• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Widok Demokratyzacja języka rosyjskiego i destrukcja kategorii stylistycznych na pocz. XIX i XXI wieku

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Widok Demokratyzacja języka rosyjskiego i destrukcja kategorii stylistycznych na pocz. XIX i XXI wieku"

Copied!
12
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

ȾȿɆɈɄɊȺɌɂɁȺɐɂə ɊɍɋɋɄɈȽɈ əɁɕɄȺ ɂ ɊȺɁɊɍɒȿɇɂȿ ɋɌɂɅɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɄȺɌȿȽɈɊɂɃ ȼ ɇȺɑȺɅȿ XIX ɂ XXI ȼȿɄɈȼ DEMOCRATIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND DESTRUCTION

OF STYLISTIC CATEGORIES

AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH AND 21ST CENTURIES

ɋȼȿɌɅȺɇȺ ɉȿɊȿȼɈɅɈɑȺɇɋɄȺə

ABSTRACT. The process of language democratization happening in the broad context is culture democratization. This process often manifests itself in the attempt to release from strict, rigid norms. Stylistic confusion leads to appearance of synthesis, harmony of the middle style. The middle style appears as an invariant of styles, as “a substratum of a new literary language”. The quest for creative expression forms is provided with the aspiration to choosing expressive linguistic means. Phenomena of barbarization, vulgarization, deliberate pun verge on abnormality, opposition norm ļ non norm.

ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ɉɟɪɟɜɨɥɨɱɚɧɫɤɚɹ, ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɫɢɬɟɬ, ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠ-ɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ, ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɢɥɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɢɣ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ, ɯɭɞɨ-ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ. Ʉ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɫɥɨ-ɠɢɥɫɹ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫ: ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɟɫɩɟ-ɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɚɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɟɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ- ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜ XIX ɜɟɤɟ ɜ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɡɚɤɪɵ-ɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɰɢɡɦɚ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɨɷɬɚ, ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɚɮɟɢɡɦ – „ɧɢɫɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ

(2)

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɭɤɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ”1 . ɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ XIX ɜɟɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ļ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ), ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨ-ɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ „ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ” ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɝɚ ɢ „ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ” ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. ɋɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨ-ɪɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ – ɧɢɡ-ɤɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɹɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵ-ɦɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵ-ɦɢ. „əɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɤɭɫɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ, ɥɢ-ɛɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ, ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ, ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɢ-ɜɚɹ, ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ”2 . ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɨ-ɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɫɦ – ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɇɟɪɚ ɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɡɧɚɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ „ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ” ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ, ɚ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦ, ɝɞɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɥɟ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɚ, ɩɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ. ɇɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ: ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ „ɡɜɟɡɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ”. ɑɟɦ ɹɪɱɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɰ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɫɦɚ. ɗɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ. ɂɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟ-ɧɢɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɨɬ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɯɢ ________________ 1Ȼ.ɋ. Ɇ ɟ ɣ ɥ ɚ ɯ, „…ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ…”: ɩɭɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, Ɇɨɫ-ɤɜɚ 1990, ɫ. 34. 2Ʉ. Ɏ ɨ ɫ ɫ ɥ ɟ ɪ, ɗɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦ. ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 36.

(3)

ɞɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢ-ɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɨ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɯɢ: • XI–XIII ɜɜ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ „ɫɜɨɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ”3, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ-ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟ-ɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɱɶɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɨɛɤɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɚɜɬɨɪ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ – ɚɜɬɨɪ ɉɨɭɱɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɋɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ). ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɢɥɶ-ɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɫɢɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɨɢ, ɜɵɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɡ-ɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ. ɗɬɚ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɜɥɟɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ-ɬɜɨɪɰɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ (ɫɬɢ-ɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɚ. • Ʉɨɧɟɰ XIV–XV ɜɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ – „ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ”. əɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɟ-ɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ: ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ (Ɂɚɞɨɧɳɢɧɚ), ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɟ-ɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ – ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɞɵ; ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɚɧɪ ɠɢɬɢɣ-ɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɚɝɢɨɝɪɚɮ ȿɩɢɮɚɧɢɣ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ). • XVII ɜ. ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɹɪɤɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɀɢɬɢɹ ɢ Ȼɟɫɟɞ; • XIX ɜ. ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɢɹ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɡɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵ-ɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɢɥɢ „ɷɩɨɯɚ--ɚɜɬɨɪ” ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 200 ɥɟɬ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɨɸ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɚ: ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɹɡɵ-ɤɨɜɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɥɢɧɝ-ɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɸ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ – ɷɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɬɢɟɜɚɬɨ-ɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɹɫɧɨɜɢɬɢɟɜɚɬɨ-ɫɬɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɤɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦ-ɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡ-ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɧɭɠɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨ ________________ 3 Cɦ. Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌ ɢ ɯ ɚ ɱ ɟ ɜ, Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɹ Ɋɭɛɥɟɜɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɮɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɟ-ɦɭɞɪɨɝɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1962; ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ X–XVII ɜɟ-ɤɨɜ. ɗɩɨɯɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1973; Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌ ɢ ɯ ɚ ɱ ɟ ɜ, Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɉ ɚ ɧ ɱ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, „ɋɦɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɦɢɪ” Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1976.

(4)

ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɫ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɗɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ „ɤɨɧɬɟɤ-ɫɬɚ” ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɦɨ-ɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. „ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ” ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ: ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ, ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚ-ɞɢɝɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ – ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ-ɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɧɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɟɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɭɦɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡ-ɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ-ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ „ɫɭɫɚɥɶ-ɧɨɣ” ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ, ɥɢɱɧɨɟ, ɢɧɬɢɦɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ „ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ”, ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜ-ɧɵ: ɨɧɢ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ „ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɬɢ” ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚ-ɧɢɹ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ XIV–XV ɜɜ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ: ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɞɟɪ-ɠɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ „ɢɧɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ”, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɢɡ-ɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɫɢ-ɯɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ – ɫɭ-ɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. ɋɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹ-ɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɢɳɭɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɹ, ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ, ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚɦ, ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɹ, ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɚɹ, ɩɨɞɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ XIV–XV ɜɜ. ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɟɧɢ, ɜɵ-ɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ (ɤ XVII ɜɟɤɭ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɭ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɵɦ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɱɟɜɭɸ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨ-ɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ

(5)

ɪɟɱɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. XVII ɜɟɤ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɀɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɟ, ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ-ɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ (ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ-ɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɨɣ). ɀɢɬɢɟ… ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ: ɛɢɛɥɟɣ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɬɟɫɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɟ ɩɢɫɶ-ɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ-ɧɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɧɢɣ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɭɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɢɯɢɸ. ɀɢɬɢɟ… ɫɚɦɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬ-ɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɀɢ-ɬɢɹ… ɩɨɤɚ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ, ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ, Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ „ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢ-ɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ” ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɩɢɲɭɳɢɦ, ɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɦ4 . Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨ-ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɢ-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɨ--ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɯ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ), ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɚɤ-ɫɢɫɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. əɤɨɠɟ ɮɪɹɡɢ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɜɹɬɵɹ ɛɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɵ, ɱɪɟɜɚɬɭɸ, ɛɪɸɯɨ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɟɧɢ ɜɢɫɢɬ, – ɜɨ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ ɜɨ ɱɪɟɜɟ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɫɹ! // Ⱥ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɡɞɭɬɨɜɚ: ɬɨɥɫɬɟɯɭɧɟɤ ɦɢɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ, ɢ ɧɨɝɢ ɬɟ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɭɥɶɱɢɤɢ. Ɉɯ, ɨɯ, ɛɟɞɧɵɹ! (Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɨɛ ɢɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ). ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɬɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɫ-________________ 4Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɉ ɚ ɧ ɱ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɜ., [ɜ:] ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ X–XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, ɫ. 431.

(6)

ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ „ɱɟɪɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɦɭ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ”5 . ɗɬɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɭɠɚɹ (ɤɧɢɠɧɚɹ) ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ („ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ”, ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɦɵɫɥɢ. ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɬɮɟɹ. XXVII. 4 ȼ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɚɡɚɱɶɟɝɨ ɚɬɚɦɚɧɚ ɉɚɲɤɨɜɚ ɋɨɝɪɟɲɢɥ ɹ, ɩɪɟɞɚɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɭɸ. ɋɨɝɪɟɲɢɥ, ɨɤɚɹɧɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɥɢɥ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɧɟɩɨ-ɜɢɧɧɭ, ɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ ɛɢɥ; ɡɚ ɬɨ ɦɟ-ɧɹ ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɨɝ! ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɨɬ Ʌɭɤɢ. XV.18 ȼ ɪɟɱɢ ȿɜɮɢɦɢɹ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ Ɉɬɱɟ! ɹ ɫɨɝɪɟɲɢɥ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɛɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɬɨɛɨɸ. ɉɪɨɫɬɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ, ɫɨɝɪɟɲɢɥ ɩɪɟɞ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɬɨɛɨɸ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɢɟɦ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ „ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ”, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɶɸ, ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ. ɇɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɛɟɫɯɢɬɪɨɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸ-ɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ--ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɦɨɳɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ-ɯɭɥɢ-ɬɟɥɹ. ɋɚɦ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ: ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɭɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɡɦɟɢ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɦɭɞɪɨ-ɫɬɢ, ɝɨɥɭɛɹ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɟɡɥɨɛɢɜɨɫɬɢ), ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ – „ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ”. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚ ɛɟɫ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ: ‘ɫɤɨɦɨɪɨɯ’, ‘ɞɪɚɱɭɧ, ɫɤɚɧ-ɞɚɥɢɫɬ’, ‘ɜɨɪ’. „Ȼɢɥɫɹ ɹ ɡ ɛɟɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɚɤɚɦɢ”. Ɋɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɚɜɜɚɤɭɦɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɹɡɵɤ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ „ɫɦɟɯɨɜɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ”, „ɫɦɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɦɢɪ”, ɜ ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɞɭɫ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɷɬɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ. ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢ-ɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɋɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɵ-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɟɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ, ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-________________ 5ȼ.ȼ. ȼ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɪ ɚ ɞ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ XVII– XIX ɜɜ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1982, ɫ. 45.

(7)

ɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɤ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦɭ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɚɫɫɨ-ɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɯɢɹɦɢ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɪeɯ ɲɬɢɥɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɲɬɢɥɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚ-ɰɢɢ. ɂɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɪɬ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɢɜɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ „ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ” ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ Ɇ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɹɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ „ɜɹɤɚɧɶɟ”. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɫɬɢɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɛɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɝɚɪ-ɦɨɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ „ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ – ɫɬɢɥɹ – ɧɨɪɦɵ”6. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ, „ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ” ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨ-ɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɷɬɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɝɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɝɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɜ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɜ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɧɢɰɭ „ɱɭ-ɠɢɯ” ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɨɧ ɢɫɤɚɥ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɫɜɨ-ɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɨɝɨ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ-ɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɹɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɰɢɨ-ɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (XX–XXI ɜɜ.) ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ: ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ „ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ – ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɟ/ɢɫɤɨɧ-ɧɨɟ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɨ-ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɂ ɞɢɥɟɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵ-ɤɚ. ɋɭɞɶɛɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɜɧɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨ-________________ 6ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɫ ɨ ɜ, ɋɥɨɜɨ ɢ Ⱦɟɥɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, [ɜ:] Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɬ ɉɭɲ-ɤɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɉɫɤɨɜ 2000, ɫ. 19.

(8)

ɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɋɚɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚ-ɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ, ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɞɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ: ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɟɣ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɹɥ ɧɨɪɦɚ-ɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɯ ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɜɤɪɚɩ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɶ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɱɢɹ) ɢ ɷɜɮɟɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-ɫɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɝɞɟ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ, ɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɳɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɯ – ɷɫɬɟ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ-ɱɚɥɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ Ʉɪɨɧɝɚɭɡ, ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟ-ɬɵɪɟ „ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚ”: ɝɥɚɦɭɪɧɵɣ, ɛɪɚɧɧɨ-ɛɚɧɞɢɬɫɤɢɣ, ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ-ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧ-ɧɵɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ7 . Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢɳɟɬ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ-ɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ „ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ”8 . əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɱɭɠɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ (ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨ-ɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚ – ɧɟ-ɧɨɪɦɚ. ȼɭɥɶɝɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨ ɩɨɷɬɟ – ɪɢɮɦɚɱ, ɪɢɮɦɨɞɟɣ, ɩɚɪɧɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɛɪɨɞɹɝɚ, ɩɚɪɧɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɢɬɚ, ɨ ɪɢɮɦɚɯ – ɢɡ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɥɨɱɢ ɜɟɪɛɭɸ ɪɚɬɶ, ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – ɢɡ ɦɭɡ ɧɚɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɚɦ, ɨ ɩɨɥɭɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ – ɪɭɛɥɟɜɚɹ Ʉɢɩɪɢɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɟɧɟ – ɠɟɧɤɚ/ɠɨɧɤɚ (ɥɚɫɤɚɬ.), ɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ – ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ȼɟɪɚ ȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɚɹ, ɞɨɛɪɚɹ ɢ ɦɢɥɚɹ ɛɚɛɚ, ɨ ȼɪɟɜɫɤɨɣ – ɛɚɛɟɧɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ________________ 7Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɪ ɨ ɧ ɝ ɚ ɭ ɡ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɵɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008. 8 ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɫ ɨ ɜ, „ɀɢɡɧɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ…”, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1999, c. 146.

(9)

ɫɥɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, – ɛɥɟɧɞɵ: ɬɢɫɤɨɬɟɤɚ (ɞɢɫɤɨɬɟɤɚ ɢ ɬɢɫɤɚɬɶ), ɷɤɫɬɚɡɦ (ɷɤɫɬɚɡ ɢ ɦɚɪɚɡɦ), ɫɬɟɪɜɟɰɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɤɚ (ɫɬɟɪɜɚ ɢ „ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɚɹ”), ɦɷɪɡɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɦɷɪ ɢ ɦɟɪɡɤɢɣ)9 , ɦɷɪɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɮɚɪ-ɲɬɟɩɢɚɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɜ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɲɭɬɥɢɜɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ, ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ’ɩɥɨɯɨ’ (ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ-ɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ ȼ.Ʉ. Ʉɸɯɟɥɶɛɟɤɟɪɚ): „Ɂɚ ɭɠɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɥɫɹ ɹ, Ⱥ əɤɨɜ ɡɚɩɟɪ ɞɜɟɪɶ ɨɩɥɨɲɧɨ – Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɟ, ɞɪɭɡɶɹ ɦɨɢ, ɂ ɤɸɯɟɥɶɛɟɤɟɪɧɨ, ɢ ɬɨɲ-ɧɨ”. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɲɭɬɥɢɜɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɢɫɶ-ɦɚ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ Ʉɢɲɢɧɟɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɷɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ: „Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɥ-ɞɚɜɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɲɧɨ”. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɭ, ɤɪɨ-ɦɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɥɢ-ɰɚ: ɍɥɢɫɫ Ʌɨɛɚɧɨɜ [ɍɥɢɫɫ ɢ Ʌɨɛɚɧɨɜ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ȿɜɫɬɚɮɶɟɜɢɱ – ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɞɪɚ-ɦɚɬɭɪɝ], Ⱥɹɤɫ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ [Ⱥɹɤɫ ɢ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ – ɩɪɨɡɚɢɤ ɢ ɫɬɢ-ɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɰ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ], əɡɵɤɨɜ-ɇɟɫɬɨɪ [əɡɵɤɨɜ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ – ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱥ.Ʌ. ɒɥeɰɟɪɚ ɇɟɫɬɨɪ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ]. ɍɥɢɫɫ (ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ɉɞɢɫɫɟɣ) ɢ Ⱥɹɤɫ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ Ɍɪɨɹɧ-ɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, – ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɨɜ ɭɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ Ⱥɯɢɥɥɚ (Ⱥɯɢɥɥɟɫɚ). ȼɵ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ? Ʉɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ. ɍɥɢɫɫ Ʌɨɛɚɧɨɜ ɢ Ⱥɹɤɫ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ ɫɩɨɪɹɬ ɨɛ ɨɪɭɠɢɢ Ⱥɯɢɥɥɟɫɚ. ɇɨ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ əɡɵɤɨɜɭ-ɇɟɫɬɨɪɭ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ) (ɂɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɂ.ɂ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɭ). Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɱɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬɟɫɧɨɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɟɞɢɧ-ɫɬɜɨ. Ɇɟɬɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ – ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɨ-ɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɚ-Ɏɢɥɢɦɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ-ɨɰɟɧɤɭ: „Ȼɚɛɨɱɤɚ” – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ȼ.ɋ. Ɏɢɥɢɦɨɧɨɜɵɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɨɝɨɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɟɩɪɨ-ɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ „ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɟɧ, ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɨɜ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.: ɇɚɞɨ, Ɏɟɞɹ, ɧɚɞɨ // ɋɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɫɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɟɡɞɟ! (ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɷɧɟɪ-ɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ) // ɋɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɷɪ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɭ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɵɝɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ (ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰ, ɰɢɬɚɬ ɢɡ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ): ɩɨ ɏɭɚɧɭ ɢ ɫɨɦɛɪɟɪɨ (ɩɨ ɋɟɧɶɤɟ ɢ ɲɚɩɤɚ); ɤɨɧɟɰ – ɬɟɥɭ ɜɟɧɟɰ; ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɪɵɛɤɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɚ; ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɸ – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ; ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɧɟ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶ, ɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɦɨɡɨɥɟɣ; Ⱥ ɢ Ȼ ɛɨɥɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɟ, Ⱥ ɭɩɚɥɨ, Ȼ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɨ, ɂ – ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɜ ɎɋȻ; Ȼɭɪɹ ɦɝɥɨɸ ɧɟɛɨ ɤɪɨɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɤɭ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɨɦ. ________________ 9 Cɦ. ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɦ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɜ, əɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɤɭɫ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1999.

(10)

ɇɨ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟ-ɪɵ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɡɹɬɵɣ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɚɫ-ɯɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɞɟɫɚɤɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɮɪɢɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫ, ɦɨɹ Ɋɟɜɜɟɤɚ! ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɞɭɲɨɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɛɨɝɚ-ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɋ ɬɨɛɨɣ ɰɚɥɭɸɫɶ, ɚɧɝɟɥ ɦɨɣ. Ⱥ ɡɚɜɬɪɚ ɜɟɪɟ Ɇɨɢɫɟɹ Ɂɚ ɩɨɰɚɥɭɣ ɹ ɧɟ ɪɨɛɟɹ Ƚɨɬɨɜ, ɟɜɪɟɣɤɚ, ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ – ɂ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɜɪɭɱɢɬɶ, ɑɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɟɹ Ɉɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɬ-ɥɢɱɢɬɶ [ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɉɋɋ]. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɟɬɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. ȼ ɰɢɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫ-ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ: Ȼɨɝ ĺ Ɏɟɛ. ȼɨ ɢɦɹ Ȼɨɝɚ ĺ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ Ɏɟɛɚ; ɦɨɥɸ Ȼɨɝɚ ĺ ɦɨɥɸ Ɏɟɛɚ; ɪɟɱɟ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ: ɧɟɫɬɶ Ȼɨɝɚ (1 ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɢɡ 13 ɩɫɚɥɦɚ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɚ) ĺ ɪɟɤɭ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ: ɧɟɫɬɶ Ɏɟɛ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟ-ɬɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣ-ɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. [Ɉ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ Ɉɥɶɞɟɤɨɩɚ] „Ɉɥɶɞɟɤɨɩ, ɦɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɢɮɦɭ, ɧɚɞɨɟɥ! ɉɥɸɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɤɜɢɬ” (ɂɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɉ.Ⱥ. ȼɹɡɟɦ-ɫɤɨɦɭ). ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɨ-ɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. ɗɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɞɨɜɥɟɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɠɞɨɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɨ-ɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɜɮɟ-ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ – ɝɪɭɛɨɟ, ɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɩɚɬɢ-ɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɸ. ɇɟɰɟɧɡɭɪɧɚɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ. ɇɨ ɩɚ-ɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ: ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɛɭ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ „ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɸ”, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɢɜɟ-ɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜ-ɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɬɢ-ɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɜ ɡɨɧɭ „ɦɢɧɭɫɚ”, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɝɧɭɲɚ-ɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ, ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɫɬɨɹ-ɳɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ. ɍɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɨɪɱɚ – ɢɝɪɵ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɨɜ: ɩɚɡɢɬɢɮ, ɩɪɟɜɟɞ, „ɀɠɨɲɶ, ɤɪɨɫɚɜɱɟɝ!” „Ɋɠɭɧɢɦɚɝɭ”. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɠɵ-ɲɵ, ɩɨ-ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɠɵɡɧɶ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɶ.

(11)

ɗɬɨ „ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɯɭɥɢɝɚɧɫɬɜɨ” ɬɨɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ-ɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɪɱɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ – ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɨɣ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝɢ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ. Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɬ: ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɳɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨ-ɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ „ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɤɚɫɚɧɢɣ” (Ɇ. ɗɩɲɬɟɣɧ): ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ-ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚ-ɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ (ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ) ɢ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ – ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ (ɉɭɲɤɢɧ – ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ). 1. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨ-ɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦ(ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ). ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦɚ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. ɋɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. 2. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧ-ɬɟɤɫɬɟ – ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɪɚ-ɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ, ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɝɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɳɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɯ – ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ. 3. ɋɬɢɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɛɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ, ɤɚɤ „ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ”. 4. ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɦɵ-ɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨ. ȿɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɛɟɡɞɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ: ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

(12)

ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɥɨ-ɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦ. 5. ɉɨɢɫɤɢ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦ-ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. əɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɭɥɶɝɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɬ ɫ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚ ļ ɧɟ–ɧɨɪɦɚ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɪɟɞ-ɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Po drugie, podczas gdy Marks ogólnie zarysował reprodukcję sto- sunków społecznych między kapitałem i pracą jako zapośredniczoną w produkcji rzeczy (np. dobra naby- wane

Dla Hardta i Negriego początek „realnej subsumcji” jest w bardzo spe- cyficzny sposób określony przez integrację konkretnych rodzajów pracy w ramach pracy abstrakcyjnej

Choć nie likwiduje ono fundamentalnych różnic w obu jego wykładniach (u Agambena to obóz rozlewa się na przestrzeń metro- politalną, u Negriego pokrywa się ona z fabryką;

W dalszych partiach tekstu skupię się jedynie na pierwszych dwóch wymienianych przez Negriego poziomach, starając się jednocześnie pokazać, w jaki sposób

W 1986 roku ukazała się monografia jego autorstwa Kitab Tatarów litewsko- -polskich (Paleografia. Język), poświęcona grafii, ortografii, jak również fleksji i leksyce

Jeśli chodzi o wykonywanie święceń, a niepraw idłow ość p o ­ chodzi z innej przyczyny, niż rozmyślne zabójstwo albo spędzenie płodu, duchowny może nie

Kilka zabytków znajdujących się w kodeksie lubińskim między Kroni- ką wielkopolską a Kroniką Janka z Czarnkowa Bielowski uznaje za Rocz- nik kujawski. W przedmowie do wydania

The trade-off between the evaporation efficiency and driving force efficiency limits the maximum attainable exergy efficiency, even if a system can be designed in a way that