ȼ ɄȺɄɈɃ ɋɌȿɉȿɇɂ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈ ɉɊɂɈȻɓȿɇɂȿ Ʉ ɆȿɀɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɃ ɄɈɆɆɍɇɂɄȺɐɂɂ
ȼ ɉɊȿȾȿɅȺɏ ɍɋȼȺɂȼȺȿɆɈȽɈ ɂɇɈɋɌɊȺɇɇɈȽɈ əɁɕɄȺ TO WHICH EXTENT IS IT POSSIBLE TO SHAPE THE COMPETENCE
OF AN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
IN THE PROCESS OF ACQUISITION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ȼɅȺȾɕɋɅȺȼ ȼɈɁɖɇȿȼɂɑ
ABSTRACT. The author justifies the rudimentary thesis of the paper: in the circumstances of neophilological training the acquisition of skills of respectable intercultural communication is limited. The boundaries of these limitations are given by: 1) the reduction of the use of foreign language to a basic linguistic competence, 2) the restriction of domains of communication mainly to behavioral activities, 3) socio-cultural requirement of obeying norms of political correctness, 4) the certain level of feeling of foreignness in the interpersonal relations.
Władysław WoĨniewicz, WyĪsza Szkoła Nauk Humanistycznych i Dziennikarstwa w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɨ-ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɛɨɝɢɦ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɚɦ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ/ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ: ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɹɡɵɤ – ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢ-ɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ.
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ/ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɦɢ, ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ: ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ (ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɨɠɢɞɚ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚ-ɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚ-ɧɢɹ/ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ. ɂɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ-ɧɢɹɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɗ. ɋɟɩɢɪɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɯ: „ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɹɡɵɤ «ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ», ɬɨ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɟɬ»”1. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɝɨ-ɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ „ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɣ” ɢ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ „ɞɟɥɚɟɦɵɣ” ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ/ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɢɪ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɢɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ „ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ” ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ/ɮɟ-ɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟ-ɮɚɤɬɨɜ: ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ/ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ/ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ-ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ/ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɯ, ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ, ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ/ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɧɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ. əɡɵɤ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡ-ɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ/ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɪɟɚɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɦɢ-ɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɧɨ--ɩɫɢɯɨ-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ. Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɡɧɚ-ɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ, ɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-ɬɚɯ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ – „ɭɫɵɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ”, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɞɭ-ɲɟɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɱɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ/ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɥɥɨ-ɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɭɡɭɫɭ. ȼ ɪɟɱɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ________________ 1ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɧ ɵ ɯ, „ɋɜɨɣ” ɫɪɟɞɢ „ɱɭɠɢɯ”: ɦɢɮ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ?, Ɇɨɫ-ɤɜɚ 2003, ɫ. 37–38.
ȼɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨ-ɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ/ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ/ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɢ ɜɨɫ-ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɥɢɧɝɜɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢ-ɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ/ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ/ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɘ.ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɨ-ɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ/ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɂ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɪɟɱɟ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ2 . ɋ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ – ɹɡɵɤ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ; ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ/ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. Ʉ. Ⱥɠɟɠ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „əɡɵɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠ-ɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ, ɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɹ-ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ”3. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɝ-ɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɡɚɭɪɭɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɬɨɫɤɚ ɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɧɨɝ, ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɶɸɝɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ snow-storm. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɵɪɚ-ɡɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɪɨɞɚ, ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɬɵ – ɜɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ/ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɚ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɱɪɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɠ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɟɡɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ-ɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɞɟɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɹ ɞɭɦɚɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɟɟ „ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ” ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɡɵɤ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɨɣ ɗ. ɋɟɩɢɪɚ4 – ȼ. ɍɨɪɮɚ, ________________ 2ɘ.ɇ. Ʉ ɚ ɪ ɚ ɭ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1987, ɫ. 209–210. 3Ʉ. Ⱥ ɠ ɟ ɠ, ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2003, ɫ. 48. 4ɋɦ.: ɗ. ɋ ɟ ɩ ɢ ɪ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1993.
ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɪɭ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ
a guide to social reality5, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ – „ ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɦ” ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ.
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɨɢɧɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɢɪ ɢɧɨɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹ-ɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɥɢɧɝ-ɜɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤ, ɥɢɛɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɵ-ɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. əɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɚɧ-ɧɨɣ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɞɚɧ-ɧɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɷɬɨ: ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɬɟɡɚɭɪɭɫ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɵ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɢɦɢɞɠ ɢ ɛɢɨɷɧɟɪɝɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɟ ɢɡɴɹɫɧɹɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ (ɢɦ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɸ ɥɢɲɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɚɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɰɢɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, „ɨɹɡɵɤɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ” ɢ ɢɧɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ homo ethnicus /habitus: ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɧɟɦɟɰ, ɚɪɚɛ, ɹɩɨɧɟɰ…, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɟɞ-ɦɟɬɚ ɤɚɤ homo cogitans, homo agens, homo loquens/communicans ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ɇɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɭ ɤ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɨɜ-ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɜ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɦɨɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɨɩɩɨ-ɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ – ɧɟɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ə – Ɇɕ – ɋȼɈɂ – Ɉɇɂ – ɂɇɕȿ – ɑɍɀɂȿ. ɗɬɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɚ. ________________ 5
Ɉɧɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ: – ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ; – ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ; – ɹɡɵɤ/ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ; – ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɪɤɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɦɵɫɥɢɦɵɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ/ɧɟɪɟɮ-ɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ /ɢɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɚ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ – ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚ-ɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɢɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɢɯ ɢɦɢɞɠɚ, ɝɚɛɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɷɬɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱦ.Ȼ. Ƚɭɞɤɨɜ6 , ɜ „ɡɧɚɤɨ-ɜɨɫɬɢ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ, ɜ ɤɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ/ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɷɬɧɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɛɚɤɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚ-ɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɜ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɣ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢ-ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ/ɤɨɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɜɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ „ɦɚɥɨɭɦɧɵɣ”, „ɱɭɞɚɤ”) ɢɥɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-ɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɢ Ȼɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɤ. ɗɬɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ – ɧɟ-ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ/ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚ-ɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢ-ɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɷɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨ-ɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɨ-ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɟ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ „ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ” ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɱɟɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ/ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ, ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɠɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ „ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ”. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɩɨɱɬɢ „ɛɟɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ”. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɣɦɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢɧɨɮɨɧ ɢɡ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɪɚ-ɡɵ ɇɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ / ɋɬɨɹɥ Ɉɧ, ɞɭɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɧ? Ȼɟɡ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɣɦɟɬ ________________ 6Ⱦ.Ƚ. Ƚ ɭ ɞ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2003, ɫ. 51–53, 195 ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ.
(ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɣɦɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ) ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ Ɉɧ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɭ ɫɴɟɥ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ-ɪɭɫɢɫɬɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɟ-ɪɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɫɴɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɚɤɭ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɧɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɹɤɚ… ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɤ/ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ? Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, – ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ-ɬɨɱɧɨ. ɍɞɚɱɧɚɹ, ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭ-ɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɧɬɟɧ-ɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ/ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨ-ɜɚ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɦɢ/ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɚɥɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ, ɨɩɵ-ɬɭ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɩɪɢɱɧɢɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɦɢ, ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɚ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ, ɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵ-ɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɥɥɨɤɭɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ. Ɉɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɧɵ, ɛɥɚɝɢɟ ɥɟɬɚ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵ-ɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɶ, ɛɥɚɝɨɭɯɚɬɶ, ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢ-ɦɨ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɢɧɨɮɨ-ɧɨɦ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɨɮɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɱɭ-ɠɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɋɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɨɮɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɒɬɢɪɥɢɰɟɦ, ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɋɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɫɧɵ. ɂɡ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɞɚɱɧɚɹ, ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢ-ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ/ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ/ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɟɯ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬ-ɧɨ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ: ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ, ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɟ-ɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɩɪɟ-ɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɟ-ɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɢɲɟ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɵ, ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɰɟ-ɞɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ
ɨɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɬɟɡɚɭɪɭɫ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɷɬɧɨ--ɥɢɧɝɜɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɘ.ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜɚ7 , ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɬɨɦɚɪɨɜɚ8 , Ⱦ.Ȼ. Ƚɭɞɤɨɜɚ9, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɯ10ɢ ɞɪ.11 ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ/ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶ-ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɟ, ɜ ɜɭɡɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ-ɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ/ɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ/ɧɟɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɒɢɪɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥ. Ɂɚɩɨɪɨɜɫɤɢ12 . ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ political correctness, ɤ ɤɥɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨ-ɬɢɩɧɵɦ, ɛɟɡɭɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ/ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ. ȼɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɧɹ-ɬɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɱɭɠɞɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ. ɑɟɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɱɭɠɞɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦ-ɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȿɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ-ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ-ɤɚɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭ-ɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɚ ɤ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɤ ɢɧɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛ-ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ-ɪɭɫɢɫɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶ-ɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ-________________ 7ɘ.ɇ. Ʉ ɚ ɪ ɚ ɭ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 8ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɇ.Ⱦ. Ȼ ɭ ɪ ɜ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ʉɚɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɰɟ-ɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ, „Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ” 1994, ʋ 1. 9Ⱦ.Ƚ. Ƚ ɭ ɞ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ. 10ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɧ ɵ ɯ, „ɋɜɨɣ” ɫɪɟɞɢ „ɱɭɠɢɯ”..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.
11Zob. np.: W. W o Ĩ n i e w i c z, Dyskursywne interakcje w grupie w procesie uczenia
siĊ jĊzyka obcego, [w:] Glottodydaktyczne i kulturowe aspekty komunikacji jĊzykowej, red. W. Gawarkiewicz, K. Janaszek, Szczecin 2004, s. 135–145; J. B o l t e n, Interkulturowa
kompetencja, PoznaĔ 2006; A. S z t e j n b e r g, Podstawy komunikacji społecznej w
eduka-cji, Wrocław 2002; B.B. ȼ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɛ ɶ e ɜ, Ʌɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997; ɘ.ȿ. ɉ ɪ ɨ ɯ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛ-ɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɰɟɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006.
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A. Z a p o r o w s k i, Czy komunikacja miĊdzykulturowa jest moĪliwa? Strategia
ɧɵ. Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ/ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɧɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱ-ɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɮɢɥɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɭɱɚɫɬɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɨɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɹ ɛɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, – ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɬɨɪɨɩɥɢɜɨɟ, ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɚ/ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚ, ɚ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɨɧɨ ɛɭ-ɞɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɭɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ – ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɢɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ⱦ.Ȼ. Ƚɭɞɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ „ɇɭɠ-ɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢ„ɇɭɠ-ɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɰ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢ„ɇɭɠ-ɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɨɮɨɧ ɩɨɧɹɥ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ”13 . ȼ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɹ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬ-ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɪɚɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɪ-ɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ14 , ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ „ɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ”, ɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɹɡɵɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɶ, ɬɟɤɫɬ „ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ”, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɨɛ-ɳɚɸɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ/ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɤ-ɫɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɬɟɚɬɪɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɢɪɚ ɨɠɢɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɛɢɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɨɫ-ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɭɦɨɦ15 . ɋɢɥɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨ-ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ-ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦ-________________ 13Ⱦ.Ƚ. Ƚ ɭ ɞ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 258. 14ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɂ ɚ ɥ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, „ȼɨɩɪɨ-ɫɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ” 2002, ʋ 3. 15ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: B. ȼ ɨ ɡ ɶ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɱ, Ɉ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ/ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɭ-ɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱥɤɬɵ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, [ɜ:] ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɝɥɨɬɬɨɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɪɟɞ. A. ɉɚɥɢɧɶɫɤɢ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɂɟɧɬɚɥɹ, Rze-szów 2009, ɫ. 28–34.
ɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ, ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɱɟ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ-ɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɹ ɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɜ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɤ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡ ɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɦɚɥɨɭɬɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛ-ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢ-ɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɪɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɭ-ɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪ., ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɷɬɢɤɟɬ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɹ/ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɧɵɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɧ-ɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪ-ɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜ-ɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɯ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-ɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɤɨɩ-ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɮɨɧɚ ɫ ɢɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɧɬɨɦ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɫɢ-ɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɟɨɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
