The Golden Age of Citizen Journalism

(1)

A N N A L E S

8 1 , 9 ( 5 6 , 7$7 , 6 0 $ 5 , $ ( & 8 5 , ( 6 . à 2 ' 2 : 6 . $ /8%/,1±32/21,$ 92/;;, 6(&7,2. 8QLYHUVLW\RI6V&\ULODQG0HWKRGLXVLQ7UQDYD6ORYDNLD 9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È

The Golden Age of Citizen Journalism

ABSTRACT &LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPKDVQHYHUEHHQDVVWURQJDVLWLVQRZ1HZWHFKQRORJLHVDQGWKH,QWHUQHWKDYH LQIOXHQFHGLWDORW7KHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHFLWL]HQDQGWKHSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVP±RUFRRSHUD-WLRQRIWKHVHWZRHOHPHQWV±KDYHEHFRPHDGLVFXVVHGWRSLF7KHUHDUHWZRGLIIHUHQWYLHZVWRWKHLVVXH &HUWDLQH[SHUWVVD\LWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRFRPSDUHWKHSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVPWRWKHFLWL]HQRQH%XWVRPH FDVHVVKRZWKDWWKHFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIFXUUHQWPHGLD

Key words:

DPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVPFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVPWKH,QWHUQHWVRFLDOQH-WZRUNEORJ7ZLWWHUPHGLD ,1752'8&7,21 7KHQDPHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVµ*ROGHQ$JHRI&LWL]HQ-RXUQDOLVP¶5HDVRQVZK\FXU-UHQWVLWXDWLRQLQPHGLDLVWKHEHVWWLPHIRUFLYLFMRXUQDOLVWVDUHREYLRXV$OPRVWHYHU\ PHPEHURIPRGHUQVRFLHW\RZQVDFDPHUDDYLGHRFDPHUDRUDPRELOHSKRQHDQG WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQJ±,QWHUQHWDFFHVV3HRSOHXVHWKH,QWHUQHWGDLO\SDUWLFLSDWH LQVRFLDOQHWZRUNVDVPHPEHUVDQGVRWKHDPDWHXURUFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVDSDUW RIFXUUHQWPHGLDFRQWHQW 7KHUHFDQEHDQRSLQLRQWKDWFLYLFMRXUQDOLVPLVYHU\XVHIXOIRUFXUUHQWPHGLDEXW SURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWVGRQRWKDYHWRDJUHH1RQSURIHVVLRQDOVFDQEHYHU\KHOSIXO IRUPDLQVWUHDPMRXUQDOLVPEXWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLWFDQPDNHWKHGLIILFXOWVLWXDWLRQ RIWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLDHYHQPRUHFRPSOLFDWHG '2,FXULH

(2)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È $OWKRXJKWKHFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPKDVEHHQGHYHORSLQJYHU\TXLFNO\VLQFHWKHEHJLQ-QLQJRIWKHVWFHQWXU\LWLVVWLOOSDUWRIPHGLDVWXGLHVZKLFKKDVQRWEHHQUHVHDUFKHG YHU\ZHOO0DQ\PHGLDH[SHUWVDUHDELWVFHSWLFDERXWLW3URIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWVGHFOLQH WRSXWDµMRXUQDOLVP¶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µDPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVP¶WR6ORYDNODQJXDJHDV DQH[DPSOH$OWKRXJKµDPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVP¶LVXVHGLQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHZLWKRXWDQ\ QHJDWLYHPHDQLQJVDQGFRQQRWDWLRQVDQGLWLVMXVWV\QRQ\PWRFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPRU WKHQDPHIRUMRXUQDOLVPPDGHE\QRQSURIHVVLRQDOVWKHUHFDQEHDSUREOHPZLWKWKLV WHUPLQ6ORYDNODQJXDJHZKHQµDPDWpU¶QRXQPHDQVDSHUVRQZKRFDQQRWGRVRPH-WKLQJSURSHUO\RUµDPDWpUVN\¶DGMHFWLYHLVDZRUGZKLFKDVVRFLDWHVVRPHSURGXFWRI ORZHUTXDOLW\HJDPDWHXUYLGHRDOZD\VPHDQVVRPHWKLQJWHFKQRORJLFDOO\GHILFLHQW :KDW LV FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVP" :H FDQ ILQG PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW GHILQLWLRQV RI WKH LV-VXH7KHEDVLFGHILQLWLRQGHVFULEHVFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPDV³«WKHJDWKHULQJZULWLQJ HGLWLQJSURGXFWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIQHZVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQE\SHRSOHQRWWUDLQHG DV SURIHVVLRQDO MRXUQDOLVWV &LWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVWV DUH QRQSURIHVVLRQDOV ZKR FROOHFW GLVVHPLQDWH DQG DQDO\VH QHZV RQ EORJV ZLNLV DQG VKDULQJ ZHEVLWHV XVLQJ WDEOHWV ODSWRSV FHOO SKRQHV GLJLWDO FDPHUDV DQG RWKHU PRELOH DQG ZLUHOHVV WHFKQRORJLHV´ >&XUWLV@7KLVGHILQLWLRQFRQWDLQVDOOPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVYDOLGIRUWKLVNLQGRI MRXUQDOLVPLQFOXGLQJLWVDXWKRUVPHGLDDQGXVHGGHYLFHV6RRQHRIWKHFRQGLWLRQV RIEHLQJDFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWLVWRRZHVRPHGHYLFHDVFDPHUDPRELOHSKRQHRUWDEOHW EXWLWLVQRWWKHRQO\WKLQJZKLFK\RXQHHG$FLWL]HQUHSRUWHUVKRXOGDOVRKDYHVRPH

(3)

7+(*2/'(1$*(2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60

IHDWXUHV RI SURIHVVLRQDO MRXUQDOLVW DQG ZLOO VKDUH KLV DUWLFOH SKRWR YLGHR RU RWKHU FRQWHQWZLWKRWKHUV -RXUQDOLVWDQGSKRWRJUDSKHU6HDQ0F0XOOHQZKRKDVEHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQDPDWHXU MRXUQDOLVPDQGKHKDVDOVRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQLWGHVFULEHVWKHQDWXUHRIWKHDPDWHXUMRXU-QDOLVPYHU\FRQFLVHO\0F0XOOHQVD\VDERXWWKHDPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVPDVDERXW³W\SH RIMRXUQDOLVPSUDFWLFHGE\HYHU\GD\SHRSOH&LWL]HQVVRPHZLWKRXWSURSHUMRXUQDO-LVPWUDLQLQJDUHXVLQJWKLVPRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\WRSXEOLVKWKHLUMRXUQDOLVWLFZRUN,W FDQKDSSHQVSRQWDQHRXVO\RUGHOLEHUDWHO\&LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVFDQXVHWKHLUFHOOSKRQHV WRFDSWXUHQHZVZRUWK\HYHQWVWKH\DUHLQYROYHGLQRUZDWFKLQJRUWKH\FDQJRDQG FRYHUVRPHWKLQJLQWKHLUFRPPXQLW\DVDSODQQHGDFWLYLW\´>0F0XOOHQ@ 6KD\QH%RZPDQDQG&KULV:LOOLVMRXUQDOLVWLFH[SHUWVIURP7KH$PHULFDQ3UHVV ,QVWLWXWHFDOOWKLVNLQGRIMRXUQDOLVPSDUWLFLSDWRU\MRXUQDOLVP7KH\GHILQHSDUWLFLSDWRU\ MRXUQDOLVPDV³7KHDFWRIDFLWL]HQRUJURXSRIFLWL]HQVSOD\LQJDQDFWLYHUROHLQWKH SURFHVVRIFROOHFWLQJUHSRUWLQJDQDO\VLQJDQGGLVVHPLQDWLQJQHZVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ 7KHLQWHQWRIWKLVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVWRSURYLGHLQGHSHQGHQWUHOLDEOHDFFXUDWHZLGH UDQJLQJDQGUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWDGHPRFUDF\UHTXLUHV´>%RZPDQ:LOOLV@ /XLV:LOOLDP5XWLJOLDQRVD\VWKDWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVQRWWKHVDPHDVSDUWLFLSDWRU\ MRXUQDOLVPDQGKHGHVFULEHVWKHPDLQGLIIHUHQFH³3DUWLFLSDWRU\MRXUQDOLVPSURYLGHV DVSDFHIRUWKHSXEOLFWRGLVFXVVLVVXHVGLUHFWO\LQWKHLURZQZRUGVEXWXQGHUWKHVXSHUYL-VLRQDQGLQYROYHPHQWRIDQHZVRUJDQL]DWLRQ&LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVWKHSXEOLF¶VFRYHUDJH RILVVXHVZLWKRXWQHZVRUJDQL]DWLRQLQYROYHPHQW´>5XWLJOLDQR@)RUH[DPSOH $SKRWRDQGDQHYLGHQFHZKLFKZDVVHQWWRQDWLRQDOQHZVSDSHUE\ZLWQHVVRIDQDLU SODQHFUDVKDQGZKLFKZLOOEHXVHGLQQHZVZULWWHQE\SURIHVVLRQDOUHSRUWHULVDNLQG RISDUWLFLSDWRU\MRXUQDOLVPEXWLIWKHZLWQHVVSXEOLVKHGDQDUWLFOHDERXWWKHSODQHFUDVK DQGXVHGDSKRWRPDGHE\KLPVHOIRQKLVRZQEORJZHFRXOGFDOOLWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVP $QRWKHUGHILQLWLRQRIFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVFRQQHFWHGPRUHWRDXWKRUVRIWKHFRQ-WHQWFRQVLGHUHGDVFLYLFRUDPDWHXU,W³«WHQGVWREHSURGXFHGQRWE\SURIHVVLRQDOV EXWE\DPDWHXUVZKRW\SLFDOO\KDYHOLWWOHRUQRWUDLQLQJRUSURIHVVLRQDOTXDOLILFDWLRQV DVMRXUQDOLVWVWKH\ZULWHDQGUHSRUWIURPWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVFLWL]HQVDVPHPEHUVRI FRPPXQLWLHV DV DFWLYLVWV RU DV IDQV´ >$WWRQ +DPLOWRQ ±@ %XW LI ZH ORRN DWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPIURPDQRWKHUSRLQWRIYLHZZHGRQRWKDYHWRDJUHHZLWKWKLV RSLQLRQDQGZHFDQVD\WKDWDOVRIRUPHUSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWVRUJUDGXDWHVRIMRXU-QDOLVPRUPHGLDVWXGLHVFDQEHDOVRFLYLFMRXUQDOLVWVDVIDUDVWKH\DUHQRWFRQQHFWHG WRPDLQVWUHDPPHGLD 25,*,162)02'(51&,7,=(1-2851$/,60 $FFRUGLQJWRVRPHDXWKRUVWKHUHZHUHILUVWDWWHPSWVRIMRXUQDOLVPPDGHE\QRQ SURIHVVLRQDOVLQV³)RULQVWDQFHWKHURRWVRIWKHSRSXODUPXVLFSUHVVLQWKH8. DQGWKH86OLHQRWLQSURIHVVLRQDOL]HGMRXUQDOLVPEXWLQWKHDPDWHXUXQGHUJURXQG SUHVVRIWKHODWHV´>$WWRQ@$OWKRXJKLWZDVDOWHUQDWLYHWRPDLQVWUHDP

(4)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È RUHYHQWKHRULJLQRISRSXODUPXVLFSUHVVZHFDQQRWVD\WKDWLWZDVWKHVDPHDVFLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVPRIWRGD\ZKLFKFRYHUVLPSRUWDQWLVVXHVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQVHTXHQFHV (YHU\WKLQJFKDQJHGZLWKWKHEHJLQQLQJRI7KH,QWHUQHWDQG:RUOG:LGH:HE &LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLQLWVFXUUHQWIRUPKDVLWVRULJLQVLQWKHV,WKDVEHHQGHYHO-RSLQJUHDOO\VZLIWO\VLQFHWKHV&UHDWLRQRI)LGR1HZVLQZDVRQHRIWKHILUVW ELJDWWHPSWVWRFROOHFWFRQWHQWVLPLODUWRWRGD\¶VFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVP³)LGR1HZVZDV DQRSHQFRQWULEXWLRQRQOLQHQHZVOHWWHUE\WKHJUDVVURRWVGLDOXSEXOOHWLQERDUGFDOOHG )LGR1HW´>6WHUOLQJ@

,QG\ 0HGLD DQG :HE ZHUH DQRWKHU SURMHFWV FRQQHFWHG WR XVHUVJHQHUDWHG FRQWHQW%XWWKHUHDUHDOVRRWKHUSODFHVZKHUHFLYLFFRQWHQWLVFRQFHQWUDWHG,WFDQ EHDOVRZRUOGRQOLQH(QF\FORSDHGLD:LNLSHGLDRUYLGHRVKDULQJZHEVLWH<RX7XEH

³7KHWHUPµFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVP¶HPHUJHGDURXQGWKH\HDUDVDZD\RIFKDO-OHQJLQJ WKH UROH RI MRXUQDOLVP DQG RWKHU GRPLQDQW LQVWLWXWLRQV LQ VKDSLQJ SXEOLF GHEDWH,QWKH86$WKLVGLVFRXUVHWHQGHGWRGUDZRQWKHPL[WXUHRIFRXQWHUFXOWXUDO OLEHUWDULDQDQGFRPPXQLWDULDQLGHDOVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HGHDUO\RQOLQHFRPPXQLWLHV«´ >0DWKHVRQ@ 7KHELJJHVWLQFUHDVHRIFRQWHQWFUHDWHGE\FLWL]HQVZDVLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH st_{FHQWXU\ZKHQPDQ\RQOLQHYHUVLRQVRIPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDFUHDWHGVSHFLDOVHFWLRQV} IRUDPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVP&XUUHQW79±L5HSRUWE\&11±

2QH RI WKH PRVW PHPRUDEOH PRPHQWV IRU FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVP ZDV WKH WHUURULVW DWWDFNVRI6HSWHPEHU0DQ\ODUJHQHZVZHEVLWHVZHUHORRNLQJIRUDXWKHQWLF PDWHULDORISHRSOHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHWUDJHG\³(YHU\WKLQJIURPH\HZLWQHVVDFFRXQWV DQGSKRWRJDOOHULHVWRFRPPHQWDU\DQGSHUVRQDOVWRU\WHOOLQJHPHUJHGWRKHOSSHR-SOHFROOHFWLYHO\JUDVSWKHFRQIXVLRQDQJHUDQGORVVIHOWLQWKHZDNHRIWKHWUDJHG\´ >%RZPDQ:LOOLV@ (YHQWVZKLFKIROORZHGDIWHUWHUURULVWDWWDFNVLQ86$ZHUHEUHDNLQJRQHVIRUFLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVPWRR´,QWKHVSULQJRIZLWKWKH86OHGLQYDVLRQRI,UDTXQGHUZD\ PDLQVWUHDPQHZVPHGLDWRRNQRWHRIWKHULVLQJSRSXODULW\RIWKHZDUEORJDIHLVW\ QHZJHQUHRIEORJWKDWIRFXVHGVSHFLILFDOO\RQWKHWHUURULVPZDUV/LNHPDQ\RWKHU FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPSURMHFWVWKHRULJLQDOZDUEORJVZHUHRIWHQLQGHSHQGHQWVLWHVFUHDWHG E\WKHLUDXWKRUV\HWGHSHQGHQWRQDQHWZRUNRIUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKDXGLHQFHVRWKHU EORJJHUV DQG WKH PDLQVWUHDP QHZV PHGLD WR VXVWDLQ WKHP´ >:DOO @ 6LQFH PDQ\ ZDUEORJV DSSHDUHG DQG ZDUV RU RWKHU NLQGV RI FRQIOLFWV FUHDWHG VSDFH IRU FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVWV 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO PDLQ UHDVRQV ZK\ LW LV VR ± PDLQVWUHDP PHGLDDUHQRWDEOHWRFRYHUWKLVWRSLFSURSHUO\DQGWKH\GRQRWZDQWWRUHO\RQQHZV DJHQFLHVRUDQRWKHUVRXUFHVZKLFKEULQJWKHVDPHFRQWHQWWRDOOPHGLDEXWWKH\QHHG VRPHWKLQJHPRWLRQDODQGRULJLQDOWKHLURZQVWRU\7KHUHLVDOVRDQRWKHUUHDVRQ± FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVZDQWWROHWSHRSOHZKRDUHQRWLQYROYHGLQWKHFRQIOLFWNQRZZKDW WKHVLWXDWLRQUHDOO\LV 3LFWXUHVYLGHRVDQGVWRULHVPDGHE\DPDWHXUUHSRUWVZHUHGHPDQGHGDOVRLQ DIWHUWVXQDPLLQ$VLDDIWHUKXUULFDQH.DWULQDLQHDUWKTXDNHLQ&KLQDLQ RULQ-DSDQLQ7KLVFRQWHQWZDVSXEOLVKHGDOVRLQWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLD

(5)

7+(*2/'(1$*(2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60

:HFDQILQGPDQ\ZHEVLWHVZKHUHFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVSXEOLVKHG:HEVLWH2K P\ QHZV IURP 6RXWK .RUHD $PHULFDQ 7KH 'DLO\ 0H 7KH /DWHVW L5HSRUWHU RQ &11RU*OREDO9RLFHVRQOLQHDUHWKHPRVWVXFFHVVIXOQRZ0LOOLRQVFRQWULEXWLRQVRI DPDWHXUMRXUQDOLVWVDUHSXEOLVKHGDOVRRQWKHLUSULYDWHEORJV%XWDOVRVRFLDOQHWZRUNV DV7ZLWWHU)DFHERRNRU0\6SDFHDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVSODWIRUPVIRUFLYLFMRXUQDOLVWV %$6,&',))(5(1&(6%(7:((1352)(66,21$/$1'&,7,=(1-2851$/,60 7KHUHDUHWZRPDLQYLHZVWRFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVP±ZHFDQEHVFHSWLFDERXWLWDQG ZHFDQVD\WKDWLWFDQQRWEHIXOOIHDWXUHGDOWHUQDWLYHWRMRXUQDOLVPRUZHFDQEHYHU\ RSWLPLVWLFDERXWWKHFRQWHQWPDGHE\QRQSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGFRQVLGHULWDVDQHZDQG YHU\LPSRUWDQWSDUWRIPHGLD:HPXVWDFFHSWLWDVDQHZIRUPRISUHVHQWLQJLQIRU-PDWLRQZKLFKLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDOZD\RIPDNLQJQHZV &KULVWRSKHU+6WHUOLQJGHVFULEHVWKHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWUDGLWLRQDODQG FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLQKLVEncyclopaedia of Journalism³&LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPHPHUJHQW E\LWVQDWXUHZKLFKPDNHVLWKDUGWRGUDZRYHUO\VKDUSOLQHVRQVSHFLILFPRGHOV´ >6WHUOLQJ@$FFRUGLQJWR6WHUOLQJ¶VPDLQIHDWXUHVRIFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPDQG DOVRDFFRUGLQJWRP\RZQDQDO\VLVDQGNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKLVW\SHRIFRQWHQW,WU\ WRIRUPXODWHILYHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPDQGWUDGLWLRQDORQH 6RXUFHV ³7UDGLWLRQDOMRXUQDOLVPDFTXLUHVSULPDU\VRXUFHVZKHWKHULQWHUYLHZVRUGRFX-PHQWV DQG WKHQ DQDO\VHV DQG V\QWKHVL]HV WKHP 1HZ IRUPV RI FRQWULEXWLRQEDVHG MRXUQDOLVPVXFKDVWKHZHEVLWH$VVLJQPHQW=HUR_{UHO\PRUHKHDYLO\RQWKHµFURZG¶} WRFROOHFWVRXUFHVDQGDQDO\VHDQGV\QWKHVL]HWKHPLQDGLVWULEXWHGZD\´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

_{$VVLJQPHQW =HUR ZDV DQ DWWHPSW WR FUHDWH RSHQVRXUFH MRXUQDOLVP E\ FRQQHFWLQJ MRXUQDOLVWV}

(6)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È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

:H FDQ XVH DQ H[DPSOH ZKLFK DSSHDUHG LQ 86 PHGLD DIWHU +XUULFDQH 6DQG\ 0DLQVWUHDPPHGLDUHOLHGWRFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHQRWDEOHWRFRYHU DOOWKHKDSSHQLQJVFRQQHFWHGWRKXUULFDQHE\WKHLURZQUHSRUWHUV³'XULQJ+XUULFDQH 6DQG\FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPSURYLGHGGDQJHURXVPLVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGIXHOOHGGDPDJLQJ UXPRXUVEHFDXVHLWZDVQ¶WDSSURSULDWHO\FKHFNHGDQGUHVHDUFKHG´>0DKRQH\@ :ULWHUDQGDFWLYLVW7\OHU0DKRQH\ZURWHDQDUWLFOHDERXWUXPRXUVPDGHE\FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVWV GXULQJ +XUULFDQH 6DQG\ +H GHVFULEHG WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKHQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW1HZ<RUN6WRFN([FKDQJHZDVXQGHUWKUHHIHHWRIZDWHUDSSHDUHGRQ7ZLWWHU DQG ZDV WDNHQ E\ PDLQVWUHDP PHGLD LPPHGLDWHO\ DOWKRXJK LW ZDV QRW WUXH 7\OHU 0DKRQH\KDVUHDOO\VWULFWDGYLFHWRFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWV³$VDFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVW\RX QHHGWRNHHSDVNLQJ\RXUVHOILIZKDW\RX¶YHGLVFRYHUHGLVUHDOO\QHZV"'R\RXKDYH WZRVRXUFHV"$UHWKRVHVRXUFHVFUHGLEOH"'R\RXKDYHFRUURERUDWLQJHYLGHQFH"5HSHDW WKLVSURFHVVLQGHILQLWHO\8QWLO\RXFDQDELGHE\WKHVHVLPSOHJXLGHOLQHVVWRSKXUWLQJ RXUGHPRFUDF\E\SHGGOLQJ\RXUJDUEDJH´>0DKRQH\@<HVLWLVWUXHWKDWFLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVPFDQFDXVHPLVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGUXPRXUVZLWKDELJFRQVHTXHQFHVEXWRQ WKH RWKHU KDQG SURIHVVLRQDO MRXUQDOLVW VKRXOG EH DOVR PRUH FDUHIXO DQG VKRXOG QRW KDYHDEOLQGWUXVWWRQRQSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWV7KHUHLVDOVRRQHPRUHTXHVWLRQ,I FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWXVHGDOOWKHUXOHVDQGHWKLFDOSULQFLSOHVRISURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWV FRXOGZHVWLOOFDOOLWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVP"

(7)

7+(*2/'(1$*(2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60 ,QGHSHQGHQFH ,WLVJHQHUDOO\VDLGWKDWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWUDGLWLRQDOMRXUQDOLVP DQGLWLVDNLQGRIEULQJLQJLQGHSHQGHQWQHZV&LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVZKRSXEOLVKWKHLU DUWLFOHVSKRWRVRUYLGHRVRQWKHLUEORJVRUVRFLDOQHWZRUNSURILOHVDUHQRWHPSOR\HHV RIPHGLDFRUSRUDWLRQVDQGGRQRWKDYHWRSXEOLVKFRQWHQWZKLFKWKH\DUHDVNHGIRU%XW RQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHLVDKXJHLQWHUHVWLQFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPIURPELJFRUSRUDWLRQV DV<DKRR*RRJOHHWF_{³7KHSROLWLFDOHFRQRP\RIFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPLVLQIOX[ZLWK} ODUJHVFDOHFRPPHUFHDQGDGYHUWLVLQJGROODUVDQGLQVRPHFDVHVWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLD FRUSRUDWLRQVHQFURDFKLQJVWHDGLO\LQWRWKLVDUHD´>*RRGH@ &RQWHQWPDGHE\FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVLVDOVRRIWHQSXEOLVKHGLQPDLQVWUHDPPHGLD *RRGH XVHV DOVR RQH PRUH H[DPSOH ³(YHQ ZKHUHWKHUHLV FOHDU LQVWLWXWLRQDO LQGH-SHQGHQFHIURPµWUDGLWLRQDO¶PHGLDFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPVLWHVPD\GUDZFRQVFLRXVO\RU RWKHUZLVHRQQRUPVDQGWUDGLWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPDLQVWUHDPMRXUQDOLVP´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±QG0D\\HDU ROG3DNLVWDQLVSHFLDOLVWRQLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV6RKDLE$WKDUVHQWDPHVVDJH WKURXJKWKHVRFLDOQHWZRUN´7ZLWWHU´WZHHWUHJDUGLQJWKHVLWXDWLRQLQKLVKRPHWRZQ $WKDUZKRZDVLQKLVKRXVHLQWKH1RUWK3DNLVWDQLFLW\RI$EERWWDEDGGXULQJWKH QLJKWZDVQ¶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´1R

_{$XWKRURIVWXG\Social news, citizen journalism and democracy/XNH*RRGHXVHVH[DPSOHVRI}

(8)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È 7ZLWWHUKDVQ¶WUHSODFHG&11«%HFDXVHKHZRQGHUHGRQ7ZLWWHULQUHDOWLPHQRZ KH¶VDµFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVW¶«:RQGHULQJRQ7ZLWWHUZK\WKHUHDUHKHOLFRSWHUVIO\LQJ DURXQG\RXUQHLJKERXUKRRGLVQ¶WMRXUQDOLVP´>0\HUV@ 2WKHUH[SHUWVDUHVXUHWKDWWKLVKDSSHQLQJXQGRXEWHGO\SURPRWHGFLYLFMRXUQDO-LVPWRWKHSURIHVVLRQDOOHYHODQG$WKDU¶VDFWLQJLVFRQVLGHUHGDVDMRXUQDOLVWLFRQH UHJDUGLQJWRYDULRXVIDFWV )LUVWO\DOWKRXJK$WKDULVDQRUGLQDU\PDQKHDFWHGGXULQJWKLVSHFXOLDUVLWXDWLRQ DVDMRXUQDOLVW6LQJOHPHVVDJHVZKLFK$WKDUSRVWHGRQKLV7ZLWWHUDFFRXQWKDGWKH DWWULEXWHVRIUHDOQHZVWH[WVDOWKRXJKWKH\FDQQRWEHFODVVLILHGLQWRDVSHFLILFJHQUH +HVWDUWHGWRDFWDVDMRXUQDOLVWLQWKHPRPHQWRIUHDOL]DWLRQWKDWKHLVZLWQHVVLQJ DVWUDQJHKDSSHQLQJDQGWKDWKHVKRXOGLQIRUPWKHZRUOGDERXWLW+LVILUVW´WZHHW´ VHUYHVDVDSURRI³+HOLFRSWHUKRYHULQJDERYH$EERWWDEDGDW$0LVDUDUHHYHQW%XW KHFRQWLQXHGE\DGGLQJPRUHQHZV$KXJHZLQGRZVKDNLQJEDQJKHUHLQ$EERWWDEDG &DQWW,KRSHLW¶VQRWWKHVWDUWRIVRPHWKLQJQDVW\6´+HDOVRWZHHWHGH[DFWSODFHRI WKHHYHQWV³+HUH¶VWKHORFDWLRQRIWKH$EERWWDEDGFUDVKDFFRUGLQJWRVRPHSHRSOH´ !!!KWWSRQIEPHNKMI+HDGGHGWKHVWDWHPHQWRIDWD[LGULYHUDVZHOO³5HSRUW IURPDWD[LGULYHU7KHDUP\KDVFRUGRQHGRIIWKHFUDVKDUHDDQGLVFRQGXFWLQJGRRU WRGRRUVHDUFKLQWKHVXUURXQGLQJ´ 7KHQKH SRVWHGWZHHWVIURPQHZVVLWHVZKLFK LQIRUPHGDERXWWKLVKDSSHQLQJDVZHOO$WKDUDOVRDQVZHUHGWKHTXHVWLRQVRIWKRVH ZKRZDQWHGWRNQRZPRUHDERXWWKLVLQFLGHQW$WKDUHYHQDQDO\VHGWKLVKDSSHQLQJ ZKLFKKHZLWQHVVHGDQGOLQNHGLWZLWKVRPHRWKHUIDFWV³6LQFH7DOLEDQSUREDEO\ GRQ¶WKDYHKHOLFRSWHUVDQGVLQFHWKH\¶UHVD\LQJLWZDVQRWµRXUV¶VRPXVWEHDFRP-SOLFDWHGVLWXDWLRQDEERWWDEDG´+HUHWZHHWHGDSRVWIURP0XQ]LU1DTYLFRQQHFWHG WR2EDPD¶VVWDWHPHQW³,WKLQNWKHKHOLFRSWHUFUDVKLQ$EERWWDEDG3DNLVWDQDQGWKH 3UHVLGHQW2EDPDEUHDNLQJQHZVDGGUHVVDUHFRQQHFWHG´ $FFRUGLQJWRVRPHH[SHUWVKLVDSSURDFKFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDQDFWRIDSURIHV-VLRQDOMRXUQDOLVW(YHQWKRXJKWKHIRUPRIKLVSRVWVZDVQ¶WRQDSURIHVVLRQDOOHYHOWKH ZD\KHDSSURDFKHGWKHVLWXDWLRQZDVYHU\VLPLODUWRDFWLRQVRIDSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVW :HFRQVLGHUKLVDSSURDFKWRLQIRUPDERXWWKHKDSSHQLQJDVDMRXUQDOLVWLFRQH DFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJIDFWV • +HZDVDZLWQHVVRIVRPHWKLQJZRUWK\WRLQIRUPDERXW

• $WKDU GHFLGHG WR EULQJ WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF ,Q FHUWDLQ SRLQW RI YLHZWKLVPDGHKLPWKHSHUVRQZKRSURYLGHGWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHSXEOLF VSUHDGHURIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ+HWRRNRYHUWKHUROHRIWKHPDVVPHGLD$WKDU EHFDPHWKHZLWQHVVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHSXEOLVKHURIWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ 'XULQJWKLVQLJKW#5HDO9LUWXDOKDGWRJHWKHUDSSUR[LPDWHO\IROORZHUV 7KLVPHDQVKHEXLOWXSDUHODWLYHO\ZLGHDXGLHQFHWRZKRPKHFDQSURYLGH DOONLQGRILQIRUPDWLRQDOVRLQWKHIXWXUH • 7KHDSSURDFKKRZKHVSUHDGWKHQHZVUHPLQGHGWKHZRUNRIDSURIHVVLRQDO MRXUQDOLVW$WKDUORRNHGIRUDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWFRXOGFRQILUPWKHIDFWV KHZLWQHVVHGKHDVNHGRWKHUSHRSOHFKHFNHGWKHGDWDEHIRUHKHSXEOLVKHGLW +HDQDO\VHGZKDWKDSSHQHGKHVHDUFKHGFRQWH[W

(9)

7+(*2/'(1$*(2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60 • $IWHUWKDWQLJKWZKHQWKHLQFLGHQWKDSSHQHGKHFRQWLQXHGWRDGGLQIRUPD-WLRQWRJHWKHUZLWKSKRWRV7KDWPHDQVKHFRQWLQXHGZRUNLQJZLWKWKHGDWD 7KHDSSURDFKRI6RKDLE$WKDULVWKHUHIRUHDUHDOO\JUHDWH[DPSOHKRZXVHIXOFDQ EHFRPPRQSHRSOH¶VREVHUYDWLRQDQGDFWLYLW\ZLWKWKHV\PELRVLVRIPRGHUQWHFKQROR-JLHV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWWKLVSDUWLFXODU3DNLVWDQL,7VSHFLDOLVWDFKLHYHGWRLQIRUP WKRXVDQGVRISHRSOHZLWKKLVWZHHWVDERXWWKLVLPSRUWDQWKDSSHQLQJ &223(5$7,212)$&,7,=(1-2851$/,67$1'$352)(66,21$/

(OLRW +LJJLQV LV DOVR DQ H[DPSOH RI FLYLF MRXUQDOLVW ZKR FRXOG GR VRPHWKLQJ HYHQEHWWHUWKDQSURIHVVLRQDO(OLRW+LJJLQVLVDPDQIURP/HLFHVWHU8QLWHG.LQJ-GRPZKRZRUNHGLQDILQDQFLDORIILFHEXWORVWKLVMRELQ2FWREHU+HFUHDWHG DEORJ%URZQ0RVHVZKHUHKHSXEOLVKHGDUWLFOHVDERXWLOOHJDOZHDSRQVXVHGLQ6\ULD ´+LJJLQVKDVVSHQWKRXUVEXLOGLQJDQHWZRUNRIEORJJHUVDQGVRFLDOPHGLDXVHUVLQ WKHUHJLRQDQGHVVHQWLDOO\DFWVDVDILOWHURUFXUDWRURIWKHFRQWHQWWKH\SURGXFH² PRVWO\<RX7XEHYLGHRVRIH[SORGHGPXQLWLRQVZKLFKKHWKHQLGHQWLILHVXVLQJWKH NQRZOHGJHKHKDVEXLOWXSKLPVHOIDVZHOODVWKDWRIKLVVRFLDOQHWZRUN(YHU\QLJKW KHFRPEVWKURXJKPRUHWKDQ<RX7XEHFKDQQHOV´>,QJUDP@7KHUHVXOWVRI KLVDQDO\VLVEHFDPHDSDUWRIPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDDQGKHEHFDPHDVRXUFHRILQIRU-PDWLRQDERXWLOOHJDOZHDSRQVLQ6\ULDQRWRQO\IRUPHGLDEXWDOVRIRUKXPDQULJKWV DJHQFLHV +LJJLQV HYHQ VWDUWHG WR FRRSHUDWH ZLWK 1HZ <RUN 7LPHV LQYHVWLJDWLYH MRXUQDOLVW&-&KLYHUV

7KHUHLVDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ(OLRW+LJJLQVDQG6RKDLE$WKDU6RKDLE$WKDUZDV D QRQSURIHVVLRQDO ZKR MXVW ZDV LQ WKH ULJKW WLPH DW WKH ULJKW SODFH DQG KDG JRRG HVWLPDWLRQWKDWVRPHWKLQJZKDWKHZDVZDWFKLQJZDVLQWHUHVWLQJHQRXJKWRVKDUHLW ZLWKRWKHUSHRSOH(OLRW+LJJLQVKDVDQH[WUDDELOLW\RUH[WUDNQRZOHGJHLQFRPSDULVRQ WRRWKHUMRXUQDOLVWV+HZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQVRPHWKLQJVSHQWPXFKWLPHGRLQJLWDQGLW PDGHKLPH[FHSWLRQDO%XWWKHUHDUHVRPHPXWXDOWKLQJVIRUERWK±WKH\VSUHDGWKH LQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKWKH\KDG$WKDUSXEOLVKHGGDWDRQ7ZLWWHUDQG+LJJLQVGLGLWYLD KLVSHUVRQDOEORJDQGFRQWHQWFUHDWHGDQGSXEOLVKHGE\ERWKRIWKHFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWV EHFDPHSDUWRIPDLQVWUHDPPHGLD ,WKLQNWKDW(OLRW+LJJLQVLVQRWDFODVVLFFLYLFUHSRUWHU+HZDVQ¶WDZLWQHVVRI VRPHLQWHUHVWLQJHYHQWKHGLGQ¶WPDNHDSLFWXUHRILWRUZURWHVRPHWKLQJDERXWLW+H XVHGKLVH[WUDNQRZOHGJHIRUPDNLQJDQDO\VLVDQGXQFRYHULQJVRPHWKLQJLPSRUWDQW $MRXUQDOLVWDQGPHGLDDQDO\VW0DWWKHZ,QJUDPWKLQNVWKDWWKLVLVDJRRGH[DPSOH RIKRZXVHIXOFRRSHUDWLRQRIFLYLFMRXUQDOLVWZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOFDQEHXVHIXO´+LV SDUWQHUVKLSZLWK&KLYHUVVKRZVWKDWWKLVNLQGRIMRXUQDOLVPFDQEHDJUHDWVXSSOH-PHQWWR±QRWQHFHVVDULO\DUHSODFHPHQWIRU±WUDGLWLRQDOUHSRUWLQJ´>,QJUDP@ +LJJLQVXQFRYHUHGVRPHWKLQJZLWKDJUHDWPHDQLQJVRPHWKLQJZKDWZDVUHDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJDOVRIRUPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDEXWKLVUHVHDUFKZRXOGQRWEHVRVXFFHVVIXOLI KHGLGQRWFRRSHUDWHZLWKDSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWIURPDUHSXWDEOHQHZVSDSHU7KH

(10)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È

FRRSHUDWLRQRI+LJJLQVDQG&KLYHUVZDVVXFFHVVIXOEHFDXVH+LJJLQVXVHGKLVH[WUD DELOLW\ DQG &KLYHUV XVHG KLV UROH RI DXWKRULW\ LQ VSUHDGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ WR PDVVHV :KHQ WKH +LJJLQV¶V GDWD ZHUH DSSURYHG E\ VRPHERG\ ZKR SHRSOH WUXVW KLV EORJ EHFDPHPRUHVXFFHVVIXODQGPRUHUHOLDEOH 7+(0($1,1*2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60,102'(5162&,(7< 7KHH[DPSOHVDQGDOVRRSLQLRQVRIMRXUQDOLVWPHGLDDQDO\WLFVRUH[SHUWVWRWKH WRSLFVKRZWKDWFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPKDVDUHDOO\VWURQJSRVLWLRQDQGLPSDFWLQWRGD\¶V VRFLHW\,WLVJHQHUDOO\VDLGWKDWWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUROHRILWLVPDNLQJWKHDOWHUQDWLYH WRPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDUHDOLW\´$OWHUQDWLYHPHGLDFRQVWUXFWDUHDOLW\WKDWDSSHDUVWR RSSRVHWKHFRQYHQWLRQVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHPDLQVWUHDPPHGLD´>$WWRQ @&LWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWVKDYHVWUHQJWKWRXQFRYHUWUXWKDQGVKRZVRPHLVVXHVZKLFK DUHZRUWK\WRLQIRUPDERXWDQGFKDQJHDQGJHWRYHUPDLQVWUHDPPHGLDVWHUHRW\SHV ³$OWHUQDWLYHMRXUQDOLVWLFSUDFWLFHVSUHVHQWZD\VRIUHLPDJLQLQJMRXUQDOLVPDQGQRW RQO\ RI DGRSWLQJ PHGLD SUDFWLFHV IRU SXUSRVHV RI VHOIHGXFDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLW\ HPSRZHUPHQW 7KH\ RIIHU D FKDOOHQJH WR SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFHV WKURXJK WKHLU YHU\ UHFRJQLWLRQRIWKRVHSUDFWLFHV´>$WWRQ+DPLOWRQ±@

,IZHORRNDWQHZVPDGHE\RUGLQDU\DVDVRXUFHIRUWUDGLWLRQDOPHGLDZHFDQ VD\WKDWWKH\KHOSWRDWWUDFWWKHDWWHQWLRQRIPDVVHVWRSUREOHPVZKLFKKDYHQ¶WEHHQ SUHVHQWHGWRSXEOLFRUVROYHG

7KH RULJLQDO PRWLYDWLRQ RI FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVP ZDV SROLWLFDOO\ DQG VRFLDOO\ PR-WLYDWHG³(DUOLHUHIIRUWEHOLHYHGLQPDNLQJMRXUQDOLVPPRUHUHVSRQVLYHWRRUGLQDU\ SHRSOHDQGLQWXUQKHOSLQJRUGLQDU\SHRSOHEHFRPHPRUHDFWLYHLQVROYLQJFRPPXQLW\ SUREOHPVDQGWDNLQJSDUWLQSROLWLFV´>/HZLV@$OVR6KD\QH%RZPDQDQG &KULV:LOLVFODLPWKDWSDUWLFLSDWRU\MRXUQDOLVPKHOSVWRNHHSGHPRFUDF\³7KHLQWHQW RIWKLVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVWRSURYLGHLQGHSHQGHQWUHOLDEOHDFFXUDWHZLGHUDQJLQJDQG UHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWDGHPRFUDF\UHTXLUHV´

$OWKRXJK WKH PDLQ PRWLYDWLRQV RI FLWL]HQ MRXUQDOLVWV XVHG WR EH SROLWLFDO LW LV QRWWKHRQO\UHDVRQZK\SHRSOHGHFLGHWRSXEOLVKVRPHFRQWHQWEXWWKHUHPRWLYDWLRQV FDQ EH YDULRXV WKH VDPH DV LW LV E\ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDO PHGLD ³(YHU\ GD\MRXUQDOLVWVSHUVXDGHVRXUFHVWRJLYHXSWKHLUWLPHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDWQRFRVW 3XEOLFLVWVFRRSHUDWHEHFDXVHLW¶VWKHLUMREDFDGHPLFVGRLWIRUFDUHHUHQKDQFHPHQW VRFLDODFWLYLVWVGRLWIRUWKHFDXVHDQGRWKHUVJRRQUHFRUGIRUFLYLFGXW\RUIRUWKH KHGRQLVWLFSOHDVXUHRIVHHLQJWKHLUQDPHLQSULQW´>/HZLV@ (YHU\SDUWLFLSDWRUFDQKDYHDGLIIHUHQWPRWLYDWLRQRURZQPHDQLQJRIWKLVNLQGRI ZRUNWKHRQO\LPSRUWDQWWKLQJDERXWLWLVWKDWLWH[LVWVDQGKHOSVLQVROYLQJSUREOHPV RILQGLYLGXDOVRUJURXSVLQYDULRXVZD\V

(11)

7+(*2/'(1$*(2)&,7,=(1-2851$/,60 &21&/86,216 ,WLVDNLQGRIUHYROXWLRQ7KRVHZKRXVHGWRUHFHLYHQHZVIURPPHGLDEHFDPH WKHVHZKRPDGHWKHLURZQQHZVZKRFDQVKDUHWKHLURSLQLRQVZLWKPDVVHVDQGFRQ-VWUXFWWKHLURZQPHGLDUHDOLW\

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±LWFDQ EHPRUHLQGHSHQGHQWDQGDOVRYHU\KHOSIXOIRUSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWVZKRGRQRW KDYHDFKDQFHWREHZLWQHVVHVRIVRPHXQH[SHFWHGHYHQWRUGRQRWKDYHHQRXJKWLPH RUDELOLWLHVWRLQIRUPDERXWVRPHWRSLFV%XWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGPDQ\SHRSOHVWLOOGR QRWWUXVWDUWLFOHVZULWWHQE\QRQSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGVRPHRFFDVLRQDOEORJJHUVDUHQRW FRQVLGHUHGDVDXWKRULWLHVRUSHRSOHZKRFDQEHWUXVWHG )URPP\SRLQWRIYLHZFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPZLOOQHYHUUHSODFHWUDGLWLRQDORQHEXW LWFDQLPSURYHLW$WKDU¶VDQG+LJJLQV¶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¶WUHO\RQWKHPDQGWUXVW WKHPWRWDOO\7KH\VKRXOGFKHFNXSHYHU\WKLQJZKDWWKH\FDQDQGVWD\LQSRVLWLRQRI WKHSHUVRQZKRVHMRELVWRLQIRUPSHRSOHDQGWHOOWKHPWUXWK

(12)

9,.7Ï5,$0,59$-29È

%,%/,2*5$3+<

$WKDU6Really VirtualKWWSVWZLWWHUFRP5HDOO\9LUWXDODFFHVV

$WWRQ &K Alternative and Citizen Journalism >LQ@ The Handbook of Journalism Science .:-RUJHQVHQ7+DQLW]VFKHG5RXWOHGJH2[RQ

$WWRQ&K+DPLOWRQ-)Alternative Journalism6$*(/RQGRQ

%RZPDQ6:LOOLV&KWe media. How audiences are shaping the future of news and

infor-mationKWWSZZZK\SHUJHQHQHWZHPHGLDDFFHVV

&XUWLV$Citizen JournalismKWWSZZZXQFSHGXKRPHDFXUWLV&RXUVHV5HVRXUFHV)RU&RXUVHV -RXUQDOLVP&LWL]HQ-RXUQDOLVPKWPODFFHVV

&KLYHUV&-6FKPLWW(Saudis Step Up Help for Rebels in Syria With Croatian Arms KWWS ZZZQ\WLPHVFRPZRUOGPLGGOHHDVWLQVKLIWVDXGLVDUHVDLGWRDUPUHEHOVLQV\ULD KWPO"BU DFFHVV

*RRGH/Social news, citizen journalism and democracy>LQ@New Media and Society6-RQHV HG6$*(3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ

+LOO$Osama bin Laden killed – how a live blogger captured the raidKWWSZZZJXDUGLDQ FRXNZRUOGPD\RVDPDELQODGHQOLYHEORJJHUDFFHVV

,QJUDP 0 Citizen journalism at work: Unemployed British man becomes Syrian weapons

expert KWWSSDLGFRQWHQWRUJFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPDWZRUNXQHPSOR\HGEULWLVKPDQ

EHFRPHVV\ULDQZHDSRQVH[SHUWDFFHVV

.HHQ$The Cult of the Amateur1LFKRODV%UHDOH\3XEOLVKLQJ/RQGRQ

/HZLV67Citizen Journalism: Motivations, Methods, and Momentum>LQ@The Future of

news: An Agenda of Perspectives 00F&RPEV$:+LQVOH\HG8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV$XVWLQ

0DKRQH\7Citizen Journalism Needs a Dose of Journalistic Ethics After Sandy KWWSZZZ KXIILQJWRQSRVWFRPW\OHUPDKRQH\KXUULFDQHVDQG\FLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPBEBKWPODFFHVV

0DWKHVRQ ' History of Citizen Journalism KWWSZZZFRPPXQLFDWLRQHQF\FORSHGLDFRP SXEOLFWRFQRGH"LG JB\UBFKXQNBJBVVDFFHVV 0F0XOOHQ6Understanding Citizen Journalism ProperlyKWWSVHDQPFPXOOHQVXLWHFRP

XQGHUVWDQGLQJFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVPSURSHUO\DDFFHVV

0\HUV6Why the man who tweeted Osama bin Laden raid is a citizen journalistKWWSZZZ SR\QWHURUJODWHVWQHZVPDNLQJVHQVHRIQHZVZK\WKHPDQZKRWZHHWHGELQODGHQUDLG LVDFLWL]HQMRXUQDOLVWDFFHVV

5XWLJOLDQR / : Covering the Unknown City: Citizen Journalism and Marginalized

Com-munities80,$QQ$UERU 6WHUOLQJ&++Encyclopedia of Journalism6$*(3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ KWWSZZZXQFSHGXKRPHDFXUWLV&RXUVHV5HVRXUFHV)RU&RXUVHV-RXUQDOLVP&LWL]HQ-RXUQDOLVPKWPO %,2*5$3+< 9LNWyULD0LUYDMRYiVWXGLHGPDVVPHGLDFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQEDFKHORUDQGPDVWHUGH-JUHHDW8QLYHUVLW\RI6V&\ULODQG0HWKRGLXVLQ7UQDYD6KHZRUNHGDVDQHGLWRURI &LWL]HQ-RXUQDOLVPGHSDUWPHQWLQ6ORYDNGDLO\QHZVSDSHU³1RYêýDV´6KHLVD3K' VWXGHQWRIPDVVPHGLDFRPPXQLFDWLRQDW8QLYHUVLW\RI6V&\ULODQG0HWKRGLXVZULW-LQJDGLVVHUWDWLRQWKHVLV³6WUXFWXUHRIFXUUHQWSUHVVLQ6ORYDNLD´