Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (1) 47
Praca oryginalna Original paper
Muscle fiber size and composition, is on one hand spe-cific for different slaughter animal breed or lines and, on the other, it could be affected by growth rate (21, 28).
Numerous workers found the muscles of domestic slaugh-ter animals, especially pig and beef muscles, to differ both in structure (4, 22), and muscle fiber types (13, 28, 30, 34). The histochemical composition of wild boar meat differs somewhat from the histochemical composition of pigs, and the differences are caused by life style and feeding pattern differences experienced by wild boars and pigs (16, 25, 27). Some more recent studies suggest relationship between fiber type or size and eating quality in pork and beef (6, 10, 21, 29). In most cases, meat quality (texture) is objectively assessed with more or less complex empirical methods (1). However, regardless of the test type, the behaviour of meat products when those are affected by force is controlled by their elasticity and viscosity, which can be determined with rheological models. However, no data on muscle fiber
cha-racteristic in wild boars and rheological properties of their muscles could be found simultaneously in the available literature.
The objective of this study was to compare the type and cross-sectional area of fibers in selected wild boars musc-les of different weight as well as their elastic and viscous moduli.
Material and methods
A total of 12 animals of two different weights 30 ± 2 and 70 ± 3 kg (six carcasses in each group), shot during winter in an enclosed area in the forest of the Western Pomeranian District were used. Shortly after being shot (30-45 min.) 5 samples of 1 × 1 × 0,5 cm were taken from the mid-part of muscles: biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), quad-riceps femoris (QF), and longissimus (L), frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 80°C for analysis.
Half-carcasses, kept at 4°C for 48 h from the moment of shooting were used to obtain 12 loins and 12 hams from each group of pH 5.7-5.9. Each primal cuts was deskinned, deboned, and defatted from the external fat. The following muscles were
Growth-related changes in muscle fibres,
characteristics and rheological properties
of wild boars meat*
)
JOANNA ¯OCHOWSKA, KAZIMIERZ LACHOWICZ, LESZEK GAJOWIECKI, MA£GORZATA SOBCZAK, MAREK KOTOWICZ, ARKADIUSZ ¯YCH
Department of Meat Science, Agricultural University of Szczecin, ul. Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland
¯ochowska J., Lachowicz K., Gajowiecki L., Sobczak M., Kotowicz M., ¯ych A.
Growth-related changes in muscle fibres, characteristics and rheological properties of wild boars meat
Summary
The study compared the muscle fibre, size, its characteristics as well as rhelogical properties of selected muscles: m. quadriceps femoris (QF), m. biceps femoris (BF), m. semimembranosus (SM), m. semitendinosus (ST), and m. longissimus (L) of wild boars of different carcass weight (30±2 and 70±3 kg SD). Muscle fibre cross-section areas and percentages of different fibre types: I (slow oxidative), IIA (fast oxidative-glycolytic) and IIB (fast glycolytic) per muscle fibre bundle, were measured using a computer image analysis program. The relaxation test was used to determine rheological properties and the results were interpreted with a 5-element Maxwell body model. The ST of wild boars was found to contain the highest percentage of type I fibres rather than fibres of IIA, compared to the other muscles tested. A higher percentage of type I fibres was also typical of BF and L, both in young and old wild boars. The lowest percentage of type I and the highest percentage of type IIB fibres were found in QF and SM. Growth rate influences muscle fibre properties in all muscles; those of old wild boars were found to contain a higher percentage of type I fibres and a lower percentage of type IIB fibres compared to the same muscles of juvenile wild boars, whereas the percentage of type IIA fibres was about the same in the muscles of both wild boar groups tested. Of the all wild boar muscles, the highest mean fibre cross-section area was found in BF and ST, the lowest in QF and L, whereas the cross-sectional area of I and IIB fibres were markedly larger than the cross-sectional area of type IIA. The mean cross-sectional area of all fibre types increased together with increased growth rate and the largest muscle fibre cross-section areas were in the old wild boars muscles. Of the all wild boar muscles tested, the highest sum of elastic moduli was found in L muscles, while the lowest was typical of QF and BF. Meat obtained from wild boar juveniles, compared to old wild boars, indicated lower values of E0 and higher E1 and E2 elasticity moduli, whereas m1 and m1 viscous moduli values were not dependent on carcass weight.
Keywords: wild boars, muscle fibre, rheological properties
*) This study was founded by the State Committee for Scientific Research in
Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (1) 48 e l c s u M ) g k ( t h g i e w s s a c r a C 0 3 il u d o m c it s a l E ) a P k ( Vis(ckoPuas×mosd)uil il u d o m c it s a l E ) a P k ( E0 E1 E2 µ1 µ2 E0 E1 s ir o m e f s p e c i B 17,7±1,2 b A 118,9±11,3 aA 67,8±4,3 Ab 25410±2341 aAb 211,5±22,7 Ac 22,5±2,4 Bb 98,4± 3,7 cB s u s o n a r b m e m i m e S 19,4±0,9 b A 119,5± 2,6 aA 68,5±6,1 aAb 28771±1127 Aa 309,1±13,4 Aa 24,0±3,0 Bb 115,4± 8,0 aAb s ir o m e f s p e c ir d a u Q 18,5±2,5 b A 109,3± 7,6 aA 70,8±2,7 aAb 23577± 879 Ab 250,3± 5,3 Ab 20,9±1,0 Ab 94,6± 5,1 cB s u s o n i d n e ti m e S 20,1±2,1 b A 117,2±13,4 aA 66,1±5,8 Ab 26369±2041 aAb 248,3±14,8 bAc 22,3±4,5 Ab 102,7± 6,2 bAc s u m i s s i g n o L 26,3±1,8 a A 121,7± 6,2 aA 75,2±2,0 Aa 26996±1109 Aa 304,2± 8,9 Aa 31,7±2,2 Ba 130,1±10,4 aA
Tab. 3. Rheological properties of muscles of wild boar of different weight
Explanations: as in tab. 1. dissected out of the hams: BF, SM, ST and QF, while the L muscle was cut out from the loin. After trimming, each muscle weighed about 550--650 g. Muscles were sealed in a heat-resistance bag, and sub-jected to cooking in water heated to 75 ± 1°C, until the temperature inside the sample reached 68 ± 1°C. Subsequent-ly, the samples were cooled down, reweighed and stored at 4 ± 1°C for about 24 h until the assays were made. The 20 ± 1 mm thick slices were cut off, across the fibers, from each group of muscles by electric knife.
Myofiber classification and measurements. Muscle fiber size and characteristics were determined on frozen in liquid nitrogen samples of muscles which were sectioned at 24°C with a cryostat HM 505 EV. The cross-sections (12 µm) were placed on glass slides, stained using the myosin ATPase method (7) with an alkaline preincubation solution (pH 10.4), and classified ac-cording to Brooke and Kaiser (3) into three groups: type I (slow oxidative), type IIA (fast oxidative-glycolitic), and type IIB (fast glycolytic). The Multi Scan Base v.13 computer image analysis software was used to evaluate mean fiber cross-section area, and percentage of different fiber types per muscle fiber bundle, and 10 muscle fiber bundles per each muscle were analysed. A mag-nification of 100 × was used.
Rheological properties measurements. Rheological proper-ties were assessed by applying a relaxation test during which a sample was compressed down to 10% its height (2 mm) and allowed to remain in this state for 120 s. The generalised Max-well model, consisting of the Hook body interlinked in parallel with two Maxwell bodies, was used to calculate elasticity and viscosity moduli. The models relaxation equation is as follows:
é æ E1 t ö æ E2 t öù
d = e ê E0 exp ç ÷ + E2 exp ç ÷ú
ë è µ1 ø è µ2 øû
where: d stress (kPa), e strain, E0 Hook body elasticity
mo-dulus (kPa), E1, E2 Hook bodies elasticity moduli (kPa), µ1, µ2
viscosity of the two Maxwell bodies (kPa × s), t time (s). The procedure was repeated 5-7 times.
e l c s u M ) g k ( t h g i e w s s a c r a C 0 3 70 I ) % ( (%IIA) (%IIB) (%I) (%IIA) (%IIB) s ir o m e f s p e c i B 32,3±2,0 b A 23,4±2,6 Ab 47,1±2,4 aAb 40,4±1,5 cB 22,2±1,9 aA 40,6±2,4 aB s u s o n a r b m e m i m e S 11,4±1,4 a A 27,2±2,0 Ab 64,3±3,6 cA 12,2±1,0 aA 33,1±3,1 bB 57,3±3,4 bA s ir o m e f s p e c ir d a u Q 19,1±1,0 a A 19,1±1,2 Aa 72,8±3,5 dA 13,0±1,3 aB 21,0±1,4 aA 66,9±2,5 cA s u s o n i d n e ti m e S 55,6±2,1 c A 0 44,3±2,2 aA 59,5±2,5 dA 0 40,5±1,6 aA s u m i s s i g n o L 29,2±2,0 b A 18,4±1,0 Aa 52,5±3,0 bA 29,7±2,4 bA 19,6±1,7 aA 50,3±3,3 bA
Tab. 1. Area percentage of I, IIA and IIB muscle fiber types of wild boar of different weight
Explanations: a, b, c means with superscript different letter differ significantly at p £ 0.05 within an animal group; A, B, C means with subscripts different letter differ significantly at p £ 0.05 between groups e l c s u M ) g k ( t h g i e w s s a c r a C 0 3 70 I m µ ( 2) (µIImA2) (µmIIB2) (µmI2) (µIImA2) (µmIIB2) s ir o m e f s p e c i B 2150± 87 cd A 1649±104 Ab 2217± 84 bA 3082± 99 Bc 2582± 62 bB 3197± 97 bB s u s o n a r b m e m i m e S 1952±121 bc A 1526± 82 Ab 2249±100 bAc 2748± 93 bB 1857± 87 aB 3021±100 bB s ir o m e f s p e c ir d a u Q 1710± 95 cab A 1560± 76 Ab 2084± 97 bA 2140±107 aB 1784±113 aB 2455± 97 aB s u s o n i d n e ti m e S 2221± 98 d A ND 2397± 85 Ac 3474± 99 dB ND 3610±140 cB s u m i s s i g n o L 1672± 97 a A 1332±101 Aa 1798± 52 aA 2601± 74 bB 1874± 90 aB 2690±118 aB
Tab. 2. Mean values of muscle fiber cross-section area of wild boar of different weight
Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (1) 49 Statistical treatment of data involved the calculation of the mean
values for each muscle and each group of wild boars. The Stu-dents t-test (at a = 0.05) was used to determine the differences between the muscles within a group and between the groups for each muscle. All the calculations were performed with Statisti-ca® v.5.0 PL software.
Results and discussion
Regardless of the carcass weight, of the all wild boar muscles tested, the highest percentage of type IIB fiber was recorded in the m. quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle (tab. 1). The percentage of type IIB fiber in this muscle was by about 12-14% larger than in m. semimem-branosus (SM), by about 25-28% larger than in m. longis-simus (L), and by about 35-40% larger compared with both m. biceps femoris (BF) and m. semitendinosus (ST) musc-les. ST muscle had a higher percentage of red fibers (type I), i.e. by about 34-84% compared with other musc-les tested; the lowest recorded in QF and SM muscmusc-les. No type IIA fiber content was found in ST; the higher percen-tage being typical of the SM muscle.
A comparison between percentage of type I, IIA, and IIB fibers in muscles of both groups of animals showed that the muscles of boars of higher carcass weight were characterised by the higher percentage of type I and IIA fibers, and muscles of young animals had higher percenta-ge of type IIB fiber. For example, the percentapercenta-ge of type I and IIA fibers of old wild boar SM was by about 5 and 18% larger, respectively, and of type IIB was by about 12% smaller than in the corresponding muscle of young animals. A similar significant increase in percentage of red fibers (I) together with an increase of animal age (or carcass weight) was reported for cattle by Picard et al. (24) and Brandstetter et al. (2). Whereas, Ruunsunen and Puolanne (28) showed positive correlation between age of pigs and red fiber content only for LD muscle. On the other hand, nu-merous authors (8, 31, 33, 34) reported an increase of type IIB fiber and decrease of type I and IIA fibers in muscles together with increase an animals age. However, Pette and Staron (23) found that muscle fibers undergo a continual alteration throughout life, and that fiber type merely re-flects the constitution of a fiber at any particular time, and it is connected with different circumstances of animal life. According to Koohmaraie et al. (14), an increase in per-centage of type I and IIA fibers, could be caused by two main determinants of muscle mass: hyperplasia (increase in cell number) and hypertrophy (increase in cell size).
Of the samples tested, regardless of the animal group, ST and BF muscles consisted of fibers with a higher mean cross-section areas, the lowest being typical of QF and L (tab. 2). SM compared to other muscles tested was inter-mediate in terms of their structural elements. Numerous authors comparing different species of slaughter animals also reported higher cross-section areas or fiber diameters in BF than in other ham muscles (4, 19, 26), and Lacho-wicz et al. (20) showed that BF of wild boar is characteri-sed by the less delicate structure. The histological analysis showed that mean cross-section area of type I and IIB fibers is about the same, however area of type IIB fiber was imperceptibly larger than those of type I (tab. 2). The lowest mean fiber cross-section area being typical of type IIA fiber. For example, the cross-section area of type IIB fiber in SM was by about 9-13% larger than the area of type I fiber, and by about 32-39% larger compared with type IIA. It is widely known that red fibers in muscles of domestic slaughter animals were characterised by lower cross-section area than the other (9, 11, 12). A significant higher cross-section area of type I and IIB fibers compared to type IIA fiber was reported for wild boar muscles by ¯ochowska et al. (36), whereas other workers (28) showed that the cross-section area of three types of muscle fibers was about the same.
A comparison of the values of muscle structure elements in both groups of animals (tab. 2) showed the old wild boars muscles consisted of fibers with a higher cross-sec-tion areas. An increase in average muscle fiber diameter with increasing age of slaughter animals or carcass weight also reported Tuma et al. (32) and Ruunsunen and Puolan-ne (28). The differences in the mean fiber cross-section area of muscles between groups of animals were depen-dent on terms of both tested muscles and fiber type; the highest values were found between young and old wild boars ST and L muscles (by about 36, 28 and 33% for type I, IIA and IIB fibers, respectively) and the lowest were found between BF muscles (20, 14 and 15%, respectively). A comparison between the structural elements in both groups of wild boars muscles, (tab. 2) showed the muscles of animals of higher weight carcass to produce higher (by about 28%) values of mean cross-section area of three types of fibers; the lower values (from 19-25%) being typi-cal of the juvenile wild boar muscles.
Of the all wild boar muscles tested, the highest sum of elastic moduli was found in L muscle, while the lowest was typical of QF and BF (tab. 3). The lowest values of viscosity moduli were recorded in the QF muscle, the simi-lar to each other and higher than in QF values were shown by the BF, ST, and L muscles. Higher values of viscosity moduli of pigs BF compared with other ham muscles tested was reported also by Lachowicz et al. (18). Meat obtained from wild boar juveniles compared to old wild boars showed lower values of E0 and higher E1 and E2 ela-sticity moduli, whereas values of µ1 and µ1 viscous moduli were not dependent on carcass weight (tab. 3).
The differences in rheological properties between wild boar muscles, demonstrated in this study, may have resul-ted from different composition and properties of muscles proteins and lipids in particular muscle fiber types (35), or higher content of calpastatin in red fibers (5, 15) being the most important factors. The differences in rheological pro-perties between muscles in both groups of animals and
g C 0 7 il u d o m s u o c s i V a P k ( ×s) E2 µ1 µ2 3 , 3 ± 4 , 2 6 ab A 26796±1044 Aa 434,8±14,6 Ba 7 , 3 ± 7 , 9 5 b B 22541±1852 Bb 254,1±12,9 Bd 0 , 6 ± 8 , 0 6 ab B 21876±2063 Ab 368,2±20,8 Bb 5 , 2 ± 8 , 8 6 a A 28369±1748 Aa 246,7±17,0 Ad 7 , 3 ± 7 , 6 4 c B 27684±1154 Aa 304,6±23,8 Ac
Medycyna Wet. 2006, 62 (1) 50
between groups of wild boars according to Lachowicz et al. (17) probably could have been caused by different muscle fiber content. This contention is not confirmed by obtained in this study correlation coefficients between viscous and elastic moduli on the one hand and area per-centage or fiber cross-section area of type I, IIA and IIB fibers on the other. As seen in tab. 4 no significant correla-tion coefficients between rheological properties and musc-le fiber size or characteristics have been found.
Conclusions
The results obtained show that growth rate influences muscle fiber properties in all tested muscles; those of old boars were found to contain a higher percentage of type I fibers, a lower percentage of type IIB fibers, bigger muscle fiber cross-section area and higher values of E0 and lower E1 and E2 elasticity moduli than the same muscles of young
animals, whereas the percentage of type IIA fibers was about the same in the muscles of both animal groups tested. How-ever, no significant correlation coefficients between vis-cous and elastic moduli on the one hand and area percenta-ge or fiber cross-section area of type I, IIA and IIB fibers on the other were found.
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Authors address: dr ing. Joanna ¯ochowska, ul. Kazimierza Królewi-cza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland; e-mail: ztm02@fish.ar.szczecin.pl
Explanations: * p £ 0.05 r e t e m a r a P ) g k ( t h g i e w s s a c r a C 0 3 70 il u d o m c it s a l E ) a P k ( Visc(koPuas×mosd)uil il u d o m c it s a l E ) a P k ( Vis(ckoPuas×mosd)uil E0 E1 E2 µ1 µ2 E0 E1 E2 µ1 µ2 r e b if I e p y t f o e g a t n e c r e P 0,170 0,350* 0,374* 0,071 0,337* 0,117 0,134 0,429* 0,886* 0,108 r e b if A II e p y t f o e g a t n e c r e P 0,096 0,149* 0,036* 0,196 0,236* 0,227 0,248 0,449* 0,662* 0,233 r e b if B II e p y t f o e g a t n e c r e P 0,188 0,650* 0,300* 0,249 0,320* 0,046 0,035 0,266* 0,861* 0,044 a e r a n o it c e s -s s o r c r e b if I e p y T 0,531* 0,210* 0,900* 0,158* 0,547* 0,195 0,076 0,540* 0,726* 0,265 a e r a n o it c e s -s s o r c r e b if A II e p y T 0,976* 0,420* 0,920* 0,384* 0,779* 0,233 *0,364* 0,395* 0,534* *0,749* a e r a n o it c e s -s s o r c r e b if B II e p y T 0,747* 0,168* 0,991* 0,079* 0,443* *0,332* 0,173 0,657* 0,597* 0,314
