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A C T A U S I Ï E E S I T A 1 I 3 L 0 D Z I E 3 S I S ____ FOLIA SOCIOLOGICA 13, 1987 ___ ________

Mieozyeław Marciniak''

A PROJECT FOH THE SÏÜDÏ OF С О Ш О Н -SEBSE IDEOLOGIES OF CULTUSE

Tbe paper ia baeed on the oonoept of aocial oharaoter of the conatruote of comroon-aenae knowledge put forward by P. В e r g e r and T. L u o k m a n n (1983), P. В « r g e r (1973), and P. B e r g e r and M. K e l l n e r (1977). The conception of ideo-logy derives mainly from worka by К. M a n n h e i m (1936), J. H a b e r m a a (1978), and A. T o u r a i n e (1977). The pro- poaltion to treat culture aa ideology oomea from P. G a u d i b e r t (1971). Ideaa concerning the reaearch method» are my own though they have been lnaplred by a number of autbore, eapecially by A. Touraine'a "aethode de l'intervention sociologique" and by

cer-tain ideaa of sthnometodologiete like W, W. S h a r r o o k , E. J. A n d e r s o n (1980) and P. В g 1 1 n (1980).

Conraon-aense knowledge aa lde оlogy

In taking aotlon in the world individuale and groupa impose on it their own meanings and form their own orientation systems whloh alio« them for evaluation, oboioe and definition of alma, aa veil aa for the determination of methods of action. In other worda individuals act aoaording to their comoon-eenee knowledge of reality, Common-sense knowledge contains "implicite1' two premises, whioh are falae in the field of theory, yet aooepted aa self-evi-dent in oommon-sense knowledge.

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Common-senae knowledge (l) talced for granted it a own inter- subjectivity and (2) derive« from (1) a eonelueion of the objective charaoter of oonaon-aenee view« on reality.

"Implicite" adoption of theee principia« often lead« to "ex- plioitely" expressed opinion« ef falsity of all, other than own, modes of world perception. Sucb a position generate« ideology, sin-ce I denote by this term all one-sided views on reality.

Ideology is thus any definition of reality from tbe viewpoint of one of tbe sooial actors (individual« or groups).

Ideology, interaction and aooiology

The sharing of a world-view is a necessary oondition of effi-cient interaction. The common world-view is never given or ready- -made but, on tbe oontrary, it is being continuously "worked out" in the process of interaction.

Interaction is a process wbich constructs, maintain« and modi-fies a consistent reality tbat can be meaningfully experienced by individuals. P. В e r g e r and. H. K e l l n e r (1977) defi-ne Interaction as "nomosbuilding processes" or simply "nomio pro-cesses".

Let me stress once more that I have adopted here tbe oonoept of a dynamic, and not static, oharaoter of tbe knowledge of rea-lity. u’hat 1« peroelved a« given reality (data) must be reoognized as being tbe result of a sooial action, of deoieione or transac-tions, of dominations or confliots i.e. a« such or other forms of sooial interaction.

Tbe sociological analysis must accept and apply the above con-cept«. A description of sooiety from any other than interactional standpoints i« ideologioal and not scientific «ince the investiga-tor employs in it a one-sided point of view. It is most often his own construot of reality taken a« self-evident or, as in the eo- -oalled "verstehende Soziologie”, a point of view of an aotor of sooial aotlon. In the latter oaae the investigator's own Ideology 1« replaced by aome one else'«.

According to A. Touraine, whose views I accept without reser-vations, the oentral principle of soolologioal analysis is that

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"the moaning of ooaduot must be explained not by tbe consciousness of tbe actor or by situation in whiob be ia placed» but the sooial interactions in whioh he ia involved. Sociology and analysis of aooial interaction are synonymous terma" ( T o u r a i n e , 1977, P» 7)•

We should observe tbat ideology may perform two contradictory functions« it may enable and preolude interaction. Zt enables in-teraction (and guarrantees ita undisturbed course) when it is sha-red by the actors. On the other hand it preoludes or curtails in-teraction whenever it makes it impossible to share the mode of perception of a partner.

In order to assure the undisturbed course of interaction most actors try to impose their viewpoint (ideology) on others. In such instances ideology conceals its ideological character by referring to "objeotive truth" and obviousness, or to norms and "status quo". Thereby it masks real sooial relatione.

According to A. Touraine real relations get revealed through oonfliot. In a situation where an open i.e. institutionalized oon- fliot does not ooour in the sooial movement sooiologioal investi-gation beoomes more difficult but It is still poealble. In any oase, In order not to become and ideologist a researcher must maintain a distance to ideologies involved in the interaction; he must remain Independent. "In order to achieve this independence without whloh bis work is impossible, he muet throw all his weight into the task of reestablishing the nature of the sooial relatione thus oonoealed in order to let those speak that have no voice, in order to break the power of ldeologloal discourse and the false evidenoe in the categories of sooial practice" ( T o u r a i n e , 1977, p. 10).

The imperativst "to let those speak that have no voioe" serves a* a motto for investigations undertaken in this paper.

The conception of research

Ideology is a holistic vision of the world. For praotlcal rea-sons, it is justifiable to extraot from it oertain fragments of reality and speak of family ideology, Ideology of illness, work,

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healthy food eto. In the present project we shall oonoentrate on ths ideology of oulture.

The word "oulture" ie used here in lta standard meaning in the Polish language. In oolloquial Polish "oulture" it a oommon name denoting literature, poetry, art, muelo, theatre and film. Suoh ia also its meaning in the present study.

The problem of democratization of oulture is an important eooial iaaue and thereby an objeot of sociologioal analysis* Let me acoount briefly for the importance of tbe problem. Firstly, in the face of the loss of politloal sovereignty literature together with art, religion and historical oonsoiousness constituted fao- tors maintaining Polish national identity. They are still regarded to bo factors of national integrity. Secondly, it is aooepted tbat oulture constitutes a value in itself and that oontaots with it result in tbe formation and the development of personality. Renoe, in our society of "planned sooialism" realization of the postulate of eooial equality consists in seouring equal access to books, theatres eto., while any unequality in aooess to oulturel values is treated as an index of sooial etratifieation on equal terms with income, occupation, eduoation etc. Thirdly, it is aooepted that through literature, film, theater eto. oulture develops un-derstanding of one's own situation and supplies means for verba-lization of one's interests. For these and other reasons attempts are made In Poland to demooratise tbe aooess to oulture. These attemps bave bad some effeot but not enough to satisfy expecta-tions. This is why I am putting forward a hypothesis tbat one of tbe faotors these effeots is tha discrepancy between the offloial ideology of oulture and ideologies of oommon people.

In other worde, various sooial groups develop in their own ways their national identity, perfect their own personalities, and use different means and spheres for expansion.

The aim of the present paper la to work out proper research methods for a study of these oommon-sense ideologies.

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Method* of researoh

I an prcporsing a baalo assumption that ideology exist* through interaction, reveal* itself in interaction, and that it oan be stu- died only through interaction«

As a consequence of thi* assumption researoh should be condu-cted in the form of interaction (conversation) with a group of several persons* Since «* have assumed that ideology reveals it-self through oonfliet the re*earoher should be agressive, only as much, however, as to be able to maintain oontaot with his in-terlocutor* • "Agression" means here nothing more than a presenta-tion of his point, The researcher presents his own views ("own" for we assume that he knows them beat) in suoh a way a* to provoke the participant*. Another suggested teohnique 1* to precede the research session with a test of cultural inoompetenoe of studied persona. A subsequent group disoussion should be an oocaaion for presenting "excuse*". Another requirement of the proposed teohni-que i* that results should take their final ehape in the eouree of reaearoh. He-working of the re*ult* "at home" ie not pexmited. The reeearohar should put down end diacue* with his group the form of a report and regiater all pointa of agreement and dissent*

A comparison of the proposed teohnique with the teohnique of interview Traditionaltlcnal teohnique

(interview)

1» Conversation with all persons, in turns.

2. Respondents speak of soma "other" then aotual reality,i.e. of their views.

3. Researcher trie* reveal his attitudes.

4. Result* are edited "ooders"« not to by Proposed technique 1« Conversation with a group.

2. Researoh itself oreate* a situation whioh ia the object of study (here and now)* Res-pondents do not talk of their views* They actually present them.

3* Reeearohar provokingly demaak* his attitudes*

4* Result* are recorded on the spot as a result of

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"part-nership" collaboration between researoher and. hla group. It helpa to avoid ooding Inade-quacies.

References

B e r g e r P., 1973, Identity and Sooiology of Knowledge, [im] G. R e m m l i n g , Towards Sooiology of Knowledge, Boutledge and Kegan Paul, London.

B e r g e r P., K e l l n e r H,, 1977, Marriage and the Cor struction of Reality, [in:] P. В e r g e r, Faoing up to Mo-dernity, Penguin, Hamondeworth.

B o r g e r P., L u o k m a n n T., 1983, Społeozne tworzenie rzeozywistoćoi, PIW, Warszawa.

E g 1 i n P., 1980, Culture as a Method, "Journal, of Pragmatics", vol. 4.

G a u d i b e r t P., 1971, lotion Culturelle! integration et/ou subversion, Gasteman, Paris.

H a b e r m a s J., 1978, Knowledge and Human Interests, Heine- mann, London.

M a n n h e i m K., 1936, Ideology and Utopia, Kegan Paul, Lon-don.

S h a r r o o k W. W., A n d e r s o n R. J«, 1980, On the Demi-se of Native, "Manchester Sooiology Oooasional Papers", no. 5. T o u r a i n e A., 1977, The Self-Produotion of Society, The

University of Chicago Press, Cbioago.

Mieczysław Marciniak

PROJEKT BADAŃ KAD POTOCZNYMI IDEOLOGIAMI KULTURY

Artykuł prezentuje zasady wyznaczające sposób prowadzenia wy-wiadu, który umożliwić ma rekonstrukcje potooznyoh ideologii kul-tury. Środkiem umożliwiającym osiągnięcie tego celu jest wywołanie dyskusji w grupie osób badanych, którym przedstawiono instytucjo-nalną wersję ideologii kultury pozostającą w sprzeozności z lob

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