3/,661–
Edyta Kosmala-Dudek
6]NRãD3RGVWDZRZDQUZ6]SURWDZLH
Porównania w
/LVWDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLHenryka
Sienkiewicza. Analiza lingwistyczna
Similes in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Letters from a Journey to
America
Abstract: $SXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRSURYLGHOLQJXLVWLFDQDO\VLVRIVLPLOHVDSSHDr-LQJLQ+HQU\N6LHQNLHZLF]·V/HWWHUVIURPD-RXUQH\WR$PHULFD 7KHDUWLFOHPDLQO\Io-cused on: x GLVFXVVLQJDIRUPDOVKDSHRIFRPSDUDWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQV x FODVVLILFDWLRQRIVLPLOHV x discXVVLQJEDVLFVXEMHFWDUHDVWKHH[FHUSWHGVLPLOHVEHORQJWR x WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIXQFWLRQVRIVLPLOHVLQ/HWWHUV ,WZDVHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWWKHXVHRIFRPSDUDWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQVZDVSHFXOLDUWRWKHDu- WKRURI/HWWHUVIURPD-RXUQH\WR$PHULFD7KHIUHTXHQWFROOHFWLRQRIVLPLOHVDQGWKHYa-ULHW\RIWKHLUIRUPVDQGIXQFWLRQVLQWKHFROXPQDUHVRPHH[DPSOHVRIWKHVSHFLILW\RI 6LHQNLHZLF]·VVW\OH 6ãRZDNOXF]RZH SRUyZQDQLHLGLROHNW+HQU\N6LHQNLHZLF]OLVW\ Keywords: VLPLOHZULWHU·VVW\OH+HQU\N6LHQNLHZLF]letters1.
+HQU\N6LHQNLHZLF]LMHJRSDVMDSRGUyİQLF]D
3RGUyİRZDQLHMHVWMDNZV]\VWNLHLQQHQDãRJL +6LHQNLHZLF]/LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL+HQU\N6LHQNLHZLF]WRSLVDU]QLH]Z\NOHSRSXODUQ\2IHQRPe-QLHWZyUF\ĤZLDGF]\IDNWİHRGSRQDGVWXODWMHVWQDMSRF]\WQLHMV]\P
SUR]DLNLHPZ3ROVFHLQDMF]čĤFLHMWãXPDF]RQ\PDXWRUHPQDĤZLHFLH
+HQU\N 6LHQNLHZLF] GHELXWRZDã MXİ MDNR VWXGHQW Z r.
w Å3U]HJOĈG]LH7\JRGQLRZ\Pµ3RVWXGLDFKZ r.
REMĈãZÅ*D]e-FLH3ROVNLHMµVWDã\IHOLHWRQ%H]W\WXãXDZ r. cykl
&KZLODREHc-na
2G r. SURZDG]LãZÅ1LZLHµG]LDãOLWHUDFNL1DVWDãH]ZLĈ]DQ\
]SUDVĈQLHSU]HVWDãSLVDþQDZHWZF]DVLHOLF]Q\FKZ\SUDZ2G
r.
SRGUyİH VWDã\ VLč QLH W\ONR VSRVREHP E\FLD DOH UyZQLHİ
ZDUXn-NLHPWZyUF]RĤFL6LHQNLHZLF]D:čGUyZNčQD ZLHONĈVNDOčUR]SRF]Ĉã
ZODWDFK – JG\MDNRZ\VãDQQLNÅ*D]HW\3ROVNLHMµRGE\ã
SRGUyİ GR 6WDQyZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK 2ZRFHP WU]\OHWQLFK ZRMDİ\ VĈ
SU]HV\ãDQHGRÅ*D]HW\...” /LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL1LH]Z\Nã\MHVW
VSRVyESLVDQLDIHOLHWRQyZSRZVWDMĈF\Fh „w GURG]HµZSHQVMRQDWDFK
KRWHODFKZZDJRQDFKSRGUyİQ\FKNROHLZJyUDFKLQDSUHULL
2.
/LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLZNRQZHQFMLIHOLHWRQX
1D]ZD
IHOLHWRQ
PDSURZHQLHQFMčIUDQFXVNĈLSRF]ĈWNRZRR]Qa-F]DãD
UXEU\Nč]DMPXMĈFĈGROQĈF]čĤþJD]HW\RGFLčWĈRGJyUQHMOLQLĈ
SR]LRPĈ
Z\SRZLHGĮ R FKDUDNWHU]H SXEOLF\VW\F]Q\P Z\UyİQLDMĈFĈ VLč
OHNNLPVDW\U\F]Q\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLHPWHPDWX
SRZLHĤþ GUXNRZDQĈ Z RGFLQNDFK W]Z SRZLHĤþ IHOLHWRQRZĈ
(Pietrzak
–
3ROVND IHOLHWRQLVW\ND Z\ZRG]L VLč ] RĤZLHFHQLRZHM WZyUF]RĤFL
SXEOLF\VW\F]QHM )UDQFLV]ND %RKRPROFD RUD] ] F\NOLF]Q\FK V]NLFyZ
SRĤZLčFRQ\FKİ\FLXVWROLF\=WUDG\FMLRĤZLHFHQLRZHMF]HUSLHIHOLHWRQ
VSHF\ILF]Q\VSRVyEXMčFLDWHPDWXVDW\U\F]Q\LİDUWREOLZ\WRQ]DLn-WHUHVRZDQLH WHPDW\NĈ RE\F]DMRZR-VSRãHF]QĈ NRU]\VWDQLH ] LQQ\FK
IRUP ]DUyZQR OLWHUDFNLFK MDN L Xİ\WNRZ\FK QD SU]\NãDG OLVWX F]\
REUD]NDVDW\U\F]QHJR
.ROHMQHLVWRWQHFHFK\ –
QLHRILFMDOQ\FKDUDNWHUUHODFMLQDGDZF]R-RGELRUF]\FKZ\HNVSRQRZDQLHQDGDZF\LRGELRUF\RUD]SUHG\OHNFMč
GR WHPDW\NL PLHMVNLHM -]DZG]LčF]D IHOLHWRQ HSRFH URPDQW\]PX
WUa-G\FMRPJDZčGRZ\PPietrzak –
5R]ZyMSUDV\Z,,SRãRZLH;,;ZLHNXSU]\QLyVãWHİQRZHVSRM
U]HQLHQDIXQNFMčLNV]WDãWIHOLHWRQX%ROHVãDZ3UXVRNUHĤOLãWHQSUo-FHVMDNRÅSR]\W\ZQLHQLH literatury pHULRG\F]QHMµPrus W,F]
,,=PLHQLãDVLčURODMDNĈRGJU\ZDãIHOLHWRQMDNRJDWXQHN1LH
RJUDQLF]Dã VLč MXİ MHG\QLH GR FHOyZ OXG\F]Q\FK DOH ]\VNDã QRZĈ
IXQNFMč – PLDãHGXNRZDþLQIRUPRZDþRQRZRĤFLDFKLZ\QDOD]NDFK
XZUDİOLZLDþQDV\WXDFMč
VSRãHF]QĈZNUDMXNV]WDãWRZDþJXVW\F]y-WHOQLF]H 5yİQRURGQH E\ã\ WHİ VWUXNWXU\ NRPSR]\F\MQH GR NWyU\FK
QDZLĈ]\ZDã IHOLHWRQ E\ã RQ SR F]čĤFL LQIRUPDFMĈ NRPHQWDU]HP
VSUDZR]GDQLHP UHFHQ]MĈ DUW\NXãHP SRSXODUQRQDXNRZ\P
V\OZHt-NĈOXEIDEXODU\]RZDQĈSRZLDVWNĈPietrzak –
5HDVXPXMĈFUR]ZDİDQLDRIHOLHWRQLHQDOHİ\SRGNUHĤOLþİHMHJR
VXELHNW\ZQ\WRQVSU]\MDãSUH]HQWRZDQLXZãDVQHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLD
ZãDVQHMZL]MLĤZLDWDRUD]PDQLIHVWRZDQLXZãDVQ\FKSRJOĈGyZSU]H]
autora.
/LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLGRVNRQDOHZSLVXMĈVLčZNRQZHQFMč
JDWXQNRZĈ IHOLHWRQX : VZ\FK UHODFMDFK GOD URGDNyZ 6LHQNLHZLF]
RSLVXMHHJ]RW\F]QHVFHQHULH$PHU\NLNRPHQWXMHRE\F]DMHG]LHOLVLč
VSRVWU]HİHQLDPLQDWHPDWV]\ENR]PLHQLDMĈFHJRVLčĤZLDWDWZRU]Ĉ
FHJR VLč VSRãHF]HęVWZD DPHU\NDęVNLHJR URG]ĈF\FK VLč QD MHJR
3/,661–
111
NRUHOXMH]V\WXDFMĈRE\F]DMRZR-VSRãHF]QĈ3RGHMPRZDQHNZHVWLHGo-
W\F]ĈHPDQF\SDFMLNRELHWHGXNDFMLV\WXDFMLHNRQRPLF]QHMHPLJUDn-WyZ F]\P ZSLVXMĈ VLč Z NDQRQ IHOLHWRQX GRE\ SR]\W\ZL]PX
:a-runkiem sine qua non IHOLHWRQXMHVWSU]\MčFLHVXELHNW\ZQHJRSXQNWX
widzenia (Pietrzak
FRXPRİOLZLD6LHQNLHZLF]RZLZ\VWčSo-ZDQLH Z UROL NRPHQWDWRUD LQIRUPDWRUD JDZčG]LDU]D HGXNDWRUD
a QLHNLHG\ UyZQLHİ PRUDOLVW\ -HĤOL FKRG]L R VSRVyE XMčFLD WHPDWX
SLVDU] SUH]HQWXMH Z\EUDQH NZHVWLH FLHNDZLH L GRZFLSQLH WDN E\
Z]EXG]Lþ ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH F]\WHOQLNyZ /LVW\ ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL
6LHQNLHZLF]D VZRERGQH Z FKDUDNWHU]H SRVãXJXMĈ VLč OLWHUDFNLPL
ĤURGNDPLHNVSUHVML
0DWHULDã OHNV\NDOQ\ Z\HNVFHUSRZDQ\ ] /LVWyZ ] SRGUyİ\ GR
$PHU\NL SRVãXİ\ã PL GR Z\RGUčEQLHQLD FHFK LGLROHNWX +HQU\ND
6LHQNLHZLF]D %R ZãDĤQLH Mč]\N VWDQRZL R PLVWU]RVWZLH L
QLHSRZWa-U]DOQRĤFL WZyUF]RĤFL SUR]DLND 6SRĤUyG UHSHUWXDUX ĤURGNyZ
DUWy-stycznych n
DMEDUG]LHMXSRGREDãVRELHSLVDU]SRUyZQDQLD:Listach
] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL RGQDOD]ãDP NRQVWUXNFML
NRPSDUDW\w-Q\FKFRVWDãRVLčGODPQLHLQVSLUDFMĈGRSU]HSURZDG]HQLDGRNãDGQHM
DQDOL]\OLQJZLVW\F]QHM
3.
%XGRZDLIXQNFMHSRUyZQDę
3RUyZQDQLHMHVWÅQDMSRVSROLWV]\PREUD]HPVãRZQ\Pµ.U]\İa-nowski
2UJDQL]XMH SURFHV P\ĤOHQLD F]ãRZLHND
ZDUXn-NXMH SR]QDZDQLH L NRQFHSWXDOL]DFMč U]HF]\ZLVWRĤFL Kudra
- 3ROHJD RQR QD ]HVWDZLHQLX ÅGZX SU]HGPLRWyZ GZX
]Ma-ZLVNQDSRGVWDZLHMDNLHMĤFHFK\ZVSyOQHMµKulawik MDN
UyZQLHİ ÅXZ\GDWQLHQLH MDNLFKĤ ZãDĤFLZRĤFL RSLV\ZDQHJR ]MDZLVND
SU]H]ZVND]DQLHQDMHJRSRGRELHęVWZRGRLQQHJR]MDZLVNDµ*ãRZLę
ski
1D SãDV]F]\ĮQLH Mč]\ND SRUyZQDQLH ]QDMGXMH
Rd-]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z SRVWDFL GZXF]ãRQRZHM NRQVWUXNFML VHPDQW\F]QHM
VSU]čJQLčWHM ZHZQčWU]QLH ]D SRPRFĈ IXQNWRUyZ JUDPDW\F]Q\FK
(*ãRZLęVNL
3HãQ\ VFKHPDW SRUyZQDQLD REHMPXMH SLčþ HOHPHQWyZ Bury
comparandum [Cd], NWyUH IXQNFMRQXMH UyZQLHİ SRG QD]ZĈ
F]ãRQ SRUyZQ\ZDQ\ OXE RNUHĤODny, przedmiot, komparat
FRPSDUDQGXPUR]XPLHP\MDNRU]HF]RVREčFHFKčF]\QQRĤþ
]MDZLVNRLQIRUPDFMč
relator [R]Z\UDİRQ\]D]Z\F]DMF]DVRZQLNLHP
comparatum [Ct]LQDF]HMF]ãRQSRUyZQXMĈF\OXERNUHĤODMĈ
cy, komparans, wzór porównania
MHG\Q\ QLHUHGXNRwalny
VNãDGQLNVWUXNWXU\SRUyZQDZF]HM
comparator [c]
IXQNWRU JUDPDW\F]Q\ ZVNDĮQLN
Z\NãDd-QLN]HVSROHQLDãĈF]QLNSRUyZQDZF]\
WHUWLXPFRPSDUDWLRQLV [Tc],
ZVSyOQDFHFKDPRW\ZXMĈFD]e-stawienie.
,QWHUSUHWDFMD SU]HGPLRWX SRSU]H] RGQLHVLHQLH JR GR LQQHJR
HOHPHQWX U]HF]\ZLVWRĤFL PRİH XZ\GDWQLþ MHGQĈ ] F]WHUHFK UHODFML
VHPDQW\F]Q\FK SRGRELHęVWZR Z V]F]HJyOQ\FK V\WXDFMDFK WDNİH
WRİVDPRĤþUyİQLFčOXESU]HFLZLHęVWZR*UHV]F]XN
4.
7\SRORJLDSRUyZQDę
,VWQLHMHZLHOHPRİOLZRĤFLNODV\ILNDFMLLRSLVXNRQVWUXNFMLNRm-
SDUDW\ZQ\FKZ]DOHİQRĤFLRGNU\WHULXPMDNLHZHĮPLHP\SRGXZa-Jč
=HZ]JOčGXQDVWRSLHęXWUZDOHQLDSRUyZQDęZMč]\NXZ\Uyİ
niamy:
NRQVWUXNFMHSRWRF]QHVNRQZHQFMRQDOL]RZDQH
NRQVWUXNFMHLQG\ZLGXDOQHGRUDĮQHBury -
3RUyZQDQLD RGWZDU]DQH ] Mč]\ND VNRQZHQFMRQDOL]RZDQH VWDQRZLĈ
JUXSč]ZLĈ]NyZIUD]HRORJLF]Q\FK0RİHP\ZĤUyGQLFKRGQDOHĮþZy-UDİHQLD]ã\MDNSLHV]ZURW\U\F]HþMDNEDZyãMDNLIUD]\-DNVRELH
SRĤFLHOHV] WDN VLč Z\ĤSLV] 8Z]JOčGQLDMĈF VWRSLHę WUZDãRĤFL W\FK
]ZLĈ]NyZ Z\UyİQLDP\ SRUyZQDQLD VWDELOQH ELDã\ MDN ĤQLHJ
UHFe-sywne (
F]XMQ\MDNİXUDZ) i ekspansywne (JãRZDMDNNRPSXWHU)
(1o-wakowska -
3RUyZQDQLDPRİHP\WUDNWRZDþMDNRMHGQRVWNLMč]\NDDOHUyw-QLHİMDNRLQWHJUDOQHF]čĤFLMDNLHJRĤG]LHãDOLWHUDFNLHJR.RQVWUXNFMH
SRUyZQDZF]H VWZRU]RQH QD SRWU]HE\ GDQHJR XWZRUX OLWHUDFNLHJR
ma
MĈ IXQNFMč WURSyZ DUW\VW\F]Q\FK 0RJĈ E\þ RQH ]DXZDİDOQH
w
MHGQ\P XWZRU]H EĈGĮ Z NLONX G]LHãDFK WHJR DXWRUD 3RUyZQDQLD
WDNLHPRJĈE\þ]DF]HUSQLčWH]Mč]\NDQDURGRZHJRWZyUF\Oub
wykre-RZDQH SU]H] VDPHJR DXWRUD SRUyZQDQLD LGLROHNWDOQH :RMWF]XN
: REV]DU]H NRPSDUDFML UHDOL]RZDQ\FK Z XWZRU]H OLWHUDFNLP
LVWQLHMĈ
SRUyZQDQLD WHNVWRZH ZHZQĈWU]WHNVWRZH Z NWyU\FK F]ãRQ
RNUHĤODMĈF\SU]\ZRãXMHNRQNUHWQHUHDOLDZ\NUHRZDQHJRĤZLDWD
SU]HGVWDZLRQHJR
SRUyZQDQLD DVRFMDF\MQH NXOWXURZH RSDUWH QD VNRMDU]HQLDFK
VSR]D WHNVWX IDNW\F]QLH RUJDQL]XMĈFH WNDQNč Mč]\NRZĈ G]LHãD
(0LNRãDMF]DN-
1DSRUyZQDQLHPRİHP\VSRMU]HþUyZQLHİ]HZ]JOčGXQDVNãDd-3/,661–
JG]LHLVWRWQĈUROčRGJU\ZDIXQNWRUOXEÅNRQFHSWXDOQ\µEH]IXQNWo-rowy (Kudra
-3RUyZQDQLDPRİHP\VNODV\ILNRZDþ]H
Z]JOčGXQDW\SIXQNWRUD1DMF]čĤFLHMVWRVRZDQ\PZ\NãDGQLNLHPSo-UyZQDęSROV]F]\]Q\MHVWIXQNWRUjak :Mč]\NXSROVNLPLVWQLHMĈWHİ
LQQHZVNDĮQLNL]HVSROHQLDSRUyZQDę
MDNRMDNE\MDNRİMDNJG\
E\QLE\QLF]\PQLWRQDNV]WDãWQLİDQLİHOLRGSRGREQ\GR
QDSRGRELHęVWZR.
6]F]HJyOQLH UR]EXGRZDQ\P VNãDGQLRZRSRUyZQDQLHPMHVW
So-
UyZQDQLHKRPHU\FNLHZNWyU\PÅF]ãRQGUXJLVWDQRZLUR]ZLQLčW\Rb-
UD]SRHW\FNLZSURZDG]DMĈF\ZWRNRSRZLHĤFLMDNE\G\JUHV\MQ\HSi-zod” (
*ãRZLęVNL
,VWRWQH GOD EDGDF]D Mč]\ND VĈ UyZQLHİ SROD VHPDQW\F]QH GR
NWyU\FKRGZRãXMĈVLčSRUyZQDQLD
5. Porównania w Lis
WDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL
/LVW\ ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL Z\V\ãDQH QD ELHİĈFR GR Å*D]HW\
3ROVNLHMµZSLVXMĈVLčZSROV]F]\]QčGRE\SR]\W\ZL]PXSRQLHZDİQLH
PD G\VWDQVX F]DVRZHJR SRPLčG]\ Mč]\NLHP DUW\VW\F]Q\P Xİ\W\P
w Listach
, DW\PNWyU\P6LHQNLHZLF]SRVãXJLZDãVLčQDFRG]LHę
:IHOLHWRQDFKRGQDOHĮþPRİQDSRUyZQDQLDRGWZRU]RQH]G]LHZLčWQa-VWRZLHF]QHM SROV]F]\]Q\ VNRQZHQFMRQDOL]RZDQH = GUXJLHM VWURQ\
WDOHQWOLWHUDFNLLPLVWU]RVWZRVãRZDSR]ZROLã\SLVDU]RZLQDVWZRU]e-QLHZ\MĈWNRZ\FK NRQVWUXNFMLSRUyZQDZF]\FK W\SRZ\FKMHG\QLHGOD
/LVWyZ]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL
7\S\SRUyZQDęZHGãXJNU\WHULXPIRUPDOQHJR
:ĤUyG SRUyZQDę ]DF]HUSQLčW\FK SU]H] SLVDU]D ] Mč]\ND
QDUo-GRZHJRPRİQD]DXZDİ\þZ\UDİHQLD
1. %LDã\MDNĤQLHJ1DSHZQHMQDSU]\NãDGZ\FLHF]FHSR]QDãHP...) SLčNQĈ SDQQčELDãĈMDNĤQLHJ]QLHELHVNLPLRF]\PDLF]HUZRQ\PLZãRVDPL
>/LVW\, s. @ 2. Cienki jak badylek%\ãDWRDQW\ORSDFLHPQHJRNRORUX]İyãW\PLFčWNDPL
QDJU]ELHFLHPãRGDMHV]F]HQDQyİNDFKcienkich jak badylki
>/LVW\, s. @ 3. Czarny jak
heban%\ãWRLVWRWQLHSRWčİQ\]ZLHU]]RJURPQ\PãEHPV]e-URNLPPRİHQDSyãWU]HFLHMSLčG]L]URJDPLWDNczarnymi jak heban]a-OHGZLH ZLGRF]Q\PL ZĤUyG NXGãyZ SRNU\ZDMĈF\FK JãRZč JDUE L Z RJyOH SU]HGQLĈF]čĤþFLDãD
>REDZROHLiVW\, s. @
4. Czarny jak krucze pióra7HİVDPHWZDU]H]UR]U]XFRQ\PZãRVHPWHİ VDPHEURG\czarne jak krucze pióraWHİãDFKPDQ\]DPLDVWRG]LHİ\
>R0HNV\NDQDFK/LVW\, s. @
5. Czarny jak noc:ĤUyGNUDMREUD]XSU]\SUyV]RQHJRĤQLHJLHPLQDWOH Rão-ZLDQHJR QLHED JyU\ WH LVWRWQLH Z\GDMĈ VLč czarne jak noc D SU]\ W\P PURF]QHMDNLHĤWDMHPQLF]HLJURĮQH
>/LVW\, s. @
6. 'ĮZLčF]Q\ MDN PHWDO -HGHQ ] 6DOYDWRUyZ ZWyURZDã PX RG F]DVX GR F]DVXJãčERNLPLGĮZLčF]Q\PMDNPHWDO EDU\WRQHPNWyUHJRSR]D]GUo-ĤFLãE\PXQLHMHGHQĤSLHZDNRSHURZ\
>/LVW\, s. @
7. *ãDGNL MDN VWyã MDN PRJãHP RNLHP VLčJQĈþ UR]FLĈJDãD VLč SU]HG QDPL i RERNQDVUyZQLQDV]DUDJãDGNDMDNVWyã >/LVW\, s. @ 8. *ãDGNLMDN]ZLHUFLDGãR%ãčNLWQDDJãDGNDMDN]ZLHUFLDGãR WRęMHJR]Oe-ZDãDVLčãDJRGQLHZRGGDOL]HVNOHSLHQLHPQLHED >R2FHDQLH6SRNRMQ\P/LVW\, s. @ 9. *Rã\MDNP\V]NRĤFLHOQD: (...VNZDWHU...RGGDMHVLčSLMDęVWZXLDEVo-OXWQHPXSUyİQLDFWZXZPLHĤFLHOXEQDMEOLİV]HMZHQFLHGRSyW\ GRSyNLQLH VWUDFLRVWDWQLHJRFHQWDDSRWHPGRSLHURJRã\ MXİMDNP\V]NRĤFLHOQD XGDMHVLč]QyZQDSXVW\QLč >/LVW\, s. @
10.0LDãNLMDNSRSLyã: 0LDãNLMDNSRSLyã SLDVHNQLHWU]\PDãVLčSRGSRNãa-GDPLZLDWU\UR]GPXFKLZDã\QDV\S\
>List\, s. @
11. Podobny jak dwie krople wody: (...) skwawy (... SRFK\ORQH EU]\GNLH ]ZLčGãHVWDUH]ZãRVDPLVSDGDMĈF\PLQDRF]\podobne jak dwie krople wody GR&\JDQHN
>/LVW\, s. @
12. Podziurawiony jak sito: Podziurawiony E\ãjak sito
>RQLHGĮZLHG]LX/LVW\, s. @
13. Wolny jak ptak3U]\W\PZRJyOHVNZDWHUF]XMĈFVLčVLOQ\Pwolnym jak ptakVãRZHP– NUyOHPSXVW\QLSRJDUG]D ZV]\VWNLPLLQQ\PLOXGĮPL (...)
>/LVW\, s. @
14. =GURZ\MDNGĈE: (...VNZDWHURZLHQLH]QDMĈFRWRQHUZ\zdrowi ]DĤVĈ MDNGčE\
>/LVW\, s. @
7DN ]EXGRZDQH SRUyZQDQLD QD]\ZDQH VĈ porównaniami
doprzy-miotnikowymi.
2ERNZ\UDİHęZ/LVWDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL RGQDOHĮþPRİQD
3/,661– 1.&KRG]LþMDNUR]WU]HSDQLHF$OH]DWRRGWHMSRU\QLHcKRG]LãHPZJĈV]F]D jak roztrzepaniecEH]QRİDLEH]NXOLZMHGQHMOXILHRUD]SU]\VLĈJãHPVRELH İHLQDSU]\V]ãRĤþQLJG\WHJRURELþQLHEčGč >/LVW\, s. @ 2..RFKDþMDNE\VLRVWUčMDNE\ZãDVQHG]LHFNR: Widzowie po prostu NRFKDMĈ
MĈjakby siostUčZãDVQĈMDNE\ZãDVQHG]LHFNR
>R+HOHQLH0RGU]HMHZVNLHM/LVW\, s. @ 3./DWDþMDNV]DORQ\5HSRUWHURZLHJD]HWlatali jak szaleni
>/LVW\, s. @ 4.0LHQLþVLčMDNWčF]DWDPZV]\VWNR]LHOHQLVLčNZLWQLHĤSLHZDPLHQLVLč
jak WčF]D
>/LVW\, s. @ 5.3ãDNDþMDNPDãHG]LHFNR: Starzy rodacy nasi SãDNDOLMDNPDãHG]LHFL
>RZ\VWčSLH0RGU]HMHZVNLHM/LVW\, s. @ 6.3U]\MPRZDþMDNVLRVWUč: 3U]\MPXMĈMĈMDNVLRVWUč >RXERJLHMG]LHZF]\QLHZSU]\WXãNX/LVW\...s. @ 7. RoELþVLčFLFKRMDNPDNLHPVLDã: (...LOHNURþDUW\VWNDQDV]DXND]\ZDãDVLč QDVFHQLHURELãRVLčFLFKRMDNPDNLHPVLDã (...) >/LVW\...s. @ 8.5]XFLþVLčMDNV]DORQ\: 5]XFLãVLč NXQLHMjak szalony
>RSVLHSROXMĈF\PQDSXPč/LVW\...s. @
9. 5\F]HþMDNEXKDM1DNRQLHFNRFKDVZRMHÅ-XQDMWHG6WHWVµMHVW]QLFKS\Vz-Q\GXPQ\LJG\5]HF]SRVSROLWDZQLHEH]SLHF]HęVWZLHQLHQDP\ĤODVLčQLH RJOĈGDDOH]GHMPXMHVZyM.HQWXFN\ULIOH]NRãNDryczy jak buhajDVWDMH MDNMHGHQPĈİ
>R$PHU\NDQLQLH/LVW\...s. @ 10.6NDNDþMDNPDãSD: (...) VNDF]ĈSU]HGVREĈjak dwie PDãS\NRNLHWXMĈVLč
MDNE\MHGHQFKFLDãGUXJLHJRXZLHĤþ
>RHXURSHMVNLFKGİHQWHOPHQDFK/LVW\...s. @ 11.6SDþ MDN NDPLHę 5DQNLHP QHUZ\ E\ZDMĈ VSRNRMQH SU]\ W\P VSDãHP
wprDZG]LHNUyWNDDOHMDNNDPLHę]DWHPLZ\SRF]ĈãHPZ\ERUQLH >/LVW\...s. @ 12.6WDZDþMDNMHGHQPĈİ1DNRQLHFNRFKDVZRMHÅ-XQDMWHG6WHWVµMHVW]QLFK S\V]Q\GXPQ\LJG\5]HF]SRVSROLWDZQLHEH]SLHF]HęVWZLHQLHQDP\ĤODVLč QLHRJOĈGDDOH]GHMPXMHVZyM.HQWXFN\ULIOH]NRãNDU\F]\MDNEXKDMDstaje MDNMHGHQPĈİ >/LVW\, s. @ 13.ģPLDþVLčMDNG]LHFNR=ODGDSRZRGXĤPLHMHP\VLč wszyscy jak dzieci
>/LVW\, s. @ 14. ģSLHZDþMDNQDMčW\: Ptaki ĤSLHZDã\ po obu stronach parowu MDNQDMčWH
116 >/LVW\, s. @ 15. 7UDNWRZDþMDNE\VLRVWUčMDNVRELHUyZQĈ$OHLWHVNU]\GODWHLVWRW\trak-WXMĈ MĈMDNE\VLRVWUčMDNE\QLJG\QLH]JU]HV]\ãDMDNVRELHUyZQĈ >/LVW\, s. @ 16. 8VQĈþ MDN NDPLHę :yZF]DV XVQĈãHP MDN NDPLHę i GRSLHUR R JRG]LQLH G]LHZLĈWHMSXĤFLãHPVLčZGDOV]ĈGURJč >/LVW\s. @
17.8ZDİDþ MDN EUDWD $PHU\NDQLQSU]\MDFLHODXZDİD tak jak brataQD MHJR VSUDZ\SDWU]\SRSURVWXMDNQDVZRMH
>/LVW\, s. @
18.:LG]LHþMDNQDGãRQL&]DVHPPJãD Z\EXFKDQDJOHXVWySZRGRVSDGXiza-VãDQLD RNX ZV]\VWNR WR ]QyZ QLNQLH D ZWHG\ widzisz NãčE\ SLDQ\ L FDã\ wodospad MDNQDGãRQL >/LVW\, s. @ 19.:OHFVLčMDNİyãZ=W\PZV]\VWNLPZOHNOLĤP\VLčMDNİyãZLH >/LVW\, s. @ 20. Wrzeszcze þMDNRSčWDQ\$MHQFLZV]HONLHJRURG]DMXZU]HV]F]ĈMDNRSčWa-ni >/LVW\, s. @ 21.:\JOĈGDþ MDN FKã\VWHN : U]HF]\ZLVWRĤFL MHGQDN MHVW PDã\ D JG\ JR RVWU]\JĈZ\JOĈGDMDN pierwszy lepszy FKã\VWHN
>/LVW\, s. @ 22.:\JOĈGDþMDNREHUZDQLHc2F]\ZLĤFLHLQİ\QLHUNWyU\ZLčNV]RĤþGQLDVSč G]DZNRSDOQLZNUyWNLPF]DVLHPXVLZ\JOĈGDþMDNREHUZDQLHF >/LVW\, s. @ 23.:\JOĈGDþMDNVWUDFKQDZUyEOH6WDUDEU]\GNDLFKXGDPLVVSU]\EUDQD w REU]\GOLZ\SãDV]F]LNDSWXU]SčFKHU]yZU\ELFKVSRGNWyUHJRZLGDþE\ãR MHMNRQLHFQRVDL]ãRWHRNXODU\Z\JOĈGDãDMDNVWUDFKQDZUyEOH >/LVW\, s. @ 24. :\RVWU]DþVLčMDNEU]\WZD.RQLHF]QRĤþFLĈJãHJREDGDQLDZ]URNLHPRNROi-cy (...RWRSUDZG]LZDJLPQDVW\ND]SRPRFĈNWyUHM]P\VãSRNLONXPiesiĈ FDFKZ]PDFQLDVLčLwyostrza jak brzytwa
>/LVW\, s. @
25.=DNOĈþMDNSLHUZV]\OHSV]\PDMWHN6SRMU]DãHPSRRNROLF\L... ]DNOĈãHP jak pierwszy lepszy majtek
>/LVW\, s. @
26. =DZU]HV]F]HþMDNE\NWR]HVNyU\REG]LHUDã: Tymczasem mDã\SDURZLHF ]DZU]HV]F]Dã SU]HUDĮOLZLHMDNE\JRNWR]HVNyU\REG]LHUDã
3/,661–
117
7DNLH NRQVWUXNFMH SRUyZQDZF]H ]QDMGXMĈ VLč w pozycji
przycza-sownikowej.
=UyİQLFRZDQLHSRUyZQDę]HZ]JOčGXQDIXQNWRU
gramatyczny
Struktura analizowanyc
KSU]H]HPQLHNRQVWUXNFMLSRUyZQDw-F]\FK ]UyİQLFRZDQDMHVWWDNİH ]HZ]JOčGXQD ZVNDĮQLN ]HVSROHQLD
W
/LVWDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLGRPLQXMĈSRUyZQDQLD]IXQNWRUHP
JUDPDW\F]Q\PMDNQDSU]\NãDG
&RGRPQLHjak SUDZG]LZHG]LHFNRZLHNXQLH]Z\NãHPVLčG]LZLþOada czemu
>/LVW\, s. @ 3UDZGDİHSRQLHMSDQG\UHNWRU]PLHQLãVLčjak SRGGRWNQLčFLHPF]DURG]LHMVNLHM laski >R0RGU]HMHZVNLHM/LVW\, s. @
%DUG]RF]čVWRZListach
VSRWNDþPRİQDãĈF]QLNLSRUyZQDZF]HDk-
FHQWXMĈFHVXELHNW\ZL]PZUDİHęLÅG\VWDQVSV\FKLF]Q\PLčG]\ĤZLa-WHPDMHGQRVWNĈOXG]NĈµ*yUVNLMDNE\MDNRE\MDNJG\
E\QLE\. 3U]\NãDG\SRUyZQDę]IXQNWRUHPMDNE\:
&]DUQH PDãH V]SDNL R V]NDUãDWQ\FK UDPLRQDFK QDSHãQLDMĈ SRZLHWU]H ]XSHãQLH jakby GĮZLčNLHPVUHEUQ\FKG]ZRQHF]NyZ
>/LVW\, s. @
&]DVHPSyĮQ\PZLHF]RUHPQDJyUDFKW\FKSRã\VNLZDãRFRĤjakby ãXQDSRİDUX
>/LVW\, s. @
:VNDĮQLN ]HVSROHQLD MDNRE\ QDGDMH SRUyZQDQLRP SRGQLRVã\
XUo-F]\VW\FKDUDNWHU7DNG]LHMHVLčQDSU]\NãDGZyZF]DVJG\Dutor
opi-VXMHGUDPDW\F]QĈV\WXDFMčXERJLFKSROVNLFKHPLJUDQWyZSã\QĈF\FK
GR$PHU\NLSRGSRNãDGHPVWDWNX1DGĮZLčNPRZ\RMF]\VWHMciemne
RZH SRVWDFLH ]HUZĈ VLč
MDNRE\ SRGU]XFRQH WDMHPQĈ MDNĈ VLãĈ
>Li-VW\, s. @ &]DVHP Z\REUDĮQLč SLVDU]D SRUXV]Ĉ EXG]ĈFH JUR]č
QLH]Z\NãHZDUXQNLSRGUyİ\
&]DVHPSRFLĈJLG]LHSRERNXJyU\jakoby SRZUčELHQLH]PLHUQLHVSDG]LVWHMSo- FK\ãRĤFLPDMĈFSROHZHMVWURQLHQLHERW\F]Q\V]F]\WSRSUDZHMQLH]JãčELRQĈSU]e-SDĤþ >/LVW\, s. @,QQ\PUD]HPWRNUDMREUD]Z\ZLHUD WDNVLOQHZUDİHQLH
= WDPWHM VWURQ\ *yU 6NDOLVW\FK WR SU]\QDMPQLHM VWHS V]XPLĈF\IDOĈ WUDZ – ] WHM VWURQ\DİGR6LHUUD1HYDGDWRSXVW\QLDELEOLMQDEH]SãRGQDVNDOLVWDQDNWyUHM ã\VD]LHPLDSRFLVLčVROĈDZLGQRNUĈJ]DPNQLčW\jakoby ]ZDOLVNDPLMDNLFKĤPu-UyZSU]\SRPLQDNUDMREUD]\]SLHNãD'DQWDZLOXVWUDFMDFK'RUHJR
:LHOH MHVW Z /LVWDFK ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL NRQVWUXNFML
SRUyZQDw-F]\FK]ãĈF]QLNLHPMDNJG\E\FKDUDNWHU\]XMĈF\FKEDUZQHVFHQHULH
6WDQyZ=MHGQRF]RQ\FK
/DV\SRQDMZLčNV]HMF]čĤFL]DODQHE\ã\ZRGĈFRVSUDZLDãR]ãXG]HQLHjak gdyby GU]HZDZ\UDVWDã\]MH]LRU
>/LVW\, s. @
.DNWXV\WHWZRU]ĈRJURPQHNčS\Z\VS\Ljak gdyby FDãHODV\
>/LVW\, s. @
:RGDZVWUXPLHQLDFKMHVWWDN]LPQDjak gdyby Sã\QčãD]MDVNLęORGRZ\FK
>/LVW\, s. @
6DPHGU]HZDUR]NãDGDMĈJDãč]LHjak gdyby EDã\VLčURVQĈþVZRERGQLHZJyUč
>/LVW\, s. @
*UXQWMHMZZLHOXPLHMVFDFKSU]HV\FRQ\WDNMDNZ8WDKVROĈELHOHMHjak gdyby SU]\SUyV]RQ\ĤQLHJLHP
>/LVW\, s. @
2WRNLONDSU]\NãDGyZSRUyZQDę]IXQNWRUHPQLE\
1D VWRVXQNL NWyU\PL ]DMPRZDãHP VLč MDNE\ ZLHONLPL VSUDZDPL Z URG]LQQ\P PLHĤFLHPLPRZROLVSRJOĈGDPniby przez odwrotny koniec lunety
>/LVW\, s. @ =DVãRQDZyGZ\GDZDãDPLVLčQLHUXFKRPĈniby MHGQĈRJURPQĈV]\EĈORGRZĈ >/LVW\, s. @ 1DNRQLHFMHGQDN]DPDMDF]\ãRFRĤQDSyãQRF\niby FLHPQ\V]ODNniby ]JčVWQLDãD PJãDFKPXUDniby ZVWčJDODVX >/LVW\, s. @
)XQNFMčZ\NãDGQLND]HVSROHQLD SHãQLĈ Z Listach WDNİHZ\UDİHQLD
QDNV]WDãWoraz podobne do:
$WDPQDGQLHSRWZRUQHVNUčW\VSLHQLRQHMZRG\]GDMĈVLčRWZLHUDþQDSU]\MčFLH WRSLHOFDWR]QyZEU\]JLZ\FLĈJDMĈVLčQDNV]WDãW UDPLRQJRWRZ\FKREMĈþLSRUZDþ
>/LVW\, s. 116@
0ĤFLZLWUDSHURZLHRGWĈGQRFDPLNUĈİĈQDNV]WDãW ZLONyZOXE]ã\FKGXFKyZ
>/LVW\, s. @
3U]HOHFLDãQDNV]WDãW MDNLHJRĤ SLHNLHOQHJR NRURZRGXG\V]ĈFG]ZRQLĈF L KXF]ĈF ZSDGãQDUyZQLQ\VWHSRZHLOHFLDãGDOHMDİ]QLNãZUHV]FLHZVWHSDFKZNLHUunku /RV$QJHORV
>RSRFLĈJX/LVW\, s. @
0Ĉİpodobny do 2WHOODİRQD– GRDQLRãD
>RPãRGHMSDU]HSR]QDQHMQDVWDWNX/LVW\, s. @ Kolibry podobne do NRQLNDSROQHJRRĤZLHWQ\FKEDUZDFK
>/LVW\, s. @
Szmer podobny do skrz\GHãV]DUDęF]\
3/,661–
0QLHMV]ĈIUHNZHQFMĈZXWZRU]HZ\UyİQLDMĈVLčFRPSDUDWRU\]ãRİRQH
WDNMDN, nicMDN QLF ZLčFHM MDN W\ONR QLF]\P ZLčFHM MDN
W\l-NR
:ãDVQHPRMHP\ĤOĈWNDZ\GDMĈPLVLčUR]SURV]RQHEãDKH]ZLHWU]DãHLtak marne jak QLJG\ >/LVW\, s. @ Nic SLčNQLHMV]HJRjak ZRGRVSDGZLG]LDQ\RGZHZQĈWU]]GRãX>/LVW\, s. 117@ Nic VPXWQLHMV]HJRjak WDNDGURJDQDVWHSLH
>/LVW\, s. @ ,NWyİE\VLčGRP\ĤOLãİHMHVWWRnic ZLčFHMMDNW\ONR VSRVyESRUR]XPLHQLDVLč KDQGORZHJR
>/LVW\, s. @ *URV] SXEOLF]Q\ L GREUR SXEOLF]QH VĈ WXQLF]\P ZLčFHM MDN W\ONR WãXVWRĤFLĈ NWyUĈVPDUXMĈVRELHEXW\FLFRFKFĈVXFKĈQRJĈSU]HMĤþSU]H]EãRWR
>/LVW\, s. @
W
/LVWDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLRGQDOHĮþPRİQDUyZQLHİSRUyZQa-QLD JUDGDF\MQH 0LNRãDMF]DN - ]HVSRORQH IXQNWRUDPL
od i
QLİ.RQVWUXNFMHWDNLHSRMDZLDMĈVLčJG\DXWRU]HVWDZLD]DVWDQĈ
U]HF]\ZLVWRĤþ]URG]LPĈ]QDQĈRGODW
3UDZGDİHNRELHWQLHZLGDþ]QRZXLQDF]HMXEUDQ\FKMDNZMHGZDELHDVSRMU]DZV]\ QD PLDVWR QD SDãDF\NL SLčNQLHMV]H WU]\ UD]\QLİ ZDV]H ZLOOH Z$OHMDFK %HOZHGHr- VNLFKQDURĤOLQQRĤþV]WXF]QLHLZLHONLPNRV]WHPZ\ZRãDQĈ]QLHSãRGQHM]LHPLRd-JDGQLHV]İHWXSLHQLčG]\QLHEUDNLİH PLDVWR]DVãXJXMHQDGUXJĈQD]Zč6LOYHU&LW\ MDNĈPXZSRWRF]QHMPRZLHPLHV]NDęF\QDGDMĈ >/LVW\, s. @
:\VWčSXMHZWHG\ZUROLNRPHQWDWRUDLPRUDOLVW\
1LHZ\GDMHF]ãRZLHNWDNSRJURV]XWHJRFRZQLPQDMOHSV]HZOHVLHMDNQDEUXNX PLHMVNLPRWU]ĈVDVLč]NRWHU\MQRĤFL]PDUQ\FKRVRELVW\FKV\PSDWLLLDQW\SDWLL ]GUREQ\FKXUD]]PDã\FKVSUDZLGURELD]JRZRĤFL]OLF]Q\FKSUHWHQV\MHN– İ\MH V]HU]HMP\ĤOLPRİHV]HU]HMLPčİQLHM– Z\UDELDZVRELHG]LHOQLHMLQG\ZLGXDOQRĤþ QLHVWDMHVLčZ\WDUW\PJURV]HPSRGREQ\PGRNDİGHJRLQQHJRMDNGZDã\VHNRQLH MHVWZUHV]FLHSDQHPVRELH– SDQHPFRZDUWHMHVWZLčFHMQLİwszystko >/LVW\, s. @ :(XURSLHZVWRVXQNDFKWRZDU]\VNLFKZRJyOHZLčFHMVLčRELHFXMHQLİGRWU]\PXMH >/LVW\, s. @ &RZLčFHMİH]QDMRPRĤþ]DZDUWDZWHQVSRVyEQLHMHVWJRUV]Ĉod HXURSHMVNLHM – MHİHOL]DĤ]QDMRPRĤþWDND]PLHQLVLčZSU]\MDĮę– WRWDSU]\MDĮęVWRUD]\ZLčFHM MHVWZDUWDod NDİGHMHXURSHMVNLHM >/LVW\, s. @Jednostkowo reprezentowan
\MHVWZListach
ZVNDĮQLNMDNRbudu-MĈF\QLHFREDUG]LHMXURF]\VW\QDVWUyM
>R$PHU\NDQLQLH/LVW\, s. @
.DWHJRU\]DFMDVHPDQW\F]QDSRUyZQDę
.DWHJRU\]DFMD VHPDQW\F]QD NRPSDUDQVyZ ]DVWRVRZDQ\FK
pr]H]6LHQNLHZLF]DZNRQVWUXNFMDFKSRUyZQDZF]\FKSR]ZDODGRNo-QDþ SRG]LDãX QD GZLH JUXS\ NRPSDUDQV SU]HGPLRWRZ\ VZHJR
Uo-
G]DMXNRQNUHWLNRPSDUDQVDEVWUDNF\MQ\/LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$Pe-U\NL SUH]HQWXMĈF]\WHOQLNRPQRZĈHJ]RW\F]QĈVFHQHULčGODWHJRWHİ
SRUyZQDQLDXİ\WHSU]H]6LHQNLHZLF]DRGZRãXMĈVLčGRNRQNUHWXGR
]QDQHMRGELRUFRPWHNVWXU]HF]\ZLVWRĤFL:XWZRU]HRGQDOHĮþPRİQD
NRQVWUXNFMHSRUyZQDZF]HNWyUHSU]\ZRãXMĈUHDOQHPLHMVFDQD]Zi-VNDOXEV\WXDFMH]İ\FLDOLWHUDWD
:$OHNVDQGURZLH]URELãDVLčQRFDZNUyWFHVWDãDVLčWDNFLHPQĈMDN]DNãDG pa-QDâDMNLZ:DUV]DZLHOXEMDNVW\OMHGQHJR]PRLFKSU]\MDFLyã >/LVW\, s. @3RWU]\GQLRZHMMHĮG]LHNROHMĈMHVWHPF]DUQ\jak dusza wydawcy, który literato-ZLQLHSRGZ\İV]\ãQLJG\KRQRUDULyZ
>LLVW\, s. @
.ãDPLHMDNE\]DWRSRELHUDãKRQRUDULDRGZLHUV]D
>RSDQX1HEOXQJX/LVW\, s. @
3U]HGPLRW\İ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRMDNRHOHPHQWF]ãRQXRNUHĤODMĈFe-JR VãXİĈ 6LHQNLHZLF]RZL GR VWZRU]HQLD UHDOQH3U]HGPLRW\İ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRMDNRHOHPHQWF]ãRQXRNUHĤODMĈFe-JR D QLHNLHG\
]DEDr-ZLRQHJRKXPRU\VW\F]QLHREUD]XZDUXQNyZSRGUyİ\
7RZDU]\V] PyM ]DVQĈã L VDSDã jak gumowa poduszka nadymana poZLHWU]HP z NWyUHMNWRĤWDNRZHZ\SXV]F]D
>/LVW\, s. @
,JG\E\ MHV]F]HQLHGHV]F]NWyU\ WQLHjak rózgamiPRİQDE\SU]\QDMPQLHMGo-stroLþ VLčGR ]ãRZURJLHJRPDMHVWDWX ZLGRNX RWZRU]\þQD UR]FLHU]GXV]č
WUDJLFz-Q\PZUDİHQLRP >/LVW\, s. -@
0XPLDWDVWDMHQDGHPQĈ]DP\NDRF]\RWZLHUDXVWDSRND]XMHİyãWH]čE\L]a-F]\QD FRĤPyZLþD UDF]HM VNU]\SLHþMDNEODV]DQDFKRUĈJLHZNDNWyUĈSRUXV]D wiatr
>RORNDMXRNUčWRZ\P/LVW\, s. @
:LDWUXGHU]\ãF]DVHPMDNPãRWHPF]DVHP]DNUčFDãMDNĤZLGUHP
>/LVW\, s. @
7UXGRP ZRMDİ\ SU]HFLZVWDZLD DXWRU SLčNQR QDWXU\ 0LMDQH
U]HNLL2FHDQ6SRNRMQ\SU]\UyZQXMHGRWDĤP\VUHEUQHM i ]ãRWHMZVWč
JL. UroNÅZLHONLHMZRG\µSRWčJXMĈUyZQLHİHSLWHW\DQJDİXMĈFH]P\Vã
Z]URNXVUHEUQ\L]ãRW\
2JURPQDV]HURNDU]HNDEã\V]F]DãDMDNE\WDĤPDVUHEUQD >R+XGVRQ5LYHU/LVW\, s. @ Å2MFLHFZyGµEã\V]F]DãZROEU]\PLFKVNUčWDFKLUR]NUčWDFKjakby RJURPQD]ãota3/,661– >/LVW\, s. @
3RGREQHNRQRWDFMHSU]\ZRãXMĈLQQHNUDMREUD]\$PHU\NL
6]ODNLWHQLE\]ãRWHZVWčJLZLMĈVLčSRFDã\PVWHSLH >/LVW\, s. @ %U]HJLU]HNLFLĈJQĈVLčMDNRE\]LHORQDZVWčJD >/LVW\, s. @ 1DNRQLHFMHGQDN]DPDMDF]\ãRFRĤQDSyãQRF\QLE\ZVWčJDODVX >RSXVW\QL/LVW\, s. @1LH]QDQD QLH]EDGDQD SLHUZRWQD QDWXUD $PHU\NL ZSUDZLD Z
]a-
FKZ\WLZ]UXV]DDOHQLHNLHG\WHİSU]HUDİD1DWXUDQDMF]čĤFLHM]HVWa-w
LRQDMHVWZSRUyZQDQLDFK]H]MDZLVNDPLSU]\URG\EXG]ĈF\PLSR]y-W\ZQHHPRFMHQDSU]\NãDG]WčF]Ĉ]REãRNDPLQDOD]XURZ\PQLHELH
RUD]]URG]LPĈSROVNĈSU]\URGĈ
1LHER EãčNLWQH MDN ZH :ãRV]HFK FLHPQR]LHORQH ODV\ MDĤQLHMV]H GROLQ\ SRURVãH WUDZĈF]HUZRQHVNDã\ – ZV]\VWNRWRPLHQLVLčLJUDZVãRQHF]Q\FKEODVNDFKjak WčF]D >/LVW\, s. @ 7DPZV]\VWNR]LHOHQLVLčNZLWQLHĤSLHZDPLHQLMDNWčF]D LXĤPLHFKD >R.DOLIRUQLL/LVW\, V@ *yU\]DOHGZLHPDMDF]\ã\QDZLGQRNUčJXMDNE\EãčNLWQHSDVPDPJã\ LREãRNyZ >/LVW\, s. @ *G\PF]DVHP]EãĈG]LãZMDNLPG]LNLPSDUNXZNWyU\PSLUDPLG\GU]HZJUXSRZa-ã\VLčMDNE\UčNĈOXG]NĈXãRİRQH]GDZDãRPLVLčİHMHVWHPw polskim ogrodzie
>/LVW\, s. @ 6Lã\QDGEU]HİQHUR]VWčSXMĈVLčQDJOHWZRU]ĈFREV]HUQĈOHNNRSRFK\ORQĈNXPo-U]XGROLQčZNWyUHMZLGDþNčS\GU]HZMDNE\QDV]HGĈEURZ\
>/LVW\, s. –@ 6DPH NDQLRQ\ REV]HUQH D ]DPNQLčWH ]H ZV]\VWNLFK VWURQ V]F]\WDPL VWDQRZLĈ jakby naturalne pastwiska pszczelne
>/LVW\, s. @
,QQ\PUD]HPQDWXUDZ\GDMHVLčSRVčSQD]ãRZURJDLSU]HUDİa-MĈFD 1DVWUyM JUR]\ RGGDMĈ NRQVWUXNFMH SRUyZQDZF]H SU]\ZRãXMĈFH
U]HF]\RVWDWHF]QHRGQRV]ĈFHVLčGRPRW\ZyZPHWDIL]\F]Q\FK
Wiatr dmie MDNE\ZNXĮQLGLDEHOVNLHM
>/LVW\, s. 117@ 0ĤFLZLWUDSHURZLHRGWĈGQRFDPLNUĈİĈQDNV]WDãW ZLONyZOXE]ã\FKGXFKyZ >/LVW\, s. @ :yZF]DVWRVWHS\VWDMĈVLčWDNSXVWHLPLOF]ĈFHMDNVDPDĤPLHUþ >/LVW\, s. @ 3XV]F]DE\ãDWDNFLFKDjak grób >/LVW\, s. @ 5yİHG]LNLHFKZ\WDã\NROFDPL]DPRMHRG]LHQLHMDNJG\E\]PDUãD dziewczyna >/LVW\, s. @ &DãHZ]JyU]HFLFKHE\ãRjak grób
>/LVW\, s. @
0LčG]\SDOPHWDPL]DĤSU]HVXZDãHPVLčMDNZĤUyGQDJURENyZVWHUF]ĈF\Fh na jakim wielkim cmentarzu
>/LVW\, s. @
%ãĈG]LãHP niby duch NRQLH ]RVWDã\ QD EU]HJX D ,QGLDQLQ jak drugi duch po-ZDİQ\LPLOF]ĈF\V]HGã]DPQĈ
>/LVW\, s. @
1LHNWyUHW\ONRV]F]\W\XELHORQHE\ã\ĤQLHJLHPMDNE\ELDã\PV]ODNiem na FDãu-nie
>/LVW\, s. @
:EODG\PĤZLHWOHSRUDQNXLQDVLQDZ\PWOHZVFKRGXWHJURĮQHSRVčSQHPDV\ Z\GDZDã\ PL VLč WDN JãčERNR WDMHPQLF]R L VWUDV]QLH F]DUQH jak gdyby powle-czone kirem
>/LVW\, s. @
1LHNLHG\ Z]RUFD GOD ĤZLDWD QDWXU\ XSDWUXMH SLVDU] Z
Z\WZo-UDFK NXOWXU\ PDWHULDOQHM WDNLFK MDN DUFKLWHNWXUD ]DPNL ZLHİH
EDV]W\NROXPQ\VFKRG\PXU\
=ãDP\JUDQLWyZZ\GDZDã\VLčSU]\ĤZLHWOHNVLčİ\FDMDNE\]DPNLZLHİHL baszty
>/LVW\, s. @
0LHMVFRZRĤþ ]DMPRZDQD SU]H] 3OHVHQWD VWDQRZL GRĤþ REV]HUQĈ GROLQč SRNU\WĈ RGZLHF]Q\PLGčEDPL]MHGQHMMHMVWURQ\FLĈJQLHVLčRJURPQ\PSyãNROHPZ\Gãu-İRQHZ]JyU]HXFLčWHUyZQRjak mur
>/LVW\, s. @
'ROLQDZ\İV]DQLİV]DLQDVWčSQHDPILWHDWUDOQHZ]JyU]HWZRU]\ã\ jakby olbrzymi cyrk rzymski albo jakby rodzaj schodów
>/LVW\, s. @
:LG]LDãHPODV\SDOPHWyZURVQĈFHQDNV]WDãWSRVčSQ\FKNROXPQ na piaszczys-tych przestrzeniach
>/LVW\, s. @
-DN RNLHPGRMU]Hþ Z]QRVL VLč SLHę ]D SQLHPjakby pRVčSQDNROXPQD]D ko-OXPQĈ
>/LVW\, s. @
Przyroda w
/LVWDFK ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL
]GDMHVLčE\þVWZo-U]RQD UčNĈ F]ãRZLHND-U]HĮELDU]D OXE F]ãRZLHND-DUFKLWHNWD ]H
VSe-FMDOQ\P]DP\VãHP
1LHNWyUHpodobne VĈdo REHOLVNyZLQQHdo SLUDPLGWDP]QyZVtoi zamek: przy- VLĈJãE\ĤİHZ]QLHVLRQ\UčNĈOXG]NĈERQLHEUDNPXDQLZLHİDQLEODQNyZVWU]Hl-QLF]\FK DQL QDZHW REZRGRZHJR PXUX $OH RWR ]QyZ ]PLDQD VNDã\ ]QLİDMĈ VLč LMDNRNLHPGRMU]\V]WZRU]ĈPXU\GãXJLHSURVWHDWDNUHJXODUQHjak gdyby bu-dowanHSRGOLQLčLF\UNLHO
>/LVW\, s. @
3RGRELHęVWZDNUDMREUD]X$PHU\NLGRV]XNXMHVLčDXWRUUyZQLHİ
ZZ\WZRUDFKF\ZLOL]DFMLV]F]HJyOQLHSU]HP\VãRZHM
3URPLHQLH VãRQHF]QH SDGDMĈFH SUDZLH SURVWRSDGOH QD VWHS QLHSRNU\W\ FLHQLHP GU]HZUR]SDODMĈJRjak piec hutniczy
3/,661– >/LVW\, s. @ 6XFKHSRGĤFLHOLVNRWUDZ\]ZDQHMEOXHJUDVVSDOLVLčjak siarka >/LVW\, s. @ 6WHS]PLHQLDVLčMDNE\ZMHGHQSRNãDGSRSLRãXLZčJOD >/LVW\, s. @
'XİĈ JUXSč VWDQRZLĈ Z Listach ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL
kon-VWUXNFMH SRUyZQDZF]H ]HVWDZLDMĈFH V\WXDFMč SLVDU]D-SRGUyİQLND
z
İ\FLHPSWDNDFRSU]\ZRãXMHNRQRWDFMH]QLHVNUčSRZDQĈZROQRĤFLĈ
LQLHRJUDQLF]RQ\PLPRİOLZRĤFLDPLSR]QDZF]\PL7RRGZLHF]QHPa-U]HQLHRODWDQLXMDNSWDNL]DNRU]HQLRQHJãčERNRZWUDG\FMLLNXOWXU]H
HXURSHMVNLHMZ\UDİRQHMHVWZWHNĤFLHZLHORPDSU]\NãDGDPL
Jak ptak QDVNU]\GãDFKSU]HOHFčQLH]PLHU]RQHSU]HVWU]HQLHZLHONLHMNROHLRG1HZ <RUNXGR6DQ)UDQFLVFR
>/LVW\, s. @ 3U]\W\PZRJyOHVNZDWHUF]XMĈFVLčVLOQ\PZROQ\Pjak ptakVãRZHP – NUyOHP SXVW\QLSRJDUG]DZV]\VWNLPLLQQ\PLOXGĮPL
>/LVW\, s. @ Jak ptakiem SU]\OHFLDãHPZWHJyU\WDNSWDNLHP]QLFKRGOHFč
>/LVW\, s. @ 3DWU]\ãHPQDZLRVNLLPLDVWDjak ptak z chmur
>/LVW\, s. @ &KFLDãE\ĤSã\QĈþWDPJRQLĈF]DĤZLDWãHPjak ptak
>/LVW\, s. @ 1D NRQLX ] NDUDELQHP SRG UčNĈ F]DVHP VDPRWQ\ Z VWHSLH L JyUDFK F]DVHP w JZDUQ\PLZHVRã\PWRZDU]\VWZLHF]XãHPVLčjak owe wielkie ptaki na niebie -swobodnym
>/LVW\, s. @ 0\ĤOZ\REUDĮQLDLSDPLčþXQRV]ĈVLčjakby strudzone ptaki ponad obszarami i QLHZLHG]ĈJG]LHSRIROJRZDþ]PčF]RQ\PVNU]\GãRPJG]LH]DWU]\PDþVLčGãXİHM
>/LVW\, s. @
&]čVWRSRGVWDZĈZ]RUXSRUyZQDQLDF]\QLSienkiewicz motywy
batalistyczne:
5DQNLHPV]F]HJyOQLHMZDJRQWDNLZ\JOĈGDjak prawdziwe pobojowisko
>/LVW\, s. @ 0LDVWRVSãRQčãRjak nabój prochu
>/LVW\, s. @ Krew MDNRãRZLHP ELãDPLZİ\ãDFK
>/LVW\, s. @ 3čG]Lmy MDNJRęFHZRMVNRZL
>/LVW\, s. @
6IHUD SURIDQXP PLHV]D VLč Z 6LHQNLHZLF]RZVNLFK
SRUyZQa-QLDFK]HVIHUĈVDFUXP2WRGU]HZRZ\JOĈGDMDNF]ãRZLHNSRJUĈİRQ\
w modlitwie:
'U]HZRWRZ\JOĈGDSRSURVWXMDNF]ãRZLHNNWyU\Z\FLĈJQĈã]UR]SDF]ĈUčFH do nieba >/LVW\, s. @ 3RVčSQHG]LZQHMDNLHĤJDãč]LHLFKVWHUF]ĈMDNE\UDPLRQDZ\FLĈJQLčWHNX niebu ]UR]SDF]OLZĈSURĤEĈRUDWXQHN >/LVW\, s. @
3XVW\QLDSU]\ZRãXMHZL]MčVWZRU]HQLDĤZLDWD
%\ãHP jak gdyby cudem przeniesiony R VHWNL W\VLčF\ ODW Z Wč FKZLOč Pi-VW\F]QHJRVQX]LHPLSRNWyU\PGRSLHURRFNQčã\VLčGU]HPLĈFHMHMVLã\
>/LVW\, s. @
&LV]DSDQXMHjak pierwszego dnia po stworzeniu
>/LVW\, s. @
2VDGQLF\SU]\UyZQDQLVĈGRELEOLMQHJR0RMİHV]D:
0RİH ROEU]\PLĈ VLãĈ SRUR]WUĈFDMĈ ZVFKRGQLH JyU\ L Z\GRE\ZV]\MDN 0RMİHV] GU]HPLĈFĈ Z JãčEL VNDã ZRGč VSURZDG]Ĉ R VHWNL PLO Rİ\ZF]H MHM VWUXPLHQLH QD piaszczyste obszary
>/LVW\, s. @
:L]MDXERJLFKSROVNLFKHPLJUDQWyZFLĈJQĈF\FKGR$PHU\NLza
chle-EHP]HVWDZLRQDMHVW]REUD]HPELEOLMQHJRQDURGXZ\EUDQHJR
$RWRZ\GDMHLPVLčİH%yJ]PLãRZDãVLčMXİQDGQLPLjakoby nad jakim taborem EãĈG]ĈF\PSRSXVW\QLLSU]HSURZDG]LZV]\LFKV]F]čĤOLZLHSU]H] morze, uka-]DãLP]LHPLčRELHFDQĈ
>/LVW\, s. @
3ROVND ]LHPLD SU]HFKRZ\ZDQD ] V]DFXQNLHP L F]FLĈ MDNR RVWDWQL
ãĈF]QLN]RMF]\VW\PNUDMHPVWDMHVLčQLHPDOĤZLčWD
2VDGQLF\ Z ,OOLQRLV L 7HNVDV SU]HFKRZXMĈ jakby relikwie JUXGNL ]LHPLSROVNLHM NWyUHZNãDGDMĈWDNİH]PDUã\PGRWUXPLHQSRGJãRZčOXEQDSLHUVL
>/LVW\, s. @
*ãRVZ\ELWQHMSROVNLHMDNWRUNL+HOHQ\0RGU]HMHZVNLHMUR]OHJãVLčMDNE\]D]LHP ska muzyka SRZV]\VWNLFK]DNĈWNDFKWHDWUX >/LVW\, s. @DGĮZLčF]Q\SU]e-F]\VW\ Mč]\NQDV]EU]PLDãZĤUyGFLV]\WHDWUDOQHMRERN FKUDSOLZ\FKGĮZLčNyZDn-JLHOVNLFK jak anielska muzyka
>/LVW\, s. @
2ELHNWHP NRPSDUDFML E\ZD F]čVWR P\ĤO WZyUF]D ]HVWDZLRQD
z UyİQ\PLGHV\JQDWDPLNURSOĈZRG\ZPRU]XSãRPLHQLHPĤZLHF\
SUDFRZLWĈSV]F]RãĈOXEZUyEODPL
0\ĤO...) roztapLDVLčjak kropla wody w morzu
>/LVW\, s. @
:V]HONDP\ĤOJDVãDMDNSãRPLHęĤZLHF\ pod podmuchem wiatru
>/LVW\, s. @
:NUDLQLHSU]HGPLRWyZP\ĤOZ\OHFLDZV]\]JãRZ\]Z\NãDZUDFDþMDNSV]F]RãD REãDGRZDQDPLRGHPZUDİHę
3/,661–
:V]\VWNLH WH DUF\G]LHãD NWyUH MHV]F]H PDMĈ Z\OHFLHþ ] PHM JãRZ\ QD ĤZLDW jak
wróble ]HVWRGRã\ >/LVW\, s. @
'RNãDGQDDQDOL]DSRUyZQDęZ\QRWRZDQ\FK]/LVWyZ]SRGUyİ\
GR$PHU\NLSRND]XMHİHSXQNWHPRGQLHVLHQLDGODUyİQych
elemen-
WyZU]HF]\ZLVWRĤFLDXWRUF]\QLSU]\URGčRİ\ZLRQĈDZĤUyGQLHM]ZLe-
U]čWDSWDNLRZDG\JDG\WDNİHSU]\URGčQLHRİ\ZLRQĈ]MDZLVNDQa-WXU\ Z\WZRU\ NXOWXU\ PDWHULDOQHM V]WXNč PRW\Z\ EDWDOLVW\F]QH
SU]HGPLRW\İ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJR]QDQHPXPLHMVFDL V\WXDFMH=NROHL
NRPSDUDQV DEVWUDNF\MQ\ RGQRVL VLč GR VWDQyZ
GXFKRZR-intele-NWXDOQ\FK NWyU\FK GRĤZLDGF]D DXWRU OXE ERKDWHURZLH IHOLHWRQyZ
VWDQyZHPRFMRQDOQ\FKSLVDU]DRUD]HOHPHQWyZĤZLDWDPHWDIL]\F]Qe-JR
6NãDGQLRZHDVSHNW\SRUyZQDę
-HİHOL VSRMU]\P\ QD NRQVWUXNFMH SRUyZQDZF]H ]DVWRVRZDQH
przez Sienkiewicza w
/LVWDFK ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL SRG NĈWHP
VNãDGQL WR ZV]\VWNLH RQH VĈ VSU]čJQLčWH ZHZQčWU]QLH ]D SRPRFĈ
IXQNWRUyZJUDPDW\F]Q\FK
:DQDOL]RZDQ\PSU]H]HPQLHPDWHULDOHOHNV\NDOQ\PRGQDOHĮþ
PRİQD PRGHORZH SRUyZQDQLD R SHãQ\P VFKHPDFLH EXGRZ\
&G57FF&W
3RVWčSSčG]LWDNV]\ENRMDNPLHMVFRZHORNRPRW\Z\ >/LVW\, s. @ 3RZLHWU]HW\ONRQDGPLDVWHPE\ãRUG]DZHLF]HUZRQHMDNãXQDSRİDUX >/LVW\, s. @ :HãQLVWHJãRZ\LFKQLH]QDMĈFHJU]HELHQLDDQLQRİ\F]HNZ\JOĈGDMĈMDNNãčE\F]Dr-QHMZHãQ\ >/LVW\, s. @ ,QGLDQLHPDMĈWDNJZDãWRZQHQDPLčWQRĤFLMDNZV]\VWNLHG]LHFLSU]\URG\ >/LVW\, s. @ 6UHEUQ\LF]HUZRQ\NXJXDUSU]HVXZDVLčFLFKRZPURNXQLE\MDNLĤV]DUDZ\ZĈİ >/LVW\, s. @ 3XV]F]DMHVWWDNFLFKDMDNJUyE >/LVW\, s. @ &DãHZ]JyU]HFLFKHE\ãRMDNJUyE >/LVW\, s. @2ERN PRGHORZ\FK LVWQLHMĈ UyZQLHİ Z Listach SRUyZQDQLD
w
NWyU\FKMHGHQ]NRPSRQHQWyZXOHJDHOLSVLH(OHPHQWHPW\PPRİH
E\þF]ãRQRNUHĤODQ\QDSU]\NãDGQDUUDWRUOXEERKDWHUXWZRUX]DVy-JQDOL]RZDQ\ ZF]HĤQLHM Z WHNĤFLH 7DN G]LHMH VLč JG\ 6LHQNLHZLF]
VQXMHUHIOHNVMHR]UyİQLFRZDQ\PVSRãHF]HęVWZLHDPHU\NDęVNLP
3RVNRęF]RQ\FKPRGOLWZDFK]DNãDGDMĈQRJLQDVWyãLVLHG]ĈZPLOF]HQLXMDNFKLę skie lalki >R$PHU\NDQDFK/LVW\, s. @ 6LHG]LHOLVSRNRMQLHQLHUXFKRPRLPLOF]ĈFR]XSHãQLHMDNE\EUĈ]RZHSRVĈJL >RSRVHOVWZLH6LRX[yZ/LVW\, s. @
G]LHOL VLč VSRVWU]HİHQLDPL QD WHPDW NRELHW Z 6WDQDFK
=MHGQRF]o-nych:
8PLHWDNİHQL]Dþ]QDF]ĈFHSyãVãyZNDQDQLWNčUR]PRZ\RQLF]\PMDNSDFLRUNL
>/LVW\, s. @
: JčVW\P OHVLH VXEWHOQ\FKRGFLHQL VãyZ L XF]Xþ SRUXV]D VLč WDN VZRERGQLH MDN w domu >/LVW\, s. @ Jest sprytnDZ\RVWU]RQDQDWRZDU]\VNLPSLDVNXİ\FLDMDNEU]\WZD >/LVW\, s. @
LQIRUPXMHR]DFKRZDQLXİ\MĈF\FKZ$PHU\FH]ZLHU]ĈW
3RU]ĈGNXLRE\F]DMRZRĤFLXF]\VLčWDNãDWZRMDNSLHV >RERUVXNX/LVW\, s. @OXEJG\RSLVXMHVZRMHGR]QDQLD ZUDİHQLDLHPRFMH
:WHMNVLčİ\FRZHMQRF\ZWHMFLV]\LZREHFSRWčİQHMQDWXU\F]XãHPVLčV]F]čĤOLZ\ MDNE\PPLDãVNU]\GãDXUDPLRQ >MDRVREDPyZLĈFDQDUUDWRU/LVW\, s. @ -HFKDOLĤP\ZPLOF]HQLXMDNE\UR]PDU]HQL >QDUUDWRULWRZDU]\V]SRGUyİ\0D[/LVW\, s. @ 3DWU]\ãHPQDZLRVNLLPLDVWDMDNSWDN]FKPXU >QDUUDWRU/LVW\, s. @:VSyOQDFHFKDPRW\ZXMĈFD]HVWDZLHQLHE\ZDZNRQVWUXNFMDFK
SRUyZQDZF]\FK Z\HNVSOLNRZDQD ZSURVW OXE XOHJD SRPLQLčFLX
=ZHUEDOL]RZDQH tertium comparationis Z\VWčSXMH Z SRVWDFL
SU]y-PLRWQLNDOXELPLHVãRZXSU]\PLRWQLNRZHJRRUD]SU]\VãyZND=GDU]D
VLčUyZQLHİİHSU]\ELHUDIRUPčF]DVRZQLNDOXEFDãHMIUD]\2WRSU]y-NãDG\SRUyZQDęZNWyU\FK tertium comparationis to przymiotnik lub
LPLHVãyZSU]\PLRWQLNowy:
:İ\FLXOLWHUDFNLPG]LHMHVLčZLHOHU]HF]\WDNQDJã\FKa niespodziewanych MDN ĤPLHUþ >/LVW\, s. @ 3U]HV]ãRĤþMDNĤQLHJniepokalana >/LVW\, s. @ Liczne MDNSLDVHNZPRU]XJãRV\ >/LVW\, s. @ 0Dã\ MDNãXSLQDRU]Hcha parowiec >/LVW\, s. @ 1DXF]\FLHOND delikatna MDNPLPR]D >/LVW\, s. @3/,661–
Chuda MDNĤPLHUþPLVV
>/LVW\, s. @ Po ogromnych i ĤOLVNLFK MDNV]NãREU\ãDFKORGX]EOLİ\ãHPVLčWXİGRZRGRVSDGX >/LVW\, s. 117@ Panna SLčNQDMDNOLOLD
>/LVW\, s. @ 6WHS\VWDMĈVLčWDNpuste i PLOF]ĈFH MDNVDPDĤPLHUþ
>/LVW\, s. @ 7\VLĈF]QHZRQLHWRmiodowe to XSDMDMĈFHMDNE\OLOLLLKHOLRWURSyZ >/LVW\, s. @ Czarne MDNSDFLRUHNRNR >/LVW\, s. @ 1LHEREãčNLWQH MDNZH:ãRV]HFK >/LVW\, s. @ Irlandczyk o czerwonych VWRMĈF\FK MDNV]F]RWNDZãRVDFK >/LVW\, s. @ 0LDVWRodrodzone MDN)HQLNV]SRSLRãyZ >/LVW\, s. @
3U]\NãDG\ NRQVWUXNFML SRUyZQDZF]\FK Z NWyU\FK IXQNFMč tertium
comparationis
SHãQLSU]\VãyZHN
2GHWFKQĈãHPJãčERNRMDNE\SRQDGPLHUQHMSUDF\ >/LVW\, s. @ 6DPXPLHĤSLHZDþODGDFRSUDZLHWDNãDGQLH MDNVãRZLN >RGURĮG]LH-SU]HGU]HĮQLDF]X/LVW\, s. @ 3RU]ĈGNXLRE\F]DMRZRĤFLXF]\VLčWDNãDWZR MDNSLHV >/LVW\, s. @ 3HOLNDQ\ SU]\SDWU\ZDã\ VLč filozoficznie ZV]\VWNLHPX MDNE\ ]DVWDQDZLDMĈF VLč QDGSRU]ĈGNLHPĤZLDWD >/LVW\, s. @ 2VZRMRQ\ERUVXNZGUDS\ZDãVLčJZDãWHPMDNRE\]HVWUDFKXQDPRMHNRODQD >/LVW\, s. @ 7DPFLİ\þPXV]Ĉustawicznie MDNJG\E\QDVWRSLHZRMQ\ >RSOHPLRQDFKLQGLDęVNLFK/LVW\, s. @ :]JyU]HXFLčWHrówno MDNPXU >/LVW\, s. @ 8VQĈãHP]QRZXZNXOEDFHWDNdobrze MDNZ ãyİNX >/LVW\, s. @ .OLPDWPQLHMWXSU]\MHPQ\ERZLDWUFLĈJOH GPLHMDNZNXĮQL >/LVW\, s. @=GDU]DVLčİH tertium comparationis Z\UDİRQHMHVWF]DVRZQLNLHP
3ROXELãHP WHQ QDMSLčNQLHMV]\ ]H ZV]\VWNLFK QD ĤZLHFLH Mč]\N Z NWyU\P NDİGH VãRZRGĮZLčF]\ MDNVUHEUR
F]čĤFLHMMHGQDNFDãĈIUD]Ĉ
%LDãHZ\VRNLHQDNLONDVHWVWySĤFLDQ\SURVWRSDGOHVWHUF]ĈFH]PRU]DZ\JOĈGa-MĈna tle czarnej wody MDNİDãREQ\V]ODNQDFDãXQLH
>/LVW\, s. @ 7DPRWRNRĤFLyãZNWyU\POXG]LHFKZDOĈ3DQD%RJDEHF]ĈF MDNFLHOčWD >/LVW\, s. @ : $PHU\FH G]LHQQLN VWDQRZLWDNUHDOQĈSRWU]HEčNDİGHJR F]ãRZLHND MDNQD SU]\NãDGFKOHE >/LVW\, s. @ 3ROLF]NLLFKZ\SFKDQHRGZHZQĈWU]tytuniemZ\JOĈGDMĈMDNJG\E\QDSXFKãH >/LVW\, s. @
1LHNWyUHVLHG]ĈQDW\OQ\FKãDSNDFKZVDP\FKRWZRUDFKLSRZDİQLH przypa-WUXMĈVLčZV]\VWNLHPXFRG]LHMHVLčZRER]LH]XSHãQLHMDNZLHMVNLHJRVSRVLH VWRMĈFHZHGU]ZLDFKFKDW\ >RSLHVNDFK]LHPQ\FK/LVW\, s. @ =DF]ĈãHPVLč]QLPEDZLþGDãHPPXUčNčRQ]DĤXGDZDãİHMĈJU\]LH]XSHã QLHMDNPãRG\SVLDN >RERUVXNX/LVW\, s. @ &KFLDãE\ĤSã\QĈþWDPJRQLĈF]DĤZLDWãHP MDNSWDN >/LVW\, s. @
1LHZ\HNVSOLNRZDQDZSURVWZVSyOQRWD]QDF]HQLRZDNRPSDUDWX
L NRPSDUDQVX ]D]Z\F]DM QLH VSUDZLD F]\WHOQLNRZL WUXGQRĤFL
LQWHr-SUHWDF\MQ\FK 0RİQD MĈ RGWZRU]\þ NRU]\VWDMĈF ] ZLHG]\ L
GRĤZLDd-F]HQLDMDNUyZQLHİUHSURGXNRZDþG]LčNLNRQWHNVWRZL
)LJXU\UHWRU\F]QHEU]čF]Dã\PL>XSRUF]\ZLH@NRãRXV]XMDNPXFK\
>/LVW\, s. @
$ ZV]\VWNR WR RVQXWH EãčNLWQĈ OHFLXFKQĈ PJãĈ >GHOLNDWQLH XORWQLH@ MDN PDU]e-niem >/LVW\, s. @ :\U]XFDãJãRZĈ>JZDãWRZQLH@MDNG]LNLNRę >RPyZF\/LVW\, s. @ :ĈİVWDQĈã>SURVWRUyZQR@MDNĤZLHFD >/LVW\, s. @ :V]HONDP\ĤOJDVãD>V]\ENR@MDNSãRPLHęĤZLHF\SRGSRGPXFKHPZLDWUX >/LVW\, s. @ /DV\SDOPHWyZURVQĈFH>Z\VRNR@QDNV]WDãWSRVčSQ\FKNROXPQ >/LVW\, s. @ :\OL>SU]HUDĮOLZLHJURĮQLH@MDNG]LNLH]ZLHU]čWD >RPHNV\NDęVNLFKMHĮGĮFDFK/LVW\, s. @
'XİĈ JUXSč VWDQRZLĈ Z /LVWDFK ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL
kon-
VWUXNFMHZNWyU\FKQLHZ\SRZLHG]LDQDZSURVWFHFKDZVSyOQD]HVWa-ZLHQLDMHVWWUXGQLHMV]DZLQWHUSUHWDFMLLZ\PDJDRG
F]\WHOQLNDZLčk-V]HMZUDİOLZRĤFLQDVãRZR3RUyZQDQLDWHRSDUWHQDLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK
3/,661–
i QLHSRZWDU]DOQH2WRNLONDSU]\NãDGyZWDNLFKSRUyZQDęDVRFMDF\M
nych:
5]HNãE\ĤQLHW\ONRZ]URNDOHLGXV]DLP\ĤOJXELVLčZW\FKVWHSDFKSRU]XFD GURJL NWyU\PL FKRG]Lþ ]Z\NãD ]DSRPLQD R VZRLP ÅMDµ ]OHZD VLč ] RWRF]HQLHP i SU]H]FKZLOč]GDMHVLčİ\þQLHZãDVQ\Pİ\FLHPDOHFDãĈSRWčJĈVWHSyZZNWyUHM WDNUR]WDSLDVLčMDNNURSODZRG\ZPRU]X >LisW\, s. @ 1LUZDQDWRMDNRE\VHQZLHF]Q\QLJG\QLHSU]HĤQLRQ\ >/LVW\, s. @ -HVWWRQLE\RGEU]DVN1LUZDQ\LZV]HFKİ\FLDDWčVNQRWD]DQLPOHİ\ZOXG]NLHM duszy >RVWHSLH/LVW\, s. @ .VLčİ\FĤZLHFLãQDGQDV]\PLJãRZDPLWDNMDNE\FKFLDã]ZãDVQHMSRZLHNLZ\VNo-F]\þ >/LVW\, s. @ 3URPLHQLHNVLčİ\FDSDGDã\VUHEUHPQD MHJR HQHUJLF]QĈ EURGDWĈ WZDU] RU\VDFK MDNRE\Z\NXW\FK]NDPLHQLD
>R'İDNX/LVW\, s. @ 3RWHPXFLQDãJãRVMDN]DNRQQLNF]\WDMĈF\]brewiarza
>R'İDNX/LVW\, s. @
: EDGDQ\P SU]H]H PQLH PDWHULDOH OHNV\NDOQ\P RGQDOHĮþ
PRİQDSRUyZQDQLDZNWyU\FK tertium comparationis RGQRVLVLčGR
GZyFKOXEQDZHWNLONXFHFK
:V]\VWNR WR E\ãRG]LNLH URPDQW\F]QH V]F]HUH ]GURZH L SLčNQH MDN W\ONR SLHUZRWQDQDWXUDSLčNQĈE\þPRİH >/LVW\, s. @ Siedzieli VSRNRMQHQLHUXFKRPRLPLOF]ĈFR]XSHãQLHMDNEUĈ]RZHSRVĈJL >RSRVãDFKLQGLDęVNLFK/LVW\, s. @ 6NDã\]QLİDMĈVLčLMDNRNLHPGRMU]\V]WZRU]ĈPXU\GãXJLHSURsteDWDNregu-larneMDNJG\E\EXGRZDQHSRGOLQLčLF\UNLHO >/LVW\, s. @ *UXQWQDJLV]DU\SRSčNDQ\ZZLHONLHNUčWHV]SDU\Z\JOĈGDãMDNE\Z\VFKãH ãRİ\VNRZyGSRSDF]RQHRGSURPLHQLVãRQHF]Q\FK >/LVW\, s. @ 1DGHV]ã\ L LFK VNZDZ\ ]G]LHþPLQDSOHFDFK ]DPNQLčW\PL Z ãXELDQ\FK NRELDã NDFKSRFK\ORQHEU]\GNLH]ZLčGãHVWDUH]ZãRVDPLVSDGDMĈF\PLQDRF]\ SRGREQHMDNGZLHNURSOHZRG\GR&\JDQHN
>/LVW\, s. @
,QWHUHVXMĈF\P ]DELHJLHP VNãDGQLRZ\P ]DVWRVRZDQ\P SU]H]
Sienkiewicza w
/LVWDFK]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLMHVWZWUĈFDQLHSRUyw-QDęZQDGU]čGQĈNRQVWUXNFMč]GDQLD
3LHĤęWčJãXV]\ã\liczne jak piasek w morzu JãRV\
>/LVW\, s. @ :\VWDZ\VNOHSRZH]DSãRQčã\jakby wielkie ognisko SU]H]FDãĈGãXJRĤþXOLF
>/LVW\, s. @
Jest to stara i Z\VFKãDMDNZRVN PXPLDXEUDQDZHIUDNLELDã\NUDZDW
>/LVW\, s. @
3RSRãXGQLX ]GDU]D VLč MHGQDN Z\SDGHNNWyU\ jak iskra elektryczna ZVWU]ĈVD wszystkich >/LVW\, s. @ ģOLF]QHPLDVWRjaNRQJLĤ:HQXVZ\QXU]\ãRVLč]PRUVNLHMNĈSLHOLFRUD]GRNãDd-QLHM LFRUD]Z\UDĮQLHMGODRND >/LVW\, s. @ 6]ODNLLWHQLE\]ãRWHZVWčJLZLMĈVLčSRFDã\PVWHSLH >/LVW\, s. @ 7RSãXF]NDUQLH]ãRWD...]GREQHSDOPDPLUR]SRĤFLHUDMĈF\PLQDGOXG]NLPVLHGOi-VNLHPQDNV]WDãWRSLHNXęF]\FKUDPLRQVZRMHV]HURNLHOLĤFLH >/LVW\, s. @
5.5. Porównania rozbudowane
/LVW\ ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL WR QLH]Z\NOH SODVW\F]Q\ EDUZQ\
REUD] VWZRU]RQ\ SU]H] SRGUyİQLND L E\VWUHJR REVerwatora
rzeczy-ZLVWRĤFLNWyUHPXQLHXP\NDİDGHQV]F]HJyã3LVDU]QLF]\PPDODU]
ZUDİOLZ\QDRWDF]DMĈFHJRSLčNQRZSURZDG]DRGELRUFčWHNVWXZQLe-
]QDQ\PXĤZLDW1LH]QDQ\OĈGÅPDORZDQ\VãRZHPµVWDMHVLčF]\WHl-QLNRZL EOLVNL WDN MDNE\ VDP E\ã XF]HVWQLNLHP SRGUyİ\ )XQNFMč
XSODVW\F]QLDMĈFĈQDUUDFMčSHãQLĈZListach
SRUyZQDQLDNWyUHURz-UDVWDMĈ VLč Z QLH]DOHİQ\ VLOQLH G]LDãDMĈF\ QD Z\REUDĮQLč RGELRUF\
REUD] 7DNLH UR]EXGRZDQH NRQVWUXNFMH SRUyZQDZF]H PDMĈ VZyM
SLHUZRZ]yUZNXQV]WRZQ\FKSRUyZQDQLDFKKRPHU\FNLch. Oto
przy-NãDG\6LHQNLHZLF]RZVNLFKUR]EXGRZDQ\FKSRUyZQDę
7RQLHGODPQLH]ZãDV]F]DSRRZ\PRVWDWQLPSU]HNOčW\PRGFLQNXSRNWyU\PQD VDPR ZVSRPQLHQLH R PQLH ZV]\VWNLH PDWNL ] EUDFWZD SU]HMPXMH FDãNLHP SR]a-ĤZLDWRZ\ GUHV]F] ]JUR]\MDN QD ZVSRPQLHQLH Zčİa NWyU\ QDPyZLã (Zč İHE\ ĤFLĈJQčãDUčNčXUZDãDMDEãNRLVDPD]MDGãDLGDãDPčİRZLVZHPX
>/LVW\, s. @
Jak stary rumak bojowySU]\Z\Nã\]DPãRGXGRWUĈENLSyĮQLHMLOHNURþGĮZLčNL MHMXVã\V]\UR]G\PDQR]GU]DMHİ\JU]\ZčLRF]\PDLVNU]\ tak i ja, UR]F]\WXMĈFVLč WRZSROHPLNDFKWRZSRUXV]DQ\FKNZHVWLDFKFDãĈGXV]ĈZ\U\ZDãHPVLčQLHUD] GR :DUV]DZ\ PLčG]\ WH VWRVXQNL OLWHUDFNLH ZDONL SUĈGyZ P\ĤOL L RVRELVWRĤFL QDZHWVãRZHPZFDã\yZĤZLDWJRUĈF]NRZ\WURFKčDOHİ\Z\İ\ZRWQ\DWHęski i VWUHV]F]DMĈF\ZVRELHİ\FLHGXFKRZHFDãHJRRJyãX
>/LVW\, s. @
Jak ]EãĈNDQ\ZčGURZLHFNRQDMĈF\]SUDJQLHQLDZRãDÅ:RG\µ – tak PGOHMĈFDZy-REUDĮQLDZRãDWXRVWDWNLHPVLãÅ3U]HGPLRWyZµ
>/LVW\, s. @
,SU]\V]ãRPLQDP\ĤOLİWDV]HURNDRG2FHDQXGR2FHDQX$PHU\NDPDMHV]F]H i Wč Z\İV]RĤþ İH Z QLHM LGHD SDęVWZRZD QLH SRFKãDQLD WDN MDN QD SU]\NãDG
3/,661– SUDZDGODQLFKXU]čG\QLHRQLGODSUDZLXU]čGyZDQDNRQLHFİHWHWXWHMV]HWDN QLE\OXĮQH]ZLĈ]NLSDęVWZRZHWUZDOV]HVĈRGZLHOXLQQ\FKERXJUXQWRZDQHQD NRU]\ĤFLOXG]NLHMQDV]F]čĤFLXOXG]NLPLQDSRF]XFLXWHJRGREUDZLQG\ZLGXDFK >/LVW\, s. -@ 1DSUyİQRREZLQĈãHPVRELHOHMFHNRãRGãRQLLĤFLĈJQĈãHPNUyFHMNRQLDDE\NLZa-QLHP JãRZ\ V]DUSDã PLč ]D UčNč L EXG]Lã VHQ PRFQLHMV]\ E\ã RG ZV]\VWNLHJR ZNUyWFHWHİXVQĈãHPQLHJRU]HMjak Konrad Wallenrod SRRZHMXF]FLHQDNWyUHM XUDF]\ãVLčZWDNG]LNREDMURQLF]Q\VSRVyEİHDİVWyãSU]HZUyFLãL]DVQĈã
>/LVW\, s. @ :W\FKSRG]LHPLDFKEU]PLĈF\FKSUDFĈXZLGRF]QLãDPLVLčUXFKOLZRĤþOXG]NDRZH FLĈJãH Å1DSU]yG , QDSU]yGµ WD MDNDĤ ]DZ]LčWRĤþ L Z\WUZDãRĤþ Z GRVNRQDOHQLX ZDUXQNyZ İ\FLD Z ]ERJDFDQLX VLč Z XOHSV]DQLX E\WX – tak MDNE\ İ\FLH E\ãR wieczne >/LVW\, s. @
:SU]\WRF]RQ\FKSU]H]HPQLHSU]\NãDGDFK]DXZDİ\þPRİQDİH
UR]EXGRZDQLXXOHJD]DUyZQRF]ãRQRNUHĤODQ\MDNLRNUHĤODMĈF\'y-JUHV\MQ\FKDUDNWHUSRUyZQDęKRPHU\FNLFKSR]ZDOD6LHQNLHZLF]RZL
na zdyst
DQVRZDQ\SHãHQGHOLNDWQHJRKXPRUXRSLVZãDVQHMV\WXDFML
MDNROLWHUDWDLSRGUyİQLNDDOHWDNİHQDILOR]RILF]QHUHIOHNVMHGRW\F]Ĉ
FH VHQVX SUDF\ L ZDUWRĤFL Z İ\FLX QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\FK 5R]EXGRZDQH
NRQVWUXNFMHSRUyZQDZF]HVĈGRVNRQDã\PQDU]čG]LHPE\SU]HGVWa-wi
þVXELHNW\ZQHVWDQRZLVNRZZLHOXZDİQ\FKNZHVWLDFKVNRPHn-WRZDþMHDQDZHWRFHQLþ
5.6. Porównania tekstowe
:ĤUyGSRUyZQDę/LVWyZ]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NLRG]QDF]DMĈF\FK
VLčRU\JLQDOQRĤFLĈRGQDOHĮþPRİQDSRUyZQDQLDWHNVWRZHZNWyU\FK
NRPSDUDQVSU]\ZRãXMHUHDOLDZ\NUHRZDQHJRSU]H]DXWRUDQDSRWU]e-E\IHOLHWRQXĤZLDWDSU]HGVWDZLRQHJR
3RVWčSSčG]LWDNV]\ENRMDNmiejscowe lokomotywy >/LVW\, s. @ :LHF]RUQHGQLL]DFKyGVãRęFD – İ\FLDSRJRGQ\MDNna stepie>/LVW\, s. @ *QDQHZLFKUHPREãRNL]ELHJDMĈVLčLUR]ELHJDMĈMDNstada dzikich koni
>/LVW\, s. @ 1LFVPXWQLHMV]HJRMDNWDNDdroga na stepie >/LVW\, s. @ 1LJG]LHPRİHQDĤZLHFLHQLHMHVWWDNZ\JRGQLHNRELHFLHMDNw Ameryce >/LVW\, s. @ 6NZDWHURZLH1HZ0HNV\NX$UL]RQ\,QGLDQ7HUULWRU\VĈWDF\MDNlynch >/LVW\, s. @ : ]HV]ã\P OLĤFLH ZVSRPQLDãHP Syã-,QGLDQNč GRQQč 5HIXJLRNWyUD E\ãD WDN Zy-NV]WDãFRQDMDNLPDãR$PHU\NDQHNĤUHGQLHMNODV\
:RMQ\Z.DOLIRUQLLQLHPDMXİ]F]HUZRQRVNyU\PLDSUDZGčU]HNãV]\ZRMQ\Z\Wč SLHQLD QLJG\ QLH E\ãR SRNROHQLD ERZLHP WXWHMV]H QLH RG]QDF]Dã\ VLč DQL WDNLP PčVWZHPDQL]DFLčWRĤFLĈMDNpokolenia terytoriów stepowych
>/LVW\, s. -@
:yZF]DV WR QLHEH]SLHF]QLH MHVW XND]\ZDþ VLč QDJOH VWDGX QLH VSãRV]\ZV]\ JR ZSU]yGZ\FLHPNU]\NLHPLVWU]HODQLQĈMDNWR]Z\NOHF]\QLĈ,QGLDQLH
>/LVW\, s. @
1DJURPDG]HQLHSRUyZQDę
.ROHMQĈ FHFKĈ FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QĈ Mč]\ND /LVWyZ ] SRGUyİ\ GR
$PHU\NL MHVW F]čVWRWOLZRĤþ F]\OL QDJURPDG]HQLH SRUyZQDę =DELHJ
WHQ SRGREQLH MDN SRUyZQDQLD UR]EXGRZDQH SHãQL IXQNFMč
REUD]o-WZyUF]Ĉ .RQVWUXNFMH WDNLH SRGNUHĤODMĈ ZDJč RSLV\ZDQHJR
]GDU]e-nia:
Pierwsza wiza dla konsula – WRWDN MDNSLHUZV]DGãXJDVXNQLDdla podlotka, jak SLHUZV]\PHV]HNQDGXVWDPLGODPãRG]LHęFDMDNSLHUZV]\GUXNRZDQ\DUWy- NXãGODOLWHUDFNLHJRHPEULRQXMDNSLHUZV]HV]OLI\GODSRGRILFHUDMDNSLHUw-V]\SRFDãXQHNLSLHUZV]HÅNRFKDPFLHELHµGODSHQVMRQDUNL
>/LVW\, s. @
Jest WRWZDUGDV]NRãD]NWyUHMPãRG\QDUyGZ\FKRG]LG]LZQLH]DKDUWRZDQ\F]u-MĈF VZĈ VLãč jak lew NLSLĈF\ jak puchar wina L ]GROQ\ GR F]\QyZ PčVNLFK a RJURPQ\FKSU]HGNWyU\PL... VNãRQLþQDPJãRZ\
>RSUDZLHO\QFKX/LVW\, s. @
:VND]XMĈQDSRUXV]Hnie autora:
-DNDĤQLHRSLVDQDSRWčJDELãDRGWHJRF]DUQHJRNRURZRGXPDV]\QLNRPLQyZNWy U\ SU]HVXQĈZV]\ VLč NRãR QDVQDNV]WDãWV]HUHJXROEU]\PLFK SRZUDFDMĈF\FK MDNJG\E\]UXL]ZLHU]ĈWQLNãLWRSQLDã]ZROQDZFLHPQRĤFLDFKjak nocne ol-EU]\PLHZLG]LDGãR
>/LVW\, s. @
7UDG\FMD O\QFKX ]EXG]LãD VLčMDN GU]HPLĈF\ OHZ L ]DV]XPLDãD QDG LQG\MVNLPL JãRZDPLjak burza >/LVW\, s. @ %\ãDWRGODNDİGHJRMDNE\F]DURZQDZL]MDMDNE\ZUyFRQHODWDPãRGRĤFLMDNE\ PDãDSU]HORWQDFKZLODZLRVQ\ ]PUXNLHPURG]LQQ\FKVWUXPLHQL]V]HOHVWHPUo-G]LQQ\FKGU]HZ]HĤSLHZHPQDV]\FKV]DU\FKVNRZURQNyZL]RGJãRVHPQDV]\FK IXMDUHNSDVWXV]\FK >RZ\VWčSLH0RGU]HMHZVNLHMZMč]\NXSROVNLP/LVW\, V@
6NãDQLDMĈGRUHIOHNVML
.VLčİ\F ]VWčSXMH ] MHGQHJR PLHMVFD ZVWčSXMH QDGUXJLHMDNE\ V]XNDMĈFSLOQLH MDNLHJRNROZLHNSU]HGPLRWX]DWUDFRQHJRZSXVWNRZLXMDNE\FKFĈF]QDOHĮþ FRĤGODF]HJRE\ZDUWRĤZLHFLþ
>/LVW\, s. @
&]DVSU]HVãDQLDSU]HV]ãHODWDGDZQHZVSRPQLHQLDLGDZQRMXİQLHZLG]Lane twa-rze QLE\ PJãĈ QLE\ WXPDQHP ] SRF]ĈWNX SU]H]URF]\VW\P SRWHP FRUD] JčVt-V]\PFLHPQLHMV]\P3RNDİG\PXSã\QLRQ\PURNXZLG]LV]MHFRUD]QLHZ\UDĮQLHM FRUD]PčWQLHMDSRWHPWRMXİMDNE\FLHQLHEãĈNDMĈFHVLčSR3RODFK(OL]HMVNLFK
3/,661–
OXENUHXMĈSRHW\FNLREUD]
&]DVHPzamiauczy jak kot, zaszczeka jak piesF]DVHP]DNZDF]HMDNİDED to ]QyZSU]\MG]LHPXGRJãRZ\NDV]ODþNLFKQĈþOXEUR]HĤPLDþVLčMDNE\PLDãSo-PLHV]DQLH]P\VãyZ
>RGURĮG]LH-SU]HGU]HĮQLDF]X/LVW\, s. @ 'ROLQDZ\İV]DQLİV]DLQDVWčSQHDPILWHDWUDOQHZ]JyU]H]DWRF]RQHãXNLHPWZRU]y-ã\jakby olbrzymi cyrk rzymski albo jakby rodzaj schodów
>/LVW\, s. @
6. Konkluzje
3RUyZQDQLHMDNRĤURGHNMč]\NRZ\LDUW\VW\F]Q\MHVWQDMEDUG]LHM
charakterystycznym elementem stylu
/LVWyZ ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL
+HQU\ND 6LHQNLHZLF]D =UyİQLFRZDQLH Z\VWčSXMĈF\FK Z Listach
NRQVWUXNFMLSRUyZQDZF]\FKSRGZ]JOčGHPIRUP\LIXQNFMLDWDNİH
F]čVWRWOLZRĤþ REHFQRĤFL Z XWZRU]H F]\QL SRUyZQDQLH QDMLVWRWQLHM
V]\P WURSHP SR NWyU\ VLčJD WZyUFD 3LVDU] NRU]\VWD ] ERJDFWZD
G]LHZLčWQDVWRZLHF]QHM SROV]F]\]Q\ ĤZLDGF]Ĉ R W\P SRUyZQDQLD
VNRQZHQFMRQDOL]RZDQHDMHGQRF]HĤQLHWZRU]\RU\JLQDOQHNRQVWUXk-FMHRERJDW\FKZDORUDFKHVWHW\F]Q\FK
1DMEDUG]LHM Z\UDĮQ\P HOHPHQWHP VW\OX 6LHQNLHZLF]D VĈ
So-UyZQDQLDUR]EXGRZDQHWZRU]ĈFHQLH]Z\NOHSODVW\F]QHREUD]\&]č
VWRSRUyZQDQLDZWUĈFDQHVĈZQDGU]čGQĈVWUXNWXUč]GDQLD
1DJURPDG]HQLH SRUyZQDę WR NROHMQD FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QD GOD
VW\OX6LHQNLHZLF]DFHFKD%DUG]RF]čVWRZREUčELHMHGQHJR]GDQLD
Z\VWčSXMHNLONDNRQVWUXNFMLNRPSDUDW\ZQ\FKMHGQDSRGUXJLHM=a-ELHJWDNLSHãQLIXQNFMčWHNVWRWZyUF]Ĉ
,QWHUHVXMĈFHMHVWUyZQLHİERJDFWZRIXQNWRUyZJUDPDW\F]Q\FK
NWyU\PL SRVãXJXMH VLč Z XWZRU]H DXWRU = UHSHUWXDUX ZVNDĮQLNyZ
]HVSROHQLD RERN ãĈF]QLND MDN Z\ELHUD QDMFKčWQLHM MDNE\ MDNRE\
MDNJG\E\QLE\ZVND]XMĈFHQDVXELHNW\ZL]PZUDİHęLG\VWDQVSVy-FKLF]Q\SRPLčG]\WZyUFĈDRWDF]DMĈF\PJRĤZLDWHP
1LH EH] ]QDF]HQLDGOD]UR]XPLHQLDLVWRW\ SRUyZQDęVĈZVND]DQH
SU]H]HPQLHSRODVHPDQW\F]QHGRNWyU\FKRGQRVL VLčNRPSDUDQs.
']LčNL SRUyZQDQLRP Mč]\N /LVWyZ ] SRGUyİ\ GR $PHU\NL MHVW
QLHSRZWDU]DOQ\LQLH]Z\NOHERJDW\ZVDPRG]LHOQLHIXQNFMRQXMĈFHRb-UD]\DVDPXWZyUWDNDWUDNF\MQ\ZOHNWXU]H
Bibliografia
ĭUyGãRPDWHULDãXMč]\NRZHJR
6LHQNLHZLF]+/LVW\]SRGUyİ\GR$PHU\NL.UDNyZ
%XU\ 0 3RUyZQDQLD XWDUWH L LQG\ZLGXDOQH Z WZyUF]RĤFL
7 .RQZLFNLHJR Å5RF]QLNL+XPDQLVW\F]QHµW;/,9]s. –
*ãRZLęVNL0LLQ6ãRZQLNWHUPLQyZOLWHUDFNLFK:URFãDZ