Marek Dziuba
"Günter Grass. Literatur, Kunst,
Politik. Dokumentation der
internationalen Konferenz
4.-6.10.2007 in Danzig" : [recenzja]
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 33, 191-197
L IT E R A T U R E 33, 2009, h t t p ://w w w .l s m l l . u m c s .l u b l i n . p l
Marek Dziuba
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland
Günter Grass. Literatur, Kunst, Politik. Dokumentation
der internationalen Konferenz 4.-6.10.2007 in Danzig
Im O k to b e r 2 0 0 7 fa n d a n d e r U n iv e r s itä t G d a ń s k e in e K o n fe re n z z u r P e rs o n , z u m W e r k u n d z u r W ir k u n g v o n G ü n te r G r a s s s ta tt. D e r A n la s s w a r d e r a c h tz ig s te G e b u r ts ta g d e s K ü n s tle rs , d e m e n ts p r e c h e n d w u r d e d e r G a st, d e r a u c h h ö c h s tp e r s ö n lic h e r s c h ie n e n w a r, v o n z a h lr e ic h e n p r o m in e n te n P e r s ö n lic h k e ite n g e e h rt. N u n lie g t d a s E r g e b n is d ie s e r T a g u n g in F o r m e in e s B u c h e s , h e r a u s g e g e b e n v o n d e r S tif tu n g fü r E n tw ic k lu n g d e r U n iv e r s itä t G d a ń s k , v o r 1. A lle in d ie T e iln a h m e d e r p r o m in e n te n G ä s te , d e r h o c h r a n g ig e n R e fe r e n te n , z e ig t, w ie w ic h tig G ü n te r G ra s s fü r d ie p o ln is c h e lite r a r is c h e Ö f f e n tlic h k e it ist.
B e i d ie s e m f e ie r lic h e n A n la s s k o n n te n B e g r ü ß u n g s r e d e n u n d G lü c k w ü n s c h e a n G ü n te r G ra s s n ic h t fe h le n . D a h e r e n th ä lt d e r a ls „ E r ö f f n u n g “ g e n a n n te A b s c h n itt E rö f f n u n g s - u n d B e g r ü ß u n g s re d e n v o n B o g d a n B o r u s e w ic z , d e m V o r s itz e n d e n d e s S e n a ts d e r R e p u b lik ,
1 Brandt, Marion; Jaroszewski, Marek; Ossowski, Mirosław: Günter Grass. Literatur, Kunst, Politik. Dokumentation der internationalen Konferenz 4.-6.10.2007 in Danzig Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2009, 328 s.
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P o le n , A n d rz e j C e y n o w a , d e m R e k to r d e r U n iv e r s itä t G d a ń s k , M ic h a e l H .G e r d ts , d e m B o ts c h a f te r d e r B u n d e s r e p u b lik D e u ts c h la n d in P o le n , A n k e F u c h s , d e r V o r s itz e n d e n d e r F rie d ric h - E b e r t- S tiftu n g u n d A n g e lic a S c h w a ll-D ü r e n v o n d e r S P D -B u n d e s ta g s f r a k tio n .
G e g lie d e rt ist d ie P u b lik a tio n in f ü n f T h e m e n b e r e ic h e : L ite ra tu r; N a tu r ; A n d e r e A u to re n , a n d e r e L ä n d e r ; K u n s t, F ilm , M u s ik ; P o litik u n d G e s c h ic h te . D e r e rs te T h e m e n b e r e ic h w u r d e v o n M ir o s ła w O s s o w s k i m it e in e m a u s f ü h r lic h e n B e ric h t ü b e r d ie T o p o g ra p h ie u n d d ie s o z ia le Z u s a m m e n s e tz u n g in d e m D a n z ig e r V o r o r t L a n g f u h r e rö f fn e t. D a s E r g e b n is d e r a k r ib is c h e n R e c h e rc h e n im S ta d ta r c h iv is t n ic h t n u r a u f s c h lu s s r e ic h , O s s o w s k i b e le g t, w ie s ta rk s ic h G ü n te r G ra s s in s e in e r P ro s a a n d e r F a k tiz itä t o r ie n tie rte . Z u f r a g e n w ä r e , w ie e tw a in d ie s e r d o k u m e n ta r is c h f e s ts te llb a r e n K o n s te lla tio n d e r G r a s s s c h e n F ig u re n w e lt d ie R e z e p tio n b e e in f lu s s t w e r d e n k ö n n te . D ie s o z io k u ltu r e lle K o n v e n tio n d e s L ite ra tu r b e tr ie b e s m a c h t d a s E rz ä h le n a u s d e r E r in n e r u n g h e r a u s d o c h s o w ie s o z u r F ik tio n . N ic h ts d e s to w e n ig e r b e le g t O s s o w s k is S tu d ie e x a k te s E r i n n e r u n g s v e r m ö g e n d e s A u to r s d e r „ B le c h tr o m m e l“ u n d b r in g t d e n ta ts ä c h lic h e n , p e r s ö n lic h e r f a h r b a r e n K o n te x t d e m L e s e r n a h e . D e r B e itr a g 0 h r g a r d s Z u m E s k a p i s m u s im W e rk v o n G ü n te r G r a s s h a n d e lt v o n d e m f ü r G ra s s s o v e h e m e n t w ic h t ig e n M o tiv d e r F lu c h t v o r d e r a ls u n e r tr ä g lic h d e f in ie r te n R e a litä t in d e n G ra s s s c h e n P ro s a w e r k e n v o n „ D ie B l e c h tr o m m e l“ b is h in z u „ B e im H ä u te n d e r Z w ie b e l“ . D a b e i e n ts p ric h t d ie Z u flu c h t in O rte d e r v e r lo r e n e n K in d h e it, in d ie m ü tte r lic h e O b h u t im S in n e „ z u rü c k z u r N a b e ls c h n u r “ , d e m S c h u tz b e d ü r f n is d e r G ra s s s c h e n F ig u re n .
B e rn d t N e u m a n n u n te r n a h m d e n V e r s u c h , d e n R o m a n „ D ie B l e c h tr o m m e l“ n e u z u le s e n u n d d ie R o m a n w e lt v o r d e m H in te r g r u n d d e r E x is te n z ia lp h ilo s o p h ie z u ( re )in te rp re tie re n . D e r A u to r e r in n e rte a n d e n k u ltu r e lle n K o n te x t d e r f ü n f z ig e r J a h re , a n d e n n o u v e a u r o m a n v o n A la in R o b b e t- G r ille t u n d v e r w ie s a u f d ie g e d a n k lic h e K o n tin u itä t d e r e x is te n tia lis tis c h e n G e d a n k e n w e lt u .a . v o n A lb e r t C a m u s in d e r P ro s a v o n G ra s s . N e u m a n n in te r p r e tie r te O s k a r M a tz e ra th a ls e in e K ü n s tle rf ig u r, d ie im S in n e d e r E x is te n tia lp h ilo s o p h ie in e in e r
ä s th e tis c h e n O p p o s itio n z u m K o n s u m e r is m u s d e r w i r t s c h a f t s w u n d e r ä r a d e r f ü n f z ig e r J a h r e s ta n d u n d d a m it z u e in e m „ G e g e n b ild v o n h o m o o e c o n o m ic u s s ti lis ie r t“ w u rd e .
In d e m w e ite r e n B e itr a g im T e il L ite r a tu r a n a ly s ie r te J e n s S tü b e n d ie S y m b o lik d e r M e ta p h e rn in „ K a tz u n d M a u s “ . A n g e s p r o c h e n w u r d e e in e R e ih e v o n s y m b o ltr ä c h tig e n E le m e n te n , w ie „ A d a m s a p f e l“ , „ S c h r a u b e n z ie h e r “ u n d d ie a n d e r e n s e x u e lle n S y m b o le , im m e r w ie d e r d a s „ R itte r k re u z “ u n d d ie M e ta p h o r ik d e s C h ris te n tu m s , d a s im P o le n f e ld z u g v e r s e n k te M in e n s u c h b o o t „ R y b itw a a ls Z u flu c h ts o r t f ü r d ie „ v a te r lo s e “ G e n e ra tio n , d ie d e r V e r f ü h r u n g le ic h t a u s g e s e tz t w a r. N o rb e r t H o n s z a u n te r s u c h te in se in e n , w ie e r d a s d e u tlic h f o rm u lie r t, „ R a n d b e m e r k u n g e n “ d a s th e a tr a lis c h e W e r k v o n G ü n te r G ra s s , w a s v o n d e r L ite ra tu r k ritik , w ie d e r A u to r n a c h w e is t, im m e r w ie d e r „ a m R a n d e “ u n d d a h e r u n z u r e ic h e n d g e w ü r d ig t w ir d . H o n s z a a n a ly s ie r te d ie f rü h e n D ra m e n (D i e V o r z ü g e d e r W in d h ü h n e r , D a v o r , H o c h w a s s e r , O n k e l, O n ke l). D ie te r S to lz n a h m d ie a u to b io g r a p h is c h e , d e n P ro z e s s d e r E n tw ic k lu n g d e r Ä s th e tik b e le u c h te n d e B e k e n n tn is v o n G r a s s B e im H ä u te n d e r Z w ie b e l s c h ä le n d a u s e in a n d e r . D a b e i g e h t e s u m d ie K ra ft d e s E rin n e r n s , u m d ie A u fd e c k u n g d e r S p u r e n d e r K in d h e it u n d E n tw ic k lu n g d e r in d iv id u e lle n W e lts ic h t d e s A u to r s G ü n te r G ra s s . E in w ic h tig e r T o p o s d e s G ra s s s c h e n W e r k e s ist d e r F lu s s , w ie S te f a n K a s z y ń s k i in s e in e m B e itr a g ü b e r d ie B e d e u tu n g d e r W e ic h s e l d e u tlic h m a c h te . D ie W e ic h s e l w ir d s o z u m „ S tro m d e s L e b e n s “ , z u e in e r A d e r, d ie d ie G e s c h ic h te n v o n G ra s s m it L e b e n fü llt, d ie to p o g r a p h is c h e in d e u tig a u f d ie G e g e n d d e r W e ic h s e ln e h r u n g v e r w e is e n . K a s z y ń s k i m a c h te in s e in e r A n a ly s e d a r a u f a u f m e rk s a m , d a s s d e r F lu s s s e in e L e u te n ä h rt, s ie (a u c h G ra s s s e lb s t) b e s tim m t. G le ic h z e itig b r in g t d e r F lu s s d ie n a tio n a l- g e s c h ic h tlic h e S u b s ta n z n a c h D a n z ig , w ie in „ D e r B u t t “ , „ H u n d e ja h r e “ . E s w ir d d e u tlic h , d a s s d ie G ra s s s c h e H is to r io g r a p h ie m it d e n ö r tlic h e n G e g e b e n h e ite n a u f s Ä u ß e r s te v e r w a c h s e n ist.
M it d e r p r o v o z ie r e n d e n Ü b e r s c h r if t ih r e s B e itr a g e s w ill D o ro th e e R ö m h ild d e u tlic h m a c h e n , d a s s „ n ic h t n u r d e r H u n d z e n tr a l s t e h t “ .
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R ö m h ild u n te rs u c h t d ie F u n k tio n d e r A lle g o rie in d e n G e s ta lte n d e r G r a s s s c h e n M e n a g e rie , v o n „ d e n W in d h ü h n e r n d e s F r ü h w e r k s ü b e r d ie S c h n e c k e b is h in z u r R a tte , U n k e u n d K r e b s “ (S. 142). G e g e n s ta n d d e r A n a ly s e s in d s o m it T ie re , ih re F u n k tio n in B e z ie h u n g z w is c h e n M e n s c h u n d T ie r. R ö m h ild v e r z ic h te te b e w u s s t a u f d ie U n te r s u c h u n g d e r z e n tr a le n T ie r g e s ta lte n d e s G ra s s s c h e n W e r k e s w ie H u n d o d e r B u tt, s ie k o n z e n tr ie r te s ic h e h e r a u f d ie w e n ig e r in s G e w ic h t f a lle n d e n V e r tr e te r d e s T ie r r e ic h e s , a u c h w e n n d ie le tz te r e B e m e r k u n g w o h l d o c h n ic h t f ü r d ie F ig u r d e r R a tte in „ D ie R ä tti n “ g ilt. D e u tlic h w ir d in d ie s e r A r g u m e n ta tio n d a s u r b io lo g is c h e D e u tu n g s m u s te r , a u c h w e n n , w ie d ie A u to r in G ra s s a u s „ B e im H ä u te n d e r Z w ie b e l“ z itie rt, d a s T ie r r e ic h in d e r M a n ie r v o n H ie r o n y m u s B o s c h m e ta p h o r is c h e , m y th o lo g is ie r e n d e B in d u n g a n d ie M u tte r E rd e s y m b o lis ie rt. M it e in e m Z ita t a u s „ D e r B u t t“ , in d e m d a s T r e f fe n v o n M a rtin O p itz u n d A n d r e a s G r y p h iu s b e r ic h te t w ird , b e g a n n G ra ż y n a S z e w c z y k ih re R e fle x io n ü b e r d ie F u n k tio n d e r B a r o c k tr a d itio n u n d - g e s c h ic h te in d e r P r o s a v o n G ra s s . E in w ic h tig e r T e x t, d e r in z a h lr e ic h e n A s p e k te n d ie g a n z b e s o n d e r e F a c e tte d e s a n d e n b a r o c k e n L ite r a tu r m e is te r n d e r d e u ts c h e n T ra d itio n g e s c h u lte n M e is te rs G ra s s d o k u m e n tie rt. G r a ż y n a S z e w c z y k s e tz te s ic h a u c h in d e r A n a ly s e v o n „ D a s T r e f fe n in T e l g te “ m it d e m Z u s a m m e n s p ie l v o n F a k tiz itä t u n d F ik tio n a litä t a u s e in a n d e r. P e te r A r n d s s e tz t s ic h m it d e r „ M y th o lo g ie d e r O p fe r - T ä te r D u a l i t ä t b e i G ü n th e r G r a s s u n d M i c h e l T o u r n i e r “ a u s e in a n d e r . D a s F e ld f ü r d ie A n a ly s e ist a b g e s te c k t d u r c h d ie b e id e n A u to r e n g e m e in s a m e P ro b le m a tik d e r T ä te r g e g e n ü b e r K in d e r n b z w . J u g e n d lic h e n . D a r in e r s c h e in t d e r T ä te r in d e r M a s k e d e s E rlk ö n ig s , d e s V e r fü h r e rs , d e r M ä r c h e n e r z ä h lt u n d d ie W u n s c h p r o je k tio n e n d e r H e r a n w a c h s e n d e n m y th o lo g is ie rt. In d e m K a p ite l „ A n d e re L ä n d e r, a n d e r e A u to r e n “ is t d e r B e itra g v o n B e ttin a B e ltz ü b e r „ G ra s s, R u s h d ie , I r v i n g - A s p e k te in te r k o n tin e n t a le r I n t e r t e x t u a l i t ä t “ b e s o n d e r s h e rv o r z u h e b e n . S u b h o r a n ja n D a s g u p ta b e s c h r ie b m e h rm a lig e I n d ie n a u fe n th a lte , d a s „ I n d ie n -J a h r z e h n t“ v o n G ra s s in K a lk u tta 1 9 7 5 , 1978, 1 9 8 6 /8 7 .
J a n in a G e s c h e a n a ly s ie r te d ie R e a k tio n e n d e r s c h w e d is c h e n P re s s e a u f d ie V e r le ih u n g d e s N o b e lp r e is e s a n G ra s s u n d in d ie s e m Z u s a m m e n h a n g u n te r s u c h te s ie d ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e r R e z e p tio n d e s G r a s s s c h e n W e r k e s in S c h w e d e n . S o f iy a V a r e ts k a s te llte d ie W ir k u n g d e r lit e r a r is c h e n T e x te v o n G ü n te r G ra s s in d e r U k r a in e v o r . E s ist s e h r a u f s c h lu s s r e ic h z u e r f a h r e n , w e lc h e T e x te v o n G ra s s u n d w ie s ie s ic h n e u e s T e r r a in e r o b e r n . B e k a n n t ist G ra s s d e m lite r a r is c h e n P u b lik u m v o r a lle m d u r c h d ie 2 0 0 5 v o r g e le g te Ü b e r s e tz u n g d e r „ B le c h tr o m m e l“ in s U k r a in is c h e u n d , w a s n ic h t w e ite r v e r w u n d e r t, d u r c h d ie V e r film u n g d e r s e lb e n v o n V o lk e r S c h lö n d o r f.
D a s K a p ite l K u n s t, F ilm u n d M u s i k e n th ä lt B e itr ä g e v o n h o c h r a n g ig e n K u n s tth e o re tik e rn , F ilm - u n d T h e a te r w is s e n s c h a f tle r n u n d - P r a k ti k e r n . E s is t a u c h o p tis c h e in G e n u s s , r e ic h m it B ild e r n d e r G r a s s s c h e n P la s tik e n in h o h e r A u flö s u n g v e r s e h e n b ie te n d ie A u s f ü h r u n g e n d ie s e s T e ils e in e n „ H in g u c k e r “ v o n g a n z b e s o n d e r e n Q u a litä te n u n d b r in g e n d e n v ie ls e itig in te r e s s ie r te n K ü n s tle r G ü n te r G ra s s v o n e in e r a n d e r e n P e r s p e k tiv e n ä h e r. D a b e i w ir d im m e r w ie d e r a u f d ie P a r a lle litä t z w is c h e n d e n M o tiv e n in d e n lit e r a r is c h e n W e r k e n u n d d e n G ra p h ik e n u n d P la s tik e n v o n G ra s s v e rw ie s e n . Z u n e n n e n s in d h ie r d ie E s s a y s v o n V o lk e r N e u h a u s ü b e r d a s g e g e n s e itig e D u r c h d r in g e n v o n lite r a r is c h e n u n d b ild k ü n s tle ris c h e n W e r k e n . D e s W e ite r e n d e r e x z e lle n te B e itr a g d e s T h e a te r - u n d K u n s te x p e r te n A n d rz e j W ir th ü b e r d ie „ k in e tis c h e n K le i n p la s tik e n “ .
D e m b ild k ü n s tle r is c h e n W e r k , u n d h ie r k o n k r e t d e n T o n fig u r e n d e r ta n z e n d e n P a a re , is t a u c h d e r B e itr a g v o n E m m a L e w is T h o m a s g e w id m e t. M it B ild e r n u n te r m a u e r t lie f e rt d ie A u to r in e in e A n a ly s e d e s w ie d e r k e h r e n d e n M o tiv s .
H a n s W i ß k ir c h e n lie f e r te in s e in e m B e itr a g e in e D o k u m e n ta tio n v o n d e r E n ts te h u n g , E n tw ic k lu n g u n d v o n d e n A k tiv itä te n d e s G ü n te r G r a s s - H a u s e s in L ü b e c k in d e n J a h r e n 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 7 . E in e k r itis c h e A n a ly s e d ie s e s B e itr a g e s g e h t ü b e r d a s F a c h g e b ie t d e r L ite ra tu r w is s e n s c h a ft h in a u s , a n g e s ic h ts d e r m e th o d o lo g is c h e n U n k e n n tn is s o llte m a n e s d a b e i b e w e n d e n la s s e n , d ie G e n a u ig k e it u n d P ro f e s s io n a litä t d ie s e r A r g u m e n ta tio n e n ts p re c h e n d z u w ü rd ig e n . Z u
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d ie s e r G ru p p e g e h ö r e n a u c h d ie B e itr ä g e v o n F lo ria n R e in a rtz ( U n k e n r u fe - e in F ilm d e r V e r s ö h n u n g ? ) ü b e r d ie F ilm p r o d u k tio n v o n R o b e rt G liń s k i a u s d e m J a h r e 2 0 0 5 . D ie A r g u m e n ta tio n b e triff t d ie d e u ts c h - p o ln is c h e V e r s ö h n u n g ü b e r d e n G rä b e r n d e r V e r g a n g e n h e it u n d b e z ie h t s ic h w e n ig e r a u f d a s F ilm is c h e a ls v ie lm e h r a u f d e n In h a lt d e s G r a s s s c h e n T e x te s s e lb s t. In d ie s e m S in n e h ä tte d ie s e r B e itr a g g e n a u s o g u t in d e n A b s c h n itt „L ite r a tu r “ d e n E in z u g f in d e n k ö n n e n . D ie s e lb e B e m e r k u n g g ilt d e m B e itr a g v o n A n s e lm W e y e r „ S c h lim m e L i e d e r m i t s c h lim m e n K e h r r e im e n a u s m ä n n lic h e n K e h le n . U to p ie u n d I d e o lo g i e d e s G e s a n g e s im W e rk v o n G ü n te r G ra ss), in d e m d ie T e x te d e r L ie d e r, w e il d o c h n ic h t d e r e n V e rto n u n g , in d e n G r a s s s c h e n T e x te n a n a ly s ie r t w u rd e n . A ll d a s z e ig t, w ie s c h w e r s ic h d e r A u to r u n d K ü n s tle r u n d P o litik e r G ü n te r G ra s s e in o r d n e n lä s s t u n d w ie v ie lf ä ltig s e in W e r k ist. Im le tz te n K a p ite l, in d e m e s u m P o l i t i k u n d G e s c h ic h te g e h t, b e f in d e n s ic h d re i B e iträ g e . D e r e rs te v o n M a rio n B ra n d t b e r ü h r t d ie F r a g e d e r K o n ta k te v o n G ra s s m it d e r p o ln is c h e n d e m o k r a tis c h e n O p p o s itio n in d e n a c h tz ig e r J a h re n . D a b e i v e r w ie s M a rio n B r a n d t a u f d ie p o litis c h e n D is k r e p a n z e n z w is c h e n d e n v o n G ra s s lin k s -lib e r a le n b e k u n d e te n E in s ic h te n u n d d e r g r u n d s ä tz lic h „ a n tis o z ia lis tis c h e n “ , z u m T e il n a tio n a l- k a th o lis c h e n G r u n d la g e n d e r S o lid a r n o ś ć - B e w e g u n g in P o le n .
H a n n a D e tl e f v o n W o lz o g e n b e r ü h r t in ih r e m B e itr a g ü b e r d a s P o ts d a m e r T h e o d o r - F o n ta n e - A rc h iv u n d ü b e r d e n B e z u g z u „ E in w e ite s F e l d “ d e n A s p e k t d e s W e c h s e ls p ie ls z w is c h e n d e r r e a le n W a h r n e h m u n g a u s d e r I n n e n p e r s p e k tiv e u n d d e r fik tio n a lis ie r te n W e lt d e s R o m a n s . E s g e h t in d e m w e it e r e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g m it d e r T h e m a tik d e r I M -T ä tig k e it d e s S ta a ts s ic h e r h e its d ie n s te s u m d ie F ra g e d e r „ A u f k lä r u n g s a r b e it“ d e r A g e n te n u n d d e r L ite r a tu r g e s c h ic h ts fo r s c h e r . A u f p r o v o k a n te A rt u n d W e is e f o rm u lie r te D e tl e f v o n W o lz o g e n s o d ie F ra g e n a c h d e n M e th o d e n u n d n a c h d e m S in n d e r L ite r a tu r g e s c h ic h ts s c h r e ib u n g . A m E n d e d e s K a p ite ls z u r P o litik u n d G e s c h ic h te b e f in d e t s ic h d e r B e itr a g v o n A s tr id P o p ie n , in d e m d ie A u to r in d a s F ik tio n a le u n d d a s D o k u m e n ta r is c h e in A u s d e m T a g e b u c h e i n e r S c h n e c k e u n d I m
K r e b s g a n g v o n e in a n d e r tr e n n t u n d d a s F u n k tio n ie r e n d e r a u ß e n lite r a r is c h e n R e a litä t - h ie r in s b e s o n d e r e d e r W e lt d e r P o litik - in d e r K u n s t b e le g t. D a m it b ild e t d ie s e A rg u m e n ta tio n e in e n e in d r u c k s v o lle n B e z u g z u m E r ö f f n u n g s v o r tr a g v o n M ir o s ła w O s s o w s k i. A n s c h lie ß e n d b e f in d e t s ic h d a s P e r s o n e n r e g is te r u n d e in e e i n d r u c k s v o lle F o to d o k u m e n ta tio n d e r T a g u n g .
