B|OLOC|C-AL LETT. 201 I , 4B(2): 1 59r:1 66
Available online at: http:lwww.versita.com/science/lifesciences,/bl/ Dol: 1 0.2478tu101 20-ol 1-0014-8
Abundance dynamics
of
mites
(Acari)
in
the
peatland
of
'Linie'
Nature
Reserve,
with
particular
reference
to the
Gamasida
sŁ.ĄWoMIR KACZMAREK. KATARZYNA FALEŃC]ZYK_KoZIRoG
and TOMASZ MARQIIARDT
KazimięrzWielki t]niversity, tnstitute of Environmental Biology, Depańment of Zoologl, ossolińskich Av. l2' PL-85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
C'lorresponding author: Słarvonrir Kacz.,marek, slat'kacz@ulol''edu.pl
(Received on I 6 Janua-ry- 2008: .4c'cepted on 26 October 201
l)
Abstract: l]he researclr rvas conducted in 'Linie'Nature Resen'e rvithin the Lorłęr Vistula Vłrlley
Land-scape Park in central Poland' \ł'e analysed the annual aburrdance dynamics ol'soil mites as well as changes
in gamasid community paranelels (abundance. age structure, species diversity). Densify changes imong
the juvenile Gamasida greatly influenced the annual abundance dynamics of mites belonging to that order.
Altemations in thę abundance dynamics of Plat"vseitłs italicus andZercon ze]awaiensis were cotrnected to the appearance ol'males as rvell as the rlensity increase injuvenile specimens ofthose species.
Keyrvords: Ac,ari. Gamasida, abundance dynamics, ecology, peatland reserve, Zercon zelawaiensis,
Pla-rv*seius italicus
INTRODUCTION
Abunda:rce dynamics of a population depends on environmental conditions as
well
ason
intra-population parametęrs (BEcoN&
MonnIr,rpn 1989).The main
factors thatdirectly
influęnce the seasonal changesin
density areclimatic
conditions, populationpal'ameters, and the
food
base(Czennecn
l 978: SEr.liczAK etal.
l994; Bł-oszvr
1999;Grugcei.
l999,2000;
Sxonłcrł
et al.200l; MłrnRwł
2003;Soux
et al. 2003;Zorvl
2005; CHłcr{AJ&
SENICZAK 2006;Ctlol
etal.2006).In
many casesit is illlpossible
to tell the difference between density fluctuations caused by reproduction or mortalitv and those connected to changes in environmental factors. Abundance changes in a popula-tion during the year might also result from periodic aggregation ofindividuals
in ptaces of optimumhumidĘ
or temperature or in order to reproduce (Gonwvl975).
The
aimsof this
study were: (1) to analyse changesin
general andgroup
abun-danceof
soil
mites
in 'Linie'Naturc
Reserue; (2) todetermille gamasid communiry
parameters (abundance, age structure, species
diversity) within
the studied peatland; and (3) to broaden the knorvledge of the factors that shape the abundancedynamics
t60 S. Kaczmarek. K' Fa.leńczyk-Koziróg and T. Marquardt
MATERIALAND METHODS
The
researchwas carried
outwithin
'Linie'Nature
Reserve. The
reserveis
lo-cated in central Poland,
within
the boundaries of theLower Vistula
Valley
Landscape
Park
(Płl4rowsn
1998)'
The
reserve
was
createdin
1956to
protect dwarf birch
(Betula
nana
L.
1753),which is
apost-glacial
relic
(CnvwowA-C;rEr:.DoNl97l).
The vegetation of tlre study area wasclassified
as thę associattol'l Sphagnoapiculati-C'ari-cetum
rostrątąe
osvald
1923 em.Steffen
l93l.
The herblayer covered
70ońof
the
area,
while
themoss layer covered l00%. Thę
mostnumerous species
of
that areawere:
Cąrex
rostrata
Stokes'
Vaccinium oxycoccos
L',
Sphagnumfallu
(Klinggr.),
B e
tulą nana
L.,Eri
ophorumvaginatułn L.,
andE.
angustifolium
Honck.
The material for
researchwas collected
between23 October 2003
and25
Sep-tember 2004,
in
monthly intervals
and40 replications
eachtime.
Overall,
480 soil
samples
(50 cm3each) were collected.
'l-hesamples were taken
from
2artificially
set
sublevels
(0-4
cm
and4-8
cm).As
a resultof
extractionfor
6 days.we collected
24
649mites, including 22
1 01of
theOribatida
and 449of
theGamasida. The
col-lected mites were then preserved in70Yo ethyl
alcohol
andfinally
mounted inHoyer's
medium. The
Gamasida,
both mature and immature specimens, were identified to thespecies or genus
level.
At
thetime of
soil
sampling,
measurementsof soil
temperature rvere made('lb-ble
1).The results showed
that theyear in rvhich
the researchwas
caried
outwas
dilTerent
liom
the long-term mean, asrelatively high
temperatures were recordedin
winter.
The
community analysis
was based onindices
of abundanc e (A,in
1 03 ind./m'Ż)"number
of
species
(.9), andShannon index
of
species diversity (11).
Moreoveą
the age structureof
selectedfamilies
and species of theGamasida
was analysed.Table 1. Soil temperature in 'Linie ' Naturę Reserł'e during the study period (at the depth of 5 cm. tnean values of 5 measuręnrents made durirrg sampling)
Oc1 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun JulAug
Sep Temperature(in
"C)
9.30
707
l
70
-l07
0.52 3.95
'7.61
10.03 11.74 13.37 16.2'1 15.03RESULTS
Mites
were
the mostnumerous in winter (maximum
in
January, about84
850 ind.im2). Startingin February
their density decreased, to aminimum in
May
(16 020 ind./mr) and thenit
increased againin
late surnmer (Table 2). The highestdensity
of't61 oa \o
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ABUNDANCE DYNAMICS OF M1TES (ACARI)
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t62 S. Kaczmarek' K. {._aleńczyk-Koziróg and'L Marquardt
the
Oribatida
was also recorded in January (74080
ind.lm2), but it wasonly slightly
lower in
December,
and another abundance increasewas observed
in
late
summer(July-September)'
Inthe Gamasida'
theręwęre also
2
density peaks' The first
one was in winter(maximum
inJanuary
l
390 ind./m'Ż),followed
by a density dęcreaseof
approximately
80%(minimum
irrMarch
about 300 ind./m2). T1rę sęcond abundancepeak
was in
late spring and summer (maximum
in
June
940
ind./m:).It is
worthpointing
out that the abundance ofOribatida
at that time was the lowest (Table 2).Altogether,
28 gamasid species were recorded (Table 2).The
highest numberof
gamasid species (20) was documented in January,followed
by a decrease(minimum:
5
species in
March)
and then another increase (10species
inMay). Similar
changeswere
notedwith
respectto
the Shannon index, whose highest value also occurred
in winter
(maximum
in
January,11- l.0ll).
andthe
lowest
in
June
(ff
:0.566)
(Table 2).
Between
autumn andwinteą
an increasęin
the share ofjuvenile
specimens
in thegamasid community was
recorded(their highest
abundance was notedin
Janu-ary
about 700 ind./m'Ż).Afterwards,
their abundance decreased (nojuvenile
forms
inMarch)
and then another increase(maximum:
380 ind./m2 inMay)
(Table 2).Among the Gamasida, most species
belonged
to the families Ascidae
(be-tween33'33%
and 74.470ń of gamasid species) andZerconidae
(between 4'760ńand
33.33%).
The highestdensity
ofthefamilyAscidaewas
recordedin June (about700 ind./m2),when it was S-fold
higher than theminimum
(April
andAugust). Juvenile forms
of
the
Ascidae
were
presentin
January
and betweenApril
andJuly.
Their
abundancewas
thelriglrest
in May,
when they constituted nearly
40ońot'the total
abundanceof
mitęs
of this family
(Table 3).Among
theAscidae,
the highest
abundancę was reached byPlaĘ,seius italicus, whose density
was the highest in June(600
ind'lm'Ż)'Juvęnile forms of
that species Were presentexclusively
betweenApril
arrdJuly
and they constituted between 1?.5% and 40Yo of thepopulation.
Males
in
May
and June constitutedapproximateĘ
5a%of
adult specimens'
butwere not observed in
other months.Their
appearance was notędsimultaneously
with thę appearanceofjuvenile
forms.
The highest density of the Zerconiclae was recorded in late autumn and early
r.vin-ter
(maximum in December,3Ż0
incl./m':). The same period was also clraracterised by an abundancę incręase amongjuvenile
forms
(irrNovember they
constituted ó0%of
the total numbęr
of
mites of thisfbmily)
(Table 3). Zerconzelqwłłiensis
rr'as thę mostabundant in the family. The November and December increase in abundance of Z.
zelą-w*ąiełtsis coincided with the density increase among itsjuvenile
specimens,which
were ręcordecl during nearly thewhole
perioclof
research.A
density peakof
males of that species was noted simultaneously (approxirnately 60% of them were adults).DISCT]SSION
The rnain factor that enables a mite
population
abundance increase ishumidity,
so
in Europe
hvo
abunclancepeaks
areusually
observed:in
spring and
in
auturnn163 ABI.JNDANCE DYNAMICS OI. MITES (ACARI)
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='-t64 S. Kaczmareli K. I;aleńczyk-Koziróg and T. Marqrrardt
whereas
in
thę sumłner theproportions
changę to the advantageof
adult specimens(}.Innułrł l980)' HoweveĄ
except
for
the
macroclimatic
conditions. the
dynam-ics of mite communities also
dependsonthe local
factors, e.g. themicroclimate or
habitat type.
That
canbe proved
by the appęaranceofthe
abundance peaks amongmites
in
different periods
of
the
growing
Sęason'depending on the microenviron_
ment (ScHoNBrrn
l986;
Sgl'ilczłr
etal.
1988, 1993,1994:
Broszyx
1999; Gnrp<;Er' 2000;Srorłacx.ł
etal'
200l;
Młr'unNa
2003;CHłclla: & SpNtczłr
2006). Thewinter
increase in mite abundancę in the studięd area could have been connected to thę
ręla-tively
rnild winter
aswell
as thebiology
of the species,włrich
shaped the abunclancelevel
of all mites at that time.Similar
changes in the abundance of'mites inwintertime
were also recorded in patches of moderately moist
coniferous
forest, where thehigh-est abundance was recorded in
February (SrNrczar
etal.
1993).Since
theOribatida
accountfbr the
largest partof
themite community (in
thestudied
peatlandthey constituted approximately
9AYoof
thetotal
abundance),it
is
the abundance
dynamics of
thatgroup that influences the
changesin
density
of all
rnites. That
relationship
is confirmed in the ręsearch on the soiI acarofauna ofvarious
habitats
(SENrczłr
etal.
l988,
1993,1994).
The abundance
dynamics
of the Gamasidawithin
thę studięd reserve wasclearly
shaped by the density changes
ofjuvenile
specimens_thęir
aburrdance peakcoincided
with the high abundance of the Gamasida.
A
similar
dependence of the abLlnclancedy-namics
of thepopulation
on the density changesofjuvenile
forms was recordedwith
both the Gamasida andthe Oribatida in
arnid-field
forest communitywiththe
dominant sessileoakQuercus robar
(SeNIczłrc et al. 1994)' The observed abundance increasein
the predatory
Gamasida
(late spring),followed
by their decline and an increase in thesaprophagous
Oribatida
(summer)were probably
associatedwith
the predator-prey relationship,which
had already been documented(Ssulczłr
et al. 1994)'The
relatively
smallnumber
of
recorded species. togetherwith
thelow
level
of
species
diversĘ
(11) of gamasidcommunities within
the studied peatland,probably
result
fiom
the fact that peatlands arę ęcosystems atearly
stagesof
succession
and arepoorly diversified with
respect tomicroenvironments.
Similar
ręsultsconceming
peatland mites had been already
repofied
(KACZTvIAREK et al. 2006a, 2006b).The presented results indicate that species of the
family Ascidae
procreate in theearly
partof
thegrowing
season.This
is evidenced by the
recordecl increaseinthe
density
ofjuvenile
specimens
in
latespring
andearly
summer.it is
also confirmed
by
previous
resu|ts about thebiology
of this mitefamily (Src.rnłcrł
et al.200l
). Themost abundant species
ofthe fan:ily Ascidae
isPlatyseius
italicus.It
appeared in ver-vlarge numbers
in
late spring andearly
Sumnreąwhich
wasinfluęnced
by the appear-anceofjuvenile
forms. Simultaneously, males of
thatspecies occurred
only
in
thatperiod (they constituted approximately
50'ń of
adult
specimens).Between
autumtrand
early spring (March)
tlrerewere no ręcords
ofjuvenile
forms,
which
indicated
that
Platyseius itąlicus
overwinters as
adu|ts.These ręsults
suggest thatthe
abun_dance
dynamics
of P/a{useiusitalicus
isclearly
connected to itsbiology.
In
the
family
Zerconidae, densiry increased
in
late autumn and
early
r.vinterand was connected to the increased abundance
ofjuvenile
specimens
in that period.AIilINDANCE DYNAMTCS OF' MI'I'ES (ACARI)
year long. The
abundance dynamics
of
the most
abundantspecies
of
that family,
l'e.
Zercon zeląwąiensis,
wasalso
connected to thedensity
changes amorrgjuvenile
forms.
Abundance
changes in-thepopulation
of Z.zelawaiensis
during theyear
indi-cate that the
development
of
its population is especially
intensein
late autumn andearly
winter.l.
CONCI,I]SIONS
Tlre
oribatidaate
agroup
of mites that influence abundance changes of thewlrolę
acarot'auna.
A
high abundance of that order and of all mites was recorded in r.vinter and spring.Abundance dynamics
ofjuvenile
Gamasida
greatly influenced the abundancedy-namics of this
order.Abundance
peaksof
mitesof
thatgroup coincided
r,vith theabundance peaks
ofjuvenile
forms.Abundancę dynamics of PlaĘseius
italicrc
was
connected
to its biology.
The higlrest abundance of thewhole population
was recordęd inMay
and June, andit
coincided with
the densiry peakamoug.iuvenile
specimens and the appearanceof
males.Abundance dynamics
of Zerconzelqwaiensis
was also connected to itsbiology.
Itstotal
population
peakedin
late autumn and early lvinter, rvhicłrcoincided with
tlreincreased density
ofjuvenile
specimens and the appearance of a higher numberof
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