J ol a nt a K o s t r z e w a , R o b e r t W i l u ś
KRYNICA — THE BIGGEST HEALTH RESORT IN SOUTHERN POLAND. PROBLEMS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS KRYNICA, LA PLUS GRANDE STATION CLIMATIQUE DE LA POLOGNE DU SUD. LES PROBLÈMES DU DÉVELOPPMENT ET DE
FUNCTIONNEMENT
KRYNICA — NAJWIĘKSZE UZDROWISKO POŁUDNIOWEJ POLSKI. PROBLEMY ROZWOJU I FUNKCJONOWANIA
1. GEOGRAPHICAL SIT U A T IO N A N D HISTORICAL OUTLINE
K rynica is one of the biggest and most im portant Polish health resorts. It is situated 35 kilom etres south-east of Nowy Sącz and it is the seventh biggest town in the Nowy Sącz county. This picturesque resort covers an area on the border between Sącz Beskid (Beskid Są decki) and Low Beskid (Beskid Niski), 8 kilom etres long the narrow valleys of the K ryniczanka stream and its tributaries, th e Palenica and Black Brook (Czarny Potok). Most of the buildings lie 560—620 m above sea level, which makes K rynica the highest situated health resort in Poland. P ark Mountain (Góra Parkowa), which overlooks it, offers an excellent view and, together w ith Spa P ark (Park Zdrojowy), is a splendid leisure area for both patients and holiday-makers. The moun tainous character of the health resort is strenghtened by the vicinity of Jaw orzvna K rynicka range (1,114 m above sea level) — Fig. 1. ( K r u c z e k , O r z e c h o w s k a - K o w a l s k a 1985). Such a geographical situation of the health resort causes considerable bio-climatic differences which are useful for medical purposes. The climate of K rynica has been defined as sub-Alpine, the characteristics of which are: mild winters, small fluctuations of tem perature or air pressure, tem perate hum idity and large insolation. The quality of the climate is improved by plant
ethereal oils which have an immunizing and soothing effect on the human psyche ( K o z i o l 1988).
Fig. 1. G eo g ra p h ica l lo ca tio n of K ryn ica
1 — s ta te b o u n d aries; 2 — m ain ro a d sj 3 — ra ilw a y s, stations? 4 — riv e rs, w a ter-co u rsesj 5 — s e ttle m ent grounds,* 6 — forests,- 7 — spot h eights
D e ssin 1. S itu a tio n g é o g ra p h iq u e d e K ryn ica
1 — fro n tiè re de l'E ta t; 2 — ro u tes principales} 3 — chem ins de fer, statio n s; 4 — fleuves, ruisseaux» 5 — e sp aces d 'im p lan tatio n s hum aines; 6 — forêts» 7 — p o in ts d 'o rie n ta tio n
However, K rynica is famous mainly for its m ineral w aters from a group of bicarbonate springs containing large quantities of sodium, magnesium, iron and vestigal elements. The w aters can be obtained from eight springs th a t are called ”J a n ”, ’’Józef”, ’’Główny” (’’Main”), ’’Tadeusz”, „Słotwinka”, ’’Mieczysław”, ’’K arol”, and ’’Zuber”. For tre a t ment purposes, free carbon dioxide and therapeutic mud are also used. Owing to such medical resources, problems with the cilculatory, digestive, urinary systems, as well as w ith metabolism, are treated in this health resort (K a j o c h 1990).
F ig . 2. T h e sp a tia l la y -o u t o f K ryn ica-S p a
1 — buildings from before the Second W orld W ar, 2 — buildings from the post-war period, 3 __ not catalogued buildings, 4 — sym bols of m orphological units, S — borders of morphological units, 6 __ cable railw ays, 7 — rivers, w ater-courses, 8 — nam es of districts, 9 — streets, 10 — railways A __ Old S pa H ouse, B — N ew Spa H ouse, C — Main W ell-room , D — Old M ineral Łazienki, E __ N ew M in eral Ł azienki, F — sanatorium „Lwigród", G — sanatorium „Patria", H — H otel „B elw eder” ,
I — Church, J — Excursion H ouse
D e s s in 2. D is p o s itio n s p a tia le d e K ry n ica Zdrój
1 — bâtim ents d'avant la Ile guerre m ondiale, 2 — bâtim ents d'après la guerre, 3 — bâtim ents hors l'inventaire, 4 — désign ation des u n ités m orphologiques, 5 — lim ites d es un ités morphologiques, 6 — funiculaire, 7 — fle u v e s, ruisseaux, 8 — nom s des quartiers, 9 — rues, 10 — chemin de fe n A — V ieil E tablissem ent Thermal, B — N ouvel Etablissem ent Thermal, C — Buvette centrale, D __ V ieil Etablissem ent de bains m inéraux et de boue, E — N o u v el Etablissem ent de bains minéraux, F __ Sana torium „Lwigród", G — Sanatorium „Patria” , H — H ôtel „B elw eder", I — Eglise, J — M aison
d'excursion „Rzymianka" K R Y N I C A Z D R Û J G ó ra P a rk o w a K R Y N IC A Z D R Ó J K R Y N IC A2 W IE S
A part from the advantages of the n atu ral environm ent in Krynica, another interesting elem ent is the unique wooden buildings dating from the end of the 19th century and situated in the centre of the town.
The beginnings of K rynica go back to the 16th century b u t little is known about that time. One certain piece of inform ation is th a t it appeared, as a village, before 1547. L ater development of the resort was connected with the discovery of m ineral w ater sources in the 18th century. The first reports about their medicinal properties come from 1721. Towards the end of the 18th century, Baltazar Hacquet, a professor from Lwow University, made the first chemical analysis of the mineral w aters and after th a t the whole area with m ineral w ater springs was bought out from peasants by the Austrian authorities. Soon, in 1807, Krynica was officially announced to be a spa, w here the first resident physican, Jan Nennel, started his work. In the years 1812—1832 the average annual num ber of patients was c. 200 people. In the second half of the 19 century the popularity of the resort dropped considerably; therefore the Austrian governm ent decided to close it down. The man who brought K rynica back to life was Professor Józef Dietl (considered to be the father of Polish balneology). Given the support of the in habitants, especially the rich citizens, the resort started to develop ra pidly in 1856. Between 1860 and 1890 a lot of new buildings and pavilions were built: Old Mineral Łazienki, Old M ud-bath i^azienki, Spa House (Dom Zdrojowy), wooden main pumproom with a board-walk, numerous boarding-houses and a larch-wood theatre. Their railw ay th a t runs between K rynica and Muszyna built in 1911, also contributed to the growth of the resort. The num ber of visitors was increasing rapidly to reach 10,000 in 1912. K rynica had its best years in the period of Polish indépendance. Among the new buildings and facilities w ere New Mineral Łazienki, ’’Lwigród” sanatorium , the cable railw ay to P ark Mountain and New Spa House. The num ber of patients in 1930 w ent up to 30,575, and in 1938 it soared to 40,471 ( K o z i o ł 1988).
The image of K rynica — a then fashionable and exclusive resort — was being created by representatives of the intellectual élite, men of letters, artists and actors: J. I. Kraszewski, G. Zapolska, A. Asnyk, TT. Sienkiewicz, K. Adwentowicz, A. Hoffmanowa, H. Modrzejewska, L. Solski, E. P etri, A. Sari and, last b u t not least. J. K iepura who had his own residence called ’’P atria ” which still functions as a sanatorium in Krynica. In 1937 the honorable guests of the town were Juliana, the Dutch princess, and her husband.
The times of splendour are regularly revived during festivals called „Jan K iepura’s arias and songs”, organized once a year in commemoration of the singer’s frequent visits in Krynica. A nother famous celebrity of
the resort was Nikifor K rynicki whose prim itivist paintings won inter national fame.
Between the two World Wars K rynica was a capital of the w inter sports. In 1931 the world hockey championship, and four years later
the European sledging championship, were held there.
During the Second World War the healt resort was closed for Poles. Towards the end of the w ar it was devastated by the invader and the medical equipm ent was taken away to Germany.
A fter the w ar repair works started im m ediately and already in 1946 K rynica welcomed 6,000 patients. N ext years’ investm ents changed the aspect of Krynica, bringing num erous new sanatoria, a new pump-room
and a stadium ( K o z i o l 1988) — Fig. 2.
2. THE SPATIAL DEVELOPM ENT, PH Y SIO G N O M Y A N D M ORPHOLOGY OF K RYN ICA
Both the geographical situation and historical past have had an im portant influence on the spatial development, physiognomy and morpho logy of the health resort under study. K rynica-Spa (1,119 ha), a separate adm inistrative unit within the borders of the town, has been subjected to detailed physiognomical examination. A part from Krynica-Spa, K ry nica consists of K rynica-Slotwiny and K rynica-Village (526 ha and 2,330 ha respectively). The first is situated in the north p art of the town, west of the road to Nowy Sącz. The second is located along the railw ay to Muszyna (Fig. 2). The process of unification of all parts lasted from the moment K rynica obtained civic rights in 1911, to 1950, w hen the Town Council decided to incorporate the two districts into the town of Krynica.
In order to present the spatial development in more detail K rynica- -Spa has been divided into 14 morphological units m arked w ith Roman figures from I to XIV (Fig. 2, Tab. I). A detailed analysis of the age, architecture and function of the buildings allowed the separation of 14 physiognomical types which give the contem porary picture of the health resort. In the summer of 1990 the total num ber of buildings in K rynica- -Spa was 788. The physiognomy of some 565 (71,7%) has been defined1. The spatial lay-out of K rynica-Spa is connected w ith the location of the narrow valleys of the m ountain stream s •— K ryniczanka flowing
1 M a teria ls for th is p ap er w e r e c o lle c te d in K ryn ica b y 3rd y e a r stu d en ts of tou rism g e o g r a p h y at th e U n iv e r s ity of Łódź d u rin g th eir tra in in g in J u ly 1989 and 1990.
from Słotwiny and joining Palenica which, in turn, flows from Czerteż Mountain, north of the spring. The valleys of these rivers are the main routes to Nowy Sącz (Piłsudskiego Street) to Muszyna (Zdrojowa and Kraszewskiego Streets) and to Tylicz (Pułaskiego Street). The above tracks are the main axes of the building development of Krynica-Spa. At the same time the rem aining streets run perpendicularly to them. Most of these remaining streets run along the valleys of small stream s which are tributaries of K ryniczanka and Palenica. Together they make the framework of the whole spatial lay-out of the resort, which could
be called a triaxial lay-out.
On the basis of the analysis of the age, physiognomy, function and arrangem ent of the buildings in the existing spatial lay-out of K rynica- -Spa, one can distinguish several stages in its development.
The first stage was the creation of the spatial lay-out. It lasted from the mom ent the first buildings appeared (18th/l 9th century) up to the beginning of the 20th century. The main characteristic feature of this phase was the building of numerous villas, boarding-houses and sanatoria to meet patients’ needs. The biggest concentration of this sort of building can be found in unit X, the oldest and the most interesting one spatially. It is located in the centre of the resort, at the foot of P ark Mountain. The predominant type of buildings in this p art of K rynica are wooden villas and boarding houses built in pseudo-Swiss style. Here as well, the most presentable sanatoria and bath are situated. The architectural characteristics of these buildings are blocks of different shapes, decorated facades, protruding towers topped w ith domes. Moreover, there are two pedestrian ways of a very interesting design: the Boardwalk and D ietl’s Boulevard. The first one was built as early as the 19th century and the latter has been used as a walking avenue since 1921 ( K r u s z e l n i c k i 1948). Sanatoria, villas and boarding-houses were being built near mi neral springs because th at made medical treatm en t easier and more convenient. As the resort was developing and all places in the most attractive area in the close vicinity of the springs w ere constantly oc cupied, new buildings were being built furth er from the centre, mainly along the more im portant lines of communication. Altogether they created an original architectural and spatial composition, redolent of Old Krynica.
The next stage in the formation of the spatial lay-out is the phase of rapid and uncontrolled development of the health resort. It lasted until the beginning of the Second World War. At th at time the biggest num ber of buildings was registered (238 houses, 21.10/» of the catalogued buildings). In almost each morphological unit except the oldest one (X) an increase of the num ber of buildings was noted. New sanatoria were
T a b l e I g
C h a ra c ter iz a tio n of m o r p h o lo g ic a l u n its o f K ryn ica-S p a C a r a cté r istiq u e d e s u n ite s m o r p h o lo g iq u e d e K ry n ica Z drôj
S p e c ific a tio n
S y m b o ls o f m o r p h o lo g ic a l u n its T o ta l
I II III IV V V I VII VIII IX X X I XII XIII X I V N %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1. A g e of b u ild in g s up to 1900 7 2 4 6 3 6 3 2 25 1 5 1 65 11.5 1901— 1939 1 11 10 19 11 10 18 12 30 12 13 43 14 34 238 42.1 1940— 1970 2 8 15 10 5 10 9 6 3 2 6 2 2 4 84 14.9 1971— 1990 19 14 24 2 13 31 18 4 7 2 8 11 4 21 178 31.5 2. C o n str u c tio n o f th e b u ild in g s — b rick h o u se s 23 28 49 22 16 45 38 16 27 12 26 47 14 35 398 70.4 — b rick /tim b er h o u s e s 1 3 — 5 3 3 4 6 4 1 — 4 — 6 40 7.1 — tim b er h o u se s 5 4 4 10 13 3 9 3 11 28 2 10 7 18 127 22.5 3. H eig h t o f b u ild in g s — o n e -s to r e y e d b u ild in g s 2 3 1 5 7 2 7 16 9 1 12 10 13 88 15.6 — tw o -s to r e y e d b u ild in g s 5 6 6 20 13 22 19 12 7 29 15 15 7 34 210 37.2 ■— th r e e -s to r e y e d b u ild in g s 17 19 27 9 9 18 20 5 8 3 6 15 3 7 166 29.4 — fo u r -sto r e y e d b u ild in g s 5 6 13 2 3 6 11 1 8 _ 4 13 _ 5 77 13.6 — m ore th a n fo u r- -s to r e y e d b u ild in g s _ 1 6 1 _ 3 1 — 3 _ 2 6 1 — 24 4.2 Jolan ta K o s tr z e w a , R ob er t W il u ś
4. P h y s io g n o m y ty p e s of b u ild in g s — ty p ic a l o n e -fa m ily h o u s e 7 — ty p ic a l o n e -fa m ily of v a r ie d a r ch ite c tu r e 1 — o n e -fa m ily h o u s e of u n iq u e a r ch ite c tu r e 4 — d w e llin g h o u s e s of th e b o a r d in g -h o u s e t y p e — — v illa s and b o a r d in g - -h o u s e s from th e p re w a r and o ld e r p e r io d — — p r o v in c ia l b u ild in g s 3 — farm b u ild in g s 2 — b lo c k s o f fla t 6 — te n e m e n t-h o u s e s 4 — sm a ll sa n a to riu m -h o li d a y cam p c o m p le x of th e h o te l ty p e — — b ig s a n a to riu m -h o li d a y cam p c o m p le x of th e h o te l t y p e — — sa n a to riu m -h o lid a y cam p c o m p le x of u n iq u e a r ch ite ctu re — — p a v ilio n s 2 8 5 4 6 18 3 2 1 3 9 1 5 — — 2 8 6 2 4 7 5 1 9 1 2 1 1 5 8 2 1 3 1 6 12 4 1 — - 8 7 4 — 7 1 5 5 2 — — 3 _ _ _ 2 2 — 2 — — 9 8 5 4 3 1 5 83 14.7 2 — 3 — 1 1 7 33 5.8 — — — — 1 3 — 10 26 4.6 12 1 1 1 3 6 3 6 60 10.6 10 3 3 22 2 13 4 22 97 17.2 — 4 8 3 — 8 5 — 48 8.5 _ 1 6 3 4 21 3,7 2 1 -— — — 32 5.7 11 6 8 1 1 1 — — 51 9.0 1 o A 12 1 1 A 4 1 3 41 7.3 — — 2 i 4 9 — 2 23 4.1 — — — 2 5 4 1 — 14 2.5 1 2 1 4 — — — — 14 2.5 Kr y n ic a — th e B ig g e st He alt h R e so r t in So u th e rn P o la n d
T a b le I (contd.) o>CO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 — o th er b u ild in g s (sc h o o ls, in d u strial, r e lig io u s b u ild in g s, etc.) 1 2 3 4 5 4 1 2 22 3.8 T otal 29 35 53 37 32 51 51 25 42 41 28 61 21 59 565 100.0 T o ta l num ber of b u ild in g s 30 41 56 41 50 73 71 52 56 79 48 68 51 72 788 P e r c e n ta g e o f th e c a ta lo g u e d b u ild in g s 96.6 85.4 94.6 90.2 64.0 69.9 71.8 48.1 75.0 51.9 58.3 89.7 41.2 81.9 71.7 5. N u m b er o f p lo ts of la n d up to 1,000 m 2 3 37 31 25 27 28 13 31 52 45 29 34 54 69 478 37.8 1,001— 2,000 m 2 2 15 21 11 23 21 17 18 21 36 13 53 26 39 316 25.0 2,001— 5,000 m 2 1 3 13 3 9 12 22 18 14 26 19 31 26 35 232 18.4 m ore th a n 5,000 m s 9 4 16 2 21 30 11 36 3 38 11 13 23 21 238 18.8 T otal 15 59 81 41 80 91 63 103 90 145 72 131 129 164 1,264 100.0 A v e r a g e a rea (ms) 4,627 1,603 4,461 1,260 6,138 8,924 3,607 6,890 1,457 6,247 2,790 3,835 3,543 5,372 4,339.6
S o u r c e : Own research based on catalogues of buildings in Krynica-Spa.
Jola nt a K o s tr z e w a , R o be rt W il u ś
grouped first of all in the east (units XI, XII, XIII) and w est (IV, VI) parts of Krynica.
In the very centre, by the Boardwalk, the biggest sanatorium was built, presently New Spa House. From the architactural point of view, in comparison w ith the old sanatoria, the new ones were more modern and spacious and looked more like big hotel complexes. One should also notice the growing num ber of one- and m ultifam ily houses, which re sulted from the influx of the resident population. The one-fam ily hou ses were usually two-storeyed wooden or brick buildings (villa typej. One can find them all over K rynica-Spa. The m ultifam ily houses were tenem ent houses which are typical of cities rath er than health resorts. Most of them are in the more im portant streets, m ainly north of the centre (units III, IV, V) and in the w est p art of the resort (VII, VIII, IX). The last example of the houses from the pre-w ar period were the buil dings of a parochial and farm physiognomy. Due to their simple con struction and physiognomy they fit the country landscape better. They can be found in the suburbs of K rynica (units I, V, IX, XIII). In 1990 they constituted 12.2% of the buildings under study.
Summing up the pre-w ar phase in the development of Krynica-Spa, one can conclude th a t new areas for building w ere chosen in the lowest parts, along communication lines and in the close vicinity of the main mineral spring, i.e., the centre of the resort.
These areas have always been thickly built over despite unfavorable physiographical conditions ( G r o c h 1983). A fter the w ar the direction of the spatial development of the resort changed. Because a great n u m ber of buildings concentrated in the lower p a rt of Krynica, new houses were beingj built higher and fu rther away from the centre. This was characteristic of the whole resort. Many physiognomical changes r e sulted. The need for recreation and the development of tourism brought about building bigger sanatoria which even assumed the role of a tou ristic base. There appeared both large, m ulti-storeyed sanatorium com plexes and sm aller houses (41 buildings — 7.3% and 23 buildings — 4.1% respectively). All of them were built in the hotel style. The archi tecture of only 14 sanatoria had a touch of individualism. Due to their shape, area and height these buildings became the predom inant physio gnomical type in the architecture of the resort. Placing m any sanatoria and hotels on the slopes of the stream valleys accentuated the presence of th at kind of architectural style in the landscape. Today the buildings are easily seen from different view points in K rynica-Spa.
A fter the w ar the domestic architecture developed rapidly. Most of the new buildings at th at time w ere one-fam ily dwelling-houses in the shape of a cuboid. Beside the pre-w ar villas and boarding-houses they
were the most popular type of buildings (14.7%)- O ther types of houses w ere also being built then.
Some of them had a similar but slightly altered architecture (5.8%) and some were very different because of their complex construction. As the resident population became interested in the tourist trade, there ap peared one-fam ily guest-houses (10.6%)- As a rule, they were two- or three- storeyed brick buildings, more spacious than typical one-family houses and sim ilar to small hotels.
Except for the central units (X, XI, XII), w here the num ber of one- -fam ily (houses is small, this type of building became popular in all other units, taking up the higher situated areas. In the spatial lay-out of the resort they created compact, monotonous architecture in the west (units VI, VII, VIII) and n orth (units I, II, III) parts of Krynica. Ano ther type of dwelling houses th a t was built after the war was blocks of flats — a different height elem ent in the space of the resort. Most often they were compact, simple, three-or four-storeyed buildings. Such houses (can be found in large num bers in units II and III along P ił sudskiego S treet and VII near Kraszewskiego Street. In the busies! places of the reso rt (units IV, IX, X, XI) there are shops, a cinema, a lib rary and a health centre w ith a new pump-room. The develop m ent of this sort of building should be associated w ith a growing de m and by the local inhabitants for basic services, by the patients for medical treatm ent and by holiday-m akers for entertainm ent. Buildings of all kinds (service and dwelling-houses) which appeared in Krynica after the Second World War dem onstrate the rapid process of urbani zation which im paired both the curative properties and the architectu ra l — spatial arrangem ent of the town.
The n ex t elem ent of the spatial lay-out influencing every settle m ent unit is the plots of land. In 1991 in the K rynica-Spa area there were 1,264 plots of land covering 4,339.9 sq m (Tab. I). Most of them were small plots op to 1,000 sq m (37.8%) and a few bigger ones — up to 2,000
sq
m (25.0%). As far as their size and shape are concerned they are distributed unevenly. C entral areas (X, XI, XII) have both sm aller and big plots in equal quantities. Smaller plots, which were located in the areas w ith a large num ber of buildings, had a regular shape close to a square or rectangle. The bigger plots had less regular shapes and most often they were situated in the areas w here buildings were scare. A sim ilar relation can be observed in other morphological unit^. The sizes of the plots of land w ere sm allest in the areas with the largest am ount of buildings — up to 1,600 sq m (units II, IV, IX). In the areas w here the congestion of the buildings was sm aller (units V, VI, VIII, XIV) the average area of a plot of land exceeded 5,000 sqm.The rem ainder of the morphological units had plots of a size simi lar to the size typical of whole Krynica-Spa (units I, II). Unlike in the central area, in the units under discussion the m ajority of the plots were almost 2,000 sq m.
Presenty K rynica-Spa is a health resort characterised by a compact architecture. A characteristic feature of its development was a decrea sing num ber of buildings as altitude increased, which caused physio gnomical changes as well.
The contemporary (1990) architecture of K rynica-Spa consists of: 97 guest-houses (villas) — 17.2%,
78 sanatorium complexes — 13.7%, 354 dwelling houses — 62.7%, 36 service buildings — 6.4%.
Such a functional framework, w here over one third of the houses (37.3%) serve the needs of patients, holiday-m akers and tourists, clea rly shows the im portance of the curative and touristic function of the health resort.
3. THE M EDICINAL A N D TOURISTIC F U N C T IO N OF K RYN ICA
Contemporary K rynica is, first and foremost, a health and holiday resort. There are 6,156 places available in sanatoria and hotels. In 1988 there were 77,862 guests there, including 50,254 patients and 27,608 tourists and holiday-makers. These num bers give K rynica the first pla ce among health resorts in the Nowy Sącz county and the fourth place as a tourist resort after Zakopane, Piwniczna and Nowy Sącz. The town has a well developed health resort infrastructure: 7 hospitals, 27 sana toria, 3 n atu ral medicine centres and 4 pump-rooms.
Research undertaken in 1989 and 1990 allowed the estimation of the patients’ traffic in PPZU K P2 buildings over the past 20 years, and the recording of their age, sex and place of their perm anent residence, which established the rank of the resort.
In 1989 two sanatoria w ere closely examined: New Spa House and „P atria”. In 1988 they adm itted 4,662 patients. In 1990 two hospitals (New Mineral Łazienki and „Renesans”) and a sanatorium Old Spa House were examined, too. In 1989 they had 4,953 patients.
! T he a b b rev ia tio n stan d s for S ta te E nterprise of K ryn ica-P op rad H ea lth Resort C o m p lex in K ryn ica (P a ń stw o w e P rz e d się b io r stw o Z e sp o łu U zd ro w isk K ry n ick o -P o pradzkich) that w a s crea ted o n th e b a s i s of a H e a lth M in istry A c t in 8th N o v em b er 1977.
Over the past 20 years in the buildings mentioned above one can observe a slight increase in the num ber of patients, from 9,841 in 1970 to 10,927 in 1980, when the influx of patients reached its peak. Between 1981 and 1983 the figures droped to c. 9,500, which was caused by the difficult political and economic situation and certain restrictions as far as travelling in Poland was concerned. By the end of the 1980s the num ber of patients did not exceed the m axim um figures of that pe riod, (which suggests a small decline of the popularity of the resort (Tab. II).
T a b l e II T h e num ber of p a tien ts in PPZUKP b u ild in g s in K ryn ica in 1970, 1972, 1973,
1976— 1988
D im e n sio n du m o u v e m en t d e cu rite s d a n s lesi é ta b lis s e m e n ts PPZUKP à K ryn ica d a n s le s a n n é e s 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976— 1988
Y ear N u m b er of p a tien ts Y ear N u m b er of p a tie n ts
1970 9,841 1981 9,544 1972 9,466 1982 9,611 1973 9,035 1983 9,976 1976 8,160 1984 10,481 1977 9,327 1985 10,026 1978 10,496 1986 10,254 1979 10,489 1987 9,866 1980 10,927 1988 .10,338
S o u r c e : Total specification of PPZUKP.
In general, K rynica is popular among people between 30 and 05 years of age (80.6%)- The smallest group of patients was children un der 15 (1.8%) and elderly people over 70 years of age (2,8%) — Fig. 3. Among the patients examined 57,6% w ere women. The age and sex of patients in different buildings vary and depend on the treatm ent pro file.
P atients’ traffic is independent of season because the places in the health resort are used throughout the year during thirteen three-weeks fixed periods.
The people arriving a t K rynica usually come from the Silesia r e gion (Śląsk) as well as from Cracow, Warsaw, Poznań, Łódź, Wrocław and Gdańsk areas. They are m ostly inhabitants of big urban agglome rations. The sm allest num bers of patients w ere coming from the adm i nistrative counties in north-east Poland, and from those w ithout big cities (Ciechanów, Chełm, Włocławek, provinces) — Fig. 4, 5. Such a spa tial range confirms the general belief in society th at most of the
holi-WO M EN MEN
IL
AG E 71-75 6 6 -70 6 1 -Ć 5 5 6 -6 0 5 1 -5 5 46 -5 0 ¡.1 - 4 5 3 6 -4 0 3 1-3 5 26 -3 0 2 1 -2 5 1 6 -2 0 1 1 - 1 5 6 -1 0 0 - 5 , 10% W O M EN 10%F ig. 3. S e x and a g e d istr ib u tio n of th e p e o p le a r r iv in g in K ry n ica A — patien ts; B — tourists and holiday-m akers
D e s s in 3. S tru ctu re par s e x e e t par â g e à K ry n ic a A — curistes [ B — tou ristes et vacanciers
— 1 I ce K ry n ic a — th e B ig g e st H e a lt h R es or t in So ut he rn P o la n d
day-m akers and patients come from big cities. Habits and conventions should not be disregarded at this point.
Among the visitors arriving a t K rynica there were 42 foreigners (USA, Canada, Lybia, Bulgaria), which did not influence the reputation of the resort much.
The spatial distribution of patients’ perm anent places of residence was confirmed by research in the Old Spa Houses, „P atria” and „Re nesans”. Certain preferences can be noticed, however, in the case of „P atria”, which is popular among visitors from Warsaw, Wrocław and Łódź, and in the case New Spa House — popular among people coming from Poznań and Cracow.
A little different spatial range is suggested by research in New Mi neral Łazienki, which turned out to be of regional importance (coun ties: Cracow, Tarnów, Nowy Sącz, Krosno). Nevertheless the research confirmed a well developed function of K rynica as a Polish health re sort. The same is also proved by the num ber of doctors employed in sanatoria, hospitals and holiday camps — 1,945 people, which makes 28% of the working population of Krynica.
The spa function was the original function of Krynica. However, its location in the mountain region and its climatic adventages made it attractive to holiday-m akers and mountain-climbers.
The total touristic accommodation in K rynica is 1,598 places, 87.4% of which are available all year round. In this aspect K rynica lies se cond in th e Nowy Sącz county after Zakopane. It is difficult to say exactly how good and extensive the sleeping arrangem ents are because in K rynica the two functions of the town — as a health resort and as a holiday resort t— interm ingle. Some sanatoria are p artly used by holiday-m akers if there are vacant places not occupied by patients. — In this case one can speak of the two functions being complementary.
Research into holiday traffic in Krynica was carried out in eight buildings (a hotel, 3 holiday camps, 2 boarding-houses, an excursion house and a recreation centre). By the hotel check-in method 9,863 tourists and holiday-m akers were identified, 50,9% women and 49.1% men. The most num erous group visiting K rynica were tourists and ho liday-m akers between 30 and 45 years of age, i.e., 30.3% and between 46 and 60 years of age, i.e., 24.9%. Only 15.4% were people between 20 and 30 years of age. Such an age distribution undoubtedly comes from a large num ber of holiday-makers. K rynica is not popular among young ipeople, who usually stop for a short break only during their mountain excursions (Fig. 3). This phenomenon confirms no clear sea sonality of tourism (holiday time). Tourist traffic reached its peak in autumn, w inter, as well as in May and June. This in turn is caused by
the type of sleeping arrangem ents in boarding-houses and holiday camps.
In general, tourist traffic is strongly concentrated, 75% of tourists and holiday-makers coming from 8 adm inistrative counties, mainly those of Cracow, Warsaw and Łódź. 25% come from the rem aining counties, except for those of Elbląg and Łomża. The spatial distribu tion of the tourists and holiday-m akers is very similar to that of p a tients. The counties w ith big cities from which most tourists come are in the lead, too (Fig. 4, 5). They were also some guests from Germany, USSR, Hungary, but they came in very small numbers.
Fig. 4. S p atial ran ge of th e p eo p lo arrivin g in K ryn ica 1 — p a tie n ts; 2 — to u rists and ho lid ay -m ak ers
D e ss in 4. E ten d u e s p a t i a l e d e s p e r s o n n e s s é j o u r n a n t à K r y n i c a A — couristesi B — touristes et vacancier»
F ig. 5. The num ber of arriv a ls v s . th e d ista n ce from th e p la c e s .o f perm an en t r es id en c e 1 — patients; 2 — tourists and holiday-makers
D e s s in 5. D im en sio n d e s a r riv ée s et la d ista n c e sta tio n — d o m ic ile d e s to u r iste s A — curistes; B — touristes et vacanciers
The research that has been done proves th a t as far as the two func tions of K rynica are concerned, it is an im portant centre in Poland. It should be stressed, however, that the function of the town as a health resort is predom inant and better developed, which is proved by the synthetic D efert’s quotient3 to be three times higher for the health re sort function than for the touristic one (39.2 and 12.5 respectively). The latter shows the functioning of K rynica as a holiday resort to be quite weak, m ainly because of underdeveloped infrastructure.
a D efert's q u o tien t of to u ristic fu n ction : L : 100 T( f ) --
---P L — nu m ber of a cco m m o d a tio n p la c e s for to u rists, P — nu m ber of lo c a l p o p u la tio n .
4. CONFLICTS BETWEEN F U N C T IO N S IN KRYN ICA
The basis for the existence of K rynica as a town was its function as a spa, which influenced its spatial and economic development and in due course created a dwelling, adm inistrative and service function. Owing to m any adventages Krynica could offer holiday-makers, its touristic function developed as well. Both functions are of exogenous importance and have an influence on the character of the city, its inha bitants’ lives and the physiognomy of the buildings. The big variety of life styles in the town brought about a conflict of functions. The con flict became exceptionally clear between the function of Krynica as a health resort and as a holiday resort, as well as between necessary arrangem ents to serve patients and tourists and to meet everyday needs of the resident population.
Within existing adm inistrative boundaries K rynica serves four dif ferent communities: patients, tourists, holiday-m akers and local people of the town and its region, who use the same area (40.2 sq km) and the same adventages, but who have different, usually contradictory expec tations. The dimensions of the conflicts that appear depend on to what ex tent the needs of particular groups are met. The conflicts can be discussed from the social, spatial and economic points of view.
Krynica can receive 8,000 patients, tourists and holiday-makers at a time. In this w ay it grows from a town of 13,000 inhabitants to one of 21,000, with unchanged infrastructure. One should not forget at this point the people travelling to Krynica every day (work, scholl, business, transit). Besides, touristic and patients’ traffic does not stop throughout the year and causes constant inconvenience to the local people.
Conflicts of functions w hich exist in Krynica and can be sensed intuitively are difficult to verify empirically. In the research that was done the measure of conflicts turned out to be the num ber of the p ar ked cars. A single experim ent was carried out on a Sunday (in order to observe weekend traffic) and depended on recording all cars in the town in the morning and in the afternoon (866 cars at 9 a.m. and 720 at 4 p.m.). The relation between the num ber of cars and the places w he re they were parked made it possible to distinguish the conflict areas ' in Krynica, which are mainly in the centre of the town (Piłsudskiego, Zdrojowa, Kraszewskiego and Kiepury Streets), i.e., in the area used most often by all communities. Mostly the cars from outside of the No wy Sącz area w ere observed. Such a num ber of parked cars, plus
tran-sit traffic (about 5,100 vehicles a day) autom atically conflicts w ith the natural environm ent as they produce increasing pollution, the level of which breaks all acceptable limits already (twice the dust, four times SOo, concentration of CO, hydrocarbons, lead and nitric oxide). An extra factor is the noise (on average 70 dB) in the protection zone of the health resort (described as annoying and tiring — ( F l o r k ó w 1988). From the medical point of view these disadvantages im pair the quality of recreation.
Other symptoms of thę conflict between functions are the physiogno my of the buildings and the morphology of the town. One can observe no harmonious design in the spatial organization of the town, which diminishes the therapeutic and cultural value and spoils the beauty of the landscape. The reason for such a situation was the process of buil ding new houses whose architecture differed from the typical old archi tecture in Krynica. Free spaces between old classic buildings were fil led w ith jerry-built structures (dwelling houses and boarding-houses),
which resulted from intensive urbanization, introducing architectural monotony and optical discordance.
The social aspect of the conflict, which is very im portant for the functioning of the health resort, is a result of the different ways the residents and the visitors see Krynica. This was proved by a survey carried out in Ju ly of 1989 and 1990. Patients, holiday-makers, tourists and residents w ere asked for their opinion about the town as a place to rest and to live permanently, as well as about the proper use of the advantages of Krynica. 92 residents and 284 tourists and patients were asked, and the opinions from two years turned out to be similar. Peo ple arriving in K rynica are mainly inhabitants of big cities who use the touristic advantages to a much greater extent than the resident po pulation (50% and 10% respectively). Pollution and crowds were gene rally considered the drawbacks. The disturbing fact is that residents most willingly stay at home '(the enclave of peace and quiet) and are not keen on taking walks in town. The visitors, on the contrary, like staying in Spa Park and on P ark Mountain, going for walks a few times a day and visiting the neighbourhood (Muszyna, Żegiestów, Tylicz, Piwniczna, Nowy Sącz).
Summing up, one can say that tourists, patients and holiday-makers w ant to come to K rynica to rest, while the residents do not w ant to leave, but both these groups are still isolated socially and it is difficult to estimate their m utual relation. The visitors disturb the residents on the one hand, but on the other hand they are the source of their ear nings.
5. C O N C L U SIO N S
Krynica is one of 52 Polish health resorts and the issues that have been presented above are examples of numerous problems of the town for which the function of a health resort was the basis for development.
The existence of K rynica as a spa is undoubtedly threatened by pol lution, out-dated infrastructure and the developing touristic function. It is difficult to say w hether the function of K rynica as a health resort that has been predom inant so far will rem ain the same in the future.
Perhaps the parochial location of Krynica, the opening of the bor ders with southern Europe and increasing transit traffic will create a new exogenous function which will trigger further development of the town.
Concluding, one can say that K rynica struggles all the time. It is not certain, however, w hether it is not a fight between history and the future.
REFERENCES
F l o r k ó w R., 1988, Z a g o s p o d a r o w a n i e p r z e s t r z e n n e u z d r o w i s k , „P rob lem y U zd ro w is k o w e ”, nr 3/4.
K a j o c h A ., 1990, A t l a s u z d r o w i s k p o l s k i c h , PPW K , W a r sz a w a — W ro cła w . K o z i o ! R., 1988, 7 d n i w K r y n i c y , „Kraj", W a rsza w a —K rak ów .
K r u c z e k 7.., O r z e c h o w s k a - K o w a 1 s k a K., 1985, D o lin a P o p r a d u , K A W , K raków .
K r u s z e l n i c k i J., 1948, K r y n i c a , h i s t o r i a j e j r o z w o j u , Poznań. K r y n i c a , 1962, K om itet R ozw oju K ry n icy .
W a r s z y ń s k a J., J a c k o w s k i A., 1979, W s t ą p d o g e o y r a ii i t u r y z m u , P W N ,
In sty tu t G eo g ra fii E k on om iczn ej i O rg a n iza cji P rzestrzen i U n iw er sy te t Łódzki al. K o ściu szk i 21 90-418 Lódż
W a rsza w a .
M gr J o la n ta K ostrzew a, m gr Robert W ilu ś Z akład G eo g ra fii M iast i T uryzm u
W p ły n ę ło : 30 p a źd ziern ik a 1991 r.
RÉSUM É
Le tra v a il a pour but la p ré se n ta tio n d e K rynica, sta tio n c lim a tiq u e et b a ln éa ire p o lo n a ise, et tant qu'un terrain d e s c o n flits qui n a iss en t à l’a sp ec t du d é v e lo p p e m ent sp a tia l et fo n c tio n n e l. K ryn ica e st l ’un e d es plu s g ra n d es et im p ortan tes sta tio n s clim a tiq u e s d e la P o lo g n e . Elle est situ é e dan s la v o iv o d ie do N o w y Sącz, auv c o n fin s d es B eslçides: N isk i et d e Sącz, à la hau teu r d e 560— 620 m a u -d essu s de la mer (d essin 1).
La sta tio n d oit son d é v e lo p p e m e n t et sa ren om m ée a u x p ro p riétés c u r a tiv e s de s e s e a u x m in éra les, au clim at et à sa situ a tio n attrayan te.
La situ a tio n g é o g ra p h iq u e et le p a ssé ont eu u n e g ra n d e in flu e n c e sur le d é v e lo p p e m en t sp a tia l, la p h y sio n o m ie et la m o rp h o lo g ie d e c e tte lo c a lité . La d is p o s i tio n sp a tia le de K rv n ic a -V ille d ’e a u x (la plu s im p ortan te u n ité m o rp h o lo g iq u e) se lie au p arcours d es v a llé e s de K ryn iczan k a et P alen ica et so n trait ca ra ctéristiq u e se m a n ife ste par l’a m o in d rissem en t d e l'in te n s ité d ’a m én a g em en t, par le s c h a n g e m ent p h y sio n o m iq u es. à m esu re q u e croît la hauteu r r e la tiv e et par le s c o n stru ctio n s en b ois v e n a n t de la lin du X lX èmu s iè c le et du déb u t du X X ème (d essin 2, ta b le a u 1).
K rynica en tant q u e v ille com ptant a c tu e llem e n t 12 723 h ab itan ts (1988) d oit son e x is te n c e à la fo n ctio n de sta tio n c lim a tiq u e qui a d é c id é de so n d é v e lo p p e m en t é co n o m iq u e et e n su ite a cô n trib u é à l ’o rig in e d e s fo n ctio n s: d ’h a b ita tio n , a d m in istra tiv e et de s e r v ic e s . Les v a leu rs c h o ro g ra p h iq u es et de rep o s ont d o n n é n a iss a n c e à sa fo n ctio n to u ristiq u e.
K ryn ica d is p o s e de 6156 lie u x de co u c h a g e . En 1988 y sé jo u r n a ie n t 77 862 p er so n n e s, don t 50 254 c u r iste s et 27 608 to u r iste s et v a c a n c ie rs. Les e x a m en s qu'on a fa its p erm etten t de c o n sta te r q u e. K ryn ica in té re sse a v a n t tou t le s p e r so n n e s â g é e s d e 20 à 65 ans, h ab itan t su rtou t le s terrain s u rb a n isés et le s g ra n d es a g g lo m ér a tio n s urbain es: la r ég io n d e S ilé s ie , le s r é g io n s d e C ra co v ie , P ozn ań, V a r so v ie , Łódź, W r o c la w et G dańsk. D an s le casi d e s d e u x fo n c tio n s e x o g è n e s : 1) clim a tiq u e, 2) tou ristiq u e et d e rep os, K ryn ica a c c u e ille le s v isite u r s d e to u s le s c o in s du p a y s (d essin s 4, 5). C ep en d an t c'est la fo n ctio n clim a tiq u e qui d o m in e et qui e s t m ieu x d é v e lo p p é e . Le p h én o m èn e de l ’in filtra tio n d e s d e u x fo n c tio n s se fait v o ir d an s l ’e x p lo ita tio n de la b a s e d e c o u c h a g e .
La v a r ié té d 'a c tiv ité s e ffe c tu é e s dan s le cadre d'u ne s e u le v ille a en fin c o n trib u é à la n a iss a n c e du c o n ilit d es fo n ctio n s. D an s le s lim ite s a d m in istr a tiv es a c tu e lle s , K ryn ica sert q u atre s o c ié té s d ifféren tes: c u ristes, to u r iste s, v a c a n c ie r s et les h a b ita n ts de la v ille et de la r ég io n y in sta llé s à d em eu re, p ro lita n t d e m êm es: s u p e r ficie (40,2 km*) et v a leu rs, m ais a u x a tten tes très d iv e r g e n te s, le plu s so u v e n t. La g r a v ité d es c o n flits n a issa n ts d ép en d du d e g r é d ’a ss o u v is s e m e n t d e s b e s o in s de g r o u p es p a rticu liers et s e m a n ife ste so u s le s asp ects: so c ia l (les r ela tio n s récip roq u es p a s to u jo u rs p o s itiv e s en tr e le s h a b ita n ts e t le s arrivan ts), sp a tia l (le m an q u e de so lu tio n s h a rm o n ieu ses dan s la co m p o sitio n de l ’a m én a g em en t) et é co n o m iq u e (les cu ristes, les to u ristes, le s v a c a n c ie r s — so u rc e d e reven u ).
K ryn ica e st l’u n e d es 52 sta tio n s clim a tiq u es et le s p ro b lèm es p r é se n tés serv en t d 'e x em p le d es q u e s tio n s à réso u d r e qui in q u ièten t le s lo c a lité s p a r e illes. L 'ex isten ce d e K ryn ica en tant q u e station clim a tiq u e e st ind ubitablem en * m e n a c ée par le s p o llu tio n s, l'in frastru ctu re v ie illie et la fo n c tio n to u r istiq u e se d é v e lo p p a n t toujou rs.
En réca p itu la n t, on peut dire q u e K ryn ica se défen d to u jo u rs com m e sta tio n c li m atiq u e, m ais on ne sait p as si c e n 'est p as u n e lu tte du p a s s é co n tre l'a v en ir .
STRESZCZENIE
C elom n in ie jsz e j p racy je st próba u k azan ia w s p ó łc z e s n e g o p o ls k ie g o u zd ro w isk a — K ry n icy ja k o ob szaru r o d z ą cy c h się k o n flik tó w w a s p e k c ie ro zw o ju p rz estr z en n e g o i fu n k c jo n a ln e g o .
K ryn ica to je d n o z n a jw ię k s z y c h i n a jw a ż n ie jsz y c h p o lsk ic h u zd ro w isk . P o ło ż o na je s t w w o je w ó d z tw ie n o w o są d e c k im na g r a n icy B e sk id u S ą d e c k ie g o i N is k ie g o na w y s o k o ś c i 560— 620 m n.p.m. (rys. 1).
R ozw ój i sła w ę u z d r o w isk o za w d z ięc za le c z n ic z y m w ła ś c iw o ś c io m w ó d m in era l n y ch , k lim atu jak r ó w n ie ż a tra k cy jn em u u sy tu o w a n iu .
P o ło ż e n ie g e o g r a fic z n e i p r z e szło ść h isto r y c zn a m ia ły d u ży w p ły w na rozw ój p r zestrzen n y , fizjo n o m ię i m o r fo lo g ię tej m ie js c o w o ś c i. U k ład p r z e str z en n y K ry n icy Zdroju (n a jw a żn iejszej je d n o s tk i m o r fo lo g icz n ej) n a w ią z u je do p rzeb ieg u d o lin K ry n iczan k i i P a le n ic y , a j e g o c h a r a k te ry sty c z n ą c e c h ą je st zm n iejsza n ie się in te n s y w n o ś c i z a b u d o w y oraz z m ia n y fizjo n o m ic zn e w m iarę w zro stu w y s o k o ś c i w z g lęd n e j, jak r ó w n ież u n ik a ln a w sk a li kraju d rew n ia n a za b u d o w a u z d r o w isk o w a z p rzełom u X IX i X X w. (rys. 2, tab. 1).
P o d sta w ą e g z y s te n c ji K ry n icy ja k o m iasta (lic z ą c e g o o b e c n ie 12 723 m ie s z k a ń c ó w — 1983 r.) b y ia fu n k cja u z d r o w isk o w a , k tóra z a d e c y d o w a ła o jej ro zw o ju g o s p od arczym , a n a s tęp n ie w y k r e o w a ła fu n k cję m ies zk a n io w ą , a d m in istra cy jn ą i u s łu g o w ą . P on ad to w op arciu o w a lo r y k r a jo z n a w c z o -w y p o c z y n k o w e oraz istn ie ją c e z a g o sp o d a r o w a n ie r o zw in ęła s ię .t a k ż e fu n k c ja tu r y sty c zn a .
K ryn ica d y s p o n u je 6156 m iejsca m i n o c le g o w y m i. W 1988 r. p r z eb y w a ło tu 77 862 g o śc i, w tym 50 254 k u r a c ju s z y i 27 608 tu r y stó w i w c z a s o w ic z ó w . N a p o d sta w ie p rzep ro w a d zo n y ch b ad ań m ożna p o w ie d z ie ć , ż e K ryn ica c ie s z y s ię z a in te r e s o w a n ie m w śró d o só b w w ie k u od 20 do 65 roku ż y cia , rek ru tu ją cy ch s ię g łó w n ie z te re n ó w zu rb a n izo w a n y ch , d u ży ch a g lo m er a cji m iejs k ich (rejonu Ś lą sk a , ok ręgu k r a k o w sk ie g o , w a r sz a w s k ie g o , p o z n a ń sk ie g o , łó d z k ie g o , w r o c ła w s k ie g o oraz g d a ń sk ie g o ). W p rzy p a d k u obu p e łn io n y c h fu n k cji e g z o g e n ic z n y c h (u zd ro w isk o w ej i tu r y sty c z n o -w y p o c z y n k o w e j) K ryn ica p o sia d a ran gę o g ó ln o p o ls k ą (rys. 4, 5). N a le ż y jed n a k p o w ie d z ie ć , iż fu n k c ja u z d r o w isk o w a je s t d o m in u ją ca i b ard ziej ro zw in ię ta , ja k r ó w n ież w id o c z n e je s t z ja w isk o p rzen ik a n ia się ty c h fu n k cji w w y k o rz y sta n iu b a zy n o c le g o w e j.
W ie lo ś ć tak różn orod n ej d z ia ła ln o ści sk ła d a ją ce j s ię na ż y c ie je d n e g o m ia sta d o p ro w a d ziła w o s ta te c z n o ś c i do k o n flik tu fu n k cji. W o b e c n y c h g ra n ica ch ad m in istra c y jn y c h K ryn ica o b s łu g u je c zte r y różn e s p o łe c z n o śc i: k u ra c ju szy , tu r y stó w , w c z a s o w ic z ó w oraz sta łą lu d n o ść m iasta i reg io n u , k o r z y s ta ją c y c h z tej sa m e j p o w ie rzch n i (40,2 km 2) i w a lo ró w , le c z m a ją c y c h różn e, n a jc z ę śc ie j ro zb ieżn e, o c ze k iw a n ia . R oz m iar r o d z ą cy c h się k o n flik tó w z a le ż y od sto p n ia z a sp o k o jen ia p o trzeb p o s z c z e g ó ln y c h grup i p rzeja w ia się w n a s tę p u ją c y c h a sp ek tach : sp o łe c z n y m (nie z a w sz e p o z y ty w n e w z a jem n e r ela cje m ie s z k a ń c ó w i p r z y b y w a ją c y ch ), p r zestrzen n y m (brak h arm on ijn ych r o zw ią z a ń w k o m p o z y c ji zab u d ow y) i e k o n o m ic zn y m (k u ra cju sze, tu r y śc i i w c z a s o w ic z e jak o źró d ło d ochod u ).
K ryn ica je s t je d n y m z 52 p o lsk ic h u zd ro w isk , a p r e ze n to w a n e za g a d n ie n ia są p rzy k ła d em lic z n y c h p ro b lem ó w d o ty c z ą c y c h te g o ty p u m ie js c o w o ś c i. E g z y ste n c ja K ry n icy ja k o u z d r o w isk a je s t n ie w ą tp liw ie za g ro żo n a p o p rzez je j z a n ie c z y s z c z e n ie , p rzesta rza łą in frastru k tu rę u z d r o w isk o w ą oraz r o z w ija ją c ą się fu n k cję tu r y sty c zn ą .
P o d su m o w u ją c m ożna p o w ie d z ieć , ż e K ryn ica w c ią ż broni się ja k o u zd ro w isk o , le c z n ie w ia d o m o , c z y n ie je s t to w a lk a h isto r ii z p r z y sz ło ścią .
