Studies to determine nutrition behaviour amongst middle school pupils living in the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic

(1)

5RF]3DQVWZ=DNO+LJ * Corresponding author(OĪELHWD6]F]HSDĔVND'HSDUWPHQWRI+XPDQ1XWULWLRQ)DFXOW\RI3XEOLF+HDOWK0HGLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI 6LOHVLD-RUGDQD6WUHHW=DEU]H3RODQGSKRQH HPDLOHV]F]HSDQVND#VXPHGXSO &RS\ULJKWE\WKH1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI3XEOLF+HDOWK1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI+\JLHQH

**678',(672'(7(50,1(1875,7,21%(+$9,285$021*670,''/(**

**6&+22/383,/6/,9,1*,17+(%25'(5$5($62)32/$1'**

$1'7+(&=(&+5(38%/,&

(OĪELHWD6]F]HSDĔVND 0RQLND'HND%HDWD&Dá\QLXN 'HSDUWPHQWRI+XPDQ1XWULWLRQ)DFXOW\RI3XEOLF+HDOWK0HGLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD=DEU]H3RODQG $%675$&7 Background. ,QFKLOGKRRGDQGDGROHVFHQFHDGHTXDWHQXWULWLRQLVYLWDOIRUHQVXULQJFRUUHFWSK\VLFDOPHQWDODQGHPRWLRQDO GHYHORSPHQWDVZHOODVHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJDELOLW\7KXVWKHDFTXLULQJRIVXFKKHDOWK\OLIHVW\OHEHKDYLRXULVDOVRLPSRUWDQW later in adult health.

Objectives. 7RDVVHVVDQGFRPSDUHWKHGLHWDU\KDELWVRISXSLOVDWWHQGLQJPLGGOHVFKRROLQ3RODQGDQGWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF who live in the border regions between these countries.

Material and methods. The study tool was a nutrition questionnaire dived into a section on socio-economic status and one RQGHWDLOHGGLHWDU\KDELWV6XEMHFWVZHUHSXSLOVUHFUXLWHGIURP3RODQGDQGIURPWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VHVZHUHSHUIRUPHGE\WKH6WDWLVWLFD9HUVRIWZDUHZKHUHWKH&KL_{test was used to evaluate the significance of} GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHGDWDWDNLQJSDVWKHFULWLFDOYDOXH

Results. 7KHUHZHUHRISXSLOVHDWLQJPHDOVGDLO\DQGDQGDWHEUHDNIDVWDQGOXQFKUHVSHFWLYHO\0LONRU GDLU\GULQNVZHUHGDLO\GUXQNE\SXSLOVGDLO\DQGDWHKDUGRUSURFHVVHGFKHHVH)LVKZDVFRQVXPHGWLPHV ZHHNO\E\VXEMHFWVDQGIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHVZHUHGDLO\HDWHQE\DQGRISXSLOVUHVSHFWLYHO\

Conclusions. Pupil’s dietary habits were found to be unfavourable in both countries. There were significant differences EHWZHHQWKHFRXQWULHVWHVWHGHVSHFLDOO\LQKRZIUHTXHQWO\EUHDNIDVWDQGOXQFKZHUHHDWHQDVZHOODVLQWKHLQWDNHVRIPLON and dairy products and in the consumption of fast-food and sugary drinks.

Key wordsQXWULWLRQGLHWDU\KDELWVPLGGOHVFKRROVWXGHQWV 675(6=&=(1,( :SURZDG]HQLH6SRVyEĪ\ZLHQLDZRNUHVLHG]LHFLĔVWZDLPáRGRĞFLGHWHUPLQXMHUR]ZyMSV\FKRIL]\F]Q\LHPRFMRQDOQ\ HIHNW\ZQRĞüZSURFHVLHXF]HQLDRUD]ZSá\ZDQDVWDQ]GURZLDZĪ\FLXGRURVá\P Cel. &HOHPEDGDĔE\áDRFHQDLSRUyZQDQLHQDZ\NyZĪ\ZLHQLRZ\FKJLPQD]MDOLVWyZ]3ROVNLL&]HFK 0DWHULDáLPHWRGD0DWHULDáGREDGDĔVWDQRZLá\DQNLHW\EDGDMąFHQDZ\NLĪ\ZLHQLRZH$QDOL]ĊVWDW\VW\F]QąZ\NRQDQR ]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPSURJUDPX6WDW6RIW,QF67$7,67,&$YHUVLRQ'RRFHQ\UyĪQLFSRPLĊG]\EDGDQ\PLFHFKDPLZ\NR-U]\VWDQRWHVWQLH]DOHĪQRĞFL&KLð=DLVWRWQ\VWDW\VW\F]QLHSU]\MĊWRSR]LRPS :\QLNLJLPQD]MDOLVWyZVSRĪ\ZDáRSRVLáNyZG]LHQQLHVSRĪ\ZDáRFRG]LHQQLHSLHUZV]HDGUXJLHĞQLDGD-QLHJLPQD]MDOLVWyZFRG]LHQQLHSLáRPOHNROXEQDSRMHPOHF]QHMDGáRVHU\ĪyáWHOXEWRSLRQHUD]\ZW\JRGQLX U\E\VSRĪ\ZDáRXF]QLyZ2ZRFHFRG]LHQQLHVSRĪ\ZDáREDGDQ\FKXF]QLyZQDWRPLDVWZDU]\ZDEDGDQ\FK :QLRVNL 1DZ\NL Ī\ZLHQLRZH EDGDQHM JUXS\ JLPQD]MDOLVWyZ Vą QLHNRU]\VWQH 3RUyZQDQLH QDZ\NyZ Ī\ZLHQLRZ\FK JLPQD]MDOLVWyZ]DPLHV]NDá\FKZ3ROVFHLZ&]HFKDFKZ\ND]DáRZ\VWĊSRZDQLHLVWRWQ\FKUyĪQLF5yĪQLFHWHGRW\F]\á\ ZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLF]ĊVWRĞFLVSRĪ\FLDSLHUZV]HJRLGUXJLHJRĞQLDGDQLDPOHNDLSU]HWZRUyZPOHF]Q\FKRUD]SRVLáNyZW\SX

IDVWIRRGLQDSRMyZVáRG]RQ\FK

(2)

,1752'8&7,21

It is recognised that a proper diet is fundamental to human health. Adequate nutrition in childhood and DGROHVFHQFHHQVXUHVWKDWSK\VLFDOPHQWDODQGHPRWLRQDO development are appropriate and that learning ability is effective. It also affects the health status in later adult OLIH>@$QLPSURSHUGLHWDPRQJVWFKLOGUHQDQG adolescents leads to subclinical and latent nutrient de-ILFLHQFLHVEHLQJDFTXLUHGZKLFKDOWKRXJKEHLQJPRVWO\ PLOGDUHRIWHQQRQVSHFLILFDQGGLIILFXOWWRGLDJQRVH )RUJLYHQLQGLYLGXDOVWKH\PD\FRQVHTXHQWO\SUHVHQW ZLWKDGHOD\LQJURZWKDQGPDWXUDWLRQLPSDLUHGPHQWDO DQGSK\VLFDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGRUZLWKDFRPSURPLVHG LPPXQH V\VWHP ,Q ODWHU DGXOW OLIH YDULRXV GLVHDVHV may then arise related an improper diet. Middle school SXSLOV FRQVWLWXWH D SDUWLFXODUO\ YXOQHUDEOH JURXS LQ being exposed to a quite heightened pace/stress of life due do intensive study and learning as well as in doing extracurricular activities. They often also have to com-mute long-distances to school. Pupils are commonly H[SRVHGWRDQGDIIHFWHGE\DGYHUWLVLQJ\RXWKPDJD]L-nes and the internet which frequently promote/provide insufficient or false information for eating a proper diet. ,QWKLVDJHJURXSWKHUHLVDQDWXUDOO\JURZLQJQHHGIRU independence and food is regularly consumed outside WKHKRPHWKHUHE\OHDGLQJWROHVVSDUHQWDOFRQWURORYHU their offspring’s diet.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dietary habits of middle school pupils living in the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic.

0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'6

6XEMHFWVZHUHPLGGOHVFKRROSXSLOVOLYLQJLQ WKHERUGHUDUHDVRI3RODQG5RJyZ:RG]LVáDZĝOąVNL DQGWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF%RKXPtQâLOKHĜRYLFH pupil coming from each country. The study tool was a WZRSDUWVTXHVWLRQQDLUHDVIROORZVLSDUWRQHDVNHG TXHVWLRQVRQVRFLRHFRQRPLFVWDWXVDQGLLSDUWWZR KDGTXHVWLRQVRQGLHWDU\KDELWVLQFOXGLQJWKHQXPEHU of meals per day and how often were items from each group of foodstuff products consumed. A pilot study was first conducted to check that the survey was pro-SHUO\XQGHUVWRRGDFFXUDWHDQGHIIHFWLYH$OOVWDWLVWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGE\WKH67$7,67,&$ VRIWZDUH6WDW6RIW,QF7XOVD2.86$7KH&KL_Ȥ

test was used to assess the significance of differences EHWZHHQWKHFDWHJRULFDOYDULDEOHVDGRSWLQJDFULWLFDO YDOXHRISDVGHPRQVWUDWLQJVLJQLILFDQFH

5(68/76

6RFLRHFRQRPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

2I WKH 3ROLVK SXSLOV ZHUH JLUOV DQG ER\VLHUHVSHFWLYHO\DQG)RU&]HFKSXSLOV WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJEUHDNGRZQZDVJLUOVDQG boys. Over half of the study subjects lived in the coun-WU\VLGHIURPERWKFRXQWULHVRI3ROLVKDQG&]HFK SXSLOV,WZDVIRXQGWKDWRIWKHSXSLOV¶PRWKHUV ZHUHXQHPSOR\HGIURP3RODQGDQGIURP WKH &]HFK 5HSXEOLF +RZHYHU XQHPSOR\HG IDWKHUV DFFRXQWHGIRURYHUDOOFRQVLVWLQJRIIURP 3RODQGDQGIURPWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF1RUPDOERG\ ZHLJKWZDVIRXQGLQDERXWRIWKHWRWDOVXEMHFWV 3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOV 'LHWDU\KDELWV ,QDOORISXSLOVDWHPHDOVSHUGD\ 3ROLVK DQG &]HFK SXSLOV ZKHUHDV DWH PRUHWKDQPHDOVSHUGD\3ROLVKDQG&]HFK SXSLOV %UHDNIDVW ZDV DOZD\V HDWHQ E\ SXSLOV EHIRUHOHDYLQJKRPH3ROLVKDQG&]HFK pupils). It was however disturbing to find that as many DVRIDOOSXSLOVDOZD\VVNLSSHGEUHDNIDVWEHIRUH JRLQJWRVFKRRO3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOV /XQFKZDVHDWHQE\DWRWDORISXSLOVDWVFKRROZLWK PRUH&]HFKSXSLOVGRLQJVRWKDQ3ROLVKLHYV 7DEOH $VL]HDEOHQXPEHURI3ROLVKSXSLOVDWHZKLWHEUHDG ZKHUHDVRIWKHLU&]HFKFRXQWHUSDUWVDWH PL[HGJUDLQEUHDG2QO\RIDOOSXSLOVKRZHYHUDWH ZKROHJUDLQFHUHDOEUHDGRUEURZQEUHDG%XWWHUZDV PDLQO\XVHGIRUVSUHDGLQJRQEUHDGSXSLOVLQDOO RIZKLFKZHUH3ROLVKDQG&]HFK 7DEOHFRPSDUHVWKHIUHTXHQF\RIIRRGFRQVXPS-WLRQDFFRUGLQJWRVHOHFWHGIRRGW\SHFDWHJRULHVEHWZHHQ Polish and Czech pupils. More Polish pupils consumed PLONRUGDLU\GULQNVWKDQ&]HFKVYVUH-VSHFWLYHO\ZLWKWKHRYHUDOOYDOXHEHLQJZKHUHDV RIDOOSXSLOVGLGQ¶WGULQNPLONDWDOO(DFKGD\ RI DOO VWXGHQWV DWH FRWWDJH FKHHVH QHYHUWKHOHVV RIDOOSXSLOV3ROLVKDQG&]HFKGLGQ¶W eat any cottage cheese whatsoever. Hard cheese and SURFHVVHGFKHHVHZHUHFRQVXPHGWLPHVZHHNO\E\ Table 1. Consumption habits for breakfast and lunch observed in Polish and Czech pupils

Meals eaten 3ROLVKSXSLOV &]HFKSXSLOV

Always Sometimes Never Always Sometimes Never

%UHDNIDVW

(3)

Dietary habits of Polish and Czech middle school students ₁₉₃

Nr 3

RI&]HFKSXSLOVDQGRI3ROLVKWLPHV ZHHNO\E\3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOVDQG of all pupils daily ate hard cheese and processed che-HVH&RQYHUVHO\RIDOOSXSLOVQHYHUDWHQHLWKHUKDUG FKHHVHQRUSURFHVVHGFKHHVHVDWDOO3ROLVKDQG &]HFKSXSLOV7DEOH 0RVWSXSLOVDWHSRXOWU\WLPHVSHUZHHN 3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOVDQGRI&]HFK VWXGHQWVGLGVRWLPHVSHUZHHN,QWRWDORIDOO VWXGHQWVDWHILVKWLPHVSHUZHHN3ROLVKDQG RI&]HFKSXSLOVKRZHYHURIDOOVWXGLHGDWH no fish at all eat with more Czech students not eating ILVKWKDQ3ROLVKYVUHVSHFWLYHO\)UXLWZDV GHFODUHGWREHGDLO\HDWHQE\RIDOOSXSLOV 3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOVDQGRIDOOSXSLOV GHFODUHGWKDWWKH\GDLO\DWHYHJHWDEOHV3ROLVK DQG&]HFKSXSLOV+RZHYHURISXSLOVVDLG WKH\QHYHUDWHDQ\YHJHWDEOHVDWDOOPRUH3ROLVKWKDQ &]HFKSXSLOVYVUHVSHFWLYHO\7DEOH

Fast food was found to be occasionally consumed E\RISXSLOVZKHUHDVRQHWKLUGGHFODUHGHDWLQJ WKLVPRUHWKDQRQFHRUWZLFHZHHNO\3ROLVKDQG &]HFKSXSLOV6XJDU\GULQNVVXJDUVZHHWHQHG EHYHUDJHV ZHUH FODLPHG WR EH GUXQN HYHU\GD\ E\ RYHUDOO3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOV ZKLFKIRUH[DPSOHLQFOXGHG&RFD&ROD)DQWDHWF7KHVH EHYHUDJHVZHUHDOVRFRQVXPHGE\RIDOOSXSLOV WLPHVSHUZHHNZLWKPRUH3ROLVKWKDQ&]HFKSXSLOVLH YVUHVSHFWLYHO\6ZHHWVZHUHHDWHQGDLO\E\ RISXSLOV3ROLVKDQG&]HFKSXSLOV DQGDWHVZHHWVWLPHVZHHNO\3ROLVK DQG&]HFKSXSLOV7DEOH

A number of significant differenceswere thus found between the dietary habits of Polish and Czech middle VFKRROVWXGHQWV,QVXPPDU\GHWDLOWKHVHDUHDVIROORZV

&]HFK SXSLOV DWH PRUH WKDQ VHUYLQJV SHU GD\ (&UDPHU¶V9 S 

• More Czech pupils ate breakfast before leaving home WKDQGLG3ROLVKSXSLOV&UDPHU¶V9 S  • Czech students ate lunch at school more often

FRPSDUHG WR 3ROLVK VWXGHQWV &UDPHU¶V 9  3

• Polish pupils more frequently ate white wheat EUHDG WKDQ GLG &]HFK SXSLOV &UDPHU¶V 9  S

• Czech pupils more often used margarine to spread RQEUHDGFRPSDUHGWR3ROLVKVWXGHQWV &UDPHU¶V 9 S

• Polish pupils drank milk or dairy drinks more RIWHQ WKDQ GLG &]HFK SXSLOV &UDPHU¶V 9  S

• Polish pupils more frequently ate cottage cheese than GLG&]HFKSXSLOV&UDPHU¶V9 S  • Polish pupils consumed both hard cheese and

pro-FHVVHGFKHHVHPRUHRIWHQFRPSDUHGWR&]HFKSXSLOV (&UDPHU¶V9 S 

• More Czech pupils ate poultry occasionally or GLGQ¶WHDWSRXOWU\DWDOOFRPSDUHGWR3ROLVKSXSLOV (&UDPHU¶V9 S 

0RUH3ROLVKSXSLOVDWHIDVWIRRGGDLO\RUWLPHV SHUZHHNFRPSDUHGZLWK&]HFKSXSLOV&UDPHU¶V 9 S

• More Polish pupils drank sugary drinks daily than &]HFKSXSLOV&UDPHU¶V9 S 

',6&866,21

The study has demonstrated a number of dietary abnormalities in adolescent subjects attending middle 7DEOH. Foodstuffs consumption habits observed in Polish and Czech students

Food product groups consumed

)UHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPSWLRQ

Polish pupils Czech pupils

Never ate Occasionally WLPHV Weekly WLPHV Weekly Daily Never ate Occasionally WLPHV Weekly WLPHV Weekly Daily

Milk or dairy drinks 18.1 18.1

Cottage cheese 16.8 37.1 Processed cheese 6.9 31.7 38.1 6.8 Poultry 18.1 Pork 35.5 35.5 Fish 38.5 51.5 Fruit 11.3 3.8 51.1 Vegetables 19.3 37.1 37.1 Fast-food 37.6 Sugary drinks 36.7 17.3 35.1 8.9 Sweets 13.3

(4)

school in both Poland and the Czech Republic that may QHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWSK\VLFDOPHQWDODQGHPRWLRQDOGHYH-ORSPHQWWRJHWKHUZLWKOHDUQLQJDQGSK\VLFDODELOLWLHV

,WWKHUHIRUHYLWDOLQWKLVYXOQHUDEOHWLPHWRSD\VSH-cial attention to the regularity and the number of eaten PHDOVDVZHOODVWKHQXWULWLRQDOYDOXHRIHDFKPHDO

,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGLHWDU\JXLGHOLQHVDGROH- VFHQWVVKRXOGHDWPHDOVSHUGD\KRZHYHUWKHSUH-VHQWHGVWXG\VKRZVWKDWRQO\RIVWXGHQWVIROORZHG such recommendations. :R\QDURZVND obtained similar UHVXOWV>@RQDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVXEMHFWJURXSZKLFK VKRZHGRQO\RIDGROHVFHQWVDJHG\HDUV HDWLQJWKHUHFRPPHQGHGQXPEHURIPHDOVSHUGD\>@ 0RUHRYHUDVWXG\RQWKHOLIHVW\OHRIDGROHVFHQWVOLYLQJ LQ9LOQLXVDQG*URGQRDJHG\HDUVUHVSHFWLYHO\ GHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWDQGRIVFKRROSXSLOVDWH PHDOVSHUGD\>@([SHUWRSLQLRQFRQVLGHUVEUHDN-fast to be the most important meal of the day. Despite WKLVDGROHVFHQWVRIWHQIDLOWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKLVZKHUH DVPDQ\DVRISXSLOVVWXGHQWVDGPLWWRVNLSSLQJ EUHDNIDVWDOWRJHWKHUDQGDERXWRQHWKLUGHDWEUHDNIDVW irregularly. This disturbing observation is also confir-med by the results presented by 6]SDNRYHWDO>@DQG E\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHSRUWHQWLWOHGµ+HDOWK%HKDYLRXU LQ6FKRRODJHG&KLOGUHQ¶+%6&>@6LPLODUUHVXOWV were found from a study on the frequency of breakfast consumption and its nutritional value amongst German FKLOGUHQDQGDGROHVFHQWV,QDGGLWLRQWKLVDIRUHPHQWLR-ned study found that the increase in the frequency of regular breakfast consumption occurs with progressing DJH>@$QRWKHUVWXG\RQDGROHVFHQWVIURP(XURSHDQ FRXQWULHVVKRZHGWKDWRQO\KDOIDWHEUHDNIDVWUHJXODUO\ >@ (DWLQJ WKH OXQFKWLPH PHDO LV HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW given the considerable length of time spent at school everyday. The current study showed that as many as 3ROLVKSXSLOVGLGQ¶WHDWOXQFKDWVFKRROLQFRQWUDVW WRRQO\DVPDOOIUDFWLRQRI&]HFKSXSLOVZKRDOVR didn’t eat school lunches. :RáRZVNL et al. analysed the nutritional behaviour of adolescents and in fact reported WKDWRIVWXGHQWVGRQ¶WHDWDQ\W\SHRIVFKRROPHDO DWDOO>@

2QO\ RI WKH VWXGLHG SXSLOV GHFODUHG HDWLQJ brown bread or whole-grain bread. 6NHPLHQHet al. have highlighted a similar problem in which the eating habits RIVWXGHQWVZHUHDQDO\VHGLQ.DXQDVDQG5DVHLQDL /LWKXDQLDZKHUHRQO\RIWKHVWXGHQWVKDGEHHQ IRXQGWRHDWEURZQEUHDG>@,WLVVHHQWKDWFKLOGUHQ and adolescents who do consume adequate amounts of milk and dairy products will have the recommended daily calcium intake entirely covered. The presented VWXG\VKRZHGWKDWGDLO\RQO\RIWKHSXSLOVGUDQN PLON DWH FRWWDJH FKHHVH DQG DWH KDUG DQG processed cheese. Another study by 6]F]HSDQVND et DOGHPRQVWUDWHGVLPLODUILQGLQJVZKHUHHYHU\GD\ RIVXEMHFWVGULQNPLONDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\DWH

FRWWDJHFKHHVHRUKDUGDQGSURFHVVHGFKHHVH>@7KH international HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study has also indicated that adolescents daily consume less than two-thirds of the recommended quantity of milk and dairy products. ,QVLPLODUIDVKLRQRWKHUVKDYHDOVRUHSRUWHGORZFRQ-sumption rates of milk and dairy products in families of pupils from elementary school in Letovice from the &]HFK5HSXEOLF>@1HYHUWKHOHVVKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV of milk and dairy products consumption were observed DPRQJVW DGROHVFHQW JURXSV IURP 0H[LFR >@ DQG *HUPDQ\>@

1XWULWLRQDO ([SHUWV UHFRPPHQG HDWLQJ DW OHDVW VHUYLQJVRIILVKSHUZHHN,QVSLWHRIWKLV.RáRG]LHM

F]\N has pointed out that consumption of fish is low

LQ3RODQGZKHUHLWLVVWDWHGWKDW3ROLVKSHRSOHGRQRW sufficiently appreciate the beneficial effects of fish on WKH KXPDQ ERG\KHDOWK >@ WKLV VWXG\ VKRZLQJ WKDW RQO\RISXSLOVDWHVHUYLQJVRIILVKSHUZHHN ,QGHHG*DFHN and )LHGRU reported an even lower fish FRQVXPSWLRQLQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV>@DQGOLNHZLVH did a study by .RááDMWLV'RáRZ\ et al. on the eating KDELWVRIPLGGOHVFKRROSXSLOV>@

Vegetables and fruits should accompany each meal. $FFRUGLQJWRWKHODWHVWJXLGHOLQHVVHUYLQJVRIYHJH-tables and fruits per day should be eaten. The current VWXG\KRZHYHUVKRZHGWKDWHYHU\GD\RISXSLOVDWH IUXLWDQGDWHYHJHWDEOHV7KHLQWHUQDWLRQDO+%6& report also reported unfavourable effects. It found that RQO\RISXSLOVDJHG\HDUVDQGDJHG \HDUVDWHIUXLWGDLO\DVLPLODUFRQVXPSWLRQZDV REVHUYHGIRUYHJHWDEOHVDWDQGUHVSHF-WLYHO\>@0ROLQHUR et al. studied health behaviour of 6SDQLVKDGROHVFHQWVDQGVKRZHGWKDWDVPDQ\DVRI DGROHVFHQWVGRQ¶WHDWDQ\IUXLWDWDOO>@1DJR et al. also UHSRUWHGVLPLODUUHVXOWVVKRZLQJWKDWVWXGHQWV¶GLHWVDUH ORZLQIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHV>@$VWXG\E\$EXGD\\D et DOGHPRQVWUDWHGHYHQORZHUOHYHOVLQDGROHVFHQWV DJHG\HDUVZKHUHRQO\RIER\VDQG RIJLUOVDWHIUXLWHYHU\GD\>@,QDFURVVVHFWLRQDOVWXG\ for evaluating changes in adolescent consumption of IUXLWDQGVZHHWVLQ*UHHQODQG1LFODVHQ et al. showed LQFUHDVLQJVWXGHQWQXPEHUVZKRGRQRWFRQVXPHWKH UHFRPPHQGHGDPRXQWVRIIUXLW>@$QRWKHUVWXG\E\

-DNXELNRYDet al. on fruit and vegetable consumption

LQ&]HFKFKLOGUHQUHSRUWHGWKDWRQO\RIFKLOGUHQ and adolescents eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables HDFKGD\>@

Eating-out at fast food restaurants/outlets is fast be-coming more and more popular given the long and often GLIILFXOWZRUNLQJKRXUVDFRQVWDQWODFNRIIUHHWLPHDQG frequently being absent from home. Fast food products often appear in school cafeterias and adolescents are thus exposed to such daily temptations for buying them. The presented study has shown that one-third of

(5)

sub-Dietary habits of Polish and Czech middle school students ₁₉₅

Nr 3

MHFWVDWHPHDOVRIIDVWIRRGSHUZHHN6DYLJH el al. reported even less favourable trends among Australian DGROHVFHQWVLQWKDWRIWKHVWXGLHGDGROHVFHQWVGDLO\ DWHIDVWIRRG>@1RZDGD\V$PHULFDQVFLHQWLVWVSD\ special attention to the unfavourable effects of fast food RQKXPDQKHDOWKZKHUHIDVWIRRGFRQVXPSWLRQLQWKH 86$LVPRVWSUHYDOHQWDQGKDVUHVXOWHGLQDQHSLGHPLF RIREHVLW\DPRQJVWFKLOGUHQDQGDGROHVFHQWV>@ This has also been confirmed by a study comparing student diets at four schools in the United States and &]HFK5HSXEOLF+HUHLWZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDW$PH-ricans eat more often at fast food restaurants and drink PRUHVXJDU\GULQNVHJ&RFD&ROD)DQWDWKDQ&]HFKV >@ZLWKVXFKKLJKFRQVXPSWLRQVRIWKHVHIRRGVOLNHO\ OHDGLQJ WR RYHUZHLJKW DQG REHVLW\ >@7KH FXUUHQW VWXG\VKRZHGWKDWRIPLGGOHVFKRROSXSLOVGDLO\ GUDQN VXJDU\ GULQNVEHYHUDJHV DQG GUDQN WKHVH EHYHUDJHVWLPHVSHUZHHN$VWXG\RQVWXGHQWV DJHG\HDUVE\6]F]HSDĔVNDHWDOVKRZHGWKDW GUDQNVXJDU\GULQNVDWOHDVWRQFHGDLO\>@7KH+%6& report also provides relevant data which indicates that RI3ROLVKSXSLOVDJHG\HDUVDQGRI those aged 15-16 years declared drinking sugary drinks >@7KHSUHVHQWHGVWXG\DOVRVKRZHGKLJKQXPEHUVRI PLGGOHVFKRROVXEMHFWVGDLO\HDWLQJVZHHWVRUWLPHV SHUZHHNDILQGLQJZKLFKKDVEHHQFRQILUPHGE\RWKHU VWXGLHV>@

&21&/86,216

1. The middle school pupil subjects have bad eating habits. They do not comply with nutritional recom-mendations specific to this age group.

6LJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH REVHUYHG LQ GLHWDU\ habits between amongst Polish and Czech middle school pupils. These differences are mainly seen in KRZRIWHQZHUHEUHDNIDVWDQGOXQFKHDWHQWRJHWKHU with the consumption of milk and dairy drinks as ZHOODVIDVWIRRGDQGVXJDU\GULQNVLHVXJDUVZH-etened beverages). Conflict of interest 7KHDXWKRUVGHFODUHQRFRQIOLFWRILQWHUHVW 5()(5(1&(6 1. $EXGD\\D$+6WLJXP+6KL=$EHG<+ROPERH

2WWHVHQ*: Sociodemographic correlates of food habits

DPRQJVFKRRODGROHVFHQWV\HDULQ1RUWK*D]D 6WULS%0&3XEOLF+HDOWK

 $OH[\8:LFKHU0.HUVWLQJ0%UHDNIDVWWUHQGVLQ children and adolescents: frequency and quality. Public +HDOWK1XWU

3. $UFDQ&.XELN0<)XONHUVRQ-$6WRU\0 Socio-demographic differences in selected eating practices DPRQJDOWHUQDWLYHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV-$P'LHW$VVRF

 %RZPDQ6$*RUWPDNHU6/(EEHOLQJ&%3HUHLUD

0$ /XGZLJ '6 Effects of fast-food consumption

on energy intake and diet quality among children in a QDWLRQDOKRXVHKROGVXUYH\3HGLDWULFV 118.

5. 'LHWKHOP . -DQNRYLF 1 0RUHQR /$ HW DOO Food intake of European adolescents in the light of different food-based dietary guidelines: results of the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescen-FH6WXG\3XEOLF+HDOWK1XWU

6. *DFHN0)LHGRU0 Characteristic of the ways of no-XULVKPHQWDPRQJWKH\RXWKVRI\HDUVROG5RF] 3DQVWZ=DNO+LJLQ3ROLVK

7. +DOOVWU|P/9HUHHFNHQ&$5XL]-5HWDOO%UHDNIDVW habits and factors influencing food choices at breakfast in relation to socio-demographic and family factors among European adolescents. The HELENA Study. Appetite

+HDOWKEHKDYLRULQVFKRRODJHGFKLOGUHQLQ7HFK-QLFDO5HSRUW,QVW\WXW0DWNLL']LHFND:DUV]DZD (in Polish).

9. +XPHQLNRYD6KULYHU/*DWHV* A cross-cultural com-parison of dietary intakes and physical activity between American and Czech school-aged children. Public Health 1XWU

 -DNXELNRYD0'RINRYD05XSULFK-Fruit and vege-table intake in the Czech child population. Public Health 1XWU

11. -XULNRYD-/DSDULGLV.%LHEHUORYD/ The popularity of milk and dairy products with families of children at-tending the primary school in Letovice (Czech Republic). 5RF]3DQVWZ=DNO+LJLQ3ROLVK  .DWH 6 &ROOLVRQ 0DU\D = =DLGL 6KD]LD 1 6XEKDQL

.KDOLG$O5XEHDDQ 0RKDPPHG 6KRXNUL DQG )XWZDQ $$O0RKDQQD6XJDU6ZHHWHQHG&DUERQDWHG%HYHUDJH FRQVXPSWLRQFRUUHODWHVZLWK%0,ZDLVWFLUFXPIHUHQFH DQGSRRUGLHWDU\FKRLFHVLQVFKRROFKLOGUHQ%0&3XEOLF +HDOWK 13. .RááDMWLV'RáRZ\$3LHWUXV]ND%:DV]F]HQLXN8OLF]ND

0&KPDUD3DZOLĔVND5 Selected nutritional habits of

KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVIURP:DUV]DZDĩ\Z&]áRZ0HWDE

 .RáRG]LHMF]\N0 Consumption of fish and fishery pro-ducts in Poland – analysis of benefits and risks. Rocz 3DQVWZ=DNO+LJLQ3ROLVK 15. 0HQVLQN*%.OHLVHU&5LFKWHU$ Food consumption

of children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for &KLOGUHQDQG$GROHVFHQWV.L**6%XQGHVJHVXQGKH-LWVEODWW*HVXQGKHLWVIRUVFKXQJ*HVXQGKHLWVVFKXW]

16. 0ROLQHUR 2 &DVWUR3LxHUR - 5XL] -5 *RQ]iOH]

0RQWHVLQRV-/0RUD-0iUTXH]6 Health behaviour

of school children at the province of Cádiz. Nutr Hosp

(6)

17. 1DJR(6/DFKDW&.+X\EUHJWV/5REHUIURLG''R

VVD5$.ROVWHUHQ3:)RRGHQHUJ\DQGPDFURQXWULHQW

contribution of out-of-home foods in school-going ado-OHVFHQWVLQ&RWRQRX%HQLQ%U-1XWU

18. 1LFODVHQ%5DVPXVVHQ0%RUXS,6FKQRKU& The intake of fruit and sweets in rural and urban Greenland-GHYHORSPHQWIURPWR,QW-&LUXPSRODU+HDOWK

19. 2UWL]+HUQDQGH]/*RPH]7HOOR%/ Food consump-tion in Mexican adolescents. Rev Panam Salud Publica

 3DHUDWDNXO6)HUGLQDQG'3&KDPSDJQH&05\DQ

'+ %UD\ *$ Fast-food consumption among US

adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile. -$P'LHW$VVRF

 6DYLJH *6 %DOO . :RUVOH\$ &UDZIRUG ' Food intake patterns among Australian adolescents. Asia Pac -&OLQ1XWU

 6NHPLHQH / 8VWLQDYLFLHQH 5 5DGLVDXVNDV 5 .LU

YDLWLHQH - /D]DXVNDV 5 6DERQDLW\WH 6 Nutritional

KDELWVRIPLGGOHDJHGVFKRROFKLOGUHQIURP.DXQDVWRZQ DQG 5DVHLQLDL GLVWULFW 0HGLFLQD .DXQDV /LWKXDQLD  6]F]HSDĔVND(%LHODV]ND$0LNRGD0.LFLDN$ 2FHQD]DZDUWRĞFLZDSQLDLĪHOD]DZMDGáRVSLVDFKOLFH- DOLVWHN]DPLHV]NDá\FKQDZVLLZPLHĞFLHQDWHUHQLHZR-MHZyG]WZDĞOąVNLHJR+\JHLD3XEOLF+HDOWK  6]F]HSDĔVND ( 3LyUNRZVND . 1LHGZRURN ( 0XF :LHU]JRĔ 0 .RQVXPSFMD VáRG\F]\ L QDSRMyZ Z\-VRNRVáRG]RQ\FKZDVSHNFLHZ\VWĊSRZDQLDRW\áRĞFLQD SU]\NáDG]LHG]LHFL]DPLHV]NXMąF\FKREV]DU\PLHMVNLHL ZLHMVNLH(QGRNU\QRO2W\á=DE3U]HP0DW  6]SDNRY$3DV]DOD'&HFK\VW\OXĪ\FLDPáRG]LHĪ\Z ZLHNXODW3U]\NáDGXF]QLyZV]NyáOLWHZVNLFKL ELDáRUXVNLFK0HGĝURG  :RáRZVNL 7 -DQNRZVND 0 Lifestyle of secondary school students - prevalence of chosen health factors. 3DUW,1XWULWLRQDOKDELWV3UREO+LJ(SLGHPLRO :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ:RUOG+HDOWK5HSRUW 5HGXFLQJ5LVNV3URPRWLQJ+HDOWK\/LIH:+2*HQHYD :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ7KH(XURSHDQKHDOWKUHSRUW 3XEOLF KHDOWK DFWLRQ IRU KHDOWKLHU FKLOGUHQ DQG populations. Regional Office for Europe. WHO Copen-KDJHQ

 :R\QDURZVND % Nutritional behaviour among 11-15-year-old adolescents in Poland and their some health and social consequences. Standardy Medyczne LQ3ROLVK

5HFHLYHG $FFHSWHG