New Traces In Old Barrow. A Reinterpretation of Particular Finds from Barrrow 2 at Szwajcaria Cemetery (Sudovian Culture)

s.

lĄ h cqN J lQ o =: - - a Y^ ^.: r o =

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NEW

TRACES

IN OLD

BARROW.

A

REINTERPRETATION

OF

PARTICULAR

FINDS

FROM BARRROW

2

AT

SZWAJCARIA CEMETERY

(SUDOVIAN

CULTURE)

BARTOSZ

KONTNY

Abstract

Thę author recalls the famous princely Sudovian culture grave at Szłvajcaria (today within the administrative limits of

Suwałki). Apart from presenting the grave fumishings according to up-to-date _Ępological standards, he tries to reinterpret particular finds' identiĘing the metal fittings of a saddle and the metal mountings of a possible leather bucket aimed at hid_

ing a horse hamess. Additionally, an engtaved omament spotted on the head of a shafted weapon

_Ępe

Vennolum/IlĘrer 15

is presented.

Key words: Sudovian culture, princely grave, Szwajcaria, saddle, horse gear, Vennolum.

The

princely

grave at

Szwaj

caria

The

most opulent interrrment

of

Sudovian culhrrę

in

the cemetery

at

Szwajcarta,

barrow

2,

grave 1, was published years ago' and discussęd several times,

par-ticularly because of the weapons found therę (Antonie-wicz et

al.

1958, pp.23-31 , pl.

I-IX;

Antoniewicz 1962,

p.198tr;

Nowakowski

1994, p.385,

Fig. 2.I0;

2007,

p.86;

von

Camap-Bomheim,

Ilkjrer

1996,

pp.320, 477;

Biborski,

Ilkjrer 2006a, p.195,

Table

15;2006b,

p.388;

Miks

2007b,

p.739,

pl.

II3.A7I7;

Kontny

2007,pp.IZ5ff,l28,

Fig.

5, 8:b).

Although

it dęmands a thorough sfudy and dętailed publication comparable

to

those dęvotęd to the

princely

graves at Gommęrn (Becker 2010) or

Muśov

(Peśka,

Tejral2002),I would

likę

to discuss

only

a

few

items found thęre.

Lęt

me

recall

that the barrow was

circular,

0.4

to

0.9 metres

high

(lower in the centre),

2l

metres

in

diameter, and topped

with

a four to

five-layer

Stone covęr. Bęnęath the three-by-one-metre stone

paving was a

grave

pit

4.lby

I.3 metres. Inside, a 55-year-oldmale lay

onhis

back,

oriented along a southeast-northwest

axis

(Fig.

1).

on

his

left węrę found a sword

in

a scabbard, an axe, a shield boss and a snaffle bit with horse hamess

mounts, that is, rhomboid strap connectors.

A

pair

of

spurs was found by the fęet. Brooches, twęezers and a

single strap ęnd werę locatęd

by

the chest, scissors to the left of thę head, and a comb to the right. The two

heads of shafted węapons ręferred to and a sęcond bri_ dle with horse harness fittings węrę sifuated around 40

cęntimetres further away, beyond the skull. We should

enumeratę hęre also the concentration of mętal fittings of an unknown function at foot level, to the left of the deceased.

As

regards the grave furnishings, wę should

enumęrate the

following

specimens:

1.

An

iron two-edged sword

_Ępe

Folkęslunda- Zaspy,

SubĘpe

1 after

M.

Biborski

and J. Ilkjrer (2006a), or

Ępe

Lauriacum-Hromówka, Variant

Hromówka

after

C.

Miks

(2007a),with a small bone pommel, in a

scab-bard made

of

oak

and leather equipped

with

an

iron

scabbard slide closę to

_Ępe

Kaczanowski VII

(1992).

2. Two bronzę Strap connectors (covered

with

silver)

aimęd at fastening thę sword.

3. Balteus fittings: one silver in the shape of a Cervidae animal (the general shape

of

a deer, the antlers

of

an

elk), three circular brorwę plates fitted

with silver

and

gilded impressed

foil,

one bronze silvered shield grip

shaped, one bronze silvęręd rectangular, with washer, one bronze silvęręd cręscęnt.

4.

A

silver balteus buckle Type Madyda-Legutko

Dl7

(1e86).

5.

An

iron axę with a symmetrical edge, small.

U

ti

'r

m

ii

tl trl H

O

&

/

l-ii

Irn"*

"////

;ffi

fuw*

"t !" t1 1

,..

'ł}''

fl

!:

!i

ąfl*

;t

u*

if

.'i

*ff-! ł' *

s

e

SOCIETIES OF THE PAST: APPROACHES TO BURIAL CUSTOMS AND GRAVE GOODS

Fig. 1 . A plan of grave 1 from barrow 2 in Szwajcaria (after

Ę*-

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Pi

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")-Fig' _Szwajcaria 2' A leather bucket (?) from Szwajcaria, barrow 2, grave 1 and analogies: 1 the ręmains ofa possible bucket found in

(after Antoniewicz et al. 1958, pl. VI.1);

2

preserved elements of the bucket

SAKX

from the Illerup bog site (after von carnap-Bornheim, Ilkjrer

1996,Fig.75);3

areconstnrction of the bucket

SAKX

from the Illerup bog site (after

von Camap-Bomheim, ilkjrer 1996, Fig. 76);

4

preserved _{elements of the bucket SAKO from the Illerup bog site (after} von camap-Bornheim, rrkjar 7996, Fig. 109);

5

a reconstruction of the bucket

sAKo

from the Illerup Log site (after von Carnap-Bomheim, Ilkjrer 1996, Fig. 110).

6.

An

iron head

of

a shaftęd weapon Type

Ilkjrer

15/

Vennolum

(Ilkjer

1990), ornamented with a

zigzag

en-graved pattern.

7.

An

iron hęad of a shafted węapon

_Ępe

Kaczanows-ki

XV

(1995) damascened

with silver

solar, lunar and s-shaped motifs, and a rivęt of a socket dęcorated

with

silver notched wire.

8.

An iron

shięld-boss type Jahn

8

(1916)lzieling

D

(1e8e).

9.

Two iron

spurs

Type

Szwajcaia

aftęr

U.

Gięsler

(1e78).

10.

An

iron

bńdle bit

_{Ępe lCI,28}

after

M.

orsnes

(1993) with two pairs of femrles (rein and cheekpiece).

I

l.

Headgear fitted with two bronze rhomboid connec-tors topped with silvęr impressed

foil'

12. Att iron

bridle bit

_Ępe

lCI,

2C

aftęr

M.

orsnes

(r ee3).

13. Headgear of twisted leather straps with

bronzęfrt-tings:

three

rosettę-like

four-armed connectors, two

T-shaped connectors,

rectangular strap mounts

and

sęveral

nails with

hemispherical

heads

of

the

hęad-piece, noseband, browband and central strap,

ornamen-tal fitting

of

the central strap

with motifs of

a human

head and bird scavengęr head.

14.

Apiece

of an iron knife.

15.

A

silver belt bucklę closę to Type

E

after R.

Mady-da-Legutko ( 1986).

l6.

An

iron bęlt buckle closę to

_Ępe

E14 aftęr R.

Ma-dyda-Legutko (1986).

17.

An

iron bęlt buckle closę to Type D30 aftęr R.

Ma-dyda-Legutko (1986).

18. Thręe bronzę silvered strap ends closę to

_Ępe

6.1 after R. Madyda-Legutko (2011).

19. A bronze strap end close to Type 2.6 aftęr R.

Mady-da-Legutko (2011).

20.

Two

bronzę

brooches

fittęd

With notched

silver

wire, Type

Almgren

167 (1923). 21. Two bronze tweezęrs.

22.

An

antler comb

_Ępe

II after S. Thomas (1960).'

I

_{Based on a chronology of the equipment, we may attribute}

grave 1 at barrow 2 to Phase C,o (see Ilkjaer 1990, p.387;

von Camap-Bomheim, Ilkjrer 199ó, pp.320,477; Biborski,

Ilkjer 2006a,p.195;2006b, p.388; Kontny 2001'

p.125Ę.

Bucket?

To this, we should add a flat u-shaped iron fitting

with

fwo

diagonal rods sticking

to it,

as

well as

sevęral bronze nails with hemispherical heads, situated nearby

in

pairs

stretching

along

a line

(Fig.

2.1).

The

nails were sfuck

in

the remains

of wood of

unknown

spe-cies, covered

with

lęather at a distance of 2.5 to threę centimetręs

from

onę another' at right angles.

one of

thę nails was situatęd at the end of the u-shaped fltting (18 centimetres

in

length, sevęn

to

eight centimetres in width' and around two cęntimetręs in breadth)'

with

which

thę wood remnants were also connęcted.

Nęar-by, at a distance

of

14 centimętres, an iron buckle was

found,

but its original

shape

is

not known.

Unfortu-nately' thę vęrification of thę original shapes of fittings

and buckles is impossible, as their state of preservation today is not sufficięnt to make any statements.2

How-ever, we should admit that an old publication included

quite

a

precise description

of

the

iron

and

wooden elements, together

with

a

drawing (Antoniewicz el

al.,

1958, _{p.26ff, pl. VI:1). Its} authors węre unable to dęterminę its function. They

only

considered the

pos-sibility

that

it

was a

quiver,

_{but did}

not

include

this assumption

in

the publication.3

Nowadays, such

as-sumptions may be rejected: the quivers we know from bog

finds

(Nydam, Vimose,

possibly

also

Illerup

and

Kragehul) or singular grave finds (HÓgom' Medelpad, Sweden, and

Altdorf,

Canton

Uri,

Switzerland) dated

to the

Roman Period

and thę

Migration Period

werę

tubular

in

shape, and made

of

wood, bark

or

leather,

without any _{metal fittings (Rau 2007,}

_with

_further

lit-erature).

Also,

nomadic-type quivers cannot

be

com-pared

with

the fittings

from

Szwajcaria: nomads (east Indo-Iranians) used goritos to hidę ćuTows and a

boq

as

is

shown on the

first-century

BC

to

first-century ADa battle plaque

fiom

barrow 2 at Orlat, Uzbekistan (Pugachenkova 1989,

Fig.

71; Ilyasov,

Rusanov

199g,

pl. IV:l;

Nikanorov

and

Khudyakov

2013), frequent representations

in

Bosporan frescoes and gravestones

at

Kęrch

(Istvónovits'

_{Kulscsór 2O0I,p.153,Fig.}

_10.4,

9-10), or

Mędieval

plaques from Tepsey on the

fuver

Yenisey (Gryaznov

1979,

Fig.

6l;

Khudyakov

1990,

The items frombarrow 2 are kept inthe StateArchaeological Museum in Warsaw, the Section for the Archaeology

of

the Balts (inventory no

pMMV/4498).

I would LLe to express my gratitude to Anna Bitnęr Wróblewska PhD for letting me work with thęse materials.

Personal communication: the late Professor Jerzy Okulicz-Kozaryn, to whom I am very grateful for the discussions conceming Szwajcaria.

As

for

chronology, see Bernard and Abdullaev 1997,

pp.75-84.

G)-SOCIETIES OF THE PAST: APPROACHES TO BURIAL CUSTOMS AND GRAVE GOODS

o\

U

Fr

J

m

r r')

Fl

r!

H Q

&

il^ i

Ca

o.i

!=oini j 15;j ś F3." _=.S '_'i-śo źd'Żąi

z<Ee?

N,

a7

źŻ

_<o

Fig.

2).

Howeveą

apart

flom

the

Scythian-Ępe

bow5 together with goritos' _{anothęr form of}

_cylindrical

quiv-er was also used by the Sarmatians.6 This is proven

by

pafticular

representations

_of

_{Trajan's column}

_or

_the

Bosporan

gravestone

_of

psycharion's

_son

_Daphnos

(Istvźnovits,

_{Kulscsór2001,}

_{p.l53' Fig.}

_{10.l2-13), and}

also archaeological _{finds: a few quivers from the north} Pontic _{zonę show thę prevalence}

_{ofcylindrical}

_quivers

of birch bark' wood or

leather, somętimes

with

trac-es

of

paint

(Simonenko

2OOl,

p.l99ff).

which

is

evi_ denced not only by _{further Sarmatian finds but also}

_by

Parthian or Sassanid representations

(Khazanov

1971,

p'42). It

is

also possiblę that

biconically

shaped

quiv-ers _{were in use, as is suggested by the late first_century}

AD

gravestonę of

Flavius

Proculus from Philadelphia,

now in

the

Mainz

Landesmusęum

(Dixon,

Southem

1992, p.54,

Fig.

Z3)i.

This

form

also became

typical

of Xiongnu/Hunnic

(Brosseder,

_Miller

_2012,

_p.I23ff,

Figs. 7, 15)

andAvaric

armamęnts

(Daim2003,p.492;

Riesch et

ąl.

2012, _{p.194ff, Figs. 28-33).}

Based on quite a _{precise presentation of finds in situ,}

I

would

likę

to

plopose

another interpretation

_of

the

puzzltng

remains

at

Szwajcaria, barrow

2. The

most

probable

posśibility

_{I am ablę to point out at the} mo-ment is that we are dealing with the remains of organic (mostly _{leather) buckęts known from the Scandinavian}

bog site at Illerup

(Fig.2.2-5).A

fęw _{buckęts aimed at}

hiding

a horse hamęss and a

bridle bit

werę found

in

that Danish

sacrificial

deposit _{(von Carnap_Bornheim,}

Ilkjrer

1996, p.260ff);

thęir

_{almost complete absencę}

in

other

bog

sites8 may be explained

by

thę fact that

Illerup is the only

big

site abundant

in

organic materi_ als that has been excavated according to modęm

męth-odologies. Howeveq thęre arę no two idęntical leather

buckets from Illerup; _{there were repeatedly used parts} to strengthen _{thęir construction' that is, trough-shaped}

edge

fittings, wooden

edge

covers

_{fixęd with}

_nails,

'

It should be noted that the term ,scythian type,is not a

ręal ethnic denominator value in the timęs in question, as

Late Scy'thian _{quivers were also cylindrical in shape (see}

Puzdrovskiy 2007, p.135).

6

_{Some suggest that there were Roxolans who expressed}

a

more conseryative attitude, utilising Scythian_type bows

and goritos, while Jazygian _{wariors lr..a tuU"tui quivers} (Istvźnovits, Kulcsór 2001, p.153) but _{it rather seems that}

both solutions were popular in a Sarmatian milieu.

7

_{See also Coulston 11985}

8

_{Further tracęs of buckets}

(von Camap_Borrrheim,

_IlĘer

1996,p.262) were identified only in Nydam, a fragment of

the wooden list with nails and front mounting (Erigelhardt

1865' pl.

v23,

25), and Vimose, charactęrińc

_sńp

_ends (Engelhardt 1869, pl. 15.20-22).

small but numęrous rhomboid metal mountings' open_

work rectangular fittings, or bands of iron sheęt. Therr

main task was to

join

the edges of the leather

(rhom-boid plaques), or to

hold

the bucket's mouth

(trougt-shaped _{fittings, wooden objects and band mountings,:}

only

_{openwork rectangular plaques}

_were

_intęndec

specifically

to adorn.

Additionally,

small buckles

anj

strap ends werę traced together with the buckets, sen

-ing

as parts

of

a lęather

canying

strap. _{We may} firrć

representatives

_of

_{particular groups}

_in

_{Szwajcaria_} barrow 2.

Analogies

to thęm could be found

in

the

I]-lerup

finds, speciflcally

inv.

no.

SARE

(von

Carnap_

Borrrheim,

_IIĘru

_1996,Fig.

_162-163,

_pl.

_2l2),

_{SASx_}

(von

Camap-Bomheim,Ilkjar

_1996.

_Fig.

_{l19_120. p,}

156),

SAKO

(von Carnap-Bonrheim,

IlĘrer

l996,

Fie

109-110,

pl.

148) and

SAKX

(von

Carnap_Bornhein

Ilkjnr

1996,Fig.75-76,

pl.

106). Naturally, thęrę ar: no identical parallels in Scandinavia, _{but there was als:}

no uniform model among Scandinavian buckets. Add:_

tionally, strap ends from _{lęather straps used to}

_carn

_l

bucket

of

Scandinavian

_Ępe

werę absent

in

Szwajca--ia, but they werę not inevitable (they could have bee:

substituted

by

_{equally functional exclusively}

_leathe:

straps, maybe

with

an

iron

buckle, ręmains

of whic:

were spotted

in

Szwajcaria). Furthermore,

we

cannrl

exclude the

possibility

that we are dealing with a

Scar--dinavian inspiration _{only, not a real import. We cannr:}

avoid the

question

why

_{the proposed bucket fitting.}

were located in a position far from the original. In n:-.

opinion,

it

could bę accountęd for

by

the fact that tł:: buckęt _{construction was fragile, not durable enough ..}

survive pressurę on the grave

filling

(the grave pit

di;

not

include any

_{chamber construction, so the bucke:} had to be covered _{and destroyed at once,}

_while

_fillir:

the pit

with

earth).g Wę are _{probably dealing with tL.}

remains

of

a smashed container, not

a

.normally,

de-composed one: that

is why iron

rods were found

b;-tween (or beneath?) the band mounting, and a naile,c

woodęn

list

was placed a _{certain distance from}

_then

Nafurally, the above idęntification is only hypothetica_. but I _{consider it to be the most} plausiblę at thę

momen:

:

Moreover, it is conoborated _{by the contęxt: it was srtu_}

ated in the 'horse equipment

zone'of

the grave: to the

left of

the legs, at the

level

bętween the feet and th: knees, together

with

_{the horse harness and thę ner:}

rider's _{equipmęnt described below.}

9

_Even

_in

_{the case of the Illerup finds, the buckets}

rł'e:=

reconstnłcted hypothetically to a cęrtain degree, as the: fittings were found scattered

o'\

(-)

F-r

J

m

4

i

o

Fl

o

E] Q

&

0

5

iOcm

#ry

'*_}e-ł="

(il

SOCIETIES OF THE PAST: APPROACHES TO BURIAL CUSTOMS AND GRAVE GOODS

0

5

lłcll

J

Ę

3 The saddlę from Sz,łvajcaria, barrow 2, grave 1, and analogies: 1 the remains ofthe saddle found in Szwajcaria (after

'ilłmctiervicz et al. 1958,pI.YI.Z);2 fittings of saddle I from Ejsbol North bog site (after Orsnes 1988, pl. 185);

3

thę con-[rrraneous state ofpreservation ofsaddle remnants from Sz'"vajcaria (1, 3 wood, leather and iron,2bronze) (photograph

:!

aoó"i

!locń'

o.: r-o;

_::9! o ątr 6 - tu: N:

śź

z-

3

z<iiE3

N"

av

żż

<o

r0

I

S

addle

Another group of finds of unclear destiny was situated

over

20

centimętres _{to the northwest, that}

_is,

_{close to} the _{sword, shięld, axe and horsę harnęss}

_(Fig.

_{3.1)' It}

consisted of wooden remains (unidentified species)

in

an elongated _{position, covered with lęathęr fixęd}

_with

two _{rows of bronze nails, at right angles to each other}

(it all,2l

survived). From thę _{northwest, it is confined}

with an iron fitting _{of rectangular, elongated iron band}

around

17

centimętres

_{long, with}

_outcurved

termi-nals. It was fastened to thę wood with a few iron nails, which _{were also to replace the layer of lęather between}

the wood and the iron fitting (Fig. 3.3). The whole set

is quite long, measuring _{around 60 centimętręs, but its} original _{shape cannot be established. Closę to onę of its}

ends, an iron ring with an elongated _{fęmrle was} locat-ed, and thę next one, with a rivet connęcting two parts

of

_{the fęmrlę, was found a}

_few

_centimetres

_from

an-other _{tetminal. The third item of that}

_Ępe

_{was arranged}

sticking to a patch of wood, _{sęveral centimetres to the}

northwęst of the first onę. Its morphological

simiłarity

to thę others makes thę assumption that

it

is

linked

to

the

shield

(situated _{nearby) not}

_very

_{possible. In}

_my

opinion, wę are dealing with the remains

of

a saddle.

As

we know about few examples of barbarian saddles dated to the Younger Roman

period

_{from north Euro_} pean bog sites, their ęxact reconstruction is impossible, as to their

poor

state

of

preservation.lo _{Nevertheless,}

particular groups

of

fittings are unequivocally

con_ nęctęd with saddlęs.

Specifically'

_{thęsę are rectangular}

fittings

(Fig.

3.2)

similar

to the one

from

Szwajcaria,

though frequently _{more ornamęntal and equipped}

_with

loops

(used

for

fastening

saddles

to

horsęs'

backs)

fixed with rivęts or

_{anchor-like terminals: Thorsberg}

(Engelhardt I 863,

pl.

I g. 16), Illerup place

_A

_{(here also}

elongatedpiecęs of wood with triangular cross-section' see

von

Camap-Bornheim,

_Ilkjer

_1996,

_{List 3)}

_and

Vingsted (von Carnap-Bornheim,

_Ilkjar

1 996, p.27

2ff

_,

pl.

115) as

well

as

Ejsbol Norrh

(Orsnes

1988,p.93t

pl.

184-190).

Some

of

them

were

shorteą and these are mostly bent. In

_Ęing

to _{reconshuct their}

_original

position,

_{we may}

_{also use thę later}

_{Migration Pęriod}

finds from

_{Scandinavia, characterised}

_by

_similar

_{de_}

signs of saddles, e.g., the SÓsdala votive find

in

Skónę

(Norberg

1931, p.109,

Fig.

5-7,

14;

Holmquist

1951, p.109,

_Fig.

_{51-54), A-mosse also}

_in

_{Skóne (Holmquist}

1951, p.110,

Fig.

55),

Vennebo

(Holmquist

1951,

10

Based on fragmentary finds from lllerup, C. von Carnap_

Bornheim and J. _{Ilkjrerpostulate onlytwo rypes of saddles:}

with _{woodęn frame and fittings with loops, and simple}

saddles without a _{frame, only with padding (von Carnap_}

Bornheim, Ilkjar 199 6, p.27 2).

p.l07 ff, F ig. 47 -49), L'ónghem

(Holmquist

1 95 1.

Fry

56)

and

Finnestorp'

all

threę

in

VżistergÓtland (\or* dquist 2007' p.231ff,

Fig.

6.3), as

well

as JÓnkÓp,xg

(Kanalgatan) in Smóland

(Holmquist

1 95 1 _, p. 1 10'

Fłg

58;

Arrhenius

1987, p.464ff,

_Fig.

_I I . 10). It seems _tbrn

shortęr fittings _{were to strengthen the edges of a pom_}

mel

(convex

_{fittings with loops)' including its}

_lorł,er pafts,

sticking

at least to part

of

a

_{seat (shorter oner}

with

_{outcurved terminals). The latter type could al.*,a} havę been _{placed singly, in the central part}

_ofa

por-mel, with a _{loop upwards. The longer mountings cou-ld}

rathęr be used as reinforcęmęnts

_of

_{the seats' edges'} Naturally, the parts we know

from

Szwajcaria are nm

identical to the Scandinavian _{onęs: thęre arę no}

_shonę

fittings, the

elongated

mounting

is

simply

_{iron, "nc}

the loops were fixed in a diffęrent way' probably

_rriń

leather straps. It plausibly expresses its lócal characteą

e.g.'

_{vęry similar loops with}

_elongated

_femrles

_u.ere used as an elęment

of

a horse hatness, probably tbe

reins,

in

thę

Dollkeim-Kovrovo

_{culturę horse}

_grar-e

in

thę cemetery at

Izobil'noe,

ray.

Polessk,

formerlr

Klein-FlieB, Kr. Labiau

(Heydeck 1900, p.5g,

pl !

_).

Nevertheless' wę are dealing with a saddle: one of iL"

edges had to

bę

added

with

a rectangular sheet, an another thickęr edge with a lęather covęr fittęd with a

double

line of nails

(therefore, the

rows

are arranged

at a ńght angle).12 Unforfunately' I cannot propose an\.

detailed ręconstruction, because

of

the large amount

of mixed

organics

in

that part

of

the grave. Thę siru_

ation of loops with femrlęs (probably used for fasten_

ing

the girth, maybe

with

_{a breast strap and a breech} strap) suggest that its edge (or the edges

ofthe

seat and

pommel) were close to the left _{side of the dęcęased, so} the saddle spread to thę ęast or _{northeast, but the}

un-certainĘ

even as to the original position

ofthe

saddle

(horizontally _{or on its side) does not allow us to make}

a conclusion on that question.13

1l

_The

_femrlęs

_{of a}

_{horse harrress adjoining}

the saddle

from Szwajcaria possess the same shape; ńerefore, the

discussed fittings, not attributed to a horsę harness, have to

be of a different character than a part ofhorse headgear.

12

Although similar nails were used in the case of the item formerly presented (possibly a bucket), the probability _that

it was also a saddle is rather excluded' as tńe other fittings

have no parallels _{among saddle mounts.}

13 _{We should undęrline}

the fact that we are dealing with one

of

the earliest saddles proven for the

Barbaricń.

Naturally. their use was possible slightly earlier; see finds of girth buckles from Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture, e.g., Aleyka 3,

grave 418 (see Skvorcov 2012, Fig.3:9). Unfortunately,

there were no fittings found there, so maybe they served as a saddle-cloth flxing.

o\

O

F

-l

m

El

o

+r

O

4

15 _{from Szwaj caria,barow}

_2,

_grave

carved lines visible on pictures _{4 and}

c)-S OCIETIES OF THE PAST: APPROACHES TO BURIAL CUSTOMS AND GRAVE GOODS

Fig. 4. The omamentation _{on the head of the shafted weannń Trrn-}

\/___^l-.'-_ llll

r:

1,2

images

orboth;;l;.

orthe brade; 3

?

;;l;[:lTT#:..J:ii:.],yii!;:

crry h CA o "i ^.: L o =

j rE J

e 5d'Żą\

z<Ee9

N*

o7

!ts 'ir _Z

ło

leV

Head

of

a shafted

weapon

The above ęlęments conespond to Scandinavian finds, although _{not directly.}

_Still,

_there

_is

_{onę item}

_which

_is

evidently

of

a Scandin avian character,

_which

_I

_would

like _{to present in some detail. It is the hęad of a shaftęd} weapon, recognised

_as

_a

_specimen

_of

_Type

_{15/Ven_} nolum according to J. Ilkjrer (Ilkjrer 1990, _{p.3g7; von}

Camap-Bornheim,

_Ilkjer

_{2OOl, pp.320,}

_4i7;

_Kontrry 2007, pp.I28-129,

_Fig.

g.b).

_After

_{all, no}

_one

_up

_till

now has paid _{attention to the fact that some omamen_} tation has

survivęd on

it.l4

It

is

blurred

by

corrosion

and conservation' _{but nevęr1heless}

_it

_{is undeniablę. It} was possible to sfudy

it

_{thoroughly undęr an electron} microscope.r5 Thus,

we

are dealing

with

a pattern

_of

zigzag parallel lines

_{engraved along the}

_midrib

_(Fig.

4), in particular aręas _{probably adjoining longifudinal}

grooves

(Fig.

4.4,

7)'

Indeed,

it is

not noticeablę on the _{wholę surface' but}

_{originally it}

_{coveręd the whole}

blade on both

its

sides. That type

of

ornament

is

un_

questionably of _{Scandinavian origin; in}

_Balt

_{lands (see}

Kontny

2007)

ań

in thę Przeworsk culture (see

Kac-zanowski

1 988;

Kontny

2004, pp.l47 _149, _Figs.

6_7 ;

Kontny

2008) so far such motifs and techniques were not spotted

for

the

younger

and

Late

Roman period. Thę area of

_Ępe

Vennolum's appearancę _{is limited to}

Scandinavia

(Ilkjar

l990, Fig. _{81), and thę singIe items}

attributed to _{Przeworsk culture}

_(IlĘrer

_{1990, rable 63)}

find more demands of

_Ępology

after P.

Kaczanowski

(1995).16 _{Lanceheads of Vęnnolum}

Ępe

adomed

with

a

ngzag

pattern _{węIe Very frequently given}

_with

n-nic

inscriptions,rT _{generally engraved, but}

exceptio:-ally

even stamped

(Stocklund

19g6, _{pp.76, g6, Figs} 1-4). Unfortunately, despite careful study with a micri*

scope, I have not spotted _{any signs of this.} Nevenhe-less, the

possibility

is not _{ultimately excluded, as pE::} of the bladę was cut out and rejected for metallograp:_

ic

analysis in the 1950s

(Piaskowski

1958, p.63fĘ

F:;

1.3). _{Therefore, we can imagine that}

_it

_{also embrac;;}

a runic inscription, but it is equally probable that th**

was no inscription at all: thę excised paft was sifuatr,;

in the middlę of the blade's length, but thę runic scr::ł:

was frequently placed

slightly bęlow

this

level.

at

r::

widest part of the blade.

C

onclus

i

ons

Thę

_{abovę obsęrvations show that there ęxistęd}

ct:-tacts bętwęen Scandinavian

_{and Sudovian}

_{ęlites. a-_}

though _{to account for thęir charactęr we nęed}

_funh::

studies, the more so _{that there are also traits of the prz:_}

worsk

culture

in

thę discussed grave' e.g.' a sword

.:

a type _{known mostly from the Przęworsk culture ar*i}

(Biborski,

_Ilkjnr

_{2006a,p. I 95,}

_Fig.

_{1 3 1}

), or przeworsr

inspiration _{(although not making), as in the case of rL:}

sęcond head of the shafted węapon from the prince__'

grave

_{at Szwajcaria (Kontny}

_{2007, pp.t25_126, F:1}

5).

At the

_{moment, I may}

_only

_{suggest that the}

_m::

buried hęre was probably _{entangled in multi-ethrric}

*--terprises during Phase C,o, maybe in thę Scandinar'ia_-_ ' wars, documented

by

_{bog deposits from that age (se;}

e. g. Ilkjrer 1993, pp.37 5 -3 86;

Kaul

_{1997 ;}

LundHanse:

2007).

Ręferences

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O., 1923. _{Studien tiber nordeuropciischen}

F.-belformen der ersten _{nachchristlichen Jahihunderte n:.:}

B _{eriicksichtigung der provinziąlrómischen und stidru} s s -schen Formen Mannus-Bibliothek. 32.

LeĘzig.

ANTONIEWICZ, J., 1962. O kilk-u imporrach prowincjo:_

alnorąłnskich

i

kultury ,,wenedzkiej.. znaliziottych r'z

obszarze _{plemiennym Jacwieży. Rocznik Biąłostocki. II'} 184-204

ANToNIEWICZ,

J',

KACZyŃszu,

M.A.,

oKULICZ.

.r 1958. W1łriki badań przeprowadzonygh

_w

₁₉₅₆

_toku..

cmentarzysku kurhanowym

w

miejsc. Szwajcaria, po.,r

Suwałki. Wi a d o m o ś c i Arc h e o l o gi c zn e,

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ARRHENIUS.

B..

1987. _{Skandinarien und Osteuropa} L-der VÓlkerwanL-derungszeit. 1n.. G.

BOTT,

ed'. Germaneł.'

Museum in Wrocław, as well as

Alicja

Gałęzowska trL'.

for her help in working with material from Młodzikos c

and Domaradzice housed in thę Archaeological Museur-tnPoznan.

r7 _{Personal communication from professor}

Jorgen Ilkjar. r-c:

which I am very grateful.

la _{I owe}

this remark to Wiesława Gawrysiak-Le szczyhska,

who _{has drawn particular items from Szwajcaria, so I}

would like to express my gratitude to her.

|5 _{I would like to}

thankAnna Bitner-Wróblewska PhD' of the

State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, for allowing me to use the microscope.

16 _Taking

_into

_{consideration}

_their

proportions,

we

may

1ink them with Vennolum

_Ępe'

but tńey do not possess a- narrowing

_in

the

point

area characteristic

_{of Ępe}

Vennolum, i.e., Domaradzice, Grave 135 (Kostrzewski

19 5 4' F tg. 1 55. 1 6), Młodzikowo, grave _{1 35} (Dymaczewski

1?|9'-rt

il:22),

Krapkowice, grave

27

-(Mączyiska 1971.,Fi9 32), Serby (quoted as Lerchenberg), stay flnd (Tackenberg 1925, pl.8.1). Other Scandinavian forms

of

heads of shafted weapons are very rare in the przeworsk

culture, and they are linked with the influęnces

of

the

Welbark

culture (Biborski 2008), which was probably influenced

_by

_the

_Scandinavian

_modęl

_of

_{*.upun y,} 1amely in the Younger andLatę Roman Period (see, e.g.'

finds from Żamowlec, Krokowa com., i.e., the head of the

shafted weapon

of

Skiolum

_Ępe:

Kontny 2006,

p.I46,

Fig.

1.B,

2,

with ftuther literafure, or thó speańead

of

Lundskin Type/Ilkjer 14 from Mława, Mława com., see

Kaczanowski and Zaborowski 19gg, p.230tt,

Fig.

7).

It seems _{that Scandinavian forms are aiso unique in the}

Balt.milieu (see Kontny 2007, p.12g; yuganov _{200.1). I} would like to thank Krzysztof Demidziuk

MA

for letting me sfudy the materials from Serby collectęd in the

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Recęived: 22February 2012; Revised: 28

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Ac-cepted: 26 August 2013.

Bartosz Kontny

Institute ofArchaeology, University of Warsaw Krakowskie P ruędmieście 26 l 28

00-927 Warsaw

E-mail: bartosz.kontny@uw.edu.pl

NAUJI

PED

SAKAI

SENAME

PILKAPYJE.

YPATINGV

RADINIU,

RASTU

SZWAJCARIA

PILKAPYNE, PILKAPYJE

2,

NAUJA INTERPRETACIJA

(SUDUVoS

_KULTUnł;

BARTOSZ

KONTNY

S

antrauka

Straipsnyje gr!ilama

prie

gęrai

istoriogrĄoję

żjno-mo garsaus

didiko

(princely grave) kapo iś Szwajcaria

(SuwałĘ

apylinkes)

pilkapyno

(sDduviq kulhlra)

ypa-tingq radiniq naujos interpretacijos (1 pav.). Bę didiko,

kape, pilkapyj ę

2,

rasta żinomr1 radiniq, analizuojamq

pagal priimtas tipologines Schęmas. Taćiau śiame kape

rastus _{ivairius metalinius apkalus autorius, remdamasis}

analogijomis' vięnus mano esant balno apkalais, kitus

priskiria

odinei

kibiro

formos dćżutei,kuri greićiausiai

buvo

naudojama żirgo pakinktams sudeti (2,

3

pav.). Taip pat autorius _{analizavo ornamęntą' iŚgraviruotą ant}

ietigalio imovos (Vennolum

/Ikjnr

15 tipas) (5 pav.). Śir1

Szwajcaria

didiko radiniq

anallzć

Leidżia teigli,

kad sDduvir1

ir

skandinavq elitas _{palaike ryśius. Taćiau}

norint śi

teiginipagristi, reikia atlikti

_{daugiau wrimq.}

Be

to, minetame kape rastas

kalavijo

tipas

ir

antrasis

ietigalis

(Kaczanowski

XV

tipas)

rodo

Przeworsko kulturos itakos pedsaką.

Taigi

śiuo mefu galima

kons-tatuoti, kad vyras, palaidotas Szwajcańa pilkapyne, 2

pilkapyje, galejo

b[ti

susijęs su daugiaetnine

Clb

peri-I

odo kulturine aplinka, galbDt net vadinamaisiais Skan-dinavijos karais. Pastaruosius _{ryśius atskleidżia} gausus

dep ozitai Skandinavij o s p elkese.

Verte Audrone Bliuj iene

o\

(-)

ti

rf

m

ś

o

^a rq H

O

&

SOCIETIES OF THE PAST: APPROACHES TO BURIAL CUSTOMS AND GRAVE GOODS

ci