Ɉ ɆɈɊɋɄɈɆ „VOYAGE DE NOCE” (ɇȺ „ɌɂɌȺɇɂɄȿ” ɆɂɏȺɂɅȺ ɁȿɇɄȿȼɂɑȺ)
ON A SEA “VOYAGE DE NOCE” (MIKHAIL ZENKEVICH’S ON THE “TITANIC”)
ȿɅȿɇȺ ɄɍɅɂɄɈȼȺ
ABSTRACT. Yelena Kulikova’s paper “On a Sea Voyage de Noce (M. Zenkevich’s On the «Titanic»)” analyzes Mikhail Zenkevich’s poem about the demise of the famous ship against the background of Dante’s Divine Comedy. The author notes the Acmeist approach in Zenkevich’s description of the Titanic where the object crafted by the hands of a human creator becomes alive. The sea voyage de noce of the protagonists is interrupted by the destruction of the Titanic and turns into a journey through the circles of Hell, while Helène becomes a double for Beatrice and, like Dante’s heroine, saves the protagonist’s soul.
ȿɥɟɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢɤɨɜɚ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢ-ɛɢɪɫɤ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɇɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ” ɢɡ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɋɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɛɪɭɞɟɪɲɚɮɬ (1916–1924 ɝɝ.) – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ, ɬɟɦɚ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɢ-ɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ (Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ȼɥɨɤ, ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ʌɚɜɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ȼɥɨɤ ɢ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ-ɞɜɨɪɟɰ, ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ-ɝɨɪɨɞ… ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɥ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɟɪɡɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɤɨɜ-ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚ-ɬɨɜ ɭɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ”1. Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɥɚ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ: „«ɨɤɟɚɧ», ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɜɲɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫɚɦɨɟ «ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ», ɫɚɦɨɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤ”2, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ Ȼɥɨɤɚ ɭɩɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɸ „ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɥɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ «ɦɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɚ» …ɢɡ ɨɰɟɩɟɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ ɛɵ-ɬɢɟ”3, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ 5 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1912 ɝ.: „Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ Titanic’a, ɜɱɟɪɚ ________________ 1 Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɗɬɸɞɵ ɨ Ȼɥɨɤɟ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2000, ɫ. 197. 2 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 199. 3 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 201.
ɨɛɪɚɞɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨ”4. Ⱦɥɹ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜɚ „ɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ «Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ»”5, ɚ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱɭ ɜɟɪɮɶ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɪɨ-ɢɥɫɹ ɥɚɣɧɟɪ, ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɥɚ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɚ Ⱥɞɚ. Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɭ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɢ: „Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɰɨɜ ɫɬɚɩɟɥɹ / Ɉɬɩɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɢɝɚɧɬ”. ɗɬɨ ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɡɨɞɱɟɝɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɦ. Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ, ɜɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ „ɐɟɯ ɩɨɷɬɨɜ” ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɦ Ƚɭɦɢɥɟɜɵɦ, Ⱥɧɧɨɣ Ⱥɯɦɚɬɨɜɨɣ, Ɉɫɢɩɨɦ Ɇɚɧ-ɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɨɦ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ ɇɚɪɛɭɬɨɦ, ɭɠɟ ɜ 1913 ɝ. ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɸɡ ɫ ɤɭɛɨɮɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ „Ƚɢɥɟɹ”. ȿɝɨ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɟɡɭ-ɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ „ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ” ɚɤɦɟɢɡɦɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ, „ɩɥɨɬɫɤɨɦɭ” ɦɢɪɭ (ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ Ⱦɢɤɚɹ ɩɨɪɮɢɪɚ)6, „ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚ-ɸɳɟɟ ɚɞɚɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɜɟɳɶ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɥɚɫɤɚɹ ɟɟ”7, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɮɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɧɡɚɸɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɢ-ɯɚɦ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɚ Ȼɭɪɥɸɤɚ8. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ „ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ”, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɦɹɫɚ, ɠɢɥ. Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢ-ɬɵɣ Notre Dame Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɚ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ – Ⱥɞɚɦɭ: „…ɱɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɧɹ Notre Dame, / ə ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɬɜɨɢ ɱɭɞɨɜɢɳɧɵɟ ɪɟɛɪɚ”; „ɂɝɪɚɟɬ ________________ 4 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɥ ɨ ɤ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 8-ɦɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 7, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1960–1963, ɫ. 139. 5 Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 198. 6 ɇ. Ƚɭɦɢɥɟɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ „ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ, ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ” (ɇ.ɋ. Ƚ ɭ ɦ ɢ ɥ ɟ ɜ, ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1990, ɫ. 142). 7 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 159. 8 ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɉɨɞ ɦɹɫɧɨɣ ɛɚɝɪɹɧɢɰɟɣ: …ɂ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨ ɥɨɜɢɬ ɫɥɭɯ – ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɨɝɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɑɟɦ ɱɭɞɢɬ ɭɝɚɪɧɵɣ ɞɭɯ: ɉɪɢɝɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɠɚɪɤɨɟ ɂɡ ɡɚɩɟɤɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɭɯ; ɂɥɶ, ɤɭɩɚɹɫɶ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɭɯɧɟɬ ȼ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɩɢɤ ɢɡ ɪɟɛɹɬ. ɂɥɶ ɞɵɯɚɧɶɟɦ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɭɯɧɟɬ ȼ ɩɵɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥ ɧɚɛɚɬ (1912). …ɋ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɚ ɪɭɯɧɭɥ ɥɨɫɶ. ɂ ɜ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɥɨɠɟ ɉɨ ɬɟɥɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɪɯɧɭɥɚ ɞɪɨɠɶ Ʉɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɤɨɠɢ ɉɪɨɣɞɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɫɟɥɨ ɫɜɟɠɭɹ, ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɠ, Ⱥ ɧɚɞɨ ɥɛɨɦ ɩɢɥɚ. ɂ ɩɟɬɭɯɚɦ ɛɟɡɝɥɚɜɵɦ ɉɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɜ ɬɪɟɩɟɬɟ, ɬɚɦ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɧɨɝ, Ⱦɵɦɢɥɫɹ ɫɟɜ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɭɪɟ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɨɦ, Ʉɚɤ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɭɯɨɣ ɨɬɡɵɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɩɤɢɣ ɪɨɝ (1913).
ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɫɜɨɞ”. ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɚ „ɧɚɲɥɢ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɱɟɪɬɵ Ⱥɤɦɟ-ɢɡɦɚ: ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚ, ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ, Ⱥɞɚɦɢɡɦ”9. Ɇɚɪɢɹ Ɋɭɛɢɧɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬɵ Notre Dame – ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɛɨɪ ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɣ Ȼɨɝɨɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɀɟɪɚɪɚ ɞɟ ɇɟɪɜɚɥɹ, Notre DameɌɟɨɮɢɥɹ Ƚɨɬɶɟ ɢ ɪɨɦɚɧ Ƚɸɢɫɦɚɧɚ ɋɨɛɨɪ. „Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨ-ɪɵ”, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɨɦ, ɨɛɧɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɢɥɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɫ „ɬɨɧɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɛɪɚɦɢ (ɛɨɤɚɦɢ)” („ses côtes minces”) ɭ Ƚɨɬɶɟ, „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɳɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɛɪɚɦɢ” ɭ Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦɚ, „ɠɟɥɟɡ-ɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ” („ses nerfs de fer”) ɭ ɇɟɪɜɚɥɹ.
„Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɪɹ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɣɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɧɭɳɢɣ ɥɨɫɶ, ɪɜɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɚɧɰɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧ: Ɍɵ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɭɬɟɪɩɟɬɶ, ɑɬɨɛ ɧɟ ɜɪɟɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɦɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, Ƚɞɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɵ ɥɟɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɩɟɞ Ⱥɣɫɛɟɪɝɢ…10 ɉɨɷɬ ɭɜɢɞɢɬ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɸ-ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ Ɉ. Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶ-ɲɬɚɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ „Ƚɢɥɟɹ”, „ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ11” ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ, „ɤɢɩɹɳɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɜɵɤɚɱɢ-ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɭ, „ɨɫɤɨɥɤɢ ɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɟ”. Ⱦɥɹ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ-ɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ „ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ”, „ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɝɨ” ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɢ ɟɝɨ „ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ”, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɤɥɢɱɤɚ ɫ ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪ-ɫɤɨɣ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1915 ɝ. – ɝɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ɂɟɧ-ɤɟɜɢɱɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ: ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – „ɩɥɨɬɫɤɢɟ”, „ɧɚɬɭ-ɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ” ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɮɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɨɬɟɫɤɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɟ „ɦɢɧɨɧɨɫɶɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ” ɭ Ɇɚɹɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ „ɯɪɭɫɬɹɳɢɦɢ” „ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ” ɭ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ, ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɦɢɧɨɧɨɫɰɚ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɢɧɨɧɨɫɢɰɟɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɟɡɜɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɭ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ, ɩɪɨɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɢɮɦɚ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ”. Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɤɟɚɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɟɧ. ɀɢɜɨɣ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɪɚɧɟɧ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɨɦ, ɧɨ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ: ɧɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɢɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɚ ɨɤɟɚɧ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ „ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ”12. ȼ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ „ɱɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɚɜɚ” ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɲɥɸɩɤɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɫɩɚɫ-ɬɢɫɶ, ɚ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɢɛɧɭɳɟɦ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɟ, ɩɨɝɪɭɡɹɬɫɹ ɜ „ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɦɭɬ”. ________________ 9 Ɇ. Ɋ ɭ ɛ ɢ ɧ ɫ, ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ. ɗɤɮɪɚɫɢɫ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003, ɫ. 228. 10 Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ ɛɨɹ. 11Ʉɭɪɫɢɜ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɣ – ȿ.Ʉ. 12ȼ ɨɱɟɪɤɟ Ɍ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɨ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɇɟɛɨ ɜ ɚɥɦɚɡɚɯ ɨɤɟɚɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ „ɥɭɠɟɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ”.
ɑɟɪɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɝɭɛɢɥ ɥɚɣɧɟɪ. „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɫɬɨɥɤ-ɧɭɥɫɹ ɫ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɫɬɨɥɤ-ɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɥɶɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɢ-ɧɢɦ, ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ „ɱɺɪɧɵɣ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝ”13. Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɉ. Ʌɟɤɦɚɧɨɜɚ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ ɥɢɪɢɤɟ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ14: „ɗɥɟɧ! ɗɥɟɧ! / ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɟ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɦɨɟɣ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɫɟɧɢ!”, „ɋɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɭ-ɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɹɫ”, „ɉɟɪɟɞ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɹ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɶɟ / ɂɡ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɢɪɚ ɬɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɧ”. ɇɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɟɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ. ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɚ ɜ „ɧɟɩɨɬɨɩɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ” ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ ɨɤɭɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɭɸ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɚɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ, ɜ Ɏɢɥɚɞɟɥɶɮɢɸ. ȼɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɨ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ”. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɪɤɨɜ ɇɟɛɨ ɜ ɚɥɦɚɡɚɯ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɵ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ” „ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ ɭɩɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ”. Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɟ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ „ɯɨɥɨɞɚ/ɠɚɪɚ(ɬɟɩɥɚ)” ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɥɸɛ-ɜɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ, ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɨɦ. ɋɥɨɜɟɫ-ɧɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɢɯɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ: ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɠɚɪ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɹɡɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɶɞɨɦ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɨɪɜɚɧɚ „ɥɟɞɹɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɩɟɞɚɦɢ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɚ”, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɝɟ-ɪɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨ: „Ɍɟɛɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ, ɗɥɟɧ. Ⱦɚɣ ɹ ɭɤɭɬɚɸ Ɍɜɨɢ ɧɨɝɢ ɜ ɩɥɟɞ…” – Ɉ ɧɟɬ! Ɇɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨ… Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɨɬ voyage de noce ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɱɟ-ɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ: ɐɟɥɵɣ ɱɚɫ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɚ, ɡɚ ɛɨɪɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɫɶ, Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɵɝɚɥɢ, ɪɟɡɜɹɫɶ, ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɵ ȼ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɣ ɧɚɪɡɚɧ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɨɫ... ɉɟɧɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɣ ɧɚɪɡɚɧ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɢ-ɩɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ – ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɩɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɪ ɚɣɫɛɟɪ-ɝɚ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɜɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨ-________________ 13
ɋɦ. SOS Titanic, http://www.sbor.net/~psv/SeaWolf/titanic.htm (09.10.2011).
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ɋɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ: Ɉ. Ʌ ɟ ɤ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɬɪɟɯ ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ: Ɇ. Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ, ȼ. ɇɚɪ-ɛɭɬ, Ɉ. Ɇɚɧɞɟɥɶɲɬɚɦ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006, ɫ. 22–26.
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɇɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ”, ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɤɥ Ɍɪɚɧɫɨɤɟɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɫɤɚ (ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɋɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɛɪɭɞɟɪɲɚɮɬ), ɝɞɟ ɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɨɦ, ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɮɪɚɡɨɦ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬɨɜɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɢɬɹ: ȼɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤ. ɀɢɜɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɇɚɞ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɹ, ɧɚɞ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ Ʉɥɨɤɨɱɭɳɢɣ ɹɯɨɧɬ, ɫɦɚɪɚɝɞ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɣ, Ɉɩɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɨɫ. ɇɢ ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɹɫɶ, ɧɢ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɤɚɹɫɶ, Ȼɟɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɫ ɛɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɚɞɭ, ɉɨɞ ɜɨɥɧɨɪɟɡɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɥɵɬɶ, ɤɭɜɵɪɤɚɹɫɶ, Ɉɛɝɨɧɹɹɫɶ, ɢɝɪɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ! (ȼ ɛɟɡɜɪɟɦɟɧɶɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧ…) Ʉɥɨɤɨɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢ ɧɨɜɨ-ɛɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɧɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ”, ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɚɹ ɨ ɞɨɦɟ, ɧɚ ɦɢɝ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɫɟɥɨ ɩɪɵɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɨɟ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɹɯɨɧ-ɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɦɚɪɚɝɞɚɦɢ, ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ⱦɢɫɫɨɧɚɧɫɧɚɹ ɪɢɮɦɚ ɜ ɫɬɢ-ɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ȼ ɛɟɡɜɪɟɦɟɧɶɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧ… ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɭ ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ʉɪɟɳɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɤɭɩɚɧɶɟ ɨɤɟɚɧ (ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɟ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɚ Ʌɟɞɨɜɢɬɵɣ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ Ʉɪɟɳɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɩɟɥɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɇɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɥɢ ɢɡɞɪɟɜɥɟ ɤɢɩɟɥ, ɍ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ ɩɪɨɪɭɛɶɸ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɬɵɣ, Ʉɚɤ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɚɹ ɤɪɟɳɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɩɟɥɶ, Ɉɤɟɚɧ ɪɨɞɢɦɵɣ Ʌɟɞɨɜɢɬɵɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɯɨ-ɥɨɞɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɵɜ, ɧɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. Ʌɶɞɢɧɚ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɤɟɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɥɵɜɟɬ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ”, ɫɪɨɞɧɢ Ʌɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɦɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɪ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ (ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɟ Ʉɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ), ɬɚɤ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ: ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɲɚɳɢɣ „ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɝɨɧɤɟ” ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɶ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ (ɜ ɫɟɛɹ) ɜɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞ ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɚ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɗɥɟɧ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɚɪ ɥɸɛɜɢ: ɨɧɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ „ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɢ” ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɫɩɚɫɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɲ-ɥɨɝɨ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɨɛɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɦ: …ɜɨɡɥɨɠɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɞɨɧɢ Ȼɟɥɨɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɤ ɧɚ ɠɚɪɨɜɧɸ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɟɧɢ, ɋɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɟɩɢɬɪɚɯɢɥɶɸ ɬɜɨɢɯ ɨɞɟɠɞ ɨɫɟɧɢ… ɂɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɢ ɯɨ-ɥɨɞ (ɫɧɟɝ), ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ „ɨɛɪɟɡɚɧɚ” ɥɶɞɢɧɨɣ:
…ɧɚ ɥɶɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɫ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ, ɋɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɯɪɭɫɬɹ, ɋ ɨɫɤɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɟ, Ɂɚɫɬɨɩɨɪɢɜ ɩɚɪɵ, Ɂɚɦɟɪ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɭɥɶɫɢɢ. „Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɝɨɧɤɚ” ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɥɟɩɨ. ɂ „ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ” ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɜɵɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ „ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ”, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ „ɬɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɯɨɥɨɞɭ” ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɠɚɪ (ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɬɟɥɚ, ɪɭɤ, ɫɟɪ-ɞɟɰ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɢ ɠɚɠɞɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɨɦ”) ɫ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɦ (ɚɣɫɛɟɪɝɚ)15. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɥɚɞɨɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɥɸɛ-ɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɟɞɹɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɚɩɨɝɟɟ. Ɍɳɟɬ-ɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ) ɧɚɞ ɫɬɢɯɢɟɣ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɠ-ɧɨɣ, ɬɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɨɣ, ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ/ɠɚɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ. „Ɉɤɟɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɧɚɜɟɜɚɸɬ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɟ-ɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɩɟ-ɜɚɸɬ”16, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɏɚɧɫ Ƚɭɦɛɪɟɯɬ. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɜɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɧɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɝɧɹ – ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɹɹ ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɩɨ-ɝɪɭɠɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɦɹ: …ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɚɜɨɣ ɍɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ, – ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɚɦ Ɉɬ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɣ, ɪɚɡɴɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ! ə ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɭɲɭ ɨɦɵɬɶ, ȼ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ ɛɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɤɭɩɚɹɫɶ. Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ, ɫɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɨɦ”, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɦɢɪ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɡɲɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɸɸ, ɢ ɲɥɸɩɤɢ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ „ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɭ-ɝɚɦ” ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ. ɗɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ Ⱥɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɤɪɭɝ – ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ. ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɩɨɷɬɚ Ⱦɢɤɚɹ ________________ 15 Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ – ɤɢɧɨɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ, ɪɨɦɚɧɨɜ, ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɫɧɟ Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɂ. Ʉɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ „ɇɚɭɬɢɥɭɫ ɉɨɦɩɢɥɢɭɫ” (ɚɥɶɛɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ 1994 ɝ.), ɥɟɞ ɢ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ: „ɋɬɸɚɪɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɩɨ ɛɨɤɚɥɚɦ / ɂ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɥɟɞ”. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ „ɇɚɭɬɢɥɭɫ” ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɺɯ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨ-ɞɨɤ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1800–1804 ɝɝ. ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ Ɏɭɥɬɨɧɚ; ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨ-ɪɚɛɥɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɇɟɦɨ ɢɡ „20 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ” ɢ „Ɍɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ” ɀɸɥɹ ȼɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɤɢ USS Nautilus (SSN-571), ɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ 1954 ɝ. 16 ɏ.ɍ. Ƚ ɭ ɦ ɛ ɪ ɟ ɯ ɬ, ȼ 1926 ɝɨɞɭ. ɇɚ ɨɫɬɪɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 210.
ɩɨɪɮɢɪɚ „ɤɪɭɝ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ”17 ɨɛɵɝɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ „ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɪɭɝ, ɚ… ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɪɭɝ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɭɞɚɜɚ, ɤɨɥɵɯɚɧɶɟ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɧɟɰ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɟ-ɦɟɧɢ”18. ȼ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ 1924 ɝ. ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɨɦ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱɟɦ ɨɱɟɪɤɟ Ȼɟɥɶɮɚɫɬ ɡɧɚ-ɦɟɧɢɬɚɹ ɜɟɪɮɶ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɹɞ ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɞɚ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ. ɉɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɮɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɦ: ɝɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɜɨ-ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ (ɨɧ ɲɭɬɥɢɜɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨ-ɟɝɨ „ȼɢɪɝɢɥɢɟɦ”), ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɚɦ – ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɵ („ɩɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɨ-ɪɚɦ”), ɩɨɬɨɦ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚɦɢ, ɜɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ „ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɪɭ-ɝɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ”, ɩɨɬɨɦ – ɩɨ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɚɦ „ȼɢɪɝɢɥɢɣ” ɜɟɡɟɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɟɪɮɢ. ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟ-ɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɣ ɲɥɸɩɤɢ (ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɗɥɟɧ), ɢ ɟɫɬɶ „ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɦɭɬ”, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɝɚɧɬ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɢɲɶ „ɦɨɥɹ-ɳɢɣ ɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɨɥɧɢɣɧɵɣ ɢɡɥɨɦ / ȼ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ”. Ɇɨɥ-ɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɨɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɩɪɚɜɢ-ɦɨɟ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɯ: „ɢ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɦ ɦɨɥɧɢɹ ɦɢɦɨ / ɋɨɡɧɚɧɶɹ: ɜɟɞɶ ɹ ɠɟ ɩɨɝɢɛ” (ɋɬɚɤɚɧ ɲɪɚɩɧɟɥɢ), „ɇɨɤɚɭɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɧɢɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɱɟɪɧɨ, / Ȼɟɫɩɚɦɹɬɫɬɜɨ, ɢ ɜɨɥɧ ɢ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱ” (ɇɨɤɚɭɬ). ȼ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɟ Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɞɢɪɢɠɚɛɥɹ „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ” ɢɡ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɇɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ”, ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɋɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɛɪɭɞɟɪɲɚɮɬ ɫɬɢɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ: ɉɪɨɩɚɥ ɞɢɪɢɠɚɛɥɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɥɟɞɚ, ɍɦɨɥɹɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɥɧɢɣɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɨɦɭ Ȼɟɡɦɨɥɜɧɨ: „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ” ɜɫɟɦ ɫɭɞɚɦ… ɇɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ… ________________ 17 Ɉ. Ʌ ɟ ɤ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 14. 18Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɉɭɬɶ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɜ ɩɟɫɧɟ ɂ. Ʉɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɧɟɟɧ: ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɞɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɚɣɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ: ȼɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɞ. ɇɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, Ʉɭɞɚ Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ ɩɥɵɜɟɬ. ɇɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɉɨɤɚ, ɩɨɤɚ Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ ɩɥɵɜɟɬ. Ʉɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɚ, – ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ „ɪɚɡ-ɜɟɪɡɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɣ”, ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ: ɜɫɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɥɵɜɟɬ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” („ə ɜɢɞɟɥ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ,/ ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɤɭɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɥɵɜɟɦ”), ɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ. Ɇɟɬɚ-ɮɨɪɚ ɚɞɚ, ɧɚɜɢɫɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ, ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ („ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ”), ɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɭɝɢ ɚɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɤ-ɫɬɟ Ʉɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɮɚɛɭɥɵ ɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ.
Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɞɢɪɢɠɚɛɥɹ… Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ: „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ” ɜɵɥɟɬɟɥ 18 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1923 ɝ. ɢɡ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ɍɭɥɨɧɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧ ɦɨɥɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɟɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ – „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɢ „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ” – ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɪɢɮɦɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɢɢ: ɟɫɥɢ ɞɢɪɢɠɚɛɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɢɛɧɟɬ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɦɨɥɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɥɚɣɧɟɪ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɟɦɶ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧ ɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɧɢɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɚɦɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɫɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫ „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ”, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ „ɩɪɟɞɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɭɥɶɫɢɢ” „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ”: „ɇɨɱɶɸ ɛɵɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟ ɜɡɪɵɜ, / Ɇɟɬɟɨɪ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ, ɬɭɱɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ, / Ɋɚɡɨɪɜɚɧ ɧɚɞɜɨɟ, ɜ ɦɨɪɟ ɢɫɱɟɡ”. Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɞɢ-ɪɢɠɚɛɥɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ (ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ) ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ („ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɧ ɧɚɞɜɨɟ”). ɂ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɚɦ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ”, ɭɜɢɞɟɜɲɢɦ „ɪɚɡɴɹɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞ-ɧɸɸ”, „Ⱦɢɤɫɦɸɞɟ” ɬɨɠɟ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɟɨɥ: …ɜɞɚɥɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɱɶ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɟɪɠɚ, ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɝɨɪɹ, ɇɚ ɡɚɤɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɪɢɠɚɛɥɶ ȼɵɩɥɵɥ ɢɡ ɨɝɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɝɚɪɚ. Ɇɨɥɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɡɢɝɡɚɝ19 – ɟɟ ɢɡɥɨɦ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɸɸ, ɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɹɧɟɬ ɜɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɟɬ ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɟɧɞ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɨɦ”, ɝɥɚɫɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ SOS. Ʌɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ… ɫɭɦɟɥɢ „ɩɪɨɛɢɬɶ” ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɞɚɪɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɤɨɩɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ20. əɤɨɛɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜ 1924, 1930, 1936, 1942 ɢ 1972 ɝɝ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ-ɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ, ɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɣ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ 1916–1917 ɝɝ., ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ „ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨ-ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ”. ________________ 19 Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱɚ Ȼɟɥɶɮɚɫɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ, ɧɚɩɢ-ɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ: ɤɪɭɝɢ, ɡɢɝɡɚɝɢ, ɤɭɛɵ, ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɭɫɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥ-ɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ȼ.Ȼ. Ɇɢɤɭɲɟɜɢɱ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱɚ ɉɟɪɟɲɚɝɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɱɢ…, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ. Ⱥ ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɱɚ-ɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ȼɞɪɭɝ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɭɱ ɨɡɨɥɨɬɢɥɨ… („ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ / Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɫɶ… ɧɟɬ, ɧɟ ɹ: / Ʌɢɲɶ ɭɡɥɨɜɚɬɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ, / ɦɢɧɭɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɬɟɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ, / Ƚɞɟ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹ ɢ ɧɢɫɩɚɞɚɹ, / Ɇɨɣ ɞɭɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɬ”): „ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɟɝɨ (ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢɱɚ – ȿ.Ʉ.) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ, ɱɟɪɬɟɠ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ… Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ „ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ”, ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɤɪɢɜɚɹ, ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɬɚɹ, ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ «ɹ», ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɷɬɚ” (ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼ ɨ -ɱ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 414). Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɏɨɞɚɫɟɜɢ-ɱɚ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɉ. Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ „ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ” ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɡɚɨɫɬɪɹɟɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɬ, ɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ „ɤɭɛɢɡɦ”. 20 ȼ. Ʌ ɚ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ⱥ. Ɇ ɨ ɢ ɫ ɟ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, Ȼɵɥɚ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ”?, „Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ” 2007, 12 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ.
„Ɇɨɥɧɢɣɧɵɣ ɢɡɥɨɦ”21 ɭ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɦɨɥɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɬɨɧɭɳɟɦɭ: ɷɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɢ ɦɨɥɶɛɚ ɨ ɫɩɚɫɟ-ɧɢɢ ɞɭɲɢ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɜɟɪɢɬ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ „ɡɨɥɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɭɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɹ-ɫɭ”, ɩɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɟɦɭ ɗɥɟɧ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɨɧ ɧɚɞɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɚ-ɫɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ: „Ɋɚɡɜɟ ɫ ɬɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɲɟɧ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɦɭɬ?”. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɟɚɧɭ, ɩɨɠɢɪɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɞɭɲɢ, ɫɥɨɜ-ɧɨ ɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɱɭɞɨɜɢɳɟ, ɝɟɪɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɜɢɞɢɬ, „ɤɚɤ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɥ ɟɟ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤ ɜɨ ɦɪɚɤɟ / ɉɨ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɹɳɢɦ ɠɢɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɭɤɚɦ ɦɚɬɪɨɫɨɜ”. Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɟ voyage de noceɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɸ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɚɦ Ⱥɞɚ, ɚ ɗɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɨɦ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ, ɫɩɚɫɚɟɬ ɞɭɲɭ ɝɟɪɨɹ: ɉɟɪɟɞ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɹ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɂɡ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɢɪɚ ɬɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɧ, ɂ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɚɤ ɬɵ, ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɟɧ ɢ ɱɢɫɬ ɹ. ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ (1913) ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ɉɨɞ ɦɹɫ-ɧɨɣ ɛɚɝɪɹɧɢɰɟɣ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ „Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ”, ɨɳɭɳɚɹ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɜɟɡɞɭ ɜɨ ɦɪɚɤɟ ɛɵɬɢɹ: Ɉ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɹ, ɦɨɹ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ, Ȼɟɡ ɬɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ə ɨɛɭɡɞɵɜɚɥ ɬɶɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɣ, Ɂɚɤɚɥɹɥ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɟɥɟ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɢ…. …Ⱥ ɬɵ ɜɫɟ ɬɚ ɠɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɟ ɋ ɥɟɛɟɞɹɦɢ ɩɥɟɫɤɚɟɲɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɭ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɭɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɗɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɇɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢ-ɤɟ” ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɢ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɟɟ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɛɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɭ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɷɬɨ „ɛɟɥɚɹ ɱɚɣɤɚ ɜɭɚɥɟɬɤɢ” ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ – ɛɵɬɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɚ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɚɱɧɨɣ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ „ɫɧɟɠɧɚɹ ɟɩɢɬɪɚɯɢɥɶ ɨɞɟɠɞ” ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ – ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɫ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɗɥɟɧ „ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɦ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɦ… ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɫɟɧɢ”. ɋɜɟɬ ɢ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɚ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ, ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɳɟɟ ________________ 21 ɂ. Ʉɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɬ ɦɨɥɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ: Ɇɚɬɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɥɢ ɜɢɧɬ ɷɫɤɢɦɨɫɚɦ ɡɚ ɛɨɱɤɭ ɜɢɧɚ, ɂ ɫɭɞɶɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɹɬ ɜɫɸ ɧɨɱɶ, ȼɵɹɫɧɹɹ, ɱɶɹ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɧɚ. ɂ ɫɭɞɶɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ, Ⱥ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤ – ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɦɨɥɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ – ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ.
ɝɟɪɨɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, „ɛɟɥɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤ”22 ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ (ɨɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟ-ɪɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɜ Ɋɚɣ, ɤɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ „ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɭɲɭ ɨɦɵɜ”.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɏɏɏ ɑɢɫɬɢɥɢɳɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ:
Sovra candido vel cinta d’uliva donna m’apparve, sotto verde manto vestita di color di fiamma viva. Ɍɚɦ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɟɥɨɫɧɟɠɧɨɦ, ɢ ɭɜɟɧɱɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɥɢɜɨɣ, Ɇɧɟ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɧɧɚ, ɩɨɞ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, Ɉɞɟɬɚɹ ɜ ɰɜɟɬ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɉɟɪ. Ƚ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɨɣ ȼ ɜɟɧɤɟ ɨɥɢɜ, ɩɨɞ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɨɦ, ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɥɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɨɛɥɚɱɟɧɚ ȼ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɳ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɬɶɟ ɨɝɧɟ-ɚɥɨɦ. ɉɟɪ. Ɇ. Ʌɨɡɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɧɚ ɗɥɟɧ ɧɚɞɟɬɚ „ɛɟɥɚɹ ɱɚɣɤɚ ɜɭɚɥɟɬ-ɤɢ”, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɩɟɥɟ-ɧɵ, ɢɡ ɛɟɥɢɡɧɵ Ɋɚɹ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɟ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɢɡ-ɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ „ɰɜɟɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ” („color di fiamma viva”), ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ:
…Men che dramma
di sangue m’è rimaso che non tremi: conosco i segni de l’antica fiamma. …ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, Ɇɟɧɹ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɩɟɬɚɥ: ɍɡɧɚɸ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɉɟɪ. Ƚ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɨɣ …ȼɫɸ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɦɨɸ ɉɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɩɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ: ɋɥɟɞɵ ɨɝɧɹ ɛɵɥɨɝɨ ɭɡɧɚɸ! ɉɟɪ. Ɇ. Ʌɨɡɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɥɚɦɹ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɭ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɣ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɗɥɟɧ – Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ: ə ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɭɲɭ ɨɦɵɬɶ, ȼ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ ɛɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɤɭɩɚɹɫɶ23. ________________ 22ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʌɸɛɨɜɧɵɣ ɚɥɶɛɨɦ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɭɦɟɪ-ɲɟɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ, „ɤɨɝɬɹɳɟɣ ɞɭɲɭ”, „ɥɟɞɟɧɹɳɟɣ ɟɟ ɤɪɵɥɚɦɢ”: Ɍɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɪɬɜɚ ɂ ɩɟɪɟɬɥɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤ ɪɚɹ, Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɠ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɉɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɲɶ ɬɵ, ɤɚɪɚɹ? ɗɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ: ɨɧɚ ɦɭɱɚɟɬ ɞɭɲɭ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɹ, ɧɟ ɨɬ-ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ. 23ȼ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ȼɥɨɤɚ Ʉɚɤ ɫɜɟɪɲɢɥɨɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ?... ɝɟɪɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ „ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɠɚ-ɪɢɳ, / Ɉɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ / ɉɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɝɧɹ”. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ, ɩɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɪɚɦɚ Ⱥɫɨɹɧɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɟɣ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ.
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɸ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɝɪɭ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ: ɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɠɚɪ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɦ, ɫɧɟɠɧɚɹ ɟɩɢɬɪɚɯɢɥɶ – ɫ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɟɣ, ɨɝɨɧɶ – ɫ ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭ ɝɟɪɨɹ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɥɶɞɨɦ24, ɬɚɤ ɢ Ɂɟɧ-ɤɟɜɢɱ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ Ɋɚɣ ɢ Ⱥɞ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɝɨɪɟɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɢɫ-ɩɨɞɧɟɣ, ɫɩɚɫɬɢ ɞɭɲɭ. Ɍɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɪɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ „ɹ” ɱɟɪɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: ɢɫɤɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɗɥɟɧ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɲɟɝɨ „ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ” Ⱥɞɚ ɢ ɑɢɫɬɢɥɢɳɚ. ȼɚɠɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɩɨ-ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ „ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ” ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ „ɩɪɟɝɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ” („ɂ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɢ, / Ʉɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɥ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɢ”) ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɇɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɟ” ɢ Ȼɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ. Ƚɢɛɧɭɳɢɣ ɥɚɣɧɟɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɨɣ Ⱥɞɚ ɢ ɑɢɫɬɢ-ɥɢɳɚ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɜ Ɋɚɣ ɤ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ (ɗɥɟɧ). ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɜɢɞɟɥɚɫɶ Ȼɥɨ-ɤɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɠɚɥɤɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ, ɚ Ȼɪɸɫɨɜ, ɡɚɛɵɜ ɨ ɧɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ” ɤɚɤ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɟɫɧɶ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ25, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɜɟɬɭ. ȼ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ________________ ɋɚɦ Ȼɥɨɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ: „Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɶɸ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɫɠɟɝ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɨɬɥɚ […] ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ”. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ „ɨɛɨɠ-ɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ”; ɨɧɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɭ Ȼɥɨɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ. (Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ⱥ ɫ ɨ ɹ ɧ, „ɉɨɱɬɢɬɟ ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɷɬɚ…”. ɋɭɞɶɛɚ „Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ” Ⱦɚɧ-ɬɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1990, ɫ. 188). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚȾɚɧ-ɬɟɥɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ Ȼɥɨɤɚ ɇɟɦɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟ-ɬɟɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɷɬ, ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɹ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɨɣ: ɂɡ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɳɟɥɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɛɥɟɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɥɢɰɨ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɨɫɢɲɶ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ȼɟɪɝɢɥɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ: „ɇɟ ɛɨɣɫɹ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɲɶ Ɍɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɚ ɬɟɛɹ”. (Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɥ ɨ ɤ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɬ. 5, ɫ. 390). 24 ȼ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɏɏɏ ɑɢɫɬɢɥɢɳɚ Ⱦɚɧɬɟ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɤɚɹɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜɲɟɝɨ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ:
lo gel che m’era intorno al cor ristretto, spirito e acqua fessi, e con angoscia de la bocca e de li occhi uscì del petto. ɦɨɪɨɡ, ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɬɟɫɧɢɜɲɢɣ ɦɧɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ, ɨɛɟɫɫɢɥɟɥ ɞɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɢ ɫ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɨɱɢɥ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɫɬɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɡɚ. ɉɟɪ. Ƚ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɨɣ Ʌɟɞ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɦɧɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɜɲɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɋɬɚɥ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɶɟɦ ɢ, ɬɨɦɹɫɶ, ɉɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɝɪɭɞɶ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪ. Ɇ. Ʌɨɡɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɩɟɬ ɨɝɧɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɠɢɥɚɯ, ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɦɭɱɢɦɵɣ ɫɬɵɞɨɦ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ ɫɬɭɤ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. 25 ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ „ɫɭɦɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ” Ⱦɚɧɬɟ. „Ɇɢɪ ɨɤɟɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɣɧɟɪɨɜ – ɦɢɪ ɛɟɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ”, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɏ.ɍ. Ƚɭɦɛɪɟɯɬ (ɏ.ɍ. Ƚ ɭ ɦ ɛ ɪ ɟ ɯ ɬ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 204).
ɫɬɵɤɟ ɚɤɦɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɭɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɂɟɧɤɟɜɢɱɚ „Ɍɢɬɚɧɢɤ” ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɫɤɢɦ – ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɦ, ɪɜɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɤɚɤ ɡɜɟɪɶ, ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɢɥ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɜ, ɦɨɥɧɢɣ, ɜɫɩɵɲɟɤ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɫɥɢɬɵɯ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ. Ⱦɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɟɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ Ⱥɞɨɦ, ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ Ɋɚɣ ɤ ɫɜɨ-ɟɣ Ȼɟɚɬɪɢɱɟ.
