Aircraft interiors, effects on the human body and experienced comfort

Delft University of Technology

Aircraft interiors, effects on the human body and experienced comfort

Anjani, S. DOI 10.4233/uuid:543a8a46-0b49-487c-9600-678a416d67ff Publication date 2021 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA)

Anjani, S. (2021). Aircraft interiors, effects on the human body and experienced comfort. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:543a8a46-0b49-487c-9600-678a416d67ff

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Aircraft interiors,

Aircraft interiors,

effects on the human body

and experienced comfort

Dissertation

for the purpose of obtaining the degree of doctor at Delft University of Technology

chair of the Board for Doctorates to be defended publicly on Friday 9, April 2021 at 12:30 o’clock

by

Shabila ANJANI

Magister Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Composition of the doctoral committee:

iii

Aircraft interiors,

effects on the human body

and experienced comfort

i

Contents

Summary

iii

Reading Guide

xiii

Nomenclature xv

1. Introduction

1

Overview

Aircraft Interior Design 4 Research Focus and Approach 5 Embedding in the Institution 6

Thesis Outline 6

References 7

2. Interaction

11

The relationship of space experience and human anthropometric sizes in aircraft seat pitch

Abstract 13

Introduction 13

Conclusion 17

Acknowledgement 18

References 18

The effect of aircraft seat pitch on comfort

Abstract 19

Introduction 19

Results and Discussion 22

Conclusion 26

Acknowledgement 26

The effect of 17-inch-wide and 18-inch-wide airplane passenger seats on comfort

Abstract 28 Introduction 28 Discussion 34 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgement 37 References 37

ii

3. Human Body Effects

39

HRV, seat, comfort and discomfort relationships over time

Abstract 41 Introduction 41 Conclusion 56 Acknowledgements 56 References 56

4. Perceived Effects

61

PCQ: Preferred Comfort Questionnaires for Product Design

Abstract 63

Introduction 63

Discussion 68

PCQ for Product Design 71

Conclusion 71 Acknowledgement 71 References 71

5. Application

75

Conclusion and Future Work 88

Acknowledgements 89

References 89

6. Discussion and Conclusion

91

General Discussion

Overview of the Results 93

Comfort Over Time 98

Future Work 98

Final Statement 99

References 99

Curriculum Vitae List of Publications

v

Summary

modate people of all sizes, a certain minimum pitch and width are needed in an aircraft seat is probably not the best for airline revenues, as an increasing pitch will reduce the number of

that the mean rank of the discomfort of each pitch size for the middle seat was higher than the

vi Summary

tionnaires on comfort were selected and ranked by 55 comfort researchers and practitioners in

layouts generated by computational algorithms where rotations were allowed without consider of the computer program had higher potential revenue by adding business class seats, and it also resulted in optimal use of the space and would ensure all regulations are met, though some

ies prove that indeed comfort and discomfort are a result of the interaction, human body effects can be predicted, for instance, based on pitch and width related to anthropometry, but also

and technology enabling researchers and manufacturers to gather more human data without use of cameras for observing participants can overcome this problem which could be used in are promising and could be further explored as new sensors appear bringing new possibilities

Finally, this research proves that physical entities can predict comfort, and observing the inter Designers can use these methods to create a better functional aircraft interior which then in

vii

Samenvatting

schillende omvang en lengte tegemoet te komen, zou er een minimum gesteld moeten worden

van dit proefschrift: het verhogen van het comfort van vliegtuigpassagiers door kennis over de

Bovendien werd geconstateerd dat het gemiddelde discomfort voor de middelste stoel hoger passagiers werd zitbreedte gevarieerd en het effect ervan op comfort werd gemeten en verge

viii Summary

ix

maskapai penerbangan dalam menentukan solusi optimal, dengan memberikan informasi ten

model tentang kenyamanan digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dimana kenyamanan dan ketidak

lihatkan bahwa untuk mencapai tingkat kenyamanan yang hampir sama, pilihan untuk mele

x Summary

sioner tentang kenyamanan dipilih dan diberi peringkat oleh 55 peneliti dan praktisi dibidang dalam empat kategori: kuesioner pilihan terbaik, kuesioner yang cocok untuk digunakan tanpa/ sedikit pelatihan sebelumnya, kuesioner yang cocok untuk diselesaikan secara cepat dan kue

interior pesawat untuk menggunakan pengetahuan tentang kenyaman yang dihasilkan pada dengan tata letak yang dihasilkan oleh algoritma komputer di mana rotasi diperbolehkan tanpa letak kursi untuk penerbangan dimasa depan, meskipun beberapa dari ide ini bertentangan hasilkan penggunaan ruang yang optimal dan akan memastikan semua peraturan terpenuhi, meskipun beberapa denah lantai berisi kursi diputar, dimana tingkat kenyamanan kursi tersebut Interaksi, efek tubuh manusia dan efek yang dirasakan diukur dengan membuat eksperimen ketidaknyamanan adalah hasil dari interaksi, efek tubuh manusia dan efek yang dirasakan, dan kursi dan lebar kursi dengan antropometri tubuh manusia, dan bahkan parameter variabilitas adanya transisi kenyamanan dan ketidaknyamanan dalam dua sumbu berbeda, sebagaimana

xi

dimasa yang akan datang dengan sensor dan teknologi canggih yang memungkinkan peneliti dan produsen untuk mengumpulkan lebih banyak data manusia tanpa mengganggu peserta

sensor tekanan di kursi, sedangkan kenyamanan dapat diukur dengan parameter variabilitas

xii Summary

xv

Nomenclature

2D Two dimensions

3D Three dimensions

Beck Depression Inventory C

CAN Central autonomic network

CSI Cardiac Sympathetic Index

Anthropometric data in design by Delft University of Technology FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCC

I Interaction between human and environment LCC

LF

LF norm Normalized LF

MDBF Mean NN

xvi pNN10 pNN20 pNN25 pNN50 pNNxx

parasympathetic nervous system

RMSSD RR SD1 SD2 SD3 SD2/SD1 Ratio Ratio of SD2/SD1

SDNN Standard deviation of the time interval between successive normal heart beats SDSD

SMFs STAI STFT

Trimmel’s Index of Trait Moods TSST Trier Social Stress Test

3 Chapter 1

economy class seats with minimum space would allow airlines to cram more passengers into

Introduction

Aircraft Interior Design

there is a relationship between sitting discomfort and seat pitch, and that sitting discomfort

goal of comfort in an aircraft interior design is not only achieved by experiencing comfort but In this study, experiments are conducted to gather background Information on how comfort can

The feeling of comfort and discomfort is not a false dilemma enabling people to experience state or relaxed feeling of a human being in reaction to its environment”, while discomfort is

5 Chapter 1

Research Focus and Approach

to gather knowledge on all elements of the model and contribute to a deeper understanding

To increase aircraft passengers’ comfort by creating knowledge on those phys

ical entities that predict comfort

Introduction

Phase 1:

Phase 2: The results of phase 1 will be further explored by measuring the human body effects

Phase 3:

Design implications:

Embedding in the Institution

Thesis Outline

Chapter 2 focuses on the physical entities of the airplane and anthropometrics and the effect on

Chapter 1

Chapter 5 is an application of the research, studied by examining layouts made by experts in

Introduction University of Technology

10 Introduction

13 Chapter 2

The relationship of space experience and human an

thropometric sizes in aircraft seat pitch

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between space experience and human anthropometric siz

height sitting and a higher sitting height show more discomfort with a reduced pitch then short

Introduction

reaction to its environment, while discomfort is an unpleasant state of the human body in reac

Interaction

ent study found that there is a relationship between sitting discomfort and seat pitch, and that

comfort tends to increase when aspects of the aircraft seat are improved and positive emotions There are indications that the mismatch of human body dimensions with the environment is the main cause of a poor interaction which generates changes in the human body and results in

liteal height included shoes because participants were asked to sit in the aircraft seat with their thick coats and baggage were asked to be put in the overhead compartment to minimize space

15 Chapter 2

Experiment Setup

To study the relationship between experience, seat pitch and anthropometrics, eight rows of

changes were small, but participants could refer it to the previous experience and in theory, this would be recognisable since human sensors record differences better than absolute values

Dimensions 28” 30” 32” 34” a b 20 cm 25 cm 30 cm 35 cm c d 111 cm e

Space experience evaluation

Interaction Statement number Statement

I feel restricted by the distance of the seating rows I feel like sitting in front of a wall

I feel lost because the distance of the seating rows

I feel stressed out because of the distance of the seating rows

The backrest was able to support my needs There was enough room to get in and out of the seat I can change easily from one sitting posture to another

ured were excluded from the results, for example when the eye height seated was longer than

Mean Observations in this study Male database [18] Female database [18] Stature

Sitting height

Buttock to knee

-

-Space Experience Evaluation in Different Pitch Sizes

Statement 28” 30” 32” 34” _rs

Chapter 2

The relationship between the anthropometric measurements and space experience is shown

indicating physiological comfort highly correlated with space experience, which could indicate that these measurements are a good predictor of space experience leading to psychological

Statement Sitting height Eye height seated Buttock to knee Popliteal height _{with shoes}

The limitation of this study is that the population is young and only from one area of the globe

Conclusion

A relationship between space experience and human anthropometric sizes in aircraft has been Therefore, the taller the passenger, the larger the problems could be expected with low seat

Interaction

References

19 Chapter 2

The effect of aircraft seat pitch on comfort

Abstract

rank of the discomfort of each pitch size for the middle seat was higher than the window and

Introduction

space and seat width, especially knee space was seen as a problem by taller passengers for the

20 Interaction

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between seat pitch and comfort, and

Participants

all participants were asked to give informed consent that we were allowed to use the data in Protocol

21 Chapter 2

chose a middle, aisle or window seat, they had to take the same seat in the next rounds to

Dimensions 28” 30” 32” 34” a b 20 cm 25 cm 30 cm 35 cm c d 111 cm e

and most valid for rating perceived discomfort on sitting and also was preferred more than

22 Interaction Statement number Statement

I feel restricted by the distance of the seating rows I feel like sitting in front of a wall

I feel lost because the distance of the seating rows

I feel stressed out because of the distance of the seating rows

The backrest was able to support my needs There was enough room to get in and out of the seat I can change easily from one sitting posture to another

Results and Discussion

Comfort and discomfort on seat pitch size

23 Chapter 2

Additionally, both comfort and discomfort data were analysed by the location of the seats

comfort in all pitches while the mean in comfort did not vary, though the effect on both comfort

Comfort and discomfort on anthropometric measurements

Interaction

the difference between the effect of anthropometry on comfort and discomfort is not that large, comfort and discomfort could be on one axis, but further research would be needed to support The anthropometric measurements taken in this study were compared to the anthropometric

Anthropometric Measurements n p5 p95 mean 1003

151 510

Measurements n

28 inches 30 inches 32 inches 34 inches Comfort Discomfort Comfort Discomfort Comfort Discomfort Comfort Discomfort Sitting height

Buttock to knee Stature

25 Chapter 2

Space experience and (dis)comfort

studying a car seat, discomfort increases in time, and this could be the case in economy class

Space experience descriptors Overall Discomfort (CP-50) Overall Comfort (10-scale)

Interaction

Conclusion

analysis was also done on the location of the seat, where it was found that the mean discomfort of each pitch size for the seat was higher than the window and aisle seat, though seat pitch had

might indicate that comfort is more related to psychological aspect regardless of the positive

Chapter 2 graph

Interaction

passenger seats on comfort

Abstract

this study is to measure the comfort feeling of passengers regarding different widths and to

Relevance to industry: This discovery might be useful for the airline industry for more effective

Introduction

needs such as the convenience of the route, the departure time and the price, comfort is one

seat width was important for passenger comfort provided that bigger armrests should not re

the changes of anthropometric measurements of populations over the past decades should the Dutch population in 30 years and recommended a new standard for designers regarding

29 Chapter 2

In summary, the literature study indicated that widening the seat will improve the comfort of

participants measured their anthropometric data which included shoulder breadth, hip breadth, elbow to elbow breadth, waist breadth, sitting elbow height, sitting shoulder height, and stat protocols of the study were explained to the participants and participants were asked to sign

30 Interaction

therefore selected to evaluate the differences in the feeling of comfort/discomfort regarding A Spearman’s correlation was conducted to explore the relations between comfort/discomfort

these two experiments cast a new view on the comfort/discomfort regarding the seat pitch and

Results

Participant demographic characteristics

Details of anthropometric measurements are presented in Table 1 together with the reference

Average anthropometric measurements

This study Reference [9] Difference

Male (n= 78) Female (n= 115) Male Female Male Female

250 259

The effect of an increase of seat width on comfort and discomfort )

) ) )

31 Chapter 2

The psychological effect of the increase of seat width

Psychological comfort statement 17-inch-wide _(9-scale*) 18-inch-wide _(9-scale*)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The physical effect of the increase of seat width

The anthropometric measurements were correlated to the scores of comfort and discomfort

Anthropometric measurements (n=194)

Comfort Discomfort

17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide 17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide Shoulder breadth

Sitting elbow height Sitting shoulder height Stature

BMI

32 Interaction Body part 17-inch-wide (5-scale*) 18-inch-wide (5-scale*) p-value

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) i 0 is the inter

value of c₂, c₅, c , c₉ are larger than the rest, which indicates the importance of discomfort of the shoulder, the lower back, the knee and the lower leg and foot to the overall comfort in this

most important factors on the overall discomfort are the discomfort of the upper and middle

0 ci i No. Body Part(s) - LPDi

Comfort Discomfort

17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide 17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide c0

c1

c2 Shoulders

c3 Arms

c Upper and middle back c5 Lower Back

c Buttocks c Thighs c

33 Chapter 2

Hip Breadth Category Comfort (1-10 scale) Discomfort (0-50 scale) 17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide 17-inch-wide 18-inch-wide

) ) ) )

7 ) ) ) )

) ) ) )

7 ) ) ) )

Comparison of increasing width and pitch

Interaction

Discussion

found that the data for this study was not normally distributed, therefore all data were analysed These anthropometric measurements taken are highly comparable to the data of Molenbroek

35 Chapter 2

ratings… based on an assumption that all body parts’ discomfort have the same weight for the thighs were affected by the seat width on the total discomfort, and the total discomfort was not

2 2

2

Interaction

are two different factors rather than one single entity and there is a transition phase between

ical environment”, which indicate that the feeling comfort might not only based on human body

air travellers, on the other hand, these are the travellers of the future and according to Mohn

Conclusion

This study aimed to compare the comfort and discomfort feelings regarding sitting in 2 dif

the lower discomfort scores of shoulders, knees, and lower legs and feet contributed to the reduced discomfort, which highlighted the importance of passengers’ freedom of movement

Chapter 2

By synthesizing the data of a previous study on various pitch sizes, it was found that to reach

Chapter 3

time

Abstract

Introduction

In selling tickets for a train or airplane and in selling cars, seat comfort is an important factor

ings took place at the same time of the day as literature shows that comfort varies over the day

Before the start of each session of the experiment, a consent form had to be completed by the elbow length, elbow to elbow breadth, waist breadth, hip breadth, buttock to knee, popliteal height with shoes, sitting elbow height, sitting shoulder height, sitting height, and eye height with normal indoor clothes and shoes on a measuring chair like the one used by the Institute

Chapter 3

Anthropometric measurements Female Male

BMI

After the measurement, the researcher explained the protocols and participants wore a smart ment, the participants were always seated in a window seat and the neighbouring seat was kept

The heart rate of the participants was measured using a Mio® heart rate monitor wrist band or

Results

HRV parameter Abbr eviat ion Metric Relat ionships Measur es – human r esponses (e.g. str ess) based on l iteratur e Stat ist ics

Time domain parameters

SDNN

Standar

d deviation of the

time interval between suc cessive nor

mal heart beats

mental str ess or pain -Not r elated Able to dif fer

entiate supine and standing these two postur

es, but not sitting

SDSD Standar d deviation of dif mental str ess Decr

eased for incr

eased str

ess and able to consistently dif

fer

entiate the high

Absolute r

eliability: Mean dif

fer ence or pain pNN50 of interval dif fer ences of mental str ess

Sensitive to changes in mental or physical state even with a minimal physical Differ

ences between the r

est and mental str

Chapter 3 HRV parameter Abbr eviat ion Metric Relat ionships Measur es – human r esponses (e.g. str ess) based on l iteratur e Stat ist ics

Time domain parameters

pNN50 of interval dif fer ences of or pain Not r elated Able to dif fer

entiate supine and standing these two postur

es, but not sitting

pNN20 of interval dif fer ences of mental str ess or pain

Associated with the intensity of experimental electrical pain, but not r

elated RMSSD successive NN interval mental str ess Decr

eased for incr

eased str

ess and able to consistently dif

fer

entiate the high

Absolute r

eliability: Mean dif

fer ence or pain Not r elated Mean NN mental str ess

HRV parameter Abbr eviat ion Metric Relat ionships Measur es – human r esponses (e.g. str ess) based on l iteratur e Stat ist ics

Time domain parameters

Mean NN

mental str

ess

Dif

fer

ences between the r

est and mental str

ess these two conditions in the

Decr

eased for incr

eased str

ess and able to consistently dif

fer

entiate the high

Absolute r

eliability: Mean dif

fer ence or pain Not r elated Able to dif fer

entiate supine and standing these two postur

es, but not sitting

mental str

ess

domain param eters

LF

mental str

ess

or pain

Incr

eased when shown signs of fatigue (tir

ed eyes, pr

olonged eye closur

e, and

Not r

elated

Able to dif

fer

entiate supine and standing these two postur

es, but not sitting

mental str ess or pain Not r elated mental str ess

Chapter 3 HRV parameter Abbr eviat ion Metric Relat ionships Measur es – human r esponses (e.g. str ess) based on l iteratur e Stat ist ics

domain param eters

mental str

ess

or pain

Detect the impact of using compr

ession stockings during pr

olonged sitting

Time Not r

elated

Able to dif

fer

entiate between the postur

e supine and standing, but not sitting

LF nor

m

mental str

ess

Incr

eased for incr

eased str

ess and able to consistently dif

fer

entiate the high

Absolute r

eliability: Mean dif

fer

ence

or pain

Incr

eased when shown signs of fatigue (tir

ed eyes, pr

olonged eye closur

e, and Not r elated mental str ess Decr

eased for incr

eased str

ess and able to consistently dif

fer

entiate the high

Absolute r

eliability: Mean dif

fer

ence

or pain

Decr

eased while showing signs of fatigue (tir

ed eyes, pr

olonged eye closur

50 HRV parameter Abbr eviat ion Metric Relat ionships Measur es – human r esponses (e.g. str ess) based on l iteratur e Stat ist ics

domain param eters

CSI

Car

diac Sympathetic Index

mental str

ess

or pain

Reduced during exer

cise and r

etur

ned towar

d r

esting levels at the end of a

Not r elated SD1 Standar d deviation of pr o

on the line perpendicular

or pain

Decr

eased with upright postur

e, and further decr

eased during exer

cise, this

Reduced during exer

cise and r

etur

ned towar

d r

esting levels at the end of the

SD2

Standar

d deviation of the

plot along the line of

or pain

Incr

eased during standing and decr

eased during exer

cise compar

ed to the

Reduced during exer

cise and r

etur

ned towar

d r

esting levels at the end of the

SD2/SD1 Ratio

Ratio of SD2/SD1

or pain

Objective measurement

the lowest mean values compared with the other seat sizes for parameter SDNN, SDSD, pNN50, pNN20, RMSSD, Mean NN,

rated the lowest in comfort and highest in

SDNN, SDSD, pNN50, RMSSD, Mean NN,

correlation analysis was conducted to iden tify the relations between the scores of sub was correlated to the averaged measures

Relations among measures

comfort/discomfort scores for the corre

parameters in consecutive 3 intervals (5

lated to the comfort ratings gathered with the highest correlation with the LF norm

51

HRV parameters 17-28 17-30 18-28 18-30 Time domain parameters SDNN 105

SDSD pNN50 pNN20 RMSSD Mean NN LF 5,125 LF norm 55 39 CSI SD1 53 SD2 101 SD2/SD1 Ratio

HRV parameters Discomfort _{over time over time}Comfort Time domain parameters SDNN

SDSD pNN50 pNN20 RMSSD Mean NN LF LF norm CSI SD1 SD2 SD2/SD1 Ratio Chapter 3

52 HRV parameters Comfort Discomfort

Time domain parameters SDNN SDSD pNN50 pNN20 RMSSD Mean NN LF LF norm CSI SD1 SD2 SD2/SD1 Ratio

Discussions

Comfort/discomfort over time

53 Chapter 3

Comfort and discomfort among seat sizes

found that the shorter pitch resulted in a lower comfort and higher discomfort, which differed

the need for having service interruptions to slightly decrease passenger comfort during a long

55 Chapter 3

which might be driven by emotion and empathy, as in the experiment the temperature was kept

Conclusion

the least space did not perform the worst, probably the presence of a tray table might have

References

University of Technology

Design

Abstract

data interpretation, the time needed to complete, the needed prior training, as well as the

for less prior training, suitable for fast completion and generally applicable, which led to a list

Introduction

product design, such as the user, the product and the context will interact with each other over

Based on a review of the literature on the topic of comfort in product design, and with the ad

bal descriptors which have been found to be capable of, for example, capturing the intensity

especially the context, the grading system and the mother language when specifying the type

No. Name Visual rep-_resentations Number of _questions Type of scales Scale range Analysis _method 1 Image 13 2 Text 11 3 Text 2: NRS Image 19

5 Image 22 red= discomfort, green= comfort Text 25

Text 2

Text 1 Statistical distri

bution

9 Image 12

10 Text 0 (very hot with excessive dis

11 Text 1 Correlation index 12 Image 25 13 Text 19 Image 2: NRS >120 absolute maximum 15 Text

for a given item, its score was normalized as ,

where k is the index of items and n

The collected data was digitalized and where necessary, two researchers discussed the answers

Results

Experience of participants

Phase Rank Hand tool and handle Feet/leg study Seat study Total environment All products

Question-naire No. Per-centage Question-naire No. Percent-age Question-naire No. Percent-age Question-naire No. Percent-age Question-naire No. Percent-age design phase 1 1 2 2 1 13 3, 5, 15 3 2 Studying prototypes 1 1 9 2 13 3 2 9 3 5, 10 Comparing two products 1 1 13 3 2 3 9 3 5, 10 10, 15 an end product 1 1 3 13 2 9 9 3 3 3, 10, 15 9, 10

Other recommendations

Discussion

The validity of the study

could also determine the face validity which makes sure that a test would not only be valid but Characteristics of questionnaires

the comfort of a product based on visitors in an exhibition, prior training of the participants can fort score was easy to answer and takes less time to complete for participants with prior train

while comparing two products, more detailed examination of comfort was needed, therefore

Language of questionnaires

could cause a different understanding, as people from different regions consider the same

the world too, which could have resulted in a different understanding, though none of the par

Scales used in questionnaires

ents’ context, providing more points may improve the accuracy, but it will cost more time for the

Limitations

recommended by participants, which will be further investigated, there is still a small chance

the workshop based on their own expertise, this might lead to a different understanding of the

Hand tool

and handle Feet/leg study Seat study Total envi-ronment All sorts of products Early design

phase 1 2

Less prior training 11 N/A

Fast completion

5, 13 2, 13

Studying

prototypes 1 9 2, 9 13 3

Less prior training 3 3

Fast completion 9

N/A 5, 10

Comparing

two products 1 13 3

Less prior training N/A 3 3

Fast completion

2, 5, 10 N/A

Evaluating an

end product 1 3 13

Less prior training 3 3, 15 3

Fast completion

PCQ for Product Design

Conclusion

References

of Southern California

Chapter 5

knowledge by aircraft interior experts

Abstract

later compared to layouts produced by computational algorithms to evaluate the advantages worked in groups of 3 and are given the freedom to design a section of the cabin between Computational algorithms were also applied with the same inputs and constraints to generate compare against the complexity of the operations, the number of passengers on board, the economy seats, while the rest utilized a hybrid setup where the business class seats were used

Introduction

Airlines are adding different comfort features in order to be chosen by customers, but they also choices of offering maximum comfort to all passengers and making this an upgrade service

Application

results indicated that increasing the width by 1 inch increases comfort more than increasing

consider the complexity of the operations, the number of passengers on boards, the revenue of the other hand, advanced computational algorithms could optimize this layout which might be

Literature Review

assignment, the good economy class is described and, in this literature review, the focus is

economy passengers will increase when they think premium economy service is well worth ex

Furthermore, domestic airlines in the United States of America are actively adding a premium ferentiation needs to be made not only in the seats but also in other services provided by the

Chapter 5

also want to increase the number of seats in a cabin, as aeroplane manufactures predicted that

Application

FAA states that there is a maximum of 3 seats beside each aisle per row which needs to also be

were analyzed and compared based on their manufacturing complexity, the potential of the

tion, three blocks of seats and two aisles were set up as the general layout and the following

Chapter 5

based on the complexity of the operations, the number of passengers on board, the revenue

increase the operational complexity as it would change the process of maintenance, booking, The size choice of seats placed in the premium economy will affect the revenue of the airliner, as adding more seats can lead to a price reduction per seat, but having an upgraded space could

Application No. 18”x30” 17”x34” Number of seat types Aisle width (m) Additional value Seat Count

1 0 1 2 0 30 1 30 3 2 €992 0 1 5 0 1 €1,102 2 €992 2 20 2 9 0 1 10 0 1 11 20 2 12 20 2 13 20 2 20 2 €1,252

Chapter 5

No. Business class Premium

Economy Comply ** Cost (US$) Revenue (US$) (US$)

2 0 30 25 21 13 10 0 19 12 12 5 0 9 30 1 0 3 0 0 0 22 23 20 25 21,231 19,210 21 25 21,231 19,210 15 0 20,152 0 20,152 9 0 20,152 11 0 20,152 12 0 20,152 13 0 20,152 19 12 32 0 29 0 25,220

Application

No. Left Middle Right Seat _{count (US$)}

Type Count Type Count Type Count

20 12 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20,152 12 20,152 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Chapter 5

No. Left Middle Right Seat _{count (US$)}

Type Count Type Count Type Count

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Application No. Left Middle Right Seat _{count (US$)}

Type Count Type Count Type Count 20 12 20 12 20 12 20 12 20 20 12 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Chapter 5

No. Left Middle Right Seat _{count (US$)} Type Count Type Count Type Count

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152 12 20 12 20,152

though experts used a mixture of only premium economy seats facing forward, while the com paid more attention to the comfort perceived by passengers using the information briefed so the layouts made would follow all regulations, yet the experts are more creative in making

Application highest potential revenue of US$ 20,152 generated by the computer algorithm

ber of available references on premium economy class, especially with the same dimensions

Chapter 5

show having a section with business class seats turned out to have a higher potential revenue

computer resulted in optimal use of the space and would ensure all regulations are met, though

in one cabin, the effect on seat rotation, its effect on the loading and unloading process and

a limited number of available references on premium economy class, especially with the same

90 Application

93

the best price, and when the choice is similar, aspects such as comfort, service, airline reputa as many passengers as possible, Therefore, space is valuable, and the passengers’ individual

Overview of the Results

In Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Discussion and Conclusion

movement space for the human body which is relevant as a variation of posture is important

Chapter 3

the least space did not perform the worst in this study, which might be caused by the use of the

In Chapter 4,

easiness for data interpretation, the time needed to complete, the need for prior training, as

suitable for less prior training, suitable for fast completion and generally applicable, which led

Chapter 5

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The use of the computer resulted in optimal use of the space and would ensure all regulations

on the relationship between physical entities of the environment and comfort shown in Figure

prove that indeed comfort and discomfort are a clear result of the interaction, the human body be predicted, for instance, based on pitch and width knowing the anthropometrics of the oc

Discussion and Conclusion

Phase 1 - RQ 1:

Phase 1 - RQ2:

the taller the passenger is, the larger the problems could be expected with low seat pitches, Phase 1 - RQ3:

Phase 2 - RQ4: Does comfort and discomfort change over time regarding different types of

Phase 3 - RQ5:

but it is strongly dependent on the type of research and the phase in the design process of

Discussion and Conclusion

Comfort Over Time

time factor was studied and results showed a change in comfort and discomfort over a span of 2

Recording discomfort and comfort

task might also disturb the actual condition in reality, while the aim of a comfort designer should

99

ing methods using body posture or pressure distribution which are linked to discomfort, this To our opinion, the best way to study comfort and discomfort is a combination of measuring

Final Statement

100 Discussion and Conclusion

103

we get stuck in research, thank you for spending all the time on discussions and always looking

A big round of applause to Bertus Naagen, the one behind the setup of all my experiments,

For the Indonesian community in Delft thank you for bringing a sense of home here in the special shout out to Adibah, Agis, Agung, Ahtar, Ammar, Ayu, Azzam, Brian, Bita, Catra, Devie,

Acknowledgments

Airport’s Runway

She continued her studies with dual master program, graduating in 2015 with a cum laude of Business Administration degree from Industrial Management, National Taiwan University After graduation, she started an academic career as a lecturer as well as a researcher at

About the Author

Publication Part of This Thesis

Manuscript submitted for publication

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