. M ECH AN IKA TEORETYCZNA I STOSOWANA. 3 - 4, 23 (1985)
TP EmH H OCTOfiKOCTfe TyrOI U I ABKH X METAJIJIOB H CIIJIABOB
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B H acroH m ee BpeMH Bon pocbi nccjieflOBaH ira BbicoKOTewnepaTypHoii TpemH H ocroft-KOCTii TyromiaBKHX MaTepHajioB ocBem en bi B jraiepaT ype HeflocraTo^iHO, B CBH 3H C HtM. paSoTbi B 3TOM H an paBJiem m HBJIHIOXCH aiayajiwtbiM H H Ba>i<HbMH.
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2200°C.
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618 W. TROSZ C Z EN KO, E. T. U SK O W, A. W. BABAK
o6pa3UOB yi<a3aHHOH TOJimnHbi nocjiywH JiH 3KcnepH weH TajibH bie
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M, He 3aBHCHT OT HaManbHOH AJIHHŁI HCXOflHOH TpeiU(HHbI Qo (pHC. 1,6) u OT BejiiWHHW n p H p o cra TpemH H bi AQ n p n n oBT opn wx HcnbiTaiiHHX ofluoro o 5-pa3ija npH pa3^H U H bix - reivinepaTypax (pwc. I , B ) .
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3aBHCHMOCTH B03M0>KHbi JIH U IB B TOM
anpflweH ufi KQ npHHHMaer KpH TiwecKoe 3H ayeH H e, T . e. KQ = Klc. B nojib3y 3Toro yrBep>KAeHHH roBopH T H TOT 4>aKT, mo pa3pyuieH H e o6pa3Ł(OB Bom -(Jjpajwa BO BceM HccjieflOBaHHOM TewnepaTypHOM flH ana3OH e 6BIJIO npeHMymecTBeHHO xpyni<HM3 o ieM CBHfleTejitcTByioT pe3yjibTaTbi t^paKTorpa^H yecKoro H peH TreH ocr-pyKTypH oro HccjieAOBaHHft [4 - 5] .
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[ 6] , B cjryqae BOJitt^paMa H BJI SI OTC H CJIH U IKOM JKCCTKH MH H B yTomieHHH.
B n poijecce ncnbiTaH H ił Ha TpemHHOCTOHKOCTb BOJib(J)paMa CTPOHJIM
B KoopAHHaTax ,,H arpy3Ka P—cMemeH H e Vp", o6pa6aTbiBajin H X n o 5% cen ym eii [ 3, 6] , on peflejiaa BejiHHHHy KpiroraecKOH Harpy3KH
PQ H KO3(})<|)HipieHT HHTeHCHBHOCTH HanpH)KeHHH KQ .
T in iH iH bie AHarpaMMH fle4)opMH poBaH H H BOJiŁ(J)paMa B pa3JiKraH bix TeivinepaTypHbix AHana3OHax HcnbiTaHHił npH Be# eH M n a p n c . 2. XapaKTepH bie oco6eHHOcTH I O H WO H H3 flnarpaMM o6ycjiOBneH bi OCOSCHHOCTHMH pa3BHTHS MarHCTpanbHoii TperanH bi [7]. B TCM-nepaTypHOM flnana3OH e 2O °C ...J^P (T lp — BepxH H a rpaH H i^a TeMnepaTypHOÓ oSn acra BH3KO- xpyra<oro n ep exo ^ a) pa3BHTHe Tpeiin m bi H BJIH CTCH HecraSHJTBHbiM. l i p a paTypax, npeBbimaiomH X T %p, craSHJiBHoe pa3BHTHe MarHcrpajibHOH Tpem.HHbi
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T R I E S Z C Z I NOSTOJKOST TU G OPLAWKICrf...
619
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-500T 1000 1500 2000 T,°C l 20
P H C . 3. TeM nepaiypiiBie 3aBHCHMocTH TpeinHHocroftKOCTH / H xapaKTepHCTHK KpaTKonpeMeHHoft npo^i-HOCTH 5"o,2 ( 2) , (3) fletjpopMHpoBaHHoro BOJn.tj)paMa
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620 W. TROSZCZENSCO, E, I . U SKOW, A. W. BABAK
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B03pacran n e napaiweipa Klc H 3epH orpaH iWH oe pacrpecKH BaH H e
AH ajiH 3H pya npeAcraBJieH H we Ha p n c . 3 pe3yji5TaTbi, MO>KHO OTMETH TL I O K ano-waJiLHbie cJieflyiomwe ocoSeHHOCTH: CHHweHHe Klc c noBwmeH H em TeM nepaTypbi B ana-na3OHe r |, , . . . 2 0 0 0o
C I I OTcyTCTBHe KaKHX- JinSo H3MeHeHHH ( n ep ern So B) Ha 3aBHCHM0CTHx Ktc m f(T ) H ffo,2 = f(T ) n pi^ TejvinepaType 1500°C3 xo r a n p
n OTOH TeMnepaType H&ie-3KCTpeMyM Ha SaBHCKMOCTH W — f(T ) H H3MeHHeTCH XapaKTep pa3BHTHH HCXOfl-TpemHHW. QieflyeT OTiueTHTb TaioKe H Ap yrae OCOSCHHOCTH npeAcraBJieH H bix Ha pHC. 3 3aBHCHMOCTeń: KOppeJIHUHH XapaKTepHCTHK Klc H GO,2, aHOMajIBHblH XOĘ 3a-BHCHMOCTH W ~ f(T ) IIO OTHOUieHHIO K ffo,2 npH T < 1500°C H n o OTHOUieHHIO K Klc
npn T < 1500°C.
CxpyKTypH tie nccjie^OBainH i H cnbiTamiwx o6pa3ii;oB noi<a3aJiH , I
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npH n arp eBe, n e npeH craBJiaeTCH B03iwo5KHbiM.
B paSoie [8] npefljiOHceHO OSBH CH H TB BbMB^eH H yio npoTHBOpeqHBOCTB
Ha p n ę . 3 flaH H bix fleił cTBH eM BHyipeHHHX ctpyKTypH bix HanpH>KeHHń [9], B MaTepaajie n p a xepMHnecKOM BO3AeHCTBHH. • -. H a p a c . 4 cxeMaTHiecicH noKa3aH o, Kai< BJI H SI OT H a TpemH H OcroH Kocrb W B flua-na30H e TenurepaTyp T *x ...2200°C n poijeccbi n oBbim eH n a njiacn- rraocTH c POCTOM TeM-n e p a iyp w H oflHOBpeMeHHoro ocjiaSjieHHH M ew3epeH H bK rpaH H i^ BOieflCTBHe BO3HH-Kaiom ero n pw H arpeBe W n o n a HanpK>KeHHii. 3 T H npoBjeccw oi<a3biBaioT nporaBO-noJio>KHoe BO3Aeń cTBHe Ha TpemHHocTOHKOcrb W ', c yBeJiHqeHHeM. nJiacriMHOCTH
Tpe-TVp 1500 2000
TRIESZCZIN OSTOJKOST TU G OPŁ AWKICH . .. 621
mHHOCTOHKOCTŁ flOH VKH a BO3paCTaTB ( K p H BbK 1 H 2 ) , 3 C pOCTOM IIOH S ( K p H B b ie 3 H 4 ) .
npocTOTbi B cxeiwe npraiH Tbi cjie^yio m ae flonymemMt: n apam erp aH) xapaicre-p y r i i n o n e BH yr xapaicre-peH iurc H an xapaicre-psoKeimft, c noBwuieHHCM Temne xapaicre-paTy xapaicre-pu BO3 xapaicre-pacTaer Sojiee pe3KO, wew n apaweTp s, xapaKTepKrayromirii iuiacTH raocTt jinaTepnana (tg/ ? < tgo(); iraMeneime Tpeim m ocToił K ocra AiaTepaajia HaxoflHTCH B H PH MOH 33BHCHMOCTH OT H3/ «e-HeHHH e r o nuacTH iH ocTH .
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(Kpneaa 4; t gy = tg/ 9—tgo().
o cjiaSn eraia Me>K3epeHHbix rpaHHUi nojs, BJiHHHHeiw nonn
pa3pymeH H e npOH Cxoairr n p n iiacn raH o ń peajiH3an[HH MaTepaanoM luiacraraocTH . K O H -icypeHUHH flByx yKa3aiiH bix n poijeccoB npH Bo^H T K CMeHe MexaHH3M0B paapymeH H a (P - + H P ) H cHHHceHHio X
P n pH TeatnepaTypax Bbim e 1500°G . H pH T > 2000°G iranpH -wenHH flocraraiOT n peflejia npo^H ocTH M aTepaana, Bbi3biBaa HHrencHBHoe 3epH orpa-HHqHoe pacrpecKH BaH H e. n p H AaJiLHeauieM noBbimeH H H TejvraepaTypBi BejiOTHiia n ojia Hanpa>KenHił o c r a e r c a npaKTH iecKH nocrOHHHoił BCJieflCTBHe p e n a K c a ^ H 3epH orpa-HHHHMM pactpecKH BaH H eiw (a„ m o™x
= co n st ) H TpemHHOcToń KocTB AiaTepHajia H ec-BO3pacraeT, T . K . KIC 3aBHCHT TOJIBKO OT H3MeHeHHa njiacrnqH ocTH M aiepnajia.
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30 3.2A
A / • 800 45 Ul. 1200 60. 5.6V
1600 75 6.8 2000 90ao
T,°C arp,% 0.16 0.32 • 2 5 j ^P H C . 5 . T e M n e p a T yp H a a 3aBH C H M ocn. T p e r m n i o c r o i ł K o c n i peKpH CTanJiK3oBaKKoro
OlIH CaH H bie B bl U i e 3 aK0 H 0 M e pH 0 CTH H3M eHeHHH TpemHHOCTOił KOCTH
nojiyqeH H oro Mero^OM nopoinKOBoS M eranjiyprH H , B nccjieflOBaHHOM H irrepBajie n eparyp 2O...22O0°C xapaKTepH bi flJia MaTepnajia B fle^opMH posaH H OM COCTOHHHH.
BbicoKOTeMnepaTypH bift ot>KHr n p a T = 2200°C , c i^en tio co3AaHHH peKpH crajinH -30BaHHoił crpyKTypbt, ae3aBHCHM0 OT BpeineHH BWflepacKH tabm, oSycJioBim H eoSpa-THMOe CHHDKeHHC TpemHHOCToSKOCTH ae<J)OpMHpOBaHHOrO B0fl&(J)paMa, BeJIH^HHa KOTO-poft o c r a e r c a HeH3iweHHoił BO BceM HCCJieflOBaHHOM TeMnepaTypHOM m rrepBajie OT 20 Ę O 2200°C ( p n c . 5) . KpoM e T o ro , Ha B e jr a i a sy Klc peKpHcraJiJiH3OBaHHoro W ne BJIH H !OT HH TeiwnepaTypa HcnbiTaHHft T, HM TaKae cipyK T ypawe n apaM erpbi KaK a^^eKTH BH Wii pa3iwep 3epH a d3$ ( B npeA&nax OT 0, 16- 10~
3
M RO 2, 5- 10~3
M ) H njioraocTB MHKpo-TpemHH «Tp ( n pH OTP < 8%) .
XaparaepH aH ocoSeH H ocrB noBepxHOCTen pa3pymeH H H Kai< o6pa3i;oB, H cnbrraH H bix n pa 2200°C j TaK H npeABapErrejiBHO oToaoKeH H bix npH 2200°C H Hcni>rraHHbix npH oojiee H H 3KH X TeM nepaTypax — npoTa>KeHHbie 3epH orpaH H qH we MHKDOTpemHHU, K O
-622 W. TKOSZCZEN KO, E. I . U SK O W, A. W. BABAK
T o pbie oTcyTCTBOBEUiH B H CXORH OM M aTepnajie H n e HaSjiiOAa^HCB H a H3JiOMe H cnbiTaH H bix n p w 2000°C .
CymecTBeH H oe pa3JiH iH e xapaKTepucTH K TpeiU H H Ocro&KociH Ae^opjvra
H peKpH CTajiJiH 3OBaH noro Bonbć ppma. H e npoTH BopeqH T HMCIOUCHMCH B JiaiepaT ype flaH H bIM O pe3K0M OTJIH^HH XapaKTepHCTHK npOtJHOCTH H IDiaCTH^HOCTH BOJIb(J)paj«a C pa3JH raiOH HCXOflHOH CTpyKTypOfi [ 10] , ^TO oSfcJICHHeTCH 3H3qHTeJIBH0 SoJiee HH3KOH npotiH OCTbio rpairau , 3e p e n n o cp aBiien n io c TCJIOM 3epH a B peKpH craiuiH 3OBaH H OM
1. OrcyrcTBH e BJ I H H H I M Ha BejiHHHHy napaiweTpa KQ TOJimnH bi o6pa3i^a ( B n p e
-OT 5- 10~3
M RO 7 - 10 ~3
m), fl^H H bi H CXOAH OH . TpeiHHi- ibi H BeJiH ^H H bi n pH po cra
, a TaioKe xpyn KH il xapai<Tep pa3pyiueH H H (npH M oii H3JUOAI, OTcyTCTBHe yTHH<i<n B BepuiH H e TpemH H bi) B HccneflOBaHHOM ^H an a30H e Teivinepaxyp ( 2O .., 2O 00°C ) , flaioT ocHOBaHHe flji« npH MeH eH ira KOAinawnibix o6pa3ił OB Majiofi yoJim H H bi (G ojiee 5- 10~3
At) n p n onpeflejieH H H xapaKTepH crai< TpeimiHOCTOHKOCTH BOJiBc^paMa c iicnoJiB3OBaHHeM KpHTepHeB JiHHeHHoit wiexaHHKH pa3pyin eH H H .
2. XapaKTepH oti ocoSeHHOCTBio TeM nepaTypH oft 3aBH cim ocTH Klc A J M ^ e ^ o p in u p o
-BaH H oro BOJiB^fpaMa H BJIH CTCH H a ju r r a e an crpeM yM a B oSitacTH TeM n epaTypbi xpyni<o-BH 3Koro n e p e xo ^ a T %p, MOHOToimoe CHH>KeHHe BC J I H ^ H H BI KIC B TewnepaTypH
Ofti nna-n a 3o Ofti nna-n e r ? |. . . 2 0 0 0 °C , K o ppeit H pyio m ee c H3MeHeHHeM Ofti nna-n p e ^ e ji a TeKyuecrH ff0> z, npH
HajiHMHH 3KCTpeMyjwa n a TeM nepaTypH oń 3aBHCHMOCTH xapaKTepncTH KH n jiacri«H ocTH
y> n p n 1500°C , U TO 06'bHCHHeTca B3aHMOReiicTBHeivi flByx n po T eK aio m H x B BontcbpaM e
n pH H arpeBe n poią eccoB — njiacra4»iKau.H H M aTepaajia H ocjiaSjieH H H 3epH orpaH H MH oń npO^HOCTH BCJie^CTBHe fleftCTBH H BHyTpeHHHX CTpyKTypH bK H anpflH <eH H H .
3. BfcicoKOTeMnepaTypHbiH O T ^ H T n p H 2200°C npHBOAHT K cymecTBeH H Oftiy CHH-JKeHHK) TpemHHOCTOHKOCTH BOJIBC[)paMa, n pH ^eM H a BejIHHHHy Klc
pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H oro BOjiB(J)paMa pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-He oi<a3biBaioT BJI pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H C pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H TeM n epaTypa, pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H TaK pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-He crpyKTyp pei<pHCTaJMH30BaH-H bie n a-paiWeTpbl KaK 3Cj)(J)eKTHBHbIH pa3M ep 3epH a H nJIOTHOCTB MHKpOTpeiHHH, ^TO oSbHCHHeTCJI Heo6paTHMWM cHHHceHHeM 3epH orpaH imH OH n p o m i o c r H M aTepwajia • n p w BwcoKoxeM
ne-BO3BeHCTBHH. ; .- .,. ,
1. A. B. BABAK, O KOAUHecmamuou Koppeam/ uu Meincdy mpeufuuocmouKOcmbK Klc u KpamKoepeMemioii
npoUHocmbW aby ao,2, eoAb^paua- IIopouiKoeaH Memaanypzun, N ° I I3 c . 68 - 72, 19831
2. A. B. EABAK, E . H . J yĆ KoB, YcmaHÓBKa ÓJIH uccjiedoeaimn xapanmepucmm eH3Kocmu pa3pyiueuun
wyionnaaKux. Mamepuanoe npu eacoKUX meMttepamypax e eauyyMe u/
iu unepmuou cpede, 3aBofl-Jiae.j T. 46, Ns 10, c. 955 - 956, 1980.
3. K . XEKKEJIB, TexjtunecKoe npuMeuenue Mexmuxu pa3pytueuuH. M . : M eiaJiJiyprH H , 63 c . 1974.
4. B. A. CTEIIAH BH KO, A. B. BABAK, E . H . YC K O B, <t>paKmoipa$uHecKue oco6emwcmupa3pyuieuun
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TRIESZ C Z IN OSTOJKOST T U G O P Ł AWK I C H ... 623
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S t r e s z c z e n i e
OD PORN OŚĆ N A PĘ KAN IE TRU D N OTOPLIWYCH METALI I STOPÓW
Przedstawione został y wyniki badań odpornoś ci na pę kanie odkształ canego i rekrystalizowanego wolframu technicznej czystoś ci w zakresie temperatury 20 - 2000°C.
Charakterystyczną cechą zależ noś ci temperaturowej Ktc dla odkształ canego wolframu jest obecność ekstremum przy temperaturze krucho- lepkiego przejś cia T$, i obniż enia Ku w zakresie T?p ... 2000°C» a dla rekrystalizowanego niezależ ność KIC od temperatury i parametrów strukturalnych (efektywny rozmiar ziarna i gę stość mikroszczelin). Specyfikę zmiany odpornoś ci na pę kanie wolframu moż na objaś nić wza-jemnym oddział ywaniem dwóch procesów — uplastycznienia materiał u i osł abienia wytrzymałoś ci na
granicy ziaren.
S u m m a r y
F RACTU RE TOU G H N ESS OF H IG H - MELTIN G METALS AND ALLOYS
Results of the research in the fracture toughness of deformed and recrystallized wolfram of tech-nical purity are presented for the temperature range 20 - 2000°C.
The characteristical feature of the temperature dependence KIC for the deformed wolfram is the presence of an extremum of the temperature of brittle- viscous transition T"r and the decrease of KiC in the range TxP ... 2000°C while the independence K,c of the temperature and structural parameters (effective grain dimension density of microcracks). The specific features of the wolfram fracture toughness can be explained by the interaction of the two processes, namely the material plastification and weakening of the inter grain strength.