PAPERS — ARTICLES — ARTYKUŁY
„TURYZM" 1992, z. 1
Stan isław L isze w sk i
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY AS A TOURIST CENTRE. THE EXAMPLE OF ŁÓDŹ
UNE VILLE INDUSTRIELLE EN TANT QUE CENTRE TOURISTIQUE. L ’EXEMPLE DE ŁÓDŻ
MIASTO PRZEMYSŁOWE JAKO OBIEKT TURYSTYCZNY. PRZYKŁAD ŁODZI
1. IN TR O D U C TIO N
A part from holidaying, exploration is one of the main reasons for mass tourist migrations. It is stim ulated by n atu ral and anthropogenic factors which are the product of natural forces and m an’s m aterial acti vity a t different stages of his development. Among anthropogenic fac tors we can distinguish relics from the past, usually centred in old h i storic towns. Away from the m ajor tourist routes, often unnoticed, lies the heritage of human spiritual and m ental activity from the 19th cen tury, the century which m arks the birth of industry and its dynamic development th at has radically changed our modern world.
In m any developed countries, industry, especially in its 19th century classic form, its machines and the products of m aterial culture are be coming historical, now, at the end of the 20th century. Thus, in postindu strial societies there is a growing interest in this historic epoch of our forefathers and particularly in its relics.
In this way so far neglected industrial centres can become tourist centres, especially interesting for those who are enquiring into the pro blems of the industrial revolution, its traces and products of material culture.
This interest is most vigorously m anifestated in G reat Britain, the m other-country of the first industrial revolution, where it has grown in
popularity and has given rise to the discipline of „industrial archaeolo
gy”
The aim of this article is to draw attention to those qualities of the industrial city which even today are of some interest to the more in vestigative tourists, and in the near future can attract m any of those who are searching for „roots” of modern prosperity in postindustrial societies.
The tourist attractions of the industrial city will be presented through example of Łódź, whose origin, development and current situation is a classic example of a large industrial European centre.
2. M A IN FEATURES OF THE O RIGIN A N D DEVELOPM ENT OF Ł Ó D 2 A S
A LARGE CENTRE OF THE TEXTILE IN DUSTRY
Even though the city of Łódź is 570 years old (it was granted its civic rights in 1423), it was only in the 19th century th at its position on the map of Poland and Europe became well known, principally as a re sult of a factory settlem ent being established.
This decision made by the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland brought about, first, the foundation of textile settlem ent called Nowe Miasto (New Town) (1821— 1823) — not far from an agrarian village, but on completely new land. Secondly, it resulted in the creation of a flax-cotton settlem ent called Łódka and its industrial p art called ,,wa- ter-factory possessions”, following the use of w ater for processing, (1824— 1828). The end of the first period of spatial development of indu strial Łódź is m arked by the creation of the so called „Nowa Dzielnica” (New Quarter), organized on the land joined to the town in 1840 (K o- t e r 1969).
The first tw enty years of building a completely new town that Łódź was a t th a t time, is characterized by original urban conceptions which are surprisingly simple, consistent, functional and well designed ( O s t r o w s k i 1949).
The later territorial expansion of the town took place in a way ty pical of the era of industrial explosion. In the case of Łódź and its dy namic development, this led to massive spatial chaos. Łódź of that pe riod (1840— 1918) based its space organization, almost exclusively, on land speculations. That led to a complete functional and spatial m ixture, lacking any unified urban conception.
The spatial and functional chaos which arose at that time was not overcome until later, in spite of some attem pts undertaken in the pe
riod 1918—1939. It was only after World War II, especially during the 1960s and 1970s that the first attem pts to set it in order took place. Such efforts mostly concerned the areas joined to the city after 1915, w here new industrial and dwelling quarters were created. The old 19th century part of Łódź has preserved most of its original urban arrangem ent, like wise the characteristic, early-capitalist tendency towards functional m ixture which now forms a live, 19th century Skansen museum of the industrial city.
The demographic development of Łódź was much more dynamic. Prior to the decision establishing it as a factory settlem ent, the agrarian town of Łódź had but a few hundred inhabitants (in 1810 there were 514). Only ten years after creating the settlem ent „New Town” the figu res were close to 4,500 (1830). Łódź achieved a population of 100,000 inhabitants in 1885 which made it the second most populous city in Po land. Even faster was demographic development of Łódź between 1885— — 1915 when the city gained more than 100,000 inhabitants every ten years (Tab. I).
T a b l e I
T h e d e v e lo p m e n t of th e p o p u la tio n of ind u strial Łódź C r o issa n c e d ém o g ra p h iq u e de Łódź in d u str ielle Y ear T h e nu m ber of th e c ity 's p o p u la tio n , to ta l in th o u sa n d s of in h ab itan ts % of g ro w th 1820 0,8 (1) 100.0 1830 4,3 537.5 1857 29,5 3 687.5 1875 49,5 6 187.5 1885 106,5 13 312.5 1895 168,5 21 062.5 1905 343,9 42 987.5 1915 477,9 59 737.5 1918 341,8 42 725.0 1925 508,0 63 500.0 1939 672,0 84 000.0 1946 496,9 62 112.5 1960 709,7 88 712.5 1990 851,7 (2) 106 462.5 S o u r c e : 1) D a ta fo r 182(1— 1960, W . P u ś, D z i e j e Ł o d z i p r z e m y s ł o w e j ( Z a r y s h is to r ii ) , Ł ódź 1987; 2) R o c z n i k s t a t y s t y c z n y 1990, G łó w n y U rząd S ta ty s ty c z n y , W a rs z a w a 1990.
Tw entieth century Łódź is characterized by two periods of considera ble depopulation which are connected with the two world wars. As
hi-storians estimate (P u ś 1987) the population of Łódź decreased by 43%
during World W ar I, and during World War II it lost as much as 53%
of its inhabitants. Those enormous war losses amounting to hundreds of thousands of people did not only stop demographic development of Łódź, but also contributed to serious changes in national, denominational and social structures of the city. A fter each of the wars Łódź suffered a d e crease in the num ber of inteligentsia, who very scarce even before. Con sequently, Łódź lacks the generation continuity of this social class — so characteristic of many big Polish and European towns. The origin and development of industrial Łódź was associated w ith a mass wave of immigration of a m ulti-national population, dominated by Poles, Jews, Germans, Czechs, and small num ber of Russians. The nationality stru ctu
re of Łódź in the 19th and 20th century (Tab. II) clearly indicates the
domination of Polish and German people at the beginning of the 1870s, followed by a rapid rise in the Polish and Jew ish populations, until
World War II, and a complete domination of Poles after 1945. Thus
within 125 years the industrial city of Łódź has changed its stru ctu re from m ulti-national to homogeneous owing to the world wars.
T a b l e II
T he stru ctu re of th e Łódź p o p u la tio n b y n a tio n a lity Structure par n a tio n s d e la p o p u la tio n de Łódź
Sh are of in h a b ita n ts (in %)
P o lish J e w ish G erm an other
1857 (1) 43.0 15.0 41.0 1.0 1865 34.4 21.1 44.5 — 1897 46.4 29.4 21.4 2.8 1914 51.4 36.4 11.5 0.7 1921 (2) 62.0 31.0 7.0 — 1931 (3) 59.0 31.7 8.9 0.3 1948 (4) 96.3 X X X S o u r c e : 1) W . P u i (1987)j 2) c e n s u s ; 3) c e n s u s ( c r i te r io n o f n a t i o n a l i d e n tit y b a s e d o n th e n a t iv e la n g u a g e : P o lis h , G e rm a n , J e w is h , H e b r e w ) ; 4) R o c z n i k s t a t y s t y c z n y m i a s t a Ł o d z i 1945— 1947, Z a r z ą d M ie js k i w L o d zi, Ł ó d ź 1949 ( o n ly p o lis h c itiz e n s li s te d , w ith o u t s ta t in g t h e i r n a t i o n a l id e n tit y , n a t iv e la n g u a g e o r r e lig io n ) .
After World W ar II the Russian population m igrated from Łódź; the German contribution has been also considerably limited. Nazi occu pation brought about total exterm ination of the Jews, and the Germans, left Łódź after World W ar II.
preserved in objects of m aterial culture which exemplify the co-existen ce of different national groups and their contribution to the develop m ent of this large industrial city.
The third characteristic of industrial Łódź was the type of industry and its realization. In spite of some attem pts to make Łódź a strong centre of textile (woollen) production, the real industrial development was connected with the foundation of cotton factories, especially in the second p art of the 19th century. The textile industry very quickly come to dominate the city’s production. The foundation of big cotton facto ries like those of. K. Scheibler (1854), J. Heinzel (1863), I. K. Poznański (1892) or „Widzewska M anufaktura” (The Widzew M anufacture — 1879) determined the mono-functional character of the city’s industry. This is also confirmed by the structure of the production value (in percen tage) which shows th at in 1870, as much as 88,1% of the general pro duction value in Łódź belonged to the textile industry. In 1890 the fi gure rose to 90,6%, and in 1900 reached as much as 94% ( P u ś 1987). This substantial concentration of the textile industry in Łódź marked the city’s position in the economy of the Kingdom of Poland. In the period preceding World War I (1913) out of all Kingdom workers, 28,5% were employed in Łódź, and 57,4% were working in the textile industry ( P u ś , B a d z i a k 1980).
In spite of m any attem pts and efforts to diversify the city’s industry, today Łódź is still the largest centre of the Polish textile industry, and one of the biggest in Europe. The origin, character and peculiar quality of the city’s development are the source of much tourist potential which Łódź can offer to those who are interested in 19th century „industrial archaeology” in the broad meaning of the phrase.
3. THE A T T R A C T IO N S OF THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE CITY FOR
TO URISM
Talking about anthropogenic qualities we usually think of objects, buildings, edifices and works of art. We very rarely realize th at inner structure like the spatial arrangem ent of settlem ent units (towns, villa ges, settlem ents, quarters) in an outcome of hum an activity and that their harmonious composition is a specific elem ent of urban art. Each epoch of m aterial culture development has left, as its image, a characte ristic urban structure. This enables us to distinguish whole towns or, more often, their fragments, on the basis of their composition, w hether this is Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Roman, Gothic, Renaissance or Baro que style.
The epoch of the industrial revolution, particularly its initial phase, in Poland dating from the first quarter of the 19th century, brought about original urban conceptions influenced by classicism. Those
con-Fig. 1. S p a tia l la y -o u t of „in d u strial Łódź" (1820— 1840)
A . T h e a r e a of , .in d u s tr i a l Ł ó d ź " a t th e b a c k g ro u n d o f Ł ó d ź a d m in is tr a tiv e a r e a in 1987, B. I n d u s tr ia l Ł ódź in 1940: 1 — N o w e M ia s to (N e w T o w n ) — c lo th s e ttle m e n t, 2 — u r b a n g a r d e n s (c lo th o n e s ), 3 __ v ,'a tc r-fa c to ry p o s s e s io n s , 4 — c o lo n y o f th e w e a v e r s o f lin e n a n d c o tto n g o o d s , 5 c o lo n y o f
li n e n s p in n e r s , 6 — c o lo n y o f lin e n d r a p e r s , 7 — N e w Q u a r te r
D e ss in 1. D isp o sitio n s p a tia le d e la „Łódź in d u str ielle " (1820— 1840)
A . T e r r i to i r e d e la „ Ł ó d ź in d u s t r i e l l e ” e t le t e r r i t o i r e a d m in is tr a tif d e Ł ó d ź e n 1987j B. Ł ó d ź in d u - î t r i c l l e e n 1B40: 1 — N o u v e lle V ille (la v il le d e s d r a p ie r s ) , 2 — j a r d in s p u b liq u e s (le s j a r d in s d e s d r a p ie r s ) , 3 — p r o p r i é t é s h y d r o - in d u s tr i e ll e s , 4 — c o lo n ie d e s o u v r ie r s ti s s a n t d u lin e t d u c o to n ,
ceptions were successfully used to delimit areas for factory settlem ents, in places w here the textile industry was developing. The biggest Polish town founded on classical assumptions is Łódź ( D u m a ł a 1988).
The urban conception of industrial Łódź assumed the linking of three different types of textile production centres into one spatial complex. Its backbone was to become the road, called Piotrków track (piotrkowski trakt) — later Piotrkow ska street, aligned in a north-south di rection.
The first centre of this type was the textile settlem ent „New Town” founded between 1821—1823. The spatial system of this settlem ent is one of the best examples of classicist town-planning. Its centre was formed by an octagonal m arket-square w ith four streets radiating from it in four quarters of the globe. There were four blocks of flats by the square and these w ere contained within the boundaries of four streets called respectively: N orthern, Eastern, Southern (now Rewolucji 1905) and W estern. W ithin the area of the settlem ent, some 27 hectares in extent (56 m X 480 m), there were 184 buildings lots. The core of the textile settlem ent was formed by the so called New Town (nowomiejskie) gardens, spreading eastwards from the settlem ent. Allotments of 7,474 m2 were given to every setler for farming and gardening, to meet the sett lers’ entire demand for food. The total num ber of gardens was 202, 18 more than its num ber of building plots ( K o t e r 1980) To the south of the „New Town”, along the track, mentioned earlier, and down the River Jasień, crossing the track about 3 km from the New Town m arket square, new flax-cotton producing settlem ent was formed between 1824—1827, called Łódka. A considerable extention of this settlem ent and its different spatial structure were connected w ith the specific techno logy of flax and cotton production. The lay-out of this settlem ent sta r ted from the valley of the River Jasień, w here two large plots, were allocated for the construction of mechanical mills (so called „w ater-facto- ry possessions”). That was the beginning of the first planned industrial q u arter of Łódź. The residential and production p art of the first flax- -cotton settlem ent was laid out along the Piotrków track, and it was 3,3 km Ions and 600 m wide (210 ha in area). It consisted of 307 buil ding lots. Outside the w eavers’ colony and „w ater-factory possessions” three colonies of spinners were established. To the west, along Wólczań ska S treet (43 lots), to the east between Widzewska and Dzika Streets (42 lots), to the south of the „possessions” — „New Łódka” (Nowa Łód ka) — (73 lots). Altogether the area of the spinners’ colonies was 286
hectares in size.
The third element which influenced the stru cture of industrial Łódź was the foundation of a Silesian Colony (Kolonia Slązaki) in 1828, east
of New Łódka. The colony 72 ha in extent, was split into 42 lots, and inhabited by flax weavers, brought here from Silesia (hence the name).
The last element of planned development of industrial Łódź in the 19th century, was the incorporation of the so called New Q uarter in 1840. It was 468 hectares in size and within its boundaries 300 building lots were laid out.
The spatial stru ctu re of Łódź, formed between 1821— 1840, is gene rally considered to be the best example of town planning in all the cotton towns of Europe. Its authors were inspired by classical town- -planning patterns, showing at the some time a great deal of practical flair. This was revealed in the functional and spatial divisions of the town which was close to more contem porary ideas.
The structure of 19th century industrial Łódź has largely been reta i ned, in spite of its subsequently chequered development. This proves not only the tow n-planners’ considerable skills, but also the existing anthro pogenic, tourist advantages of Polish industrial town planning ( B a l d , J a w o r o w s k i , P o p ł a w s k a 1973).
Another period in the development of Łódź, of which the original urban conceptions remain, is the period of the last 25—30 years of the 19th century and early 20th century. This is a period when enormous industrial profits, of international significance, w ere made in Łódź. Qui te exceptionally, the profits were made in connection w ith textiles, especially cotton production. The process may still be traced in a num ber of large factory-residential complexes formed at th a t time.
Their foundation was revealing about the financial strength and the specific philosophy of their creators. These were people who amassed huge fortunes in one generation so they were able to arrange to have all the components of their business within easy reach. That is w hy the complexes in a given area comprised factory buildings (basic for exis tence), the residence of the owner (usually a palace, less often a villa), houses for factory workers and technical staff, in some cases social faci lities (hospitals, schools, kindergartens), services (shops), and municipal and religious institutions (fire brigades, churches). The location of those buildings and their architectural composition very often had unconven tional forms ( K a c z m a r e k 1987), and their size even exceeded several hundred hectares (G i n s b e r t 1962). The biggest and the best preser ved factory — residential complexes in Łódź are the following: the K. Scheibler complex known as „Księży Młyn” ( P o p ł a w s k a 1972), the I. K. Poznański complex in Ogrodowa Street, and those established by J. Heinzel in Piotrkow ska Street, J. K unitzer (Widzewska M anufak tura), A. Biderman in Kilińskiego S treet and L. Grohman in Targowa
The factory-residential complexes in Łódź are unique spatially and functionally in Europe, thanks to the retention of a range of functions. These 19th century factories still operate in the same buildings w ith the same machinery. W orkers’ houses are still inhabited by workers, and only the places have changed their uses, having been turned into m u seums of the past.
F ig. 2. K. S c h e ib ler's fa c to r y -r e s id e n tia l u n it „ K sięży M lyn"
1 — w o r k e r s d w e llin g h o u ses» 2 — h o u s e h o ld b u ild in g s ; 3 — s to r e h o u s e s a n d m a g azin e s» 4 — school» 5 — r e s id e n c e ; 6 — p a r k i a n d g r e e n e r ie s » 7 — f a c t o r y b u ild in g s» 8 — h o s p ita l
D e ssin 2. E n sem b le in d u striel et r é s id e n tie l de K. S c h eib ler, n o m m é „ K się ż y M łyn"
1 — m a is o n s p o u r Les o u v r ie r s ; 2 — d é p e n d a n c e s ; 3 — s to c k s e t l u d é p ô t s ; 4 — é c o le ; S — r é s i d e n c e 6 — p a r c s e t le s s q u a r e s ; 7 — b â tim e n t« d 'u s i n e ; 8 — h ô p it a l
The spatial continuity of the city and its development are clearly visible, if we look a t the» spine of the city — the former Piotrków track, and since 1828, Piotrkowska Street. It is not a m ere communication a rte ry, serving as a link between last century factory settlem ents, but abo ve all is a genuine functional centre of Łódź.
Its value as a backbone of the city lies in the fact that along its 4 kilom eter route ( R y n k o w s k a 1970) it links originally very different
parts of contemporary Łódź.
The northern fragm ent of the city, form erly Pio trkowska S treet (now Nowomiejska Street), linked the Old Town (Stare Miasto) m arket-squere (agra rian town) w ith the textile settlem ent square, i.e. New Town. To the south, Piotrkowska Street cros sed farming areas, which are now visible in the arrangem ent of allotm ents (formely fields) between Południowa (Southern) Street and Dzielna Street. Starting from Dzielna Street up to the so-called Gó rn y Rynek in the south, Piotrkow ska Street was the backbone of two old colonies of weavers and, partly, flax-spinners. At the point w here P iotrkow ska S treet met the valley of the River Jasień, Ry nek Bielnikowy (formerly the main m arket square of Łódka settlem ent) was created and just opposite Rynek Fabryczny (Factory Square) was established. The character of Piotrkowska S treet as a main back bone of the growing city was emphasized by the fact th at all m arket squares in Łódź until 1840 w he re situated along this street. The chronological or der in which they were built corresponds w ith the evolution of the city’s lay-out, from the north to the south (the oldest places in the north, the youn gest in the south).
A consequence of Piotrkowska S treet’s morpholo gical function are its economic and social functions. Piotrkowska S treet is an unquestionable centre of
F ig. 3. P io tr k o w sk a S treet
1 — O ld T o w n S q u a r e (R y n e k S ta r e g o M ia s ta )? 2 — N e w T o w n S q u a r e (Rynek: N o w e g o M ia s ta ) ; 3 — B ie ln ik S q u a r e (R y n e k B ie ln ik o w y ) \
i — F a c to r y S q u a r e (R y n e k F a b r y c z n y ) ; 5 — H ig h e r S q u a r e (G ó rn y R y n e k )
D e ss in 3. R ue P io trk o w sk a
1 — M a r c h é d e la V ie i lle V ill e ; 2 — M a r c h é d e la N o u v e lle V ille ; 3 — M a r c h é d e l a b la n c h is s e r ie ; 4 — M a r c h é d e l'u s in e ; 5 — H a u t M a r c h é
the city and bccause of this, Lodz’s unusual shape has been determined by its own spinal road.
The three elements of the spatial structure of Łódź that I have ad dressed i.e. the spatial stru cture of industrial Łódź, the residential-facto- ry complexes and the backbone composition of Piotrkowska Street de monstrate the unconventional urban conceptions of the 19th century industrial city, which make it touristically attractive.
4. AR TEFACTS CF THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF INDUSTRIAL ŁODŻ A N D THEIR TOURIST A T T R A C T IO N
The short history of industrial Łódź, which is not even 200 years old, determines the age of the artefacts of m aterial culture in the city. The oldest buildings in Łódź date from the 18th century (the church and mo nastery of St. Francis order in Łagiewniki and the larch-wooden St. Joseph church), and they would not high light Łódź on a map of anthropogenic tourist sites. Similarly, some buildings or edifices from the early period are of equal tourist interest. They can be divided into four main groups: A) factories, B) residential structures, C) religious buildings, D) ceme teries.
For tourists interested in the history of industrial production, the greatest attraction will be provided by factory buildings which date from the 19th century. The oldest structures of this type have been preserved in the area of the former „w ater-factory possesions”. These are: the Kopisch mill (1824— 1826) and the „white factory” of Geyer (1835—1837) and Grohman factory (1849—1851). These buildings were built in the classical style ruling at th at time, as architects tried to adapt to new functions.
Factory buildings from the second p art of the 19th century have a different style and functional form. They are often monumental, tall buildings, made of red brick, not plastered. According to the wish of the owner or architect, they were frequently stylized, e.g. the spinning mill of I. K. Poznański im itated the Italian Renaissance style. A large m ajori ty of industrial buildings in Łódź, until 1939, come from the 19th or early 20th centuries, hence their historic value.
In some of these structures some of the equipment, dating from that time, is still in use, forming a real live Skansen m useum s of the textile industry.
e-ristic of 19th century dwellings in Łódź. We can see here a whole cross- -section of the previous century building styles, starting w ith spinners’ houses, through w orkers’ and tenem ent houses, up to villas and palaces. Palace buildings are particularly w orth mentioning. In Łódź they are represented by structures of different styles, sizes and degree of af fluence. Most of them are preserved, now having different functions and serving as great tourist attraction. House-building in Łódź is a m ixture of different architectural styles, so characteristic of a society rapidly becoming rich. Among the omnipresent eclectism we have to distinguish Secession, represented in Łódź by a considerable num ber of bildings. This gave rise to Łódź being widely regarded as a city of Secession.
The m ultiplicity of nationalities and religions among the inhabitants of Łódź in the 19th and early 20th centuries is exemplified by religious buildings. There are two Russian orthodox churches in Łódź built in the 19th century under the Russian occupation. One of them is still a resi dence of the Russian orthodox church in Poland (Łódź—Poznań diocese). Some traces of the form erly large German population are evangelical churches, their best representative being the neo-Romanesque, St. M att hew Church.
Churches of the Jew ish faith (synagogues) suffered the most tragic fate, for they were demolished and taken down by Nazi soldiers during World War II. Among Roman Catholic churches we should distinguish the oldest, wooden St. Joseph Church (1765), Kościół Podniesienia Świę tego Krzyża (St. Cross Church), and the cathedral (1901— 1910).
Very valuable for exploring, p artly for emotional reasons, are Łódź cemeteries. The complex of old Roman Catholic, evangelical and Russian orthodox cemeteries in Ogrodowa S treet was founded in 1855, exem p lifying the unity of the m ultinational and m ultidenom inational Łódź community. W ith time cemeteries became places w here im portant Łódź factory owners started building chapels and mausoleums (Geyer, Schei- bler, Heinzel) to prove their affluence.
Łódź is also the site of the biggest Jew ish cem etery in Poland (P o d- g a r b i 1990) which covers an area of 45 hectares. Within 47 years (1892— 1939) nearly 180,000 m ainly small graves were dug: also built were tombs (Silberstein and Prussak families) and a mausoleum of the Poznański family — the most conspicuous building in the cemetery.
Of all the artefacts of m aterial culture mentioned here, the most significant and unique are some of the industrial premises, palaces, Se cession buildings and cemeteries.
They have unquestionable tourist value which can attract any body interested in the 19th century development of m anufacturing. They can also .be of some interest to those who, in search for their roots,
explore places w here their ancestors lived, w orked and w here they rest in peace.
5. AN TH R O PO G EN IC VA LU ES VER SUS TO URIST F U N C T IO N OF ŁODŻ
Łódź is not situated on any of the main Polish tourist routes nor do m any tourist excursions come to the city. Polish tourist guides include Łódź among touring centres of local significance. This indicates that anthropogenic sites dating from the 19th century, and comprising a rte
facts until recently still in use (factories, houses) are not very popular in Poland. The time between the period w hen they were places of work and in everyday use, and the age when they acquire qualities th at tou rists consider w orth discovering and exploring is too short. This particu larly concerns the spatial structure of Łódź, the factories and dwellings. However, the situation of the palaces, is changing completely. Closed, for dozens of years, b ut now open for visitors as museums, they are a great tourist attraction of the city. As fu rth er evidence we can just m ention some of the Łódź museums, not only attractive for Łódź in h a bitants but also frequently visited by tourists from other towns. These are: the Textile Museum which adapted the building of G eyer’s „white factory”, the A rt Museum using one of Poznahski’s palaces, the City H istory Museum situated in the main Poznanski’s palace (Ogrodowa Street) and the Museum of the Interior in the H erbert Palace in Księży Młyn, opened in 1890.
The tourist attractions of the industrial town presented in the exam ple of Łódź, indicate th a t their significance for exploration depends on three factors. These are: unconventional conceptions of the 19th century designers, those who created and invested in them, and thirdly, the state in which they are preserved. The w ay this attractions are perceived or explored depends on the society: its level of development, living stan dard and emotional involvement.
To sum up, it is w orth mentioning th a t Łódź has an extrem ely large num ber of very original and well preserved artefacts from the 19th century of interest to tourists. The way in which they are perceived and their attraction is much greater for visitors from postindustrial coun tries than for Poles. An additional value of emotional character is the m ultinational past of Łódź which attracts people of Jew ish and German origin, searching for their roots and traces left by their forefathers ifi’ the city. The names of world famous people (Rubinstein, Kosiński, D
e-decius and others) born and brough up in Łódź, which influenced their lives and careers, are yet another factor in favour of the city.
It has to be adm itted that the im portance of the industrial city as a tourist attraction will grow, and contem porary tourism will start d is covering and exploring the products of man from the period of industrial development, along w ith the fascination at antiquity or the Middle Ages.
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RÉSUM É
L'article a pour but d'attirer l ’a tten tio n sur le s v a le u r s to u r istiq u e s d'u ne v ille in d u str ie lle . L'auteur form u le la th è se q u e, a in si qu e le s p rod u its d e la cu ltu re m a té r ie lle d es é p o q u e s p r é c é d e n te s, le s in sta lla tio n s e t le s c o n str u c tio n s s p a tia le s n é e s à l'ép o q u e du d é v e lo p p e m e n t d e l'in d u strie c la s siq u e du X IX ème siè c le , d e v ie n n e n t à l'h eu re a c tu e lle , c 'e st à dire, versi la fin du XXème s iè c le , u n e v a leu r tou ristiq u e. C ep en d a n t le s v a leu rs a n th ro p o g èn es d e s p é r io d es a n c ie n n e s éta n t u n iv e r se lle m e n t r ec o n n u e s pour c e lle d ig n e s d e c o n n a iss a n c e , le s p rodu its d e l'ép o q u e du d é v e lo p p e m en t d 'in d u strie n 'é v e ille n t l'in rétêt q u e dan s le s s o c ié té s p o s tin d u str ie lle s d é v e lo p p é e s .
La v ille d e Łódź p eu t se r v ir d 'e x e m p le d'u n e v ille in d u str ielle sp éc ifiq u e , qui é ta n t fo n d ée sur un terrain v ie r g e , s'est d é v e lo p p é e s e u le m en t g r â ce à l'in d u strie te x tile , en a tteig n a n t la gran d eu r im p o sa n te (plus d e 800 000 h ab itan ts).
Les v a leu rs to u r istiq u e s d e Łódź so n t à retro u v er d a n s sa c o n str u c tio n in té r ie ure, c. à d., dan s sa d isp o sitio n s p a tia le d'u ne v ille in d u str ie lle du X IX ème s iè c le e t dan s le s o b jets d e sa cu ltu re m a térielle. Le prem ier g ro u p e d e v a leu rs embrasise, s e lo n l'au teu r, la d isp o sitio n u rb ain e d'u n e v ille in d u str ie lle c la s siq u e , qui se co m p o sa it d e tro is p a rties a u to n o m e s et d iffé re n te s du p oin t d e v u e de la produ ction: la N o u v e lle v ille (la v ille d es drapiers), ,,la C o lo n ie Łódka" (la v ille d e s o u v r ier s tissa n t du lin et du coton ) e t le s s ite s d es a te lie r s au bord d es e a u x (le qu artier in d u striel), to u s lié s par l'a x e de la v o ie , d ite rou te d e P io trk ó w (d essin 1).
U n au tre é lé m en t ca ra c tér istiq u e de la d isp o sitio n sp a tia le de la v ille c ’é ta it l ’é ta b lis se m e n t d e p lu sieu rs e n se m b le s in d u striels et r é s id e n tie ls e n m êm e tem p s, d on t le m ieu x e s t c o n s e r v é c e lu i n om m é K się ż y M ly n (M oulin de prêtre), co n stru it par K. S ch eib ler (d essin 2). Enfin l ’un d e s é lé m e n ts e x e m p la ir e s d e la d isp o sitio n u rb ain e d e s v ille s in d u str ielle s du XIXème s iè c le c 'e st la rue p rin cip a le d e la v ille , P io trk o w sk a , u n issa n t cin q m arch és qui a p p a ra issa ien t l'u n après l'au tre p en d an t le d é v e lo p p e m e n t d e la v ille (d essin 3).
Parm i p lu sieu rs o b je ts de la cu ltu re m a tér ielle d e Łódź in d u str ielle , l'au teu r m en tio n n e le s b â tim en ts de p ro d u ctio n a u x s ty le s a rch ite ctu ra u x d iffére n ts (telles le s „ u sin es b la n ch es" c la s siq u e s, le s co n str u c tio n s où se fait v o ir l'em p rein te d e ' la r en a is sa n c e ita lie n n e ), q u elq u e s d iz a in es d e p a la is d es fab rican ts, p lu sieu rs c o n stru ctio n s d'art n o u v ea u , le s g r a n d es n é c ro p o le s a v e c l'u n d e s p lu s gran d s c im e tièr es ju ifs en P o lo g n e (180 000 tom b eau x) et le c o m p le x e d e v ie u x c im e tiè r es de Łódź qui se c o m p o se de trois parties: c a th o liq u e, p r o te sta n te , o rto d o x e.
En co n c lu sio n , l'au teu r c o n s ta te q u e Łódź d is p o s e d'un nom b re e x c e p tio n n e lle m en t gran d d e v a leu rs to u r istiq u e s v e n a n t du XIXème s iè c le , extra o rd in a irem e n t o r ig in a le s et b ien m a in te n u es, don t le s attraits so n t p lu s a p p ré ciés par le s h ab itan ts d e s p a y s p o stin d u str ie ls q u e par le s P o lo n a is.
U n e v a leu r de p lu s d e Łódź a y a n t le ca ra ctère é m o tio n n e l, c ’e s t le p a s s é de la v ille h a b itée ja d is par le s r ep ré se n ta n ts d e p lu sieu r s n a tio n s. C e p a s s é attire les d e sc e n d a n ts d e s p o p u la tio n s ju iv e et a lle m a n d e, qui r ech erch en t à Łódź leu rs „ra cin es" et le s tra ces la is s é e s ici par leu rs a n cêtres.
STRESZCZENIE
C elem a rty k u łu je st z w ró c e n ie u w a g i na w a lo r y tu r y sty c z n e m iasta p r z em y sło w e g o . A u tor form u łu je te zę , iż p o d o b n ie jak w y tw o r y k u ltu ry m a teria ln ej w c z e ś n ie js z y c h ep o k , tak r ó w n ie ż b u d o w le , u rzą d zen ia i k o n str u k c je p r zestr zen n e ok resu ro zw o ju k la s y c z n e g o X I X -w ie c z n e g o p r z em y słu sta ją się ju ż d ziś w k o ń cu X X w. w a lo rem tu r y sty c zn y m . O ile jed n a k w a lo r y a n tr o p o g e n ic zn e sta r sz y ch o k resó w u z n a w a n e są p o w s z e c h n ie za g o d n e poznan ia, o t y le w y tw o r y e p o k i ro zw o ju p rze m y słu bu dzą c ie k a w o ś ć i z a in te r e s o w a n ie g łó w n ie w r o z w in ię ty c h s p o łe c z e ń s tw a c h p o stln d u stria ln y ch .
P rzy k ła d em s p e c y fic z n e g o m ia sta p r z e m y sło w e g o , k tó r e p o w sta ło „na su row ym k orzen iu " i r o z w in ę ło się d o o g ro m n y c h r o zm ia ró w (ponad 800 ty s. m ieszk a ń c ó w ),
w op arciu t y l k o o p rz em y sł w łó k ie n n ic z y , je st Łódź.
W a lo r y tu r y sty c z n e Ł odzi tk w ią w b u d o w ie w e w n ę tr z n e j, c z y li u k ła d z ie p rze strzen n y m d z ie w ię tn a s to w ie c z n e g o m ia sta p r z e m y sło w e g o , oraz w o b ie k ta ch k u ltu ry m a teria ln ej.
D o p ie rw sz ej g r u p y w a lo r ó w au tor za lic za k la s y c y s t y c z n y u k ła d u rb a n isty czn y m ia sta p r z e m y sło w e g o , k tó r e sk ła d a ło s ię z trzech s a m o d zie ln y ch i p r o d u k c y jn ie z ró ż n ico w a n y c h c zę śc i: N o w e M ia sto (m iasto su k ien n ik ó w ), „O sada Łódka (m iasto tk a c z y ln u i b a w ełn y ) oraz p o s ia d ła w o d n o -fa b r y c zn e (d zieln ica p r z em y sło w a ), p o łą c z o n y c h o sią tzw . traktu p io tr k o w s k ie g o (rys. 1). In n ym c h a r a k te ry sty c z n y m e le m en tem w u k ła d zie p rz estrzen n y m m ia sta b y ło p o w s ta n ie k ilk u w ie lo fu n k c y jn y c h z e s p o łó w fa b r y c zn o -r e z y d e n cjo n a ln y ch , z k tó r y c h n a jle p ie j z a ch o w a ł się z e s p ó ł w y b u d o w a n y p rzez K. S c h e ib ler a z n a n y pod n a zw ą „ K sięży M łyn" (rys. 2). W r e s z c ie do u n ik a to w y c h z a ło ż eń u r b a n isty c z n y c h w d z ie w ię tn a s to w ie c z n y c h m ia sta ch p r z e m y s ło w y c h n a le ż y g łó w n a oś m ia sta — u lica P io tr k o w sk a , k tóra łą c z y p ię ć, p o w s t a j ą c y c h w ró żn y ch o k r e sa c h tw o rzen ia m ia sta , r y n k ó w (rys. 3).
W śró d w ie lu o b ie k tó w k u ltu ry m a teria ln ej Łodzi p r z em y sło w e j autor w y m ie n ia p o w s ta łe tu w ró żn y ch sty la c h a r ch ite k to n ic zn y ch b u d y n k i fa b r y c zn e (k la s y c y s ty c z - n e „ b iałe fabryki", b u d y n k i p r o d u k c y jn e s ty liz o w a n e na w zó r w ło s k ie g o ren esa n su ), k ilk a d z ie s ią t p a ła c ó w fa b ry k a n ck ich , lic z n e b u d y n k i s e c e s y jn e , a ta k że w ie lk ie n e k r o p o lie z je d n y m z n a jw ię k s z y c h w P o ls c e cm en tarzem ż y d o w s k im (180 ty s. n a gro b k ó w ) oraz k o m p le k se m sta r y ch cm en ta r zy łó d z k ich s k ła d a ją c y c h się z c z ę śc i r z y m sk o k a to lick ie j, e w a n g e lic k ie j i p r a w o sła w n e j.
W k o n k lu z ji au tor stw ie rd za , iż Łódź d y s p o n u je w y ją tk o w o d u żą ilo ś c ią n ie z w y k le o r y g in a ln y c h i d o b rze z a ch o w a n y c h w a lo r ó w tu r y s ty c z n y c h o X IX -w ie c z - n e j g e n e z ie , k tó r y c h odb iór i a tr a k c y jn o ść je st z n a czn ie w ię k s z a w śró d m ie s z k a ń c ó w k r a jó w p o stin d u str ia ln y c h niż w śró d P o la k ó w .
D o d a tk o w y m w a lo r em Łodzi, m a ją cy m w y d ź w ię k em o cjo n a ln y , je s t w ie lo n a r o d o w o śc io w a p r z e s z ło ść te g o m iasta, któ ra p r z y cią g a tu p o to m k ó w d a w n ej lu d n o śc i ż y d o w s k ie j i n ie m ie c k ie j, s z u k a ją c y c h w Łodzi s w o ic h „korzen i" oraz p o z o sta ło śc i p o ż y ciu i d z ia ła ln o ś c i ich o jc ó w i d zia d ó w .
