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Abundance dynamics of mites (Acari) in the peatland of ‘Linie’ Nature Reserve, with particular reference to the Gamasida

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B|OLOC|C-AL LETT. 201 I , 4B(2): 1 59r:1 66

Available online at: http:lwww.versita.com/science/lifesciences,/bl/ Dol: 1 0.2478tu101 20-ol 1-0014-8

Abundance dynamics

of

mites

(Acari)

in

the

peatland

of

'Linie'

Nature

Reserve,

with

particular

reference

to the

Gamasida

sŁ.ĄWoMIR KACZMAREK. KATARZYNA FALEŃC]ZYK_KoZIRoG

and TOMASZ MARQIIARDT

KazimięrzWielki t]niversity, tnstitute of Environmental Biology, Depańment of Zoologl, ossolińskich Av. l2' PL-85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland

C'lorresponding author: Słarvonrir Kacz.,marek, slat'kacz@ulol''edu.pl

(Received on I 6 Janua-ry- 2008: .4c'cepted on 26 October 201

l)

Abstract: l]he researclr rvas conducted in 'Linie'Nature Resen'e rvithin the Lorłęr Vistula Vłrlley

Land-scape Park in central Poland' \ł'e analysed the annual aburrdance dynamics ol'soil mites as well as changes

in gamasid community paranelels (abundance. age structure, species diversity). Densify changes imong

the juvenile Gamasida greatly influenced the annual abundance dynamics of mites belonging to that order.

Altemations in thę abundance dynamics of Plat"vseitłs italicus andZercon ze]awaiensis were cotrnected to the appearance ol'males as rvell as the rlensity increase injuvenile specimens ofthose species.

Keyrvords: Ac,ari. Gamasida, abundance dynamics, ecology, peatland reserve, Zercon zelawaiensis,

Pla-rv*seius italicus

INTRODUCTION

Abunda:rce dynamics of a population depends on environmental conditions as

well

as

on

intra-population parametęrs (BEcoN

&

MonnIr,rpn 1989).

The main

factors that

directly

influęnce the seasonal changes

in

density are

climatic

conditions, population

pal'ameters, and the

food

base

(Czennecn

l 978: SEr.liczAK et

al.

l994; Bł-oszvr

1999;

Grugcei.

l999,2000;

Sxonłcrł

et al.

200l; MłrnRwł

2003;

Soux

et al. 2003;

Zorvl

2005; CHłcr{AJ

&

SENICZAK 2006;

Ctlol

et

al.2006).In

many cases

it is illlpossible

to tell the difference between density fluctuations caused by reproduction or mortalitv and those connected to changes in environmental factors. Abundance changes in a popula-tion during the year might also result from periodic aggregation of

individuals

in ptaces of optimum

humidĘ

or temperature or in order to reproduce (Gonwv

l975).

The

aims

of this

study were: (1) to analyse changes

in

general and

group

abun-dance

of

soil

mites

in 'Linie'Naturc

Reserue; (2) to

determille gamasid communiry

parameters (abundance, age structure, species

diversity) within

the studied peatland; and (3) to broaden the knorvledge of the factors that shape the abundance

dynamics

(2)

t60 S. Kaczmarek. K' Fa.leńczyk-Koziróg and T. Marquardt

MATERIALAND METHODS

The

research

was carried

out

within

'Linie'Nature

Reserve. The

reserve

is

lo-cated in central Poland,

within

the boundaries of the

Lower Vistula

Valley

Landscape

Park

(Płl4rowsn

1998)'

The

reserve

was

created

in

1956

to

protect dwarf birch

(Betula

nana

L.

1753),

which is

a

post-glacial

relic

(CnvwowA-C;rEr:.DoN

l97l).

The vegetation of tlre study area was

classified

as thę associattol'l Sphagno

apiculati-C'ari-cetum

rostrątąe

osvald

1923 em.

Steffen

l93l.

The herb

layer covered

70oń

of

the

area,

while

the

moss layer covered l00%. Thę

most

numerous species

of

that area

were:

Cąrex

rostrata

Stokes'

Vaccinium oxycoccos

L',

Sphagnum

fallu

(Klinggr.),

B e

tulą nana

L.,

Eri

ophorum

vaginatułn L.,

and

E.

angus

tifolium

Honck.

The material for

research

was collected

between

23 October 2003

and

25

Sep-tember 2004,

in

monthly intervals

and

40 replications

each

time.

Overall,

480 soil

samples

(50 cm3

each) were collected.

'l-he

samples were taken

from

2

artificially

set

sublevels

(0-4

cm

and

4-8

cm).

As

a result

of

extraction

for

6 days.

we collected

24

649

mites, including 22

1 01

of

the

Oribatida

and 449

of

the

Gamasida. The

col-lected mites were then preserved in70Yo ethyl

alcohol

and

finally

mounted in

Hoyer's

medium. The

Gamasida,

both mature and immature specimens, were identified to the

species or genus

level.

At

the

time of

soil

sampling,

measurements

of soil

temperature rvere made

('lb-ble

1).

The results showed

that the

year in rvhich

the research

was

caried

out

was

dilTerent

liom

the long-term mean, as

relatively high

temperatures were recorded

in

winter.

The

community analysis

was based on

indices

of abundanc e (A,

in

1 03 ind./m'Ż)"

number

of

species

(.9), and

Shannon index

of

species diversity (11).

Moreoveą

the age structure

of

selected

families

and species of the

Gamasida

was analysed.

Table 1. Soil temperature in 'Linie ' Naturę Reserł'e during the study period (at the depth of 5 cm. tnean values of 5 measuręnrents made durirrg sampling)

Oc1 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Jun Jul

Aug

Sep Temperature

(in

"C)

9.30

7

07

l

70

-l

07

0.52 3.95

'7

.61

10.03 11.74 13.37 16.2'1 15.03

RESULTS

Mites

were

the most

numerous in winter (maximum

in

January, about

84

850 ind.im2). Starting

in February

their density decreased, to a

minimum in

May

(16 020 ind./mr) and then

it

increased again

in

late surnmer (Table 2). The highest

density

of'

(3)

t61 oa \o

ę

c-oo l\ \o \c

Ę

c{

ę

o\ \o '\o

r-q

.;

q

rf

r

o\ o\ o\

I

c€ 6

ślx

EO (B -! t irt a ov

ts.9

ąo óa Ęaóo oo śt

Ża

ABUNDANCE DYNAMICS OF M1TES (ACARI)

!+r ĘVl \0r ś't r+

ąss

6:: śl

n

c-<l' o\ o\

+ N Gł

:

GI cł <j

Ę

'\o

;

a.l FI

r+

n

a.l ól r+ \c;

Ę

ś

ę

l-* Ć.l at

a.l ćł oh brr ct oi Ęoo

Ęę

ś. r+ 00 a-' r- 't--1 \ą r)9 \oĘ a.ł <t O\ ri

ę9

a.t o\ N

ś

ń6"E8

*p.:E

'Er"da

G rv - rh !:5trtv 3'E6,Eo ]A{aW= o oooEt ooo:J- 209'-ż--aq

HEeÓÓ

!!!ootrtrcóó .o-o3(śśssoEtE

lEś

N \o 6t

a-€

!f, śl

ę

ń

ą

1--ś

r-Ór

r-ś

r

Ę

rt o\ \o oo

r+

\o o\

Ę

c\ a.l cd V) o oo o c., tr ! (d b0 o o o aB a5 td

d

cB Ed J

H

-,,

<b

:()

':- a) .=A AO oC

trx

6D

t13

Ę>'

€o

.o>

"d r\o o'9 ło ,64 o o o o E 6 d

ą

ń o

U

(4)

t62 S. Kaczmarek' K. {._aleńczyk-Koziróg and'L Marquardt

the

Oribatida

was also recorded in January (74

080

ind.lm2), but it was

only slightly

lower in

December,

and another abundance increase

was observed

in

late

summer

(July-September)'

In

the Gamasida'

therę

węre also

2

density peaks' The first

one was in winter

(maximum

in

January

l

390 ind./m'Ż),

followed

by a density dęcrease

of

approximately

80%

(minimum

irr

March

about 300 ind./m2). T1rę sęcond abundance

peak

was in

late spring and summer (maximum

in

June

940

ind./m:).

It is

worth

pointing

out that the abundance of

Oribatida

at that time was the lowest (Table 2).

Altogether,

28 gamasid species were recorded (Table 2).

The

highest number

of

gamasid species (20) was documented in January,

followed

by a decrease

(minimum:

5

species in

March)

and then another increase (10

species

in

May). Similar

changes

were

noted

with

respect

to

the Shannon index, whose highest value also occurred

in winter

(maximum

in

January,

11- l.0ll).

and

the

lowest

in

June

(ff

:0.566)

(Table 2).

Between

autumn and

winteą

an increasę

in

the share of

juvenile

specimens

in the

gamasid community was

recorded

(their highest

abundance was noted

in

Janu-ary

about 700 ind./m'Ż).

Afterwards,

their abundance decreased (no

juvenile

forms

in

March)

and then another increase

(maximum:

380 ind./m2 in

May)

(Table 2).

Among the Gamasida, most species

belonged

to the families Ascidae

(be-tween

33'33%

and 74.470ń of gamasid species) and

Zerconidae

(between 4'760ń

and

33.33%).

The highestdensity

ofthefamilyAscidaewas

recordedin June (about700 ind./m2),

when it was S-fold

higher than the

minimum

(April

and

August). Juvenile forms

of

the

Ascidae

were

present

in

January

and between

April

and

July.

Their

abundance

was

the

lriglrest

in May,

when they constituted nearly

40oń

ot'the total

abundance

of

mitęs

of this family

(Table 3).

Among

the

Ascidae,

the highest

abundancę was reached by

PlaĘ,seius italicus, whose density

was the highest in June

(600

ind'lm'Ż)'

Juvęnile forms of

that species Were present

exclusively

between

April

arrd

July

and they constituted between 1?.5% and 40Yo of the

population.

Males

in

May

and June constituted

approximateĘ

5a%

of

adult specimens'

but

were not observed in

other months.

Their

appearance was notęd

simultaneously

with thę appearance

ofjuvenile

forms.

The highest density of the Zerconiclae was recorded in late autumn and early

r.vin-ter

(maximum in December,3Ż0

incl./m':). The same period was also clraracterised by an abundancę incręase among

juvenile

forms

(irr

November they

constituted ó0%

of

the total numbęr

of

mites of this

fbmily)

(Table 3). Zercon

zelqwłłiensis

rr'as thę most

abundant in the family. The November and December increase in abundance of Z.

zelą-w*ąiełtsis coincided with the density increase among its

juvenile

specimens,

which

were ręcordecl during nearly the

whole

periocl

of

research.

A

density peak

of

males of that species was noted simultaneously (approxirnately 60% of them were adults).

DISCT]SSION

The rnain factor that enables a mite

population

abundance increase is

humidity,

so

in Europe

hvo

abunclance

peaks

are

usually

observed:

in

spring and

in

auturnn

(5)

163 ABI.JNDANCE DYNAMICS OI. MITES (ACARI)

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F

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.= tr '= śŚbr

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ssłsE

tĄ g!

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d

Ż

al a c) o o oo

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qD o.,

.*ś

6.3 cJ -o śa (d bJJ bI) a E--o: o: D= Óc ?o u= qO= 6r 6D ^4 9o

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(6)

='-t64 S. Kaczmareli K. I;aleńczyk-Koziróg and T. Marqrrardt

whereas

in

thę sumłner the

proportions

changę to the advantage

of

adult specimens

(}.Innułrł l980)' HoweveĄ

except

for

the

macroclimatic

conditions. the

dynam-ics of mite communities also

depends

onthe local

factors, e.g. the

microclimate or

habitat type.

That

can

be proved

by the appęarance

ofthe

abundance peaks among

mites

in

different periods

of

the

growing

Sęason'

depending on the microenviron_

ment (ScHoNBrrn

l986;

Sgl'ilczłr

et

al.

1988, 1993,1994:

Broszyx

1999; Gnrp<;Er' 2000;

Srorłacx.ł

et

al'

200l;

Młr'unNa

2003;

CHłclla: & SpNtczłr

2006). The

winter

increase in mite abundancę in the studięd area could have been connected to thę

ręla-tively

rnild winter

as

well

as the

biology

of the species,

włrich

shaped the abunclance

level

of all mites at that time.

Similar

changes in the abundance of'mites in

wintertime

were also recorded in patches of moderately moist

coniferous

forest, where the

high-est abundance was recorded in

February (SrNrczar

et

al.

1993).

Since

the

Oribatida

account

fbr the

largest part

of

the

mite community (in

the

studied

peatland

they constituted approximately

9AYo

of

the

total

abundance),

it

is

the abundance

dynamics of

that

group that influences the

changes

in

density

of all

rnites. That

relationship

is confirmed in the ręsearch on the soiI acarofauna of

various

habitats

(SENrczłr

et

al.

l988,

1993,1994).

The abundance

dynamics

of the Gamasida

within

thę studięd reserve was

clearly

shaped by the density changes

ofjuvenile

specimens

_thęir

aburrdance peak

coincided

with the high abundance of the Gamasida.

A

similar

dependence of the abLlnclance

dy-namics

of the

population

on the density changes

ofjuvenile

forms was recorded

with

both the Gamasida andthe Oribatida in

arnid-field

forest community

withthe

dominant sessile

oakQuercus robar

(SeNIczłrc et al. 1994)' The observed abundance increase

in

the predatory

Gamasida

(late spring),

followed

by their decline and an increase in the

saprophagous

Oribatida

(summer)

were probably

associated

with

the predator-prey relationship,

which

had already been documented

(Ssulczłr

et al. 1994)'

The

relatively

smallnumber

of

recorded species. together

with

the

low

level

of

species

diversĘ

(11) of gamasid

communities within

the studied peatland,

probably

result

fiom

the fact that peatlands arę ęcosystems at

early

stages

of

succession

and are

poorly diversified with

respect to

microenvironments.

Similar

ręsults

conceming

peatland mites had been already

repofied

(KACZTvIAREK et al. 2006a, 2006b).

The presented results indicate that species of the

family Ascidae

procreate in the

early

part

of

the

growing

season.

This

is evidenced by the

recordecl increase

inthe

density

of

juvenile

specimens

in

late

spring

and

early

summer.

it is

also confirmed

by

previous

resu|ts about the

biology

of this mite

family (Src.rnłcrł

et al.

200l

). The

most abundant species

ofthe fan:ily Ascidae

is

Platyseius

italicus.It

appeared in ver-v

large numbers

in

late spring and

early

Sumnreą

which

was

influęnced

by the appear-ance

ofjuvenile

forms. Simultaneously, males of

that

species occurred

only

in

that

period (they constituted approximately

50'ń of

adult

specimens).

Between

autumtr

and

early spring (March)

tlrere

were no ręcords

of

juvenile

forms,

which

indicated

that

Platyseius itąlicus

overwinters as

adu|ts.

These ręsults

suggest that

the

abun_

dance

dynamics

of P/a{useius

italicus

is

clearly

connected to its

biology.

In

the

family

Zerconidae, densiry increased

in

late autumn and

early

r.vinter

and was connected to the increased abundance

ofjuvenile

specimens

in that period.

(7)

AIilINDANCE DYNAMTCS OF' MI'I'ES (ACARI)

year long. The

abundance dynamics

of

the most

abundant

species

of

that family,

l'e.

Zercon zeląwąiensis,

was

also

connected to the

density

changes amorrg

juvenile

forms.

Abundance

changes in-the

population

of Z.

zelawaiensis

during the

year

indi-cate that the

development

of

its population is especially

intense

in

late autumn and

early

winter.

l.

CONCI,I]SIONS

Tlre

oribatidaate

agroup

of mites that influence abundance changes of the

wlrolę

acarot'auna.

A

high abundance of that order and of all mites was recorded in r.vinter and spring.

Abundance dynamics

ofjuvenile

Gamasida

greatly influenced the abundance

dy-namics of this

order.

Abundance

peaks

of

mites

of

that

group coincided

r,vith the

abundance peaks

ofjuvenile

forms.

Abundancę dynamics of PlaĘseius

italicrc

was

connected

to its biology.

The higlrest abundance of the

whole population

was recordęd in

May

and June, and

it

coincided with

the densiry peak

amoug.iuvenile

specimens and the appearance

of

males.

Abundance dynamics

of Zercon

zelqwaiensis

was also connected to its

biology.

Its

total

population

peaked

in

late autumn and early lvinter, rvhicłr

coincided with

tlre

increased density

ofjuvenile

specimens and the appearance of a higher number

of

males.

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M..

lv{onrrttgn

M.

1989. llk<llogia populacii. Studium porównawcze z'wierz-ąt

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PWRiL'

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Bł'oszyx

J.

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kohoĘ

Urtr-podina lAcari. Mesostigmata) w Polsce [Geographical and ecological variabilify of mites of

the cohort lJropodlna (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland].

syd.

Ktrntekst. Poznań (in Polish). CełNowe-GnrooN

M.

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I'' McronHr'ło D. I.,., Negnn D.

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Rvoo

M'

I. 2006. A rnodeling study of soil temperature

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6f75.

CzłnNlcru

A.

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