Henryk Woś, Iwona Bartkowiak-Broda*, Grzegorz Budzianowski, Jan Krzymański* Plant Breeding & Acclimatization Institute, Experimental Station Małyszyn
* Plant Breeding & Acclimatization Institute, Oil Crop Department Poznań
Breeding works on winter
and spring oilseed rape hybrids at Malyszyn
Hodowla mieszańcowa rzepaku jarego i ozimego
w ZD HAR Małyszyn
Słowa kluczowe: CMS ogu, restorery, OZK, mieszańce złożone, rzepak
Key words: CMS ogu, restorers, GCA, composite hybrids, oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.
W publikacji przedstawiono efekty prac nad rzepakiem ozimym i jarym w zakresie wypro-wadzania linii CMS ogu, restorerów i mieszań-ców złożonych, prowadzonych w ZDHAR Małyszyn we współpracy z Oddziałem Roślin Oleistych IHAR w Poznaniu. Analizowano nie-które aspekty hodowlane dotyczące linii CMS, restorerów oraz mieszańców złożonych, tj. GCA i SCA, zawartość glukozynolanów i kwasu eru-kowego, mrozoodporność i plonowanie. Dotych-czasowe wyniki otrzymane w pracach nad heterozją pozwoliły na zgłoszenie do badań COBORU 8 ozimych i 4 jarych mieszańców złożonych rzepaku. W 1999 roku został zarejes-trowany pierwszy polsko-francuski mieszaniec złożony rzepaku jarego Margo.
The paper presents the effects of breeding works upon the development of winter and spring oilseed CMS lines, restorers and composite hybrids performed at Plant Breeding Station Małyszyn in collaboration with Oil Crop Department of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Poznań. Some breeding aspects — GCA and SCA, content of glucosinolates and erucic acid, winterhardiness and yielding — concerning CMS lines, restorers and composite hybrids are analyzed. The results which we have obtained hitherto allowed to introduce into the State Official Trials eight winter and four spring composite hybrids of oilseed rape. In 1999 the first Polish-French composite hybrid of spring rape named Margo was listed on the Polish Variety List.
Introduction
Several traditional varieties of winter oilseed rape were bred at Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Experimental Station Małyszyn. During the 1980s and 1990s varieties Mar, Leo, Polo, Marita, Kana and Gara were developed and introduced into production which allowed the Polish growers to increase the yield and improvethe quality of seeds (Krzymański 2000). However, better yield results may be also obtained by the exploitation of the heterosis effect (Grabiec, Krzymański 1985; Bartkowiak-Broda 1991; Woś et al. 1999).
Breeding activities towards the development of hybrids of oilseed rape started at the Experimental Station Malyszyn in 1993. From the beginning the main aim of our works was the creation of CMS ogu lines with good combining ability, good winter hardiness and well adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions of Poland. Intensive investigations were performed towards the development of winter and spring restorers with low content of glucosinolates. However, because of the lack of restorers with proper quality, winter and spring composite hybrids of oilseed rape were bred hitherto.
CMS ogu lines
The source of CMS ogu system was some winter and spring lines from INRA (France). In the beginning our best varieties and lines of double low winter and spring oilseed rape were transferred on CMS ogu system. After several backcrosses, CMS lines from BC3 generationwere used to develop the compositehybrids as well as assess general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). It should be emphasised that cytoplasm of CMS ogu is very stable in various climatic conditions. Plants which posses this cytoplasm are luxuriant and have many stem branches with numerous pods. Frosty winters in 1996 and 1997 allowed us to select some CMS lines with very good winterhardiness. The obtained results (Table 1) showed that several of CMS lines have good winterhardiness, better than the best Polish traditional variety Kana. Lines 16, 109, 126 and 130 have good GCA. CMS lines bred at Malyszyn Station constitute very promising material for development of oilseed rape hybrids.
Table 1 Winterhardiness of selected CMS lines in comparison with traditional varieties of winter oilseed rape. Results expressed as differences between winterhardiness degree of CMS lines and checks: Marita, Kana, MAH 1592 from 3 locations (winterhardiness in grade 1–9: 1 — winterkilled, 9 — no damages) — Zimotrwałość wybranych linii CMS w porównaniu
do odmian populacyjnych rzepaku ozimego. Wyniki z trzech miejscowości przedstawiają różnice zimotrwałości między liniami CMS i wzorcami: Marita, Kana i MAH 1592 (zimotrwałość w skali 1–9; 1 — brak przezimowania; 9 — brak uszkodzeń)
Line MS Linia MS MAH 1582 Santocko Marita Klodawa Kana Malyszyn Mean Średnia 16* + 2,5 + 2,5 + 1,5 + 2,2 62 + 6,0 + 7,0 + 4,0 + 5,7 71 + 6,0 + 3,0 + 0,5 + 3,2 80 + 4,5 + 4,5 0,0 + 3,0 83 + 5,5 + 2,5 0,0 + 2,7 84 + 2,0 + 5,5 + 0,5 + 2,7 103 + 5,0 + 2,5 + 2,5 + 3,3 109* + 5,0 + 1,5 + 0,5 + 2,3 110 + 6,0 + 1,5 + 3,0 + 3,5 114 + 3,0 + 4,0 + 2,5 + 3,2 116 + 5,5 + 1,5 + 1,0 + 2,7 122 + 3,0 + 3,5 + 1,0 + 2,5 126* + 3,5 + 1,5 + 1,0 + 2,0 127 + 3,0 + 5,5 + 1,5 + 3,3 130* + 3,5 + 1,0 + 1,5 + 2,0 Mean + 4,3 + 3,2 + 1,4 + 3,0
* — CMS lines with good GCA — Linie CMS z dobrą OZK
Restorers
Seeds of winter and spring oilseed rape restorers were received from INRA (France). These beginning forms had high glucosinolate content. The starting restorer with high glucosinolate content 60 µM/g seeds were crossed with our low glucosinolate CMS lines. After three backcrosess the assessment of glucosinolate content of obtained restorers was conducted. Each year about 500 individual restorer plants were analysed. All of them were screened with simple glucose test and only the seeds of selected plants were analysed using HPLC method. In the first stage we selected two genotypes (J 3R and J 9R) of spring restorers with reduced content of glucosinolates.Table 2 Selection of spring oilseed rape restorers for low content of glucosinolates in 1996–1998
Selekcja restorerów rzepaku jarego w kierunku niskiej zawartości glukozynolanów w latach 1996–1998 Content of glucosinolates in µM/g Zawartość glukozynolanów range — zakres Year of selection Rok selekcji Line Linie Number of analysed plants Liczba
badanych roślin min. max.
mean średnio 1996 All tested J 3R J 9R 115 14 6 6,7 6,7 7,6 74,6 19,0 28,8 32,4 11,8 18,4 1997 All tested J 3R J 9R J 66R 59 5 2 3 12,5 10,9 12,5 12,2 58,6 18,8 17,7 15,4 37,9 15,5 15,1 13,4 1998 All tested J 3R J 9R J 31R J 66R 103 58 15 1 20 3,4 3,9 3,4 9,8 7,8 27,5 12,3 6,9 9,8 13,6 9,6 7,9 5,3 9,8 9,9
Those two forms were used as donors of restorer genes. Comparisons between developed restorers showed that all-promising forms with low glucosinolate contents were found only among cross combinations (J 31R and J 66R) with above-mentioned genetic donors. It was also stated that the selection among high glucosinolate forms for reduction of glucosinolate content was not effective with exception those two lines. Mean value of glucosinolate content lowered from 74,6 µM/g in 1996 to 27,5 µM/g in 1998 (Tab. 2). After 3 selection cycles the restorer J3R has 7,9 µM/g mean content of glucosinolates. Thus, we selected 15 homozygous restorers with low content of glucosinolates.
During severe conditions of winters in 1996 and 1997 all winter restorers were winterkilled. Thus, first selection among restores of winter type towards the reduction of glucosinolates content was made in 1998. Now, our investigations and breeding works are aimed at the development of winter oilseed rape restorers with good quality traits and we selected first homozygous restores with low glucosinolate content.
Composite hybrids
We share the opinion that composite hybrids will be eliminated when restorers with proper quality will be available for creation of full restored hybrids.Nevertheless, it seems that cultivation of composite hybrids may increase seed and oil yield to the higher level than traditional varieties.
Approximately 300 winter and 200 spring composite hybrids were investigated at our Station. Composite hybrids were developed using the CMS lines and pollinators bred at Małyszyn.
Results of field trials (Tab. 3) showed that our composite hybrids were more productive and more resistant to frost than French composite hybrid Synergy. The low winterhardiness of Synergy was the main reason of dramatic yield losses of this hybrid in Poland.
Table 3 Yield and winterhardiness of selected composite hybrids and check (traditional variety Bor) in 3 field trials in 1996/97 season (winterhardiness in grade 1–9: 1 — winterkilled, 9 — no damages) — Plonowanie i zimotrwałość wybranych mieszańców i wzorca (odmiana
populacyjna Bor) w 3 doświadczeniach w sezonie wegetacyjnym 1996/1997 (zimotrwałość w skali 1–9: 1 — brak przezimowania; 9 — brak uszkodzeń)
Hybrid Mieszaniec Yield — Plon [dt/ha] Yield in % of Bor Plon w % Bor Winterhardiness grade 1–9 Przezimowanie w skali 1–9
Trial — Doświadczenie MZO – 1 MZL 5
MZL 18 MZL 9 MZL 40 Synergy
Bor — check — wzorzec
44,88 43,54 42,22 40,82 19,02 35,70 125,70 121,97 118,26 114,33 53,27 100,00 8,8 7,5 8,3 7,0 2,0 8,0 Trial — Doświadczenie MZO – 3
MZL 145 MZL103 MZL 134 MZL 144 Synergy
Bor — check — wzorzec
34,95 33,06 30,24 29,96 17,84 26,17 133,55 126,33 115,55 114,49 68,20 100,00 7,0 7,5 7,3 7,0 2,3 6,8 Trial — Doświadczenie MZO – 4
MZL 136 MZL 137 MZL 9-1 Synergy
Bor — check — wzorzec
49,75 48,25 44,03 19,27 36,80 135,17 131,10 119,63 52,36 100,00 7,5 6,0 8,0 3,5 7,0
The results of preliminary field trials conducted in 1998 showed that yield of all 128 investigated winter composite hybrids were higher than check i.e. traditional variety Bor. Productivity of composite hybrids bred at Malyszyn Station
was higher than that of other well-known varieties, in some instances 140% of classical varieties.
The effect of our co-operation with French colleagues from INRA and SERASEM (France) is the registration of the first spring composite hybrid named Margo in the Polish Variety List. Moreover, 8 winter and 3 spring composite hybrids were introduced into Official Trials in 1998 and 1999.
General combining ability
The second aim of our investigation is the estimation for GCA and SCA of normal oilseed rape lines and CMS lines. Results of GCA of 55 inbred lines and heterosis effects of F1 hybrids of spring oilseed rape are presented in the table 4.The experiment was carried out in 1996. GCA was significant for seed yield, 1000 seed weight, beginning of flowering and fat content. However, it was proved that GCA was not significant for two traits: plant height and protein content in seed.
Table 4 Significance of general combining ability, means of spring oilseed rape hybrids and range of studied traits — Istotność ogólnej zdolności kombinacyjnej, średnie mieszańców rzepaku
jarego oraz zakresy badanych cech
Mean — Średnia Trait Cecha Mean square Średni kwadrat hybrids mieszańce tester (male parent) tester heterosis in % of tester heterozja w % testera Range Zakres
Seed yield [q/ha]
Plon nasion 41,57 x 50,36 45,88 109,76 34,1–62,57 1000 seed weight [g] Masa 1000 nasion 0,17 x 4,56 4,68 97,44 3,86–5,33 Beginning of flowering
No of days from sowing date
Początek kwitnienia 3,43x 11,92 12,50 95,36 8,56–16,20 Plant height [cm] Wysokość roślin 40,20 118,64 118,09 100,47 107,47–133,09 Fat content [%] Zawartość tłuszczu 2,90 x 41,93 43,43 96,34 38,11–44,52 Protein content [%] Zawartość białka 0,91 25,73 26,62 96,65 24,56–28,25
Results of the studies revealed: 24 hybrids with significant higher yielding than tester cv. Global, 14 hybrids with significant earlier beginning of flowering in comparison with Global, 3 hybrids with significant shorter plants than hybrids and with significant higher fat content than Global, 3 hybrids with higher protein content in comparison with Global. The best hybrid J 21a yielded 36% higher than tester Global. Nevertheless the average effect of heterosis with respect to the seed yield was 10% in comparison with the tester Global.
Results of estimation of general combining ability for 64 inbred lines and heterosis effects of F1 hybrids of winter oilseed rape are presented in Table 5.
The experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 year.
Table 5 Significance of general combining ability, mean of winter oilseed rape hybrids and range of studied traits — Istotność ogólnej zdolności kombinacyjnej, średnie mieszańców rzepaku
ozimego oraz zakresy badanych cech
Mean — Średnia Trait Cecha Mean square Średni kwadrat hybrids mieszańce tester (male parent) tester heterosis in % of tester heterozja w % testera Range Zakres
Seed yield [q/ha]
Plon nasion 63,03* 47,92 40,40 15,69 30,78–59,03 1000 seed weight [g] Masa 1000 nasion 0,14** 4,93 4,89 0,81 4,38–5,79 Winterhardiness [1–9 scale] Zimotrwałość 2,29** 7,12 5,64 20,79 2,75–9,00 Beginning of flowering No of days from sowing date
Początek kwitnienia
1,90** 248,63 249,09 –0,18 246–251
End of flowering
No of days from sowing date
Koniec kwitnienia 4,35** 277,54 279,73 –0,78 274–281 Plant height [cm] Wysokość roślin 46,24 144,07 144,33 –0,18 125,44–154,90 Fat content [%] Zawartość tłuszczu 3,66** 42,01 40,98 2,45 37,89–45,12 Protein content [%] Zawartość białka 1,00* 23,48 24,23 –3,10 21,70–25,27
*, ** — differences respectively significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 różnice istotne odpowiednio przy p ≤ 0,05 and p ≤ 0,01
GCA was significant for seed yield, 1000 seed weight, winterhardiness, beginning and end of flowering, fat and protein content. However, it has been proved that GCA was not significant for plant height.
Results of the studies revealed: 9 hybrids with significant higher yielding than tester (check) cv. Lirajet, 19 hybrids with significant better of winterhardiness, than tester 35 hybrids with significant earlier beginning of flowering in comparison with Lirajet, 22 hybrids with significant earlier ending of flowering, 3 hybrids with significant higher weight of 1000 seeds, 2 hybrids with significant shorter plants than tester, 13 hybrids with significant higher fat content than tester Lirajet. The best hybrids yielded about 40% higher than tester Lirajet. Nevertheless the average effect of heterosis with respect to the seed yield was 16% in comparison with the tester Lirajet. Moreover, Spearman coefficient of correlation between winterhardiness and yield was rs = 0.48** (significant at p ≤ 0.01).
The development of full restored hybrids appears not to be very easy, but the presented results allow us to expect that this goal will be achieved soon.
Conclusions
1. CMS ogu lines of spring and winter type with good GCA were selected.2. The first homozygous restorers of spring and winter oilseed rape with low glucosinolate content were developed.
3. The first spring composite hybrids Margo was registered in 1999. 4. Eight winter composite hybrids were introduced into Official Trials.
Literature
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Grabiec B., Krzymański J. 1985. Badania nad wykorzystaniem zjawiska heterozji w hodowli rzepaku ozimego w Polsce. Biuletyn IHAR: 157: 7-10.
Krzymański J. 2000. Podstawy hodowli jakościowej roślin oleistych. W: „I Krajowa Konferencja Naukowa. Badania nad cechami jakościowymi roślin oleistych i ich wykorzystanie w hodowli”. 8 listopada 2000 r.
Woś H., Krzymański J., Ogrodowczyk M. 1999. Ocena zdolności kombinacyjnej linii CMS ogura rzepaku ozimego. Rośliny Oleiste, XX (2): 347-355.
Acknowlegment
The authors wish to thank operating personal of Plant Breeding Station Malyszyn: Mrs. Dorota Kunitz and Mrs. Danuta Winiarska.
