Widok Twórczość А.P. Czechowa w recepcji S.N. Bułhakowa

ɌȼɈɊɑȿɋɌȼɈ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑȿɏɈȼȺ ȼ Ɋȿɐȿɉɐɂɂ ɋ.ɇ. ȻɍɅȽȺɄɈȼȺ A. CHEKHOV'S OEUVRE IN S. BULGAKOV'S RECEPTION

ȺɇȺɌɈɅɂɃ ɋɈȻȿɇɇɂɄɈȼ

ABSTRACT. The article is devoted to Sergej Bulgakov’s reception of Chekhov. Bulgakov turned numerous times to the works of Russian writers, such as Gertsen, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy and others. The public lecture ‘Chekhov as Thinker’ was given in the autumn of 1904 at the Tenishev College. It can be examined within the framework of Bulgakov's reception of Chekhov's writings. However, a more productive approach seems to lie elsewhere: the philosopher’s thoughts on Chekhov in the context of his transition ‘from Marxism to idealism’. In this sense, the lecture on Chekhov represents a sum total of sorts.

Chekhov's heroes become for him an example of the discrepancy between the general level of culture and spiritual potential of personality. In Chekhov's artistic world, the accent is indeed placed on the individual's moral effort. Instead of putting forward demands to the world, Chekhov's heroes, such as Dymov (in Poprygunia, The Hopper), Misail Poloznev (in Ɇɨɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ, My Life), Nina Zarechnaja (in Chaika, The Seagull) and many others, begin with demands on themselves. The public lecture was given at the time of first Russian Revolution of 1905. Thus the philosopher extends the boundaries of aesthetic analysis, and considers Chekhov's oeuvre as a testament, while the personality of the writer becomes an example of civic service.

Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ ɋɨɛɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ȼɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ ɋ.ɇ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɦɥɚɞ-ɲɢɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜɚ. Ɉɧ – ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ „ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ-ɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ”1 . ɇɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨ-ɮɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɧɨɡɢɫɚ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɢ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ-ɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ2 . ________________ 1_{ɘ.ɇ. Ⱦ ɚ ɜ ɵ ɞ ɨ ɜ, Ⱥɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫ ɚɬɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, [ɜ:] C.H. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ,} Ⱦɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008, ɫ. 5. 2 Ɋɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɬ. ɋɦ.: Ⱥ.ɋ. ɋ ɨ ɛ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɇɟɠɞɭ „ȿɫɬɶ Ȼɨɝ” ɢ „ɧɟɬ Ȼɨɝɚ” (ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜɚ), ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ 1997, ɫ. 10–15; ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢ-ɬɟɥɶ. ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, [ɜ:] Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɟ ɯ ɨ ɜ, Pro et contra, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2002, ɫ. 1030– 1031; Ɇ.Ɇ. Ⱦ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɟ ɜ, Ⱥɧɬɨɧ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢɱ ɑɟɯɨɜ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ȼɟɪɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɥɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ,

ɋ.ɇ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ: Ⱥ.ɂ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ, Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ 1904 ɝ. ɜ Ɍɟɧɢɲɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɢɥɢ-ɳɟ3 . Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ, ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢɢ Ȼɭɥɝɚ-ɤɨɜɵɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ. ɇɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ: ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚ ɨ ɑɟɯɨɜɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ „ɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɚ-ɥɢɡɦɭ”. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɨ ɑɟɯɨɜɟ – ɧɟɤɢɣ ɢɬɨɝ. ɍɠɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ, ɨɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬ: „ɍɡɧɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ”4 . ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ: „Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ?”5 . Ɋɟɲɚɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɬ ɢɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɢ ɑɟɯɨɜ ɭ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɮɢ-ɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɭɸ ɢɡɹɳɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ; ɬɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɧɚ-ɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚɯ, ɧɚɲɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɯɨɞ ɜ ɯɭ-ɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜ., ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɟɝɨ, ɦɵ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɞɚɠɟ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟ-ɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ – ɢɞɟɦ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟe ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ6 – ɩɢɫɚɥ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ. ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɵɫɥɶ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ: ɑɟɯɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ-ɪɵ, ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɪɨɞɧɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɪɢɮɟɹɦɢ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɢɯ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ7 . ________________ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2002, ɫ. 583 ɢ ɞɪ.; Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɝ, ɑɟɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɟɬɹ Ɍɪɨɮɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ, [ɜ:] Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ 2008, ɫ. 86–96. 3 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, Ʉɢɟɜ 1905. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɟɣ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ əɥɬɟ (29 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1904 ɝ.) ɢ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɥɨ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɜ 1910 ɝ. ȼ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ „ɇɨɜɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ” (1904, ʋ 10, ɫ. 32–55; ʋ 11, ɫ. 138–153). ȿɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „Ɋɭɫɶ” (ɫɦ.: ȼɥ. Ȼ. ɧɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɨ ɑɟɯɨɜɟ, „Ɋɭɫɶ” 1904, ʋ 313, 24 ɨɤɬ., ɫ. 3). 4 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ⱦɭɲɟɜɧɚɹ ɞɪɚɦɚ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ, [ɜ:] Ɉɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɭ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006, ɫ. 539. 5 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ, [ɜ:] Ɉɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 648. 6 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ, [ɜ:] Ɉɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 464. 7_{ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 542.}

ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɬɨɬ „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɑɟɯɨɜ. ɂ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ – ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɚɜɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɵ ɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɯ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ8 – ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɧ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɥ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɚɦ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɢ, ɫɥɢɜɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ9 . Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ? ɗɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɟ, ɢ ɢɦɹ ɟɣ – ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɳɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɳɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɞɢɬɹ ɟɜɪɨ-ɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-ɜɟɫ ɟɦɭ – ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ10 . ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɷɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɵ, ɬɨɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɫ-ɲɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɦɹɬɭɳɟɟɫɹ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɶ11 – ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɨɧ. ɂɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɵ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɇɚ ɩɭɬɢ, ɩɶɟɫɚ Ɍɪɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɵ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɋɤɭɱɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, Ɇɨɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ʋ 6 ɢ ɞɪ. ɀɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɜɟɪɚ, ɩɨ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɭ, ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɬ ɜɟɪɵ, ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɬɪɭɩɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ „ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ” Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɢɡ ɋɤɭɱ-ɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɢɡ Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɂɜɚ-ɧɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɚɦɵ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ɢɡ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɍɪɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɵ. ȼ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɨ-ɥɨɝɚɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɥɟɣɬɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɱɟɯɨɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɱɤɭ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɨɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ ɜ ɞɪɚɦɟ Ɍɪɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɵ ɢ Ɇɢɫɚɢɥɚ ɉɨɥɨɡɧɟɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ɇɨɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɪɚ-ɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. ɀɢɡɧɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ: „ɫɤɨɬ-ɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɟ”, „ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɥɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ”, „ɬɭɩɨɣ ɷɝɨɢɡɦ”, „ɨɛɜɨɥɚɤɢɜɚ-ɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɲɥɨɫɬɶ”12 . Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɑɟɯɨɜ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɫɚɬɢɪɢɤ, ɨɧ ɫɧɢɫɯɨɞɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦ. ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɧɟɪɚ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɧɚɡɜɚ-________________ 8_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 546.} 9 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 544. 10_{ɋɦ.: ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ⱦɭɲɟɜɧɚɹ ɞɪɚɦɚ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 569.} 11 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 542. 12_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 547.}

ɧɚ „ɢɞɟɚɥɨɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ”13 . ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚ-ɤɨɜɚ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɟɧ ɤ ɥɢɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɨɜ: Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, Ƚɚɪɲɢɧɚ, Ƚɥ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, „ɨɬɱɟɝɨ ɬɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ?”14 – ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɧ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, „ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɜ ɱɟ-ɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɟ”15 . Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɭɥɨɜɢɥ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɭ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ „ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ”. ɍ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɧɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ ɂɨɧɵ-ɱɚ ɋɬɚɪɰɟɜɚ ɜ ɂɨɧɵɂɨɧɵ-ɱɚ. Ʉɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚɦ „ɫ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟ-ɧɢɟɦ” ɜ ɜɢɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ „ɛɭɦɚɠɤɢ, ɞɨɛɵɬɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ”? Ɂɚɫɥɭɝɚ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢ-ɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɡɚɝɨ-ɜɨɪɢɥ ɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɛɵɬɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɩɨ-ɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɣ, ɟɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬ-ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ16 . ɇɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɛɶ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢɦɹ ɑɟ-ɯɨɜɚ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ȼɚɣɪɨɧɚ. ɂ ɬɨɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɩɪɨ-ɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ17 . ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɨɪɛɶ ɨ ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɦɭɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɹɫɧɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟ-ɦɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ; ɪɚɡɥɚɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ18 . ȼɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɤ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ: ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɠɢɜɚɹ ɞɭɲɚ, ɜɫɹɤɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ-ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɭɸ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ19 . ɑɟɯɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɩɨɪɟ ɫ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɟɣ „ɚɬɟ-ɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ” ɇɢɰɲɟ. Ɉ ɇɢɰɲɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ________________ 13_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.} 14 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 548. 15 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 549. 16_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.} 17_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 550.} 18_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 551.} 19 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 552.

ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ. ȼ ɥɟɤ-ɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɨ ɑɟɯɨɜɟ ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ: ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, „ɛɟɥɨɤɭɪɨɣ ɛɟɫɬɢɢ” ɇɢɰɲɟ, ɧɨ ɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Ⱦɨɛɪɚ, ɫɩɨ-ɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɪɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɦɵ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɜ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɞɭ-ɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦ, ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ20 . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨ-ɮɢɢ21 . Ɉɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɱɟ-ɯɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɡɦɟ22 . ȼ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ „ɯɦɭɪɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ” ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ (ɉɥ.ɇ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜ)23, „ɛɟɡɵɫɯɨɞɧɨ-ɦɪɚɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ” (Ⱥ.ɂ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢɱ)24. Ʌ. ɒɟɫɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ „ɩɟɜɰɨɦ ɛɟɡɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ”25 . Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ „ɨɩɬɢ-ɦɨɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɡɦ”, ɜɢɞɹɳɢɦ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɥɚ, ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɤ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɜɟɪɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɝɪɹɞɭɳɭɸ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɞɨɛɪɚ26 . ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ – ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ-ɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɫɬɵɞɥɢɜɨ ɢ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɟɩɧɭɳɚɹ ɪɟɥɢ-ɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɚ, ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɚ: ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɥɧɨ-ɦɨɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ27 . ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ-ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ. Ⱥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤ Ɇ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ: „Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ________________ 20 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 553. 21 ɋɦ.: ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 471. 22 ȼ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɂ.Ⱥ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɨɦ: „Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɹ «ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬ»? ȼɟɞɶ ɢɡ ɦɨɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɣ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬ” (Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1954, ɫ. 480). 23_{ɉɥ.ɇ. Ʉ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɢɫɬɵ, [ɜ:] Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɟ ɯ ɨ ɜ, Pro et contra, ɭɤɚɡ.} ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 252. 24_{Ⱥ.ɂ. Ȼ ɨ ɝ ɞ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɱ, Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɢ, [ɜ:] Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɟ ɯ ɨ ɜ, Pro et contra,} ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 256. 25 ɋɦ.: Ʌ. ɒ ɟ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɜ, Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ (Ⱥ.ɉ.ɑɟɯɨɜ), [ɜ:] Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɟ ɯ ɨ ɜ, Pro et contra, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 567. 26 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 554. 27 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 556.

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ – ɑɟɯɨɜ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɥ”28 . Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɡɦɚɣɥɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ: „ɋɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɚɠɞɚ Ȼɨɝɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɵ ɠɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ, ɏɪɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɛɟɫ-ɫɦɟɪɬɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɭɦ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ”29 . ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɵ Ɇ. Ʉɚɥɥɚɲ30 , Ȼ. Ɂɚɣɰɟɜ31. Ⱦɥɹ Ɇ.Ɇ. Ⱦɭ-ɧɚɟɜɚ ɑɟɯɨɜ – ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ „ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɞɭɯɭ”32 . Ⱦɭɦɚɟɬɫɹ, „ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧ-ɧɵɟ” ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɯ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɸ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ33 – ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɧ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɞɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ-ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ. ȿɳɟ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨ-ɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɉɬɰɵ ɢ ɞɟɬɢ Ȼɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɟ: ɇɭ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɧ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɢɡɛɟ, ɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɧɹ ɥɨɩɭɯ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ; ɧɭ, ɚ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ?34 ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍɨɥ-ɫɬɨɝɨ. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜɵ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-ɝɨ ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ „ɬɟɥɟɝ, ɩɨɞɜɨɡɹɳɢɯ ɯɥɟɛ”. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɚɪɟɧɢɧɚ ɩɥɨɞɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ-ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɟɣ; ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɝɢɛɧɟɬ, ɛɪɨɫɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɟɡɞ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɚ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ʌɟɜɢɧ ɪɚɡ-ɦɵɲɥɹɟɬ: Ɋɚɡɭɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɭɲɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɢɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ. Ⱥ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɭɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ35 . „ɍɦɭ” ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ „ɫɟɪɞɰɟ” ɢ „ɫɨɜɟɫɬɶ”. ________________ 28 Ɇ.Ɇ. ɋ ɬ ɟ ɩ ɚ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɋɟɥɢɝɢɹ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ 1913, ɫ. 57. 29 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂ ɡ ɦ ɚ ɣ ɥ ɨ ɜ, ȼɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɢɟ (pɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ), [ɜ:] Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑ ɟ ɯ ɨ ɜ, Pro et contra, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 902. 30 Ɇ. Ʉ ɭ ɪ ɞ ɸ ɦ ɨ ɜ (Ɇ. Ʉ ɚ ɥ ɥ ɚ ɲ), ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɫɦɹɬɟɧɧɨɟ: ɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱥ.ɉ. ɑɟɯɨ-ɜɚ. 1904–1934, „Ɋɭɫɶ” 1934. 31 Ȼ. Ɂ ɚ ɣ ɰ ɟ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ 1954. 32_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 664.} 33 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ɉɬ ɦɚɪɤ-ɫɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 499. 34 ɂ.ɋ. Ɍ ɭ ɪ ɝ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɜ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɜ 30-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 7, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1981, ɫ. 121. 35_{Ʌ.ɇ. Ɍ ɨ ɥ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɣ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 20-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 9, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1963, ɫ. 422.}

ɇɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ”. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɸɞɢ. ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ – ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ „ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɹ?” ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟ-ɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɪɭ36 . ɑɟɯɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɟɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ… ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɨɦ37 – ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɨɧ. ȼ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɪɚɜ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɤ ɦɢɪɭ, ɚ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ – ɜɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɵɦɨɜ (ɉɨɩɪɵɝɭɧɶɹ), Ɇɢɫɚɢɥ ɉɨɥɨɡ-ɧɟɜ (Ɇɨɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ), ɇɢɧɚ Ɂɚɪɟɱɧɚɹ (ɑɚɣɤɚ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ Ȼɭɥɝɚ-ɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɂ.ɂ. Ɉɪɥɨɜɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɟɪ-ɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ („ɹ ɜɟɪɭɸ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ”). Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɵɦ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɲɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɹ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ38 . ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɚɯ ɝɥɭ-ɛɨɤɨ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜɚ: „ɉɨɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɲɶ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɨɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ” (ɉɨɷɬ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ). ȼɫɟ „ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ” ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɢɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɪɟɞ-ɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɢ, ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɇ.Ʉ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɉ.ɉ. ɉɟɪɰɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɠɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-ɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ, „ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɡɹɬɨɫɬɢ”39 . ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɇɭɠɢɤɚɯ, ɜ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɞɚɱɟ. ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɞɚɟɬ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ, ɤɚɤ „ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ” (ȼ ɨɜɪɚɝɟ), „ɮɟɬɢɲɢɡɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ” (ɋɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤ-ɬɢɤɢ, Ȼɚɛɶɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ). Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɷɩɨɯɢ – ɫɨ-ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. ________________ 36_{Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 512.} 37 ɋ.ɇ. Ȼ ɭ ɥ ɝ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɑɟɯɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 558. 38 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 564. 39 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 559.

ȼɫɹɤɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɣ ɧɟɢɦɨ-ɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɫ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɚɝ, ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɨɞɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨɦ40 – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɨɧ. ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1905 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɹɜɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɜɟɬ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟ-ɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɩɢɫɚɬɟ-ɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɋ.ɇ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɟ, ɪɚɡ-ɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ, – ɧɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɭ-ɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɟɝɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɹɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɏɭ-ɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɑɟɯɨɜɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ „ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɢ”. ɂ ɪɚɡ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ, ɦɢɪ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ „ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ” ɜ ɧɟɦ. ________________ 40 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 565.