À O T A U N I V R R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S FOLIA SOCIOLOGICA 1, 1980
Andrzej M a j e r *
ATTITUDES TOWARDS TYPE OF BUILDING-UP , IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
This article analyzes results of researches on attitudes of looal inhabitants towards examples of residential and non-reei- dential building-up both modern and possessing historical value in their own living environment. The ooncepts quoted in the title of the artiole have very rich connotations in the sociological literature. And thus to start with, it should be explained that there was accepted for the purposes of this artiole the so-cal- led structural oonoept of the attitude, according to which its components are the following aspects! emotional-bffeotionate (positive or negative attitude to the attitude’s object, its evaluation), cognitive aspeot (oonviotion about the attitude’s objeot), and finally - behavioural. The following analysis will encompass the first two aspeots of the attitude.
The looal environment will be understood as phyeioal spaoe inhabited by territorial aggregation of people within boundaries of four rural communes - organizational forms of the state’s ao- tlvity at the basic level in the field of political, economio, and sooio-cultural relations oovering an administratively isola-ted small territory. Such aggregations possess a definite, formed during the history of their development - demographic, socio— -professional, spatial and economic structure as well as func-tioning structure of institutions and organizations of the rural commune -community'.
It was also aocepted that the looal environment implies se-veral basic, mutually interlinked spheres with the most impor-tant of them being: the sphere of sooial relations, oultural, and material-spatial spheres. Each of these spheres possesses its own structure as well as organizational or material corre-lates, although only jointly they form the rural oomnune'e struc-ture.
This article analyzes attitudes towards building-up - an element of material-spatial sphere of the looal environment. It simultaneously represents a seleoted fragment of a more compre-hensive research project1, which aimed at identification of so-oial determinants of the rural commune’s dwelling environment to be utilized in spatial and urban planning. Registration of inha-bitants’ attitude* towards different types and forms of buil-ding-up in their own environment was to serve cognitive and practioal purposes - as a reference point for planning and ar-chitectonic decisions. Apart from that there were other prere-quisites, and namely such questions as:
- what social and professional characteristics of inhabi-tants , and
- what components of their attitudes towards other elements of the local environment determine the inhabitants’ attitude to building-up.
The settlement network of four rural communes, being an ob-ject of the research proob-ject, consists of the so-called commune centre dominating in the funotional aspect (housing both admi-nistrative-political institutions, local authorities, and insti-tutions providing for the needs of the population), and smaller settlements and villages. From the viewpoint of economic forms, these four rural communes show a predominance of socialized agriculture as well as - and that for the most part - private agriculture in the form of individual farms.
Л
V
V
Research project concerning "Attitudes towards Local Environment" c a r -r i e d out bj research team froia Institute of S o c io lo g y , Łódź U n i v e r s i t y headed by prof. dr. V. Piotrowski in 1977.
1. Attitudes towards examples of old building-up
The number and objeotive aroh.iteotonic value of objects pos-sessing historical importance is largely differentiated in the analyzed rural oommunes. Of the greatest historical value are
О *
objects in the Opinogóra oommune centre (Ciechanów province) in-cluding the oastle of great romanticism poet - Krasicki in Neo- -Gothio style from the first half of 1 9 th century, park in the "English" style, classicistic church, the . so-oalled manor out-buildings - forming a homogenous arohitectonio oomplex built in one style. The castle houses today the poet’s museum visitod by numerous tourists. In the centre of the second rural commune - Pepowo (Leszno provinoe) there was preserved a large baroque pa-lace with a park, and a former hospital in Neo-Gothio style. In turn, in the third oentre of the Vidawa rural oommune (Sieradz provinoe) being of a small town oharaoter, there were preserved two churohes in late baroque and Neo-Gothic styles as well as a few burjçhere’ houses from the early 1 9 th century. The fourth oommune oentre .- Sulmierzyce in Piotrków province does not pos-sess any historical monumonts besides numerous examples of tra-ditional rural architecture.
Inhabitants of these communes were asked to enumerate the examples of local, old architecture. The number of indicated examples was distributed as in Tab. 1 .
Y T a b l e 1 Number of indicated examples of old architecture A В С D Don* t know 1 12 51 21 None such - 28 56 55 1 objeot 12 32 70 58 2 object k k 5 k 20 15 3 and more 103 85 8 3 N N a 1 Si* N = 21 k N = 207 N = 152
In the included Tables r u r a l coffiiaunes will be marked as follows} A — Opinogóra, В - Pepowo, С - Widawa, D - Sulm ierzyce.
• The biggest share of nogativo answers appeared in aggrega-tions of inhabitants in commune С (where historical objects In-clude two churohos), and D (where there existed a possibility of indicating examples of traditional rural architecture). This testifies' to the fact that the name) of local "historical monu-ment" is attributed most often to objects not performing any in-strumental functions - such as an apartment, or publio - such as church.
In detailed evaluations and in indicated motivations for ac-ceptance of examples in commune A prevailed references, to defi-nite elements of a building to be followed only next by general evaluations. In commune В general descriptions ooncerning "nice* appearance, style, or construction were obtaining the same share of respondents as references to definite elements of a building. Xn commune С - respondents were most often pointing at definite details while in commune 0 , on the other hand, were again predo-minating inconcrete references to nioe appearance. Thus these
evaluations are largely differentiated. Negative evaluations of such objects allowed to obtain a more clarified picture of atti-tudes: in four rural commîmes predominated Indications at bad repair state, negligence, poor utility values.
General aesthetic evaluation of buildings quoted a s 'examples of local old architecture, consisting in indication of their
va-T a b l e 2
Total evaluation of build-ings - exairçples of old
archi tecturo
A в С D
Absence of attitude object
(no buildings indicated) 2 38 96 68
Positive attitude (only
positive evaluations) 113 63 32 31
Ambivalent attitude (posi-tive and nega(posi-tive
eva-luations ) 35 50 17 1*ł
Absence of attitude , (lack of positive and negative
evaluat i ons) 1*» 31 . 1*ł 7
Negative attitude 'only
ne-gative evaluations) 16 25 33 27
N £ n o
d
lues and ahortoominga, waa aubmitted to aynthetio transforma-tion« pointing at direotion and Intensity of attitudes.
Hierarchy of positive attitudea distribution proved to be concordant with reality (aooording to objective criteria) hie-rarchy of arohiteotonio values of buildings, which were objects of attitudes. Thia reault confirmed once again that buildings with praotloal-inatruraental funotions, suoh as e.g. churohes in oominune С (Vidawa) are not conaidered to be "historical monu-ments".
Meanwhile, the faot, that both the number of indioated exam-ples and general attitudes towards them proved to be indepen-dent of the aooial situation oharaoteriatica, appeared to be much more intereating.
Researches were oonducted on purposefully and systematically seleoted representative samples. The above variables as well as others dlsouaaed here were submitted to quantitative statiatical processing on a digital computer, whioh allowed to perform a com-prehensive correlation analysis with reapeot to their differen-tiation in partioular categories of independent variables. A big number of checked correlations made it possible to employ a cor-relation level of significance O.O5 in the corcor-relation analysis. In turn, the correlation strength was analyzed at a constant va-lue of V Cramer’s coefficient not lower them 0.15.
Thus the only discovered regularity on the whole popula-tion* s scale appeared to be the fact that intensity of positive attitudes of respondents was the bigger the more examples they indicated.
Aji even more significant indicator of attitudes was conside-red to be the attitude of inhabitants to employment of old ar- ohitectonio designs of local origin (and thus height, roof shape, building material, ornamental patters eto.) in construc-tion and ornamentaconstruc-tion of new houses.
Most respondents were fully in favour of "modernity" rejec-ting the local tradition of rural housing construction; a part - allowed for a possibility of applying only oertain old designs although this referred, as a rule, to details in ornamentation and not the architectonic shape of a building. Only in rural oommune С it was discovered that in moat сазев individual for-mers and agricultural workers employed in the state sector were
too Andrzej Majer
In favour of continuing th® tradition even though they were si-multaneously displaying diversified and ambivalent attitudes to-wards the old looal arohitooture. Aggregation of commune D ’e in-habitants revealed that rejęotion of old designs, which might serve as a model for new housing construction, was
consistent-ly connected with a negative attitude (or its absence) towards old architecture and the lowest eduoational level. Again, how-ч over, the obtained result appeared to be generally independent of basic characteristics of the respondents’ social situation.
As it was already underlined above, analysis of attitudes towards building-up had a cognitive aim while the seleoted re-sults presented here were to serve spatial planning purposes in the examined rural oommunes. Registration of attitudes towards old building resources showed that there do not exist any par-ticular factors whioh might e.g. force designers to respeot tra-ditional ways of shaping architecture, and this was one of fun-damental dilemmas and hypotheses at the same time.
2. Attitudes towards new building-up
To determine the research object there was accepted here a chronological criterion according to which as new building-up (both residential and non-residential) are treated objects ereot- ed after 19^5 i in practice, for the most part, were indica-ted the latest investments.
The analysis set forth to decide«
- which elements of present buildings, from among those existing in k rural communes, are accepted or rejected, and
- what are predominant, spontaneous préferenoes of Inhabi-tants as regards architectonic form of bullding-up for rural areas.
Rapidly improving living standards, especially in the last decade, acoompanied by growing replacement of traditional re-sources by new onos, possessing similar to urban teohnioal-uti-1 teohnioal-uti-1 ty designs, caused that the share of new housing resouroes in analyzed communes is quite high, e.g. in relation to all housing resources the percentage figures of private houses constructed
3 in the period 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 7 amount correspondingly to^t
3 It should be added that this index is not e q u iv a le n t to degree of progress in ao'-iernizatior., especially in other d im ensions.
Rural oommune« A В С I)
* 38.0 35.0 32.5 38.0
Thi» is equal to the quantitative average for rural areas
in Poland. \
Although new housing resources in the four rural communes are differentiated with respeot t o their utility standard and rather, monotonous in their arohiteotonic aspect, there oan be found here also examples testifying to inventiveness and wealth of investors. However, it appeared that not such objects whioh would find approval - in several cases - of an architeot ranked highest in looal polls of aesthetio acceptance.
The highest approval (on the whole population's scale) obta-ined two-story one-family houses with flat roof, without any ar-chitectonic ornaments - and thus oapaoious architectural forms most strongly contrasting with a traditional model of the country house in Poland - one-story house with sloping roof.
The following categories were distinguished among justifica-tions of selected examples accepted by respondents! see Tab. 3.
T a b l e 3
Reasons for acceptance of residential buildings in
commune centre
A В С D
ytility values 18 14 - 28
Aesthetic values of
buil-ding U6 5 k 6 5 62
Values of building’s en-vironment and site’s
cleanness ZU 61 69 29
"Modernity", "novelty" 3b 25 32 11 Unique type, urban style
or form 20 16 10 27
Mass composition reasons (e.g. balconies, ter-
raoes, porches) 10 20 20 10
Note: N > 100 N = 230 N = 278 N = 207 N в 226
The obtained results were leaving no doubt that aesthetic values rather than architectonic enjoyed the biggest approval. In respondents’ attitudes prevailed subjeotive, detached from
utility functions of evaluated buildings, acceptance of aesthe-tics in finishing, maintonanoe state, and tidiness of the buil-ding plot - whioh also represent aspects independent of
archi-tecture.
From among many analyzed faotors, let us quote here (as the most significant for the discussed problem) spontaneous prefe-rences vith regard to the most appropriate type of new residen-tial buildings for the oommune oentre (and thus for functional and urbanized oommune centre) (Tab. U ) ,
T a b l e U Construction type A В С D Multi-family buildings 80 61 37 25 One-family houses 60 59 90 79 Other kind 7 23 - 8 Any kind 26 . 5*« 55 23 Hard to say 10 13 17 12 N N = 184 К = 21*ł N s 207 N e 152
Distribution of preferences revealed a differentiation here, which on one hand, was resulting from oharaoter of the
agricul-tural economy in rural oommunes, and on the other hand — from investment level in particular types of housing construction. Big state agricultural farms functioning in communes A and В either constructed or adapted for their workers buildings con-stituting small housing distriots at present. Thus if numerous studies conducted so far in Poland especially with regard to town people show explicitly that an independent, one-family house represents the most desirable type of residence - it appears that experience provided by living in multi-family buildings de-termines the direction of preferences concerning form of spatial structure of rural commune centres among inhabitants of 2 analy-zed communes. Absence of a similar referenoe group in oommunes С and D produced a picture of preferences being in line with the general trend.
Preferences given to a given type of housing construction with the aim of its potential development in respondents’ own dwelling environment were strongly corresponding to the
aocep-l±
tanoe of the so-called blocks of flats both in aesthetic, and functional—utility sense in communos A and В and — oonversely — to their negation in oommunes С and D. A reservation explicitly made in relation to their arohiteotonio form was (in the first two oases) adequaoy in relation to scenio soale of rural housing construction i.e. height of 2 -3 stories being stressed in res-ponses.
However, approval given to blocks of flats would concern most often the sphere of shaping the rural commune’s space, and not location of a respondent* s apartment in this architectonic form. Preferences in this respect revealed the following distri-bution! see Tab. 5*
T a b l e 5
Given free choioe we would rather live in A В С D oommunesFour Multi-family blook of flats (with proper technical standard) 65 7 k k J 23 209 Independent one- -family house (even without proper technical standard) 112 130 150 1 12» 505 Hard to say 2 8 9 7 26 N N = 18*» X = 211» N s 207 N = 152 N = 7'+0
A different scope of ideas about directions of developing housing resources in respondents’ own local environment and their preferences as regards their own house/apartment proved to be strongly connected with a common conviction about inevita-bility of spatial changes, whioh will be effected in the four commune oentres in the near future. Against the background of optimistic hopes that they will be changed into "towns" the ap-proval of blocks of flats, an urban building-up form, was only to be expected.
if.
By this term 6hould be understood rculti-faraily, socialized housing construction.
Liko It was the case with attitudee towards old architecture, the preferences in relation to new building-up appeared to be oonnected, to an insignifioant extent, with aooiai and profes-sional characteristics of inhabitants. Only in the oase of per-sons being spatially more mobile these attitudes are nor* con-crete or more pronounoed, while the attitude to blooks of flats
is more positive in the case of the so-called biprofessional persons, who working also in town have an opportunity of
con-fronting -themselves their preferences with differentiated types of building-up.
3. Researoh oonoluslons
Research findings seleoted for purposes of this artiole and illustrating attitudee towards old and new building-up lend themselves for generalization with one reservation, however, that they cannot be fully referred to the contemporary Polish village (although they meet representativeness requirements on the soale of four analyzed rural commîmes). The second reservation is of a more general oharaoter. Similar studies are usually placed against the theoretical background of analysis of wider prooess of villages urbanization.
Bypassing here epistemological difficulties with definition of what is "urban" or "rural" in conditions of general social transformati,ons; of what is urbanization factor and what its ob-ject - it should be stated, at least following R. Dewey^, that expansion of town characteristics does not undermine unique fea-tures of these two forms, i.e. of town and village in their eco-logical sense while transformations in social relations or par-ticipation in culture do not have to be synonymous with changes of spatial units. Undoubtedly urbanization leads to aooulturation of traditional village communities, changes in previously aooep-ted values. This process is, however, taking place on many planes and it is differentiated in its manifestations.
It appeared that despite progress in teohnioal, sooial and 5
R. D é w 0 y, The Rural-Urban Continuum: Real but R e l a t i v e l y Unim-portant, "American Journal of Sociology", V ol. LXVI, Ho 1, p . 66-67.
oultural urbanization, attitudes to old building-up did not ohange oharaoter of perception typical for village inhabitants, and namely there are known and mainly evaluated teohnioal and utility values while more seldom values of historioal signifi-cance and originality. Thus attitudes assume a pragmatic form even in those rural oommunes where attractiveness and objeotive value of objeots are Internalized in inhabitants’ awareness. Ele-ments of sentimentalism and automatism of positive evaluation are, however, almost completely absent in the analyzed attitu-des. These elements are characteristic for perception of town’s inhabitants. The shape of these attitudes oorresponds more to typology of characteristics typical for inhabitants of traditio-nal town districts t oaution, conservatism, unawareness of' time value, susceptibility to irrational beliefs accompanied by ra-tionalism in outlook and actions, than to hypotheses whioh might be formulated in the era of common impact of mass culture,
л The situation in the field of urbanization in spatial utili-zation of rural areas was well desoribed by P. Harobaud^l "Many villages are slowly modifying their architecture and house inte-riors aooording to borrowed but adapted urban patterns
Village inhabitants thus express their control of that whioh comes from town".
Acceptance for geometrical simplicity in residential archi-tecture, whioh was revealed in attitudes towards new building- -up, represents a distinct indioator of establishment of a new value hierarohy the effect of whioh is to be elimination of
oul-tural and eoonomic gap separating the village from the town. That is even more clearly refleoted in negation of possibilities for continuation of local traditions in new housing construc-tion. Thus "urban features" understood superficially enjoy popu-larity leading to homogeneity of architecture, approval of en-vironment aesthetizatiou understood as absence of "pollution" inseparably connected with work in fields. On the other hand, propositions of arohitectonio solutions enjoyed a smaller popula—
See e . g . M. A n d e r s o n , K, I s h w a r a n , Urban Sociolo-^ gy, London 1 9 6 5.
7
P . R a m b a u d, Wieé i urbanizacja ( V i l l a g e and Urbanization), "Wieś i Rolnictwo" 1974, No 3, p . 116-11?.
rity. These were aesthetic in "town" sense of the term and con-sisted in oompiioation or bigger decorative effeot of form ac-companied by all features of modernity.
Without going any deeper into the problem it is worth men-tioning here once again, as a separate regularity discovered in the oourse of researches, the faot that there are no relation-ships between attitudes and oharaoteristios of respondents' so- oial status. It is irreoonoliable especially with the conoept of sooio-eoonomio determinants of attitudes towards one1s dwelling environment as represented by H. J. Gans and his followers. Pos— tulatea of taking into account by planners sooial differentia-tion mechanisms, formulated by H. J. Gans in reladifferentia-tion to town residents on tbe basis of extensive studies - prove to be
use-Q less in oase of ąttitudea displayed by the examined population .
The gathered materials allow to state with certainty that predominant attitudes are functioning as strongly internalized norms. And even if that does not explain the essenoe of the pro-blem, to any extent, it simultaneously provides an essential pre-requisite for spatial planning, whioh should be oarried out on
the basis of detailed analysis of real needs.
Andrzej Majer
LA ACT ITU D DEL AMBIENTE LOCAL НАС IA
LAS CONSTfiUCCIONES Y EDIFICIOS
En el articule se estan anallzando los resultados de las invest igstcio- nes del grado de conocimientos y de apreciación, por parte de la poblacion local, de los edi'ficioa de valor histórico y de las construcciones moder-na«- (habitables o no-habltables).
La lnvestlgacion de las actitudes se realize entre los habitantes de 4 municipios ( g o i n a) que tienen diforencias histdricas y
demografico-%
-sociales. Très sedes municipales conservaron construcciones antiguaa de gran valor histdrico. Todoe los municipios tienen el porcentaje bastante
8
H. J. G a n s , People and Plans. Essays on Urban Problems and So-lutions, K.Y,-London 196b.
ftlto de las construcclonea raodernas, el valor funclonal de las cuales y el •4ulpo de t4cnlca sanitaria son por lo general de nivel medio.
En estas inv66tigaciones nos hemoa propuesto el objetivo de deterainar tanto los rasgos sociales y profesionales de los habitantes de regiones diferenciadae, сошо los componentes de las actitudes hacla otros elemen- tos del ambiente local, que lnfluyen en la formacirfn de las opiniones sobre las construcciones antiguas y modernas en el aedio del lugar de resi- dencia.
Résulte!, que, a pesar del progreso de la urbanización t^cnica, social y cultural, lae opiniones sobre las construcciones viejas conservaron la percepciiSn tip ica para los habitantes del campo: principalmente son de mayor conociaiento y apreciaciôn las cualidades de técnlca y explotacion (las de antlgttedad y autenticidad lo son mie raramente). Las opiniones llevan el carâcter pragnitico incluso en los municipios, en las cuales la atracciôn y el valor objetivo de las construcciones se refleja plenamente en la consciencia de los habitantes. Las opiniones carecen casi por com-plète de sentimentalisme y de automatisme del apreciar positive, que son tipicoa para la percepción de los habitantes de la ciudad.
En las opiniones sobre las construcciones nuevas prédomina la aprecia- cion positiva y nejptiva de valores estétlcos, que adelantan el intere's hacia las cualidades funcionales y de explotaoio'n. La apreciaciôn positi-va se refiere ante todo a la est^tica de conserpositi-vaciôn y limpieza; mas raramente se aprecia la arquitectura.
Los rasgas sociales y profesionales de los habitantes de aunicipios lnfluyen poco en sus actitudes. Los factores mas importantes en este caso son los traslados espaciales y la actividad profesional en el lug^tr de re- sidencia. Анд*еЙ Maep ОТНОШЕНИЕ МЕСТНОЙ СРЕДЫ К ПОСТРОЙКАМ ЖИЛОГО И НЕЖИЛОГО ХАРАКТЕРА « На основе результатов исследований некоторых построек жилого и нежилого характера, обладающих историческими и современными
достоинствами, . автор проводит анализ объема знаний о них и и*, оценки местным населением. Обследованиям подвергались группы лиц, проживающие в 4 гми-нах и отличающиеся друг от друга своими судьбами а также об-щественно-демографическими чертами. В трех основных центрах - местонахождениях гминных властей - сохранились исторические памят-ники, обладающие высокими архитектурными достоинствами. Во всех гминах удельный вес современных жилых домов довольно высок; в ос-новном, они представляют собой средний уровень по эксплуатацион-ным качествам и технически-санитарному оснащению. Исследования имели целью установить социальные и профессио-нальные черты жителей разных местностей и слагаемые отношения к другим элементам местной среды, определяющие их отношение к избранным старинным и новым постройкам в месте проживания. Оказалось что, несмотря на технический социальный и куль-турный прогресс урбанизации, отношение сельских жителей к древним постройкам не изменилось; они воспринимаются и оцениваются, в ос-новном, с точки зрения технических и эксплуатационных качеств, а в м е н ь ш е й степени с точки зрения достоинств старины и подлинности. Отмечается почти полное отсутствие элементов сентиментализма и автоматичной положительной оценки, которые характерны, в таких случаях, городским жителям. В отношении к новым постройкам преобладает положительная или отрицательная оценка эстетических ценностей, а не функциональных и эксплуатационных качеств. В большинстве случаев привлекают вни-мание и положительно оцениваются напр, э с т е т и ч е с к и й внешний вид и чистота, в меньшей мере архитектурные достоинства. На отношение к рассматриваемым постройкам в меньшей мере оказывают влияние социальные и профессиональные черты жителей гмин, в большей же степени их пространственные отношения и про-фессиональная активность вне своей деревни.
Andrzej Majer
POSTAWY WOBEC ZABUDOWY W LOKALNYM SPODOWISKU
Artykuł zawiera analizę wyników badań zakresu wiodzy oraz oceny doty-czące przykładów mieszkalnej i niemieszkalnej zabudowy o walorach histo-rycznych, a także o profilu współczesnym - w lokalny« środowisku zamiesz-kania.
Z b io r o w o ic ią ( w k t ó r e j r e je s tro w a n o postawy, b y l i mieszkańcy 4 z r ó ż n i -cowanych pod względem, losów h is to r y c z n y c h i cech społeczno-dem ograficznych g a i n . W t r z e c h ośrodkach c e n t r a l n y c h - s ie d z ib a c h władz gain - zachowały s i ę o b ie k ty zabytkowe o dużych walorach a r c h i t e k t o n i c z n y c h . We w szystkich g lin a c h u d z i a ł nowej zabudowy m ie sz k a ln e j j e s t dość wysoki, choć na ogół odznacza s i ę ś r e d n i a standardem użytkowym i wyposażeniem t e c h n i c z n o - s a n i - tarnyia.
Badania miały za zadanie ustalenie, jakie cechy społeczne i zawodowe mieszkańców zróżnicowanych obszarów oraz jakie składniki postaw wobec in-nych elementów lokalnego środowiska - wyznaczają postawy i stosunek do przykładów starej 1 nowej zabudowy we własnym środowisku zamieszkania.
Okazało się, że mimo postępu urbanizacji technicznej, społecznej i kulturowej postawy wobec starej zatwdowy nie zmieniły charakteru percepcji typowej dla mieszkańców wsi, a mianowicie znane są i oceniane głównie wa-lory techniczne - użytkowe; rzadziej natomiast wartości dawności i auten-tyzmu. Postawy przybierają więc kształt pragnatyczny nawet w tych gninach,
gdzie atrakcyjność i obiektywna wartość obioktów Jest wkomponowana w świa-domość mieszkańców. Brak jest w postawach niemal zupełnie sentymentalizmu i automatyzmu pozytywnego wartościowania - charakterystycznych dla percep-cji mieszkańców miasta.
W postawach wobec nowej zabudowy dominuje pozytywna i negitywna ocena wartości estetycznych, a nie funkcjonalnych czy użytkowych. Dostrzegane 1 pozytywnie oceniane są najczęściej takie walory, jak estetyka stanu utrzy-mania, czystość; rzadziej natomiast cechy architektury.
Społeczne i zawodowe cechy mieszkańców gain wpływają na ich postawy w niewielkim stopniu. Silniej natomiast takie czynniki, jak ogólna ruchli-wość przestrzenna i pozalokalna aktywność zawodowa.
