQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQSURFHVVLQJ SKDVHLWLVIRUHFDVWLQJSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVDQGDVVHVVLQJWKHLU LPSOLFDWLRQV 7KH HQWLUHW\ LV FRXSOHG E\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZKLFK FUHDWHV DQ LQWHUDFWLYH V\VWHP SURFHVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LQVLGH DQG REWDLQLQJ DQG SDVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHRXWVLGH

$OO WKH DFWLYLWLHV LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWKLQ (56 UHTXLUH WKH XVH RI WRROV VXSSRUWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVHV 7KHUH DUH WZR EDVLF FDWHJRULHV RI WKHP LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG DQDO\WLFDO PHWKRGV ,QIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ LV WRHQVXUHDQHIIHFWLYHDFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQYDOXDEOHIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZ RIWKHJRDORIWKHV\VWHPDVZHOODVWRLPSURYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHUYLQJWKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGGLVVHPLQDWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQ$QDO\WLFDOPHWKRGVVXSSRUW WKH SURFHVVHV RI V\VWHPDWL]LQJ DQDO\]LQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG

vv

WKRVH DUH PHWKRGV IURP WKH DUHD RI VWUDWHJLF DQDO\VLV VXFK DV VFHQDULR PHWKRGV'HOSKLDQDO\VLVZDUJDPLQJMLJVDZPHWKRG

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ñN 7KHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJ\ 6WXG\LQJWKH(56LVDGLIILFXOWWDVNVLQFHDVWKHH[LVWLQJZRUNVLPSOHPHQWHG LQWKLVDUHDVKRZ2_{WKH(56XVXDOO\DGRSWVWKHIRUPRIWKHV\VWHPRILQIRUPDO}

DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK DUH QRW UHIOHFWHG LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO GRFXPHQWDWLRQ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO VWDWXWH RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FKDUW MRE DQDO\VHV RI LQGLYLGXDOV DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO XQLWV GXWLHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI SRVLWLRQV DQG FRQVWLWXWH WKH SUDFWLFH RI PDQDJHUVq DFWLYLWLHV 7KH WDVNV UHODWHG WR JDWKHULQJ VWUDWHJLF LQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHGLVSHUVHGLQRUJDQL]DWLRQVRQYDULRXVOHYHOVDQGLQYDULRXV IXQFWLRQDODUHDVDQGWKHZHLJKWRIWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWHVRQVHQLRU OHYHOPDQDJHUV7KHUHIRUHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\WKHrV\PSWRPVsRIWKHV\VWHP DQGEDVHGRQLWFRQFOXGHRQWKHV\VWHPLWVHOI:LWKWKLVLVPLQGWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RIIDPLOLDUL]LQJRQHVHOIZLWKWKHRSLQLRQVRIVHQLRUOHYHOPDQDJHUVFRQFHUQLQJ WKHLVVXHVUHODWHGWRWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQRIFKDQJHVLQWKH HQYLURQPHQWLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKH\PDQDJHZDVDGRSWHGLQWKHUHVHDUFK_

7KH RXWOLQHG UHVHDUFK SUREOHPV DQG WKH SUHVHQW UHVHDUFK PDWXULW\ LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH UHVHDUFK LQWR WKH (56 LQGLFDWHG WKH DGRSWLRQ RI VXFK D

 7KHUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\WKH$FDGHP\RI&RPSHWLWLYH,QWHOOLJHQFHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVVKRZHGWKDWIRUPDOHDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHPVRFFXUPDUJLQDOO\,QOHVVWKDQRIWKHVWXGLHGILUPVWRWDOO\IRUPDOL]HGDQGV\VWHPDWLFDFWLYLWLHVDUH FRQGXFWHGLQWKHQH[WRQO\DIHZFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHV\VWHPRFFXUDQGLQPRUHWKDQRQHWKLUGWKHUHDUHQRIRUPDOL]HG V\VWHPLFVROXWLRQV*LODG  6XFKDQDSSURDFKWRVWXG\RUJDQL]DWLRQDOSKHQRPHQDLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHDUHDRIHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQE\DPRQJRWKHUV'D\ 6FKRHPDNHU.LUVFKNDPS+RXJK :KLWH

vv

UHVHDUFK DSSURDFK ZLWKLQ ZKLFK WKH (56 LV WUHDWHG DV D ODWHQW YDULDEOH DQG LVDVXSHULRUFRQVWUXFWPHDVXUHGE\PHDQVRIDVHWRIVXERUGLQDWHLQGLFDWRUV EHLQJREVHUYDEOHYDULDEOHVDQGGHVFULELQJWKLVV\VWHPLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQqVRSHUDWLRQV7KHUHVHDUFKWRROEDVHGRQWKHPDQDJHUVqRSLQLRQ VKRXOG LQGLUHFWO\ HQDEOH GUDZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV RQ WKH (56 DVSHFWV DQG ZDV FRQVWUXFWHGLQVXFKDZD\WKDWLQGLYLGXDOSRVLWLRQVRIWKHVFDOHVDVVHVVHGWKH (56 FRQVWLWXHQWV DVVXPLQJ WKDW WKH PRUH LQWHQVH WKH DFWLRQV DUH WKH PRUH LQWHQVHWKHUHFRJQLWLRQDQGWKHPRUHPDWXUHWKH(56LVDQGLQFRQVHTXHQFH WKHELJJHUWKHSUREDELOLW\WRUHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVWKUHDWVLV ,QWKHFRQGXFWHGHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK_{ZKLFKZDVRIFORVHGDQGFDWHJRUL]HG} FKDUDFWHUWKHDGRSWHGREMHFWLYHZDVDQDWWHPSWWRLGHQWLI\WKH(56LQWKHDGRSWHG UHVHDUFKDVSHFWV7KHVXUYH\SRSXODWLRQZHUHRUJDQL]DWLRQVRIPLFURVPDOO DQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVuHQWLWLHVZKLFKZHUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGLQWKH UDQNLQJRIPRVWLQQRYDWLYHHQWHUSULVHVLQ3RODQGu.DPHUWRQ,QQRZDF\MQRĈFL 7XQLQJIRUN RI ,QQRYDWLRQ 7KH\ LPSOHPHQW SURGXFW DV ZHOO DV SURFHVV RUJDQL]DWLRQDORUPDUNHWLQJLQQRYDWLRQVDQGWKXVWKH\DUHHQWLWLHVZKLFKE\ LGHQWLI\LQJIXWXUHFKDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDZHDNVLJQDOUHFRJQL]HLQ DGYDQFHSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVUHODWHGWRLWWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHP DQG XVH WKHP FKDQJLQJ LQ WKLV ZD\ LQ WHUPV RI SURGXFW SURFHVV RUJDQL]DWLRQ RU PDUNHWLQJ WR XVH WKHP RSSRUWXQLWLHV RU HOLPLQDWH WKHP WKUHDWV7KHFKRLFHRIVXFKDUHVHDUFKIUDPHZDVGLFWDWHGE\WKHDXWKRUqV FRQYLFWLRQFRQILUPHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH&KULVWHQVHQ $QWKRQ\WKDW LQQRYDWLYHRUJDQL]DWLRQVKDQGOHWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIFKDQJHVEHWWHUWKHUHIRUH WKH\KDYHWRKDYH(56VrLQVWDOOHGsDQGGHYHORSHG,QWKHHIIHFWRIWKHHIIRUWV UHODWHGWRUHDFKLQJUHVSRQGHQWVHIIHFWLYHO\VXUYH\VZHUHFRQGXFWHGu RIWKHDGRSWHGSRSXODWLRQPLFURHQWHUSULVHVuVPDOOHQWHUSULVHVu DQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVu &RQVLGHULQJWKHQRQIRUPDOL]HGFKDUDFWHURIWKHV\VWHPDQGTXLWHRIWHQ XQDZDUHDFWLRQVFRQWULEXWLQJWRHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQWKHUHVHDUFKLQVWUXPHQWZDV EXLOWRIVXFKVFDOHVRIPHDVXUHPHQWZKLFKRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVq RSLQLRQVZLOOLGHQWLI\WKH(567KHPHDVXUHPHQWWRROLQWKHVXUYH\ZDVD VWUXFWXUHG FORVHG VXUYH\ TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG D WHOHSKRQH LQWHUYLHZ ZDV WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH 7KH LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG ZLWK VHQLRUOHYHO PDQDJHUV5_{ZKRDUHLQYROYHGLQVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWDQGWKXVLQWKH(56} IXQFWLRQLQJDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHDUHWKHUHFLSLHQWVRIWKHrSURGXFWVsRIWKLV V\VWHPs7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVEXLOWRIVWDWHPHQWVEHLQJWKHVFDOHSRVLWLRQV FRQVWLWXWLQJWKHLQGLFDWRUVRIYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIWKHV\VWHP:KLOHFRQVWUXFWLQJ LWWKHOLPLWDWLRQVDULVLQJIURPWKHDGRSWHGPHDVXUHPHQWWHFKQLTXHDVZHOODV  7KHVXUYH\ZDVFRQGXFWHGDWWKHWXUQRIWKH\HDUV  ,QPLFURDQGVPDOOHQWHUSULVHVLQPRVWFDVHVWKRVHZHUHDFWLYHO\PDQDJLQJRZQHUVRIILUPVLQPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHV WKRVHZHUHPHPEHUVRIWRSPDQDJHPHQWDWOHDVWGLUHFWRUV

vv

WKHFRPSOH[FKDUDFWHURIWKHUHVHDUFKVXEMHFWZHUHFRQVLGHUHG:LWKWKHDERYH LQ PLQG WKH PHDVXUHPHQW WRRO KDG WR EH PD[LPDOO\ WUDQVSDUHQW VR WKDW LW FRXOGIDFLOLWDWHWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHUHVSRQGHQWDQGWKHUHVHDUFKHU LQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKHQ WKH UHVSRQGHQW KDG QR DFFHVV WR WKH PHDVXUHPHQW LQVWUXPHQW 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW FRQVLVWHG LQ UHDGLQJ LQGLYLGXDO VWDWHPHQWV WR WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZKLFKWKH\DVVHVVHGE\PHDQVRIDSRLQW/LNHUWDJUHHPHQW VFDOH%XUQV %XVKS VWURQJO\GLVDJUHHuGLVDJUHH uVRPHZKDWGLVDJUHHuQHLWKHUDJUHHRUGLVDJUHHuVRPHZKDWDJUHHu DJUHHuVWURQJO\DJUHH6_ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIDVSHFWVRIWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHP :KHQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHPLQWKHUHVHDUFKDVSHFWVUHJDUGHG LPSRUWDQW QDPHO\ WKH IXQFWLRQDO RQH WKH SURFHVV RQH WKH LQVWUXPHQWDO RQH DQG WKH VWUXFWXUDO RQH DQ DWWHPSW ZDV PDGH WR VKRZ WKDW HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHPVDUHrLQVWDOOHGsDQGXVHGIRUWKHQHHGVRIVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWDQG LWLVSRVVLEOHWRLGHQWLI\LQRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKHLQGLYLGXDODVSHFWVRIWKHV\VWHP WKH IXQFWLRQDO SURFHVV LQVWUXPHQWDO VWUXFWXUDO RQH 1RW EHLQJ PDWXUH DQG IXOO\ GHYHORSHG HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHPV WDNH WKH IRUP RI QRQIRUPDOL]HG V\VWHPVDQGYHU\RIWHQWKH\DUHXQDZDUH,WOHDGVWRWKHODFNRIFRPPLWPHQW RIWKHZKROHRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGEDVLQJWKHV\VWHPIXQFWLRQLQJRQDFWLRQVWDNHQ E\PDQDJHUVIRUZKRPLWLVWKHSUDFWLFHRIHYHU\GD\ZRUNIRUWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ 2UJDQL]DWLRQDOGRFXPHQWVexpliciteGRQRWUHYHDOWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHV\VWHPV LQRUJDQL]DWLRQVLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRILQGXQLWVRUSRVLWLRQVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHP SURFHGXUHVGHVFULELQJWKHDFWLRQVGHGLFDWHGWRROVRUUHVRXUFHVDOORFDWHGLQWKH EXGJHW,QVSLWHRIWKLVWKHPDQDJHUVqRSLQLRQVHQDEOHWRLGHQWLI\WKHV\VWHP DQGRQWKDWEDVLVWRFRQFOXGHZKHWKHUWKHDFWLRQVUHODWHGWRWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQ RISRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVDUHLPSOHPHQWHGLQRUJDQL]DWLRQV

The functional aspect

,WGHILQHVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHV\VWHPRSHUDWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDLPVIXQFWLRQVDQGWDVNV LWLPSOHPHQWV,QWKLVVHQVHWKH(56VKRXOGUHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG WKUHDWVLQDGYDQFHDQGVXSSRUWVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQW7KHDLPLVDFFRPSOLVKHG YLDWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHIROORZLQJIXQFWLRQVWKHGLDJQRVWLFRQHSHUFHSWLRQRI ZHDNVLJQDOVWKHSURJQRVWLFRQHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOVDQGLQIRUPDWLYH RQHSURFHVVLQJRILQIRUPDWLRQVXEVWDQWLDWHGZLWKGHWDLOHGWDVNV ,QWKHVXUYH\HGRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKHPDQDJHUVH[SUHVVWKHLURSLQLRQ)LJXUH WKDWWKH\UHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVHDUO\HQRXJKRI  7KHMXVWLILFDWLRQIRUFKRRVLQJD/LNHUWW\SHVFDOHLVEDVLQJWKHUHVHDUFKIRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG VFDOHDQGIRUWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKHLWHPVFDOHZDVWKHUHVSRQGHQWVqSUHIHUHQFHIRUXQHYHQVFDOHV.LUVFKNDPSS

vv

WKHUHVSRQGHQWVFODLPWKDWWKH\LPSOHPHQWWKHPDLQJRDORIWKH(56IXQFWLRQLQJ H[SUHVVHGLQREWDLQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQFRQYH\HGE\ZHDNVLJQDOVLQDGYDQFH

7KH DYHUDJH UDWLQJ RI WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVLVRQWKHOHYHORIRQWKHLWHPVFDOHZLWKD VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI

)LJXUH$FDSDELOLW\RIHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQRISRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWV7 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV

,Q WKH PDQDJHUVq RSLQLRQ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHP IXQFWLRQLQJDUHXVHIXOWKHUHIRUHWKH\DUHLQWHQVHO\XVHGE\WKHPLQVWUDWHJLF PDQDJHPHQWWRPRGLI\ORQJWHUPSODQVVWUDWHJLHVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV GHFODUH )LJXUH  WKH XVH RI WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH DYHUDJH UDWLQJ RI WKH LQWHQVLW\RIWKHXVHRIWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVDWWKHOHYHORIRQWKHLWHP VFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI

)LJXUH  ,QWHQVLW\ RI WKH XVH RI SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV IRU WKH

PRGLILFDWLRQRIORQJWHUPSODQV8 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV

 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH:HPDQDJHWRUHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVVLJQLILFDQWIRUWKHOrganizationHDUO\HQRXJK  3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH:HXVHUHFRJQL]HGSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVLQthe OrganizationWRPRGLI\ORQJWHUPSODQV

vv

7KH DERYH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH IXQFWLRQDO DVSHFW HQDEOHV WR DVVHUW WKDW WKHVXUYH\HGRUJDQL]DWLRQVDFKLHYHWKHDLPRIWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHP IXQFWLRQLQJ PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKH HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKUHDWVDQGWKHLUXVHLQWKHVWUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ

The process aspect

,WLVVXEVWDQWLDWHGZLWKDFWLYLWLHVOHDGLQJWRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHIXQFWLRQV PHQWLRQHGEHIRUH7KHDFWLYLWLHVDUHUHODWHGWRWKHSHUFHSWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RIZHDNVLJQDOVDQGKDYHEHHQGHILQHGDVVFDQQLQJPRQLWRULQJIRUHFDVWLQJ DVVHVVLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQZKLFKFRXSOHVWKHP 7KHVXUYH\HGRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKHUHVSRQGHQWVqRSLQLRQLPSOHPHQWWKH DFWLYLWLHVUHODWHGWRWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOVPDQLIHVWHGIRUH[DPSOH LQREWDLQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVZLWKYDULRXV IUHTXHQF\IURPYDULRXVVRXUFHV RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODUH)LJXUHWKDWWKH\REWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV IURP H[WHUQDO u SHUVRQDO VRXUFHV FXVWRPHUVVXSSOLHUVFRQVXOWDQWVHWF7KHDYHUDJHUDWLQJRIWKHIUHTXHQF\ RIVFDQQLQJRIWKRVHVRXUFHVKDVWKHOHYHORIRQWKHLWHPVFDOHZLWKD VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI )LJXUH7KHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOVuH[WHUQDOuQRQ SHUVRQDOVRXUFHV9 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDOVRGHFODUH)LJXUHWKDWWKHVRXUFHVRIWKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ DUH H[WHUQDO u QRQSHUVRQDO WKH ,QWHUQHW SHULRGLFDOV H[WHUQDO GDWD EDVHV HWF 7KH DYHUDJH UDWLQJ RI WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI VFDQQLQJ RI WKRVH

 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH&XVWRPHUVVXSSOLHUVFRQWUDFWRUVH[WHUQDOFRQVXOWDQWVHWFDUHYHU\RIWHQDVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQ XVHIXOWRUHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWV

vv VRXUFHVLVDWWKHOHYHORIRQWKHLWHPVFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ RIDQGDPHGLDQRI )LJXUH7KHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOVuH[WHUQDOuQRQ SHUVRQDOVRXUFHV10 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV

,Q WKH DUHD RI WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ZHDN VLJQDOV PDQDJHUV GHFODUH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DFWLYLWLHV UHODWHG WR WKDW PDQLIHVWHG IRU H[DPSOH LQ FRQGXFWHGGLVFXVVLRQVRQSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWV )LJXUH7KHLQWHQVLW\RILQWHUSUHWLQJZHDNVLJQDOVZLWKHQWLWLHVLQVLGHWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ11 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV  3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH3HULRGLFDOVLQFOXGLQJWUDGHMRXUQDOVWKH,QWHUQHWH[WHUQDOGDWDEDVHVDUHYHU\RIWHQDVRXUFHRI LQIRUPDWLRQXVHIXOWRUHFRJQL]HSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWV  3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH:HLQWHQVHO\GLVFXVVSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVLQVLGHthe Organization

vv

)LJXUH7KHLQWHQVLW\RIWKHLQWHUSUHWLQJZHDNVLJQDOVZLWKHQWLWLHVIURPWKH

RXWVLGHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ12 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV

RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODUH)LJXUHWKDWZLWKLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ LQWHQVH WDONV FRQFHUQLQJ SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV DUH FRQGXFWHG 7KHDYHUDJHUDWLQJRIWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKRVHWDONVLVDWWKHOHYHORIRQWKH LWHPVFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODUH)LJXUHWKDWLQWHQVH WDONVFRQFHUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVDUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKSHRSOHIURPWKH RXWVLGHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ7KHDYHUDJHUDWLQJRIWKRVHGLVFXVVLRQVKDVWKH OHYHORIRQWKHLWHPVFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGD PHGLDQRI7KHDERYHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVDVSHFWVKRZVWKDWLQ WKHPDQDJHUVqGHFODUDWLRQVRUJDQL]DWLRQVLPSOHPHQWSURFHVVHVUHODWHGWRWKH SHUFHSWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIZHDNVLJQDOV

The instrumental aspect

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

 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH:HLQWHQVHO\GLVFXVVSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVZLWKSHRSOHIURPWKHRXWVLGHRIthe Organization

vv )LJXUH7RROVLQWKH(56

6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV

7KH REWDLQHG VXUYH\ UHVXOWV UHYHDO WKDW LQ WKH VXUYH\HG RUJDQL]DWLRQ YDULHGWRROVVXSSRUWLQJWKH(56DUHDSSOLHGEXWWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKHLUXVHLV GLIIHUHQW0RUHWKDQDKDOIRIWKHVXUYH\HGPDQDJHUVGHFODUH)LJXUH WKDWLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKH\PDQDJHWKHWRROVDUHDSSOLHGZLWKDYDULRXVOHYHO RILQWHQVLW\$WWKHVDPHWLPHRQHLQWKUHHUHVSRQGHQWVGHFODUHVWKDW WKHVXSSRUWRIWRROVLQWKHSURFHVVRIUHFRJQL]LQJSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG WKUHDWVLVLQVLJQLILFDQWRUQRQH7KHDYHUDJHUDWLQJLQWKLVDUHDLVRQWKH LWHPVFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI

7KH DERYH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH XVH RI WRROV ZLWKLQ WKH V\VWHP VKRZV WKDWLQVWUXPHQWVVXSSRUWLQJWKHV\VWHPDUHXVHGLQRUJDQL]DWLRQVWRYDULRXV H[WHQW DQG UDQJH +RZHYHU LQ VSLWH RI D UHODWLYHO\ HDV\ DQG FKHDS DFFHVV WR ,7 LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WRROV DQG WKH PDQDJHUVq NQRZOHGJH DERXWGLIIHUHQWDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGVWKH\GRQRWDSSO\WKHPVXIILFLHQWO\DQG WUHDW WKHP PRUH OLNH rJDGJHWVs UDWKHU WKDQ D QRUPDO RSHUDWLRQDO ZRUN WRRO VXSSRUWLQJWDVNVZLWKLQWKHHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHP

The structural aspect

,WLVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHUHODWLRQVRFFXUULQJDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOHOHPHQWVRIWKHV\VWHP DQGWKHPDQQHURIOLQNLQJWKHP,QDGGLWLRQLWLVPDQLIHVWHGLQWKHIRUPDOL]DWLRQ RIWKHV\VWHPZLWKLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHVKRZLQJWRZKDWH[WHQWDLPV WDVNVDVVLJQHGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGDOORFDWHGEXGJHWVDUHIRUPDOO\GHILQHG

,Q WKH VXUYH\HG RUJDQL]DWLRQV HPSOR\HHV DUH LQYROYHG LQ WKH V\VWHP IXQFWLRQLQJWRDVPDOOH[WHQW2QO\LQRQHLQWKUHHRUJDQL]DWLRQVWKH

 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH$QDO\VLVRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVLQthe OrganizationLVYHU\ LQWHQVHO\VXSSRUWHGE\DQDO\WLFDOWRROVVFHQDULRZDUJDPLQJHWFDQG,7LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROVEORJV LQVWDQWPHVVHQJHUVLQIRUPDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVHWF

vv

OHYHO RI GHOHJDWLQJ WDVNV UHODWHG WR REWDLQLQJ ZHDN VLJQDOV FDQ EH UHJDUGHG LQWHQVH)LJXUHEXWLQRYHUDKDOIWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKRVHWDVNVLV FRQFHQWUDWHGRQLQGLYLGXDOVXVXDOO\RQVHQLRUOHYHOPDQDJHUV7KHDYHUDJH UDWLQJLQWKLVDUHDLVIRUWKHLWHPVFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRI DQGDPHGLDQRI )LJXUH'HOHJDWLRQRIWDVNVLQWKH(56 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV )LJXUH/HYHORIWKH(56IRUPDOL]DWLRQ15 6RXUFHRZQVWXG\EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\UHVXOWV  3RVLWLRQRIWKHVFDOH$OOHPSOR\HHVLQthe OrganizationDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUVHDUFKLQJIRULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWSRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWV

  3RVLWLRQ RI WKH VFDOH ,Q the Organization REWDLQLQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SRWHQWLDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWVLVWRWDOO\IRUPDOL]HGWDVNVEXGJHWVUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

vv

,Q HYHU\ VHFRQG ILUP )LJXUH  PDQDJHUV DVVHVV WKH V\VWHP DV QRQ IRUPDOL]HG DQG RQO\ RQH RUJDQL]DWLRQ GHFODUHV IXOO IRUPDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH V\VWHP7KHDYHUDJHUDWLQJRIWKHOHYHORIIRUPDOL]DWLRQLVIRUWKHLWHP VFDOHZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIDQGDPHGLDQRI 7KHDERYHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUDODVSHFWEDVHGRQWKHPDQDJHUVq GHFODUDWLRQVHQDEOHVWRDVVHUWWKDWHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHPVLQWKHVXUYH\HG RUJDQL]DWLRQVDUHIRUPDOL]HGWRDVPDOOH[WHQWDQGLQDGGLWLRQWKHSRVWXODWHG VWUXFWXUHPDQLIHVWHGLQWKHFRPPLWPHQWWRREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQE\WKHSRVVLEO\ ELJJHVWQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVLVQRWXVHGVXIILFLHQWO\ 5. Conclusion 7KHFRQGXFWHGUHVHDUFKSURFHVVDQGWKHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVHQDEOHWRLGHQWLI\WKH V\VWHPLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQqVDFWLYLW\VWUXFWXUHDQGRQWKDWEDVLVWKH\HQDEOHWR FRQFOXGHWKDWDFWLYLWLHVUHODWHGWRHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQRISRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV DUH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV %DVLQJ RQ WKH FRQGXFWHG VXUYH\ ZH FDQ FRQFOXGH WKDW LQ WKH VXUYH\HG RUJDQL]DWLRQV QRQIRUPDOL]HG HDUO\ UHFRJQLWLRQ V\VWHPV RFFXU PDLQO\ EDVHG RQ WKH DFWLYLWLHV WDNHQ E\ VHQLRUOHYHO PDQDJHUV ZKR ZKLOH LPSOHPHQWLQJ VWUDWHJLF PDQDJHPHQW XQGHUWDNHDQDWWHPSWRIHDUO\UHFRJQLWLRQRIFKDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW,QWKH RUJDQL]DWLRQVZHFDQLGHQWLI\WRYDULRXVH[WHQWDOOLPSRUWDQWUHVHDUFKDVSHFWV RIWKHV\VWHPWKHIXQFWLRQDOWKHSURFHVVWKHLQVWUXPHQWDODQGWKHVWUXFWXUDO RQHDQGWKLVSLFWXUHLVDNLQGRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQqVSURILOHZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH UHFRJQLWLRQRISRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKUHDWVWKDWVKRZVV\VWHPVZKLFK DUHDGYDQFHGLQVRPHDUHDVDQGVLJQLILFDQWO\GHILFLHQWLQRWKHUV

6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ ZH PXVW EH DZDUH RI WKH FRQVWUDLQWV WR WKH UHDVRQLQJ DULVLQJIURPWKHEDVLFVKRUWFRPLQJZKLFKLVWKHVL]HRIWKHVDPSOHREWDLQHGDV DUHVXOWRIWKHFRQGXFWHGLQWHUYLHZV7KXVWKHVXUYH\FDQQRWEHWKHEDVHIRUWKH JHQHUDOL]DWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVEXWLWLVLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHUHFRJQLWLRQ RIWKLVSUREOHPDUHDRQWKHJURXQGVRIPDQDJHPHQWVWXGLHVFRQVLGHULQJWKH ODFNRITXDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKZLWKLQWKLVVFRSH0RUHRYHUWKHDGRSWHGVXUYH\ WHFKQLTXH u WHOHSKRQH LQWHUYLHZ DQG UHODWHG PHDVXUHPHQW WRRO u LPSRVHG FHUWDLQTXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHOLPLWDWLRQVRQWKHGDWDJDWKHULQJSURFHVV 7KHDGRSWHGGXUDWLRQRIDQLQWHUYLHZDQGLQGLUHFWFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKHXVH RIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQPHGLXPZKLFKWKHWHOHSKRQHZDVUHTXLUHGWRFRQVWUXFW DQ XQVRSKLVWLFDWHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH WR LPSURYH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI FROOHFWLQJ GDWDDQGWKHLUUHOLDELOLW\7KHHIIHFWRIWKRVHDFWLRQVLVLQHYLWDEOHVLPSOLILFDWLRQ RIWKHSHUVSHFWLYHDQGFORVLQJDZKROHYDULHW\RISRVVLEOHIRUPXODWLRQVLQRQH FDWHJRU\V\VWHP'LUHFWFRQWDFWRIWKHUHVHDUFKHUZLWKWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZRXOG HQDEOH GHHSHQLQJ RU FODULI\LQJ WKH UHVSRQGHQWVq XWWHUDQFHV 7KH REWDLQHG UHVXOWVDUHDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUIXUWKHUPDLQO\HPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKZRUNVUHODWHG

vv WRWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIPHDVXUHPHQWWRROVDQGIXUWKHUH[SORUDWLRQRIWKH(56 SUREOHPV References %ñN-7KH&RQFHSWRI&UHDWLQJDQG2SHUDWLQJWKH(DUO\5HFRJQLWLRQ 6\VWHP,Q$1DOHSND$8MZDU\*LO(GV%XVLQHVV$QG1RQSURILW 2UJDQL]DWLRQV)DFLQJ,QFUHDVHG&RPSHWLWLRQ$QG*URZLQJ&XVWRPHUVq Demands 1RZ\ 6ñF] :\ĔV]D 6]NRäD %L]QHVX u 1DWLRQDO/RXLV 8QLYHUVLW\ %XUQV$&%XVK5)Marketing Research8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU 1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO &KULVWHQVHQ&0$QWKRQ\6'5RWK($6HHLQJ:KDWqV1H[W %RVWRQ0DVVDFKXVHWWV+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO3UHVV

'D\*66FKRHPDNHU3-+Peripheral Vision. Detecting Weak

6LJQDO7KDW:LOO0DNHRU%UHDN<RXU&RPSDQ\%RVWRQ0DVVDFKXVHWWV

+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO3UHVV

*KDUDMHGDJKL-6\VWHPV7KLQNLQJ0DQDJLQJ&KDRVDQG&RPSOH[LW\ %RVWRQ%XWWHUZRUWK+HLQHPDQQ

*LODG%Early Warning: Using Competitive Intelligence to Anticipate

Market Shifts, Control Risk, and Create Powerful Strategies1HZ<RUN $0$&20

+RXJK - 5 :KLWH 0 $  Scanning actions and environmental

G\QDPLVP *DWKHULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU VWUDWHJLF GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ Management Decision

.LUVFKNDPS $  $ &RQWLQJHQF\EDVHG 9LHZ RI &KLHI ([HFXWLYH

2IILFHUVq (DUO\ :DUQLQJ %HKDYLRU 2HVWULFK:LQNHO 'HXWVFKHU

8QLYHUVLWDW9HUODJ