Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 The manufacture of Portland cement and its main component phases 4 3 Characterization of selected supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) 7
3.1 Fly ash . . . 9
3.1.1 Origin . . . 9
3.1.2 Properties . . . 10
3.1.3 Amorphous phases . . . 14
3.2 Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) . . . 15
3.2.1 Origin . . . 15
3.2.2 Properties . . . 16
3.2.3 Amorphous phase . . . 19
4 Reactivity of the glasses 21 5 Hydration of Portland cement 27 5.1 Hydration of tricalcium silicate and alite . . . 27
5.1.1 Hydration products of calcium silicates (alite and belite). . . 30
5.2 Hydration of aluminate . . . 32
5.2.1 Hydration products of aluminate in the presence of sulfate (AFt and AFm phases) . . . 34
6 Hydration of Portland cement in the presence of chosen supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) 37 6.1 The influence of fly ash . . . 38
6.2 The influence of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) . . . 42
7 Hydration of composite cements containing limestone 45 8 Techniques of measuring the degree of reaction of supplementary
ce-mentitious materials (SCMs) 48
9 Summary of literature review 53 10 Key objects and thesis of the dissertation 55
11 Experimental part overview 56
12 Slag like glass reactivity 57
12.1 Materials . . . 57
12.1.1 Glass synthesis and characterization . . . 57
12.1.2 Characterization of glass reactivity in composite cements . . . 59
12.2 Methods . . . 59
12.3 Results . . . 62
12.3.1 Hydration of synthetic mixes . . . 62
12.3.1.1 Phase composition . . . 62
12.3.1.2 Kinetic of hydration . . . 63
12.3.1.3 Thermodynamic modelling . . . 65
12.3.2 Hydration of cement . . . 67
12.3.2.1 Phase composition . . . 67
12.3.2.2 Characterization of the hydrates . . . 68
12.3.2.3 Thermodynamic modelling . . . 72
12.3.2.4 General microstructure features . . . 74
12.3.2.5 Compressive strength and porosity . . . 74
12.3.3 Main findings of slag like glasses investigation . . . 77
13 Fly ash like glass reactivity 79 13.1 Materials . . . 79
13.1.1 Glass synthesis and characterization . . . 79
13.1.1.1 Characterization of glass reactivity in model systems . . . 81
13.1.1.2 The effect of the glasses on compressive strength . . . 82
13.2 Methods . . . 82
13.3 Results . . . 85
13.3.1 The effect of chemical composition on the structure of the glasses . 85 13.3.2 Summary of the structure of the glasses . . . 94
13.3.3 Hydration of the glasses . . . 95
13.3.3.1 The kinetics of hydration . . . 95
13.3.3.2 Phase composition . . . 99
13.3.3.3 Composition of C A S H . . . 101
13.3.3.4 The degree of hydration of glasses . . . 101
13.3.3.5 Thermodynamic modeling . . . 102
13.3.3.6 Compressive strength . . . 106 ii
13.4 Main findings of fly ash like glass reactivity . . . 107 13.5 Main findings of fly ash like glasses investigation . . . 109
14 Summary 111
