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Woman in the Peasant Family and in the Workers Family

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A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F O L I A S O C I O L O G I C A 14, 1987_____________________ Ew a M a l i n o w s k a W O M A N IN THE P E A S A N T F A M I L Y AN D IN THE W O R K E R ' S F A M I L Y The b a s i c f a c t o r s d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g P o l i s h f a m i l i e s ar e the f o l l o w i n g : the f ac t of p e r t a i n i n g to a s o c i a l c l a s s , to a c e r t a i n s o c i a l m i l i e u and to a c e r t a i n o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y . Th e fact of p e r t a i n i n g to a s o c i a l c l a s s is to be c o n s i d e r e d m o s t s i g n i f i c -ant s i n c e it i m p l i e s the o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s t h r o u g h w h i c h one ma y e x a m i n e and d e s c r i b e P o l i s h f a m i l i e s 1 . In t h i s c o n t e x t b o t h t h e p e a s a n t f a m i l y an d the w o r k e r ' s f a -m i l y c o n s t i t u t e a t t r a c t i v e o b j e c t s of r e s e a r c h s i n c e all of the f a c t o r s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e c o - e x i s t in t h e s e t y p e s of families. The s e l e c t i o n of t h e s e f a m i l i e s fo r c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d i e s is s u b s t a n t i a t e d by th e fa ct t h a t in t h e i r m o d e l s t a t e t h e s e f a m i l i e s d i f -fer to e x t r e m e s : in e a c h of t h e s e t y p e s t h e r e e x i s t f e a t u r e s w h i c h ar e m u t u a l l y s t r e n g t h e n e d an d w h i c h at t h e s a m e t i m e on t h e i r ow n a p p e a r as f e a t u r e s d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e s e f a m i l i e s . As for e x a m p l e , in its m o d e l . s t a t e , th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y c o n s i s t s of t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s an d p o s s e s s e s m a n y c h i l d r e n , the w o m a n d oes no t w o r k p r o f e s s i o n a l l y b e y o n d the farm, th e m a n is th e m a n a g e r of th e c o m m o n l y o w n e d by th e f a m i l y farm, the d i s t r i b u t i o n of r o l e s in the ho us e , th e f a r m an d f a m i l y is b a s e d m a i n l y on sex an d age, th e f a m i l y is f i r m l y i m p l a n t e d in the l o c a l s o c i a l m i l i e u w h i c h c o n t r o l s th e b e h a v i o u r s of its m e m b e r s , etc. The m o -del w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y c o n s i s t s of two g e n e r a t i o n s , p o s s e s s e s two to t h r e e c h i l d r e n , the w o m a n w o r k s p r o f e s s i o n a l l y ( o f t e n al s o in the i n d u s t r y as a w o r k e r ) , the r y t h m of f a m i l y li f e is d e t e r

-Cp. Z. T y s z k a , [ e d . ] W s t ę p ( I n t r o d u c t i o n ) [in: ] W y b r a n e k a t e g o r i e w s p ó ł c z e s n y c h r o d z i n p o l s k i c h ( S e l e c t e d C a t e g o -r i e s of C o n t e m p o -r a -r y P o l i s h F a m i l i e s ) , P o z n a ń 1984.

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m i n e d by th e r y t h m of p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k ( o f t e n in s h i f t s ) of b o t h t h e h u s b a n d an d wi fe, the d i s t r i b u t i o n of f a m i l y h o u s e r o les is s l i g h t l y l e s s s t r i c t in th e s e n s e of c o n d u c t i n g e x c l u s i -v e l y " m a l e " or e x c l u s i -v e l y " f e m a l e " c h o r e s , th e f a m i l y l i v e s in an a n o n i m o u s u r b a n s o c i e t y , etc. Th e i n t e r m e d i a t e t y p e b e t w e e n th e p e a s a n t an d w o r k e r ' s f a m i -ly is th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y , t h a t is s u c h a r u r a l f a m i l y w h i c h s u p p o r t s i t s e l f f r o m f a r m i n g on its o w n l a n d (usually sm a l l in s i z e ) an d at th e s a m e t i m e f r o m p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k p e r f o r m e d by th e m a n b e y o n d the f i e l d of a g r i c u l t u r e (in the i n d u s t r y , at c o n s t r u c t i o n si t e s ) . F r o m the p o i n t of v i e w of o u r s t u d i e s , th e m o s t s i g n i c i f a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e t y p e s of f a m i l i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e is the d i f f e r e n c e in r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the w o r k p l a c e , a nd th e h o u s e an d f a m i l y , w h i c h is the c a u s e of a d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n of fa-m i l y li fe , i.e. the a p p l i e d d i s t r i b u t i o n of r o l e s an d f u n c t i o n s a n d in c o n s e q u e n c e the v a r i e d s o c i a l p o s i t i o n s of t h e f a m i l y m e m b e r s . A f a m i l y w h i c h is c o n s i d e r e d " m o d e r n " or " c o n t e m p o r a r y " is one w h i c h is a d v a n c e d in a c h i e v i n g th e m o d e l of a p a r t n e r s h i p f a m i -ly. " P a r t n e r s h i p " is m o s t o f t e n s e e n (at l e a s t in t he c a s e of f a m i l i e s w i t h s m a l l c h i l d r e n ) as c o o p e r a t i o n of the p a r e n t s in f u l f i l l i n g all f a m i l y f u n c t i o n s s u c h as: e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , etc. In o t h e r w o r d s , t h i s s i g n i f i e s a c o m m o n . - b o t h by w o m a n an d ma n - f u l f i l m e n t of r o l e s an d f u n c t i o n s w h i c h a s s u r e th e d u r a t i o n of the f a m i l y an d its e v e r y d a y f u n c t i o n i n g w i t h o u t g r e a t e r d i s -t u r b a n c e s . P a r t n e r s h i p at a h i g h e r l e v e l s i g n i f i e s s o m e t h i n g m o r e - it s t a n d s fo r t h e s o c i a l e q u a l i z a t i o n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n th e f a m i l y . It c o n c e r n s t h e n n o t o n l y the p a r e n t s bu t a l s o th e c h i l d r e n w h o ar e t r e a t e d as r i g h t f u l m e m b e r s of th e s o -c i a l g r o u p t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p r i v i l e d g e s a nd d u t i e s w h i c h s u c h t r e a t m e n t e n t a i l s . Th e c h i l d r e n , a c c o r d i n g to t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s d e t e r m i n e d by age an d sex, t a k e t h e i r p a r t in f u l f i l l i n g th e tasks e n a b l i n g a n o r m a l u n d i s t u r b e d f u n c t i o n i n g of t he f a m i l y , t h o u g h as a r e s u l t th e y p a r t i c i p a t e in c e r t a i n d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the w h o l e f a m i l y , as f or e x a m p l e : p l a n s of s i g n i f i c a n t p u r c h a s e s for th e h o u s e h o l d , p l a n s for h o l i d a y l e a v e or v a c a t i o n s , etc. Fu l l p a r t n e r s h i p is s u r e l y d i f f i c u l t to r e a l i z e - it r e q u i r e s , a f t e r all, a c o n s c i o u s a d o p t i o n of s u c h a m o d e l by t h e p a r e n t s and

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con-s i con-s t e n c y in its r e a l i z a t i o n in r e l a t i o n to o n e s e l f an d to the c h i l d r e n .

The p r o c e s s of s o c i a l e q u a l i z a t i o n of f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s c a n n o t be u n i v o c a l l y a p p r a i s e d as a p o s i t i v e p h e n o m e n o n . The s o -c i a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l r e s u l t s of t h i s p r o c e s s fo r the f a m i l y - an d in a w i d e r s e n s e - for the s o c i e t y ar e s t i l l no t well kn o wn . O ne m a y e x p e c t th at the p r o b l e m of e g a l i t a r i a n i s m in p e r f o r m i n g f u n c t i o n s a n d ro l es , an d a d o p t i n g c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s is no t the s a m e as th at of th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r s o n a l f e e l i n g w h i c h in this n e w s i t u a t i o n m a y n ot n e c e s s a r i l y be t ha t of c o n t e n t or s a t i s -f a c t i o n . The a i m of th i s s t u d y is to p r e s e n t th e m e a n s of r e a l i z i n g th e p a r t n e r s h i p m o d e l in the t h r e e c h o s e n t y p e s of f a m i l i e s i.e. in th e p e a s a n t fa m i l y , the w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y , an d the p e a s a n t - w o r - k e r ' s f a mi ly . The f a c t o r w h i c h we a d o p t e d in o r d e r to p r e s e n t the e x t e n t of th e e q u a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s of r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n the family is t h a t of the c h a n g i n g p o s i t i o n of the w o m a n in the f a m i l y in r e -l a t i o n to the p o s i t i o n of th e man.

In o u r o p i n i o n e a c h of the m e n t i o n e d t y p e s of f a m i l i e s purr- s u e s in th e d i r e c t i o n of a p a r t n e r s h i p f a m i l y , t h o u g h the m e a n s of r e a l i z i n g d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u e to the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the f a m i l y i t s e l f an d du e to the d i f f e r e n c e s in the e x t e r n a l con-d i t i o n s of its f u n c t i o n i n g . It is o u r t as k t h e n to p o i n t to both th e f a c t o r s w h i c h f a v o u r th e e q u a l i z a t i o n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h -in th e f a m i l y and f a c t o r s w h i c h set b a c k th e p r o c e s s .

To i l l u s t r a t e the p r o b l e m we w i l l u t i l i z e r e s u l t s of e m p i r i -cal i n v e s t i g a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h the p o s i t i o n an d r o l e of the w o -m a n w i t h i n th e f a -m i l y . F o r t y fr e e i n t e r v i e w s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h w o m e n f r o m p e a s a n t an d p e a s a n t - w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s l i v i n g in v i l -l a g e s of c e n t r a -l P o -l a n d , as w e l l as w i t h w o m e n f r o m workers' f a -m i l i e s l i v i n g in a l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l c i t y 2 . The s t u d i e s w e r e c o n -d u c t e -d w i t h y o u n g e c o n o m i c a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t f a m i l i e s h a v i n g two 2 Th e s t u d i e s of w o r k e r s ’ f a m i l i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d ou t in Ł ó d ź - th e s e c o n d l a r g e s t , as r e g a r d s p o p u l a t i o n , c i t y in P o l a n d Ł ó d ź is a c i t y of a b u n d a n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s of e m p l o y i n g women, sin-ce the t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y p r e d o m i n a t e s her e. All the f a m i l i e s s t u -d i e -d l i v e -d in the Ł ó d ź C h o j n y d i s t r i c t w h i c h h as a w e l l d e v e l o p -ed n e t w o r k of s h o p s a n d s e r v i c e s .

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Ewa Malinowska or t h r e e c h i l d r e n u p to t h e a g e of 15. Th e w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s c o n s i s t e d of tw o g e n e r a t i o n s , t h e p e a s a n t an d p e a s a n t - w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s s o m e t i m e s c o m p r i s e d t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s f o r it o f t e n t i m e s h a p p e n e d t h a t th e p a r e n t s - g r a n d p a r e n t s l i v e d t o g e t h e r w i t h the f a m i l y . The f r e e i n t e r v i e w s c o n c e r n e d t he r o l e s p l a y e d by the w o m e n in th e f a m i l y , t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of th e h u s b a n d a n d c h i l -d r e n in f u l f i l l i n g th e d u t i e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e r o l e s , a n d a t e n t a t i v e a s s e s s m e n t by th e w o m e n t h e m s e l v e s of t h e i r r o l e in th e f a m i l y . The r e s u l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s de a l t h e n r a t h e r w i t h c e r t a i n d e c l a r a t i o n s t h a n f a c t s . Th e s t a t e m e n t s of th e w o -m e n r e f l e c t t h e i r s t a t e of m i n d c o n c e r n i n g th e i m a g e of t h e i r s i t u a t i o n in th e f a m i l y a n d the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n t h e f a m i -l y 3 . T h u s ou r s t u d y i n t e n d s to p r e s e n t v a r i o u s t y p e s of f a m i l i e s a n d s i t u a t i o n s e x i s t i n g w i t h i n t h e m b a s i n g th e i n f o r m a t i o n on c e r t a i n d a t a w h i c h , a l t h o u g h d o e s n o t a l l o w fo r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s , it m a y b e a s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .

^ESiSse==££ilJ==s=i=4=^s

Th e m a i n f a c t o r w h i c h d e l a y s the m o d e r n i z a t i o n of r e l a t i o n -s h i p -s w i t h i n th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y is th e u n i t y of th e f a r m s t e a d a n d th e h o u s e h o l d . T h i s s i n g l e f e a t u r e is t h e c a u s e of the t r a -d i t i o n a l -d i s t r i b u t i o n of s p h e r e s of a c t i v i t y a n d t h e c o n n e c t e d w i t h it d i s t r i b u t i o n of r o l e s b e t w e e n h u s b a n d a n d wi f e : the f a r m a n d th e m a n in th e r o l e of a f a r m e r ; th e h o u s e an d h o m e s t e a d w i t h t h e w o m a n in t he r ol e of a m o t h e r a n d h o u s e k e e p e r . The s i t u a t i o n is e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t for a w o m a n in a p e a s -an t f a m i l y d u e to th e f ac t t h a t sh e is c o n s t a n t l y f o r c e d to w e i g h t h e p r i o r i t y of t he tw o r ol e s , at o n e p o i n t g i v i n g m o r e a t -t e n -t i o n to t he f a r m s t e a d , in a n o t h e r to t he h o u s e an d c h i l d r e n . T h o u g h b a r r i e r s e x i s t in th e f o r m of d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s b e -3 C p . G. C h r o b o t , В. C h r ó ś c i c k a , P o z y c j a i r o l a k o b i e t y w r o d z i n i e c h ł o p s k i e j i r o b o t n i c z e j (The W o m a n ' s P o s i t i o n an d R o l e in th e P e a s a n t and W o r k e r ’ s F a m i l y ) [ T h e M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s w r i t t e n u n d e r th e s u p e r v i s i o n of dr Ewa M a l i n o w ska, in th e D e p a r t m e n t of R u r a l and U r b a n S o c i o l o g y of the U n i -v e r s i t y of Ł ó d ź ] , Ł ó d ź 19B1.

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t w e e n the w o r k p l a c e , a n d the h o u s e a n d fa m i l y , it w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t in the p e a s a n t f a m i l y t h e r e e x i s t s a t r e n d t o w a r d s c h a n g e s in the d i r e c t i o n of a p a r t n e r s h i p fa mily . The p o s i t i o n of th e w o m a n in the f a m i l y c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t ly t o g e t h e r w i t h the c h a n g e r e l a t e d to he r r o l e as a h o u s e k e e p -er. T h i s r o l e a l w a y s h a d in o t h e r t y p e s of f a m i l i e s its u n i q u e d i m e n s i o n an d r a n g e of f u n c t i o n s . The e x a m i n e d f a m i l i e s s t r e s s e d the fac t of an i n c r e a s e in the s i g n i f i c a n c e of thi s r o l e of the h o u s e k e e p e r w h i c h wa s c o n n e c t e d w i t h h o m e an d fam i l y . The p o i n t of the m a t t e r wa s the g r o w i n g i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d to the appear-an c e appear-and c l e a n l i n e s s of the h o use, to a d e t e r m i n e d s t a n d a r d of d r e s s i n g an d s t y l e of l i v i n g in the e y e s of th e h u s b a n d and the c h i l d r e n . T h i s f o u n d it s r e s u l t in th e m o d e r n i z a t i o n of the h o u s e h o l d (the p u r c h a s e of the r e f r i g e r a t o r , w a s h i n g m a c h i n e , va-c u u m va-c l e a n e r , i n s t a l l a t i o n of a g a s line, e t c . ) . The i n d e p e n d e n c e of w o m e n in f u l f i l l i n g t hi s r o l e an d the p u r s u i t s of o t h e r m e m -b e r s of the f a m i l y in m e e t i n g t h e s e d e m a n d s -b r o u g h t the p o s i t i o n of the w o m a n to a h i g h e r s t a t u s in th e e y e s of th e w o m a n h e r -se lf. T o d a y in the c o n t e m p o r a r y p e a s a n t f a m i l y g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e is a t t a c h e d to the u p b r i n g i n g an d e d u c a t i o n of c h i l d r e n . In this s p h e r e of f a m i l y life, m o r e t ha n in an y o t h e r s , t r a d i t i o n and c o n t e m p o r a r y t r e n d s c o l l i d e . The u p b r i n g i n g of c h i l d r e n of p r e -s c h o o l ag e i-s e x c l u -s i v e l y th e w o m e n ' -s d o m a i n . S o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h as day c a r e c e n t r e s ar e no t of a s i g n i f i c a n t help s i n -ce o f t e n t he y do n o t e x i s t in the v i l l a g e s or t h e i r h e l p d o e s not s u f f i c i e n t l y s a t i s f y th e nee ds . W o m e n - m o t h e r s of small child-ren c o n s t a n t l y f a c e th e c h o i c e of w h a t th e y w o u l d l ike to o f f e r t h e i r c h i l d r e n , an d w h a t th e y a r e h a r d l y abl e to o f f e r du e to th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of w o m e n in w o r k on the farm. In t h i s s p h e r e we fin d the t r a d i t i o n a l p r i o r i t y of w o r k on th e f a r m o v e r wo r k for the h o u s e and fa m i l y : th e r y t h m of w o r k on th e f a r m d e t e r -m i n e s th e r a n g e an d -m e a n s of r e a l i z i n g th e r o l e of the -m o t h e r ( Wo men, for e x a m p l e p r e s e n t e d the o p i n i o n t h a t in th e s u m m e r and a u t u m n , t hat is d u r i n g the ti m e of i n t e n s i f i e d w o r k on the farm, the c h i l d r e n " n e e d o n l y be dr y and fed ". In th e w i n t e r , t ho u g h, o r g a n i z e d p l a y t i m e a p p e a r s as an i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t of the c h i l d -r e n ' s u p b -r i n g i n g . )

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-a n t f -a m i l y is of t w o d i m e n s i o n s : l e a r n i n g at s c h o o l , doing h o m e -w o r k at ho m e , a n d t e a c h i n g c h i l d r e n to p a r t i c i p a t e a c t i v e l y in w o r k d o n e at h o m e an d on th e farm. (All the e x a m i n e d f a m i l i e s d e c l a r e d th e p r i o r i t y of s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n s e e i n g it as the f i r s t d u t y of th e c h i l d , p r i m a r y to t h a t of w o r k on ł h e f a r m . ) The p a r t i c i p a t i o n of m e n in r e a l i z i n g t h e " e v e r y d a y " r o l e of the f a t h e r is an i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t in t h e p r o c e s s of b r e a k i n g the t r a d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n s in th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y . In the e x a m i n e d f a m i l i e s t h i s r o l e of m e n t o o k the f o r m of l i f e i n t e r e s t in t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t s of t h e c h i l d , h e l p in d o i n g th e h o m e w o r k , as w e l l as c o n t r o l o v e r th e e d u c a -t i o n a l p r o g r e s s . As if in r e t u r n , w o m e n b e g a n to p a r t i c i p a t e m o r e a n d m o r e a c t i v e l y in e x e r c i s i n g t h e m e n ' s r o l e of a m a n a g e r of th e f a r m a n d d e c i d e d j o i n t l y w i t h the h u s b a n d a b o u t t h e d i r e c t i o n an d s c a l e of i n v e s t m e n t s in th e far m, a b o u t the p u r c h a s e of m a c h i -ne s a n d f a r m t o o l s . T h e y t h e m s e l v e s d i s p l a y e d i n i t i a t i v e is so m e p r o j e c t s as fo r e x a m p l e : a r r a n g i n g fo r b r i n g i n g th e r u n n i n g w a t e r s u p p l y to th e fa rm, o r g a n i z i n g t h e t r a n s p o r t for the p u r -c h a s e d f a r m e q u i p m e n t , et-c. T r a i n i n g the c h i l d r e n to p a r t i c i p a t e in w o r k d o n e on th e f a r m an d at h o m e is c a r r i e d o u t in a t r a d i t i o n a l m a n n e r : th e s o n s a r e t a u g h t by t h e f a t h e r s to p e r f o r m m o r e " m a l e " jobs, th e d a u g h t e r s l e a r n f r o m t h e m o t h e r s to p e r f o r m th e t r a d i t i o n a l l y " f e m a l e " a c t i v i t i e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , it is an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in th e e q u a l i z a t i o n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n th e f a m i l y b e c a u s e : f i r s t of all, b o t h th e p a r e n t s t a k e p a r t in r e a l i z i n g this f u n c -ti on , s e c o n d l y , t h e c h i l d r e n a r e p r e p a r e d to p a r t i c i p a t e in th e e v e r y d a y f u n c t i o n i n g of th e f a m i l y a n d it s w o r k p l a ce . T r a d i t i o n a l i s m in u p b r i n g i n g th e s o n s an d d a u g h t e r s a l s o t h r o u g h w o r k is at th e s a m e t i m e c o n f r o n t e d c o n s t a n t l y w i t h the f a c t of g r o w i n g " e x c h a n g e a b i l i t y " of t he f u n c t i o n s a n d r o l e s of t h e p a r e n t s . O n e n e e d s to a d d t h a t in no o t h e r of t h e e x a -m i n e d t y p e s of f a m i l i e s is th e p r o c e s s of th e c h i l d r e n ' s c o o p e -r a t i o n in f u l f i l l i n g th e b a s i c f u n c t i o n s of th e f a m i l y r e a l i z -e d w i t h s u c h c o n s i s t e n c y as in th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y . ( T h i s t a k e s p l a c e m a i n l y b e c a u s e th e p r o c e s s w o u l d r e q u i r e r e l a t i v e l y constant c o n t a c t s of c h i l d r e n w i t h p a r e n t s , a n d in th e c a s e of s e p a r a t e s p h e r e s of w o r k a n d f a m i l y lif e, t h i s is a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e . )

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A l t h o u g h w o m e n f r o m p e a s a n t f a m i l i e s r e t a i n c e r t a i n f u n c -t i o n s s o l e l y for -t h e m s e l v e s , as for e x a m p l e : c a r e of th e ill, and the c u l t i v a t i o n of h o l i d a y an d o t h e r t r a d i t i o n s , it w a s s t r e s s e d tha t m e n n o w e n g a g e in o n c e t r a d i t i o n a l l y f e m a l e f u n c -tio n s , as for e x a m p l e h e l p in th e h o u s e h o l d . O n e c o u l d s t a t e t ha t in the p e a s a n t f a m i l y th e p o s i t i o n s of the m e n an d w o m e n ar e s l o w l y l e v e l e d t h r o u g h the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of w o m e n in r e a l i z i n g s o m e t r a d i t i o n a l l y m a l e r o l e s a n d t h r o u g h the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of m e n in e x c l u s i v e l y f e m a l e s p h e r e s of a c t i -v i t y 4 . (The a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of w o m e n in s u b s t i t u t i n g m e n in t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n s c o m e s a c r o s s s u c h b a r r i e r s as the i n s u f f i c i e n t m e c h a n i z a t i o n of f a r m s w h i c h c o u l d r e c o m p e n s a t e the " f e e b l e n e s s " of the w e a k e r se x a n d w h i c h c o u l d a l l o w for p e r f o r -m i n g th e h e a v y w o r k . ) The s i g n i f i c a n t e l e m e n t w h i c h c o u l d b e c o m e an a c c e l e r a t i n g f a c t o r fo r the e q u a l i z a t i o n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n t hi s t y p e of f a m i l y is th at of d e v e l o p i n g in the c h i l d r e n th e h a b i t of c o -o p e r a t i n g w i t h the p a r e n t s in r e a l i z i n g the b a s i c e v e r y d a y f u n c -t i o n s o f -the fa m i l y . The f a c t o r w h i c h r e t a r d s or r a t h e r m a k e s it d i f f i c u l t for the c h a n g e s to a p p e a r is the n a t u r a l l y s t r o n g b o n d b e t w e e n the farm, a n d th e h o u s e a n d f am i l y, w h i c h to a g r e a t e x t e n t modifies s o m e of the f a m i l y r o l e s e v e n if the c o n c e p t of t h e s e r o l e s is a c o n t e m p o r a r y one. At the s a m e tim e, th e w o m a n f r o m th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y is no t a s s i s t e d by s u f f i c i e n t l y d e v e l o p e d s e r v i c e s , s h o p p i n g c e n t r e s or da y c a r e - e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s fo r the c h i l d r e n . E v e n t h e s e f u n c t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d be e v e n t e m p o r a r i l y (e.g. in the s u m m e r or a u t u m n ) c a r r i e d o u t b e y o n d th e f a m i l y t hu s r e l i e v i n g the w o m e n f r o m t h e i r h e a v y l o ad of wor k, st i l l n e e d to be w i t h i n he r s c o p e of d u t i e s . Th u s e v e n an y s m a l l a m o u n t of h e l p on th e p a r t of the h u s b a n d and c h i l d r e n c o n s t i -t u -t e s fo r -t h e s e w o m e n an e n o r m o u s r el i e f . The c h a n g e s t a k i n g p l a c e in a p e a s a n t f a m i l y are a p r o o f of a t e n d e n c y to c o n s o l i d a t e its p e a s a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n c e th e s c a l e an d r a n g e of t h e s e c h a n g e s are c o n d i t i o n e d by the pursuit to m a i n -t a i n -th e f a m i l y c h a r a c -t e r of -th e farm.

4

C p \ „ 5: т г У f a n, R o d z i n a w i e j s k a ( Th e R u r a l F a m i l y ) ,

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Woman_in_^he_worke^^_^a^n^

In all th e w o r k e r s ’ f a m i l i e s we h a v e s t u d i e d , w o m e n di d o c -c u p a t i o n a l w o r k o u t of ho m e . T h e i r p o s i t i o n in th e f a m i l y equal-led t h e i r husba nd s' p o s i t i o n , s i n c e it is in the wo rke r s ' f a m i l i e s tha t the fac t of e a r n i n g to s u p p o r t th e f a m i l y was a f u n -d a m e n t a l -d e t e r m i n a n t of " th e h e a d of a f a m i l y " p o s i t i o n a l o n g w i t h th e p r i v i l e g e of w i e l d i n g a u t h o r i t y in t h i s s o c i a l gr ou p . O r i g i n a l l y , t his r o l e a nd its h i g h p o s i t i o n d u e to it w a s a d o -m a i n of -men. Thu s, th e u n d e r t a k i n g of o c c u p a t i o n a l w o r k by w o m e n is a b a s i c f a c t o r e q u a l l i n g t h e i r p o s i t i o n w i t h t h a t of the h u s b a n d . The w o m a n in a w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y h a s b e c o m e the m a n ' s p a r t n e r in s e c u r i n g on e of the b a s i c f u n c t i o n s of th e f a m i l y . L e t ' s ask, the n, if the m a n h a s b e c o m e th e w o m a n ' s p a r t n e r in r e a l i z i n g he r t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s e h o l d - f a m i l y r o l e s i n s t e a d . It is d i f f i c u l t to g i v e a u n i v o c a l a n s w e r to t h i s q u e s t i o n , s i n c e in the f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d , the w o m a n w a s a l m o s t entirely s u b -s t i t u t e d by th e m a n in the h o u s e h o l d d u t i e s , b u t o n l y d u r i n g he r a b s e n c e f r o m h o m e c a u s e d by the f ac t of w o r k or in o t h e r e m e r -g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s . W h e n t h e y b o t h w o r k e d at the s a m e ti me , the m a n h a d fr e e t i m e a f t e r h i s wo rk , w h i l e the w o m a n u n d e r t o o k h o u s e h o l d a c t i v i t i e s , c o u n t i n g , at m o s t , on h e r h u s b a n d ' s or c h i l d r e n ' s s l i g h t a s s i s t a n c e in d o i n g he r d u t i e s . H e l p i n g t h e i r o l d e r c h i l d r e n w i t h d o i n g h o m e w o r k an d s h o p p i n g ar e th e r o l e s in w h i c h m e n s u b s t i t u t e t h e i r w i v e s a l i t t l e m o r e r e a d i l y and o f t e n e r t h a n o c c a s i o n a l l y . P a r t i c i p a t i o n of c h i l d r e n in h o u s e -h o l d a c t i v i t i e s is a t i c k l i s h p r o b l e m fo r w o m e n f r o m w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s . A c c u s t o m i n g c h i l d r e n to h e l p w i t h h o u s e w o r k is treated h e r e in a t r a d i t i o n a l w a y as a t a s k for w o m e n . The fa c t of c h i l d r e n ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e w o r k for the h o u s e a n d f a m i l y is s t i l l t r e a t e d as " c o m i n g to m o t h e r ' s h e l p " an d no t as a c h a n c e of r e a c h i n g a p o s i t i o n of the p a r e nt s ' p a r t n e r . W h e r e a s , m o s t of m o t h e r s of th e f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d w o r k e d in s h i f t s , an d the c h i l d r e n l e a r n t in s c h o o l w o r k i n g in s h i f t s as we ll . It m e a n s t h a t th e m o t h e r s s t a y e d w i t h t h e i r c h i l d r e n o n l y f r o m t i m e to time . Th en, h o w e v e r , th e m o t h e r s h a d too l i t t l e t i m e to t r a i n t h e i r c h i l d r e n to p e r f o r m c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n s , no t to s p e a k of r e m i n d i n g t h e m of s o m e d u t i e s .

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H e n c e , in e v e r y - d a y life, m e m b e r s of a w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y are e n g r o s s e d in t h e i r ow n r o l e s and f u n c t i o n s : the m a n is m a i n l y e n g r o s s e d in work, the c h i l d r e n in s c h o o l an d the w o m a n in o c -c u p a t i o n a l w o r k a n d h o u s e h o l d .

It ma y be p a r t l y d u e to the fac t tha t the w o m e n f r o m workers' f a m i l i e s ar e o f t e n a s s i s t e d by v a r i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s . In the f a -m i l i e s s t u d i e d , e.g. n o n e of the w o -m e n to o k a l e a v e for b r i n g i n g up c h i l d r e n , but the y c o n s i g n e d the y o u n g c h i l d to th e c a r e of n u r s e r i e s an d n u r s e r y s c h o o l s .

H o w e v e r , the w o m e n of wo rk ers' f a m i l i e s do not fre e t h e m s e l -ves f r o m all the r o l e s ve r y fas t d e s p i t e the e x i s t i n g c o n d i -tion s. For i n s t a n c e , in m o s t cas es, the p a r e n t s eat at f a c t o r y c a n t e e n s an d t h e i r c h i l d r e n in s c h o o l c a n t e e n s , bu t on n o n w o r k -ing d a y s the w o m e n a l w a y s c o o k t h e m s e l v e s ; t h e y r a r e l y s e n d t h e i r l i n e n to th e l a u n d r y an d the y n e v e r m a k e us e of h o u s e -w o r k s e r v i c e s . M e n ' s t r a d i t i o n a l i s m is a n o t h e r f a c t o r d e l a y i n g the a c q u i r -ing of p a r t n e r s h i p f a m i l y c h a r a c t e r by the w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y . Me n r e l i e v e t h e i r w i v e s of s o m e d e f i n i t e f u n c t i o n s , but in t h e i r c o n s c i o u s n e s s it is s t i l l e n c o d e d as " r e l i e v i n g " , a n d n ot as new, m o r e a d e q u a t e to th e f a m i l y w i t h th e m o t h e r - w i f e d o i n g o c c u p a -t i o n a l wor k, d i v i s i o n of l a b o u r in th e fa m i l y . Thus, in w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s , w o m e n ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l w o r k has t u r n e d ou t to be the m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r e g a l i t a r i z i n g the r e -l a t i o n s b e t w e e n h u s b a n d an d wi fe , w h i l e th e m o d e l of a f a m i l y b e i n g r e a l i z e d is an e x a m p l e of o c c a s i o n a l p a r t n e r s h i p an d is no t a l w a y s a r e f l e c t i o n of m o d e r n c o n c e p t i o n of d i v i s i o n of r o -les b e t w e e n h u s b a n d an d w i f e an d b e t w e e n p a r e n t s an d c h i l d r e n . The s i g n of e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n in t h i s t y pe of f a m i l y is an i n c r e a -s i n g l y p r e v a i l i n g h a b i t of m a k i n g c o m m o n d e c i s i o n s a b o u t m o r e i m p o r t a n t p u r c h a s e s f o r the f a m i l y m e m b e r s or th e h o u s e h o l d , c o m m o n p l a n n i n g of l e a v e s and h o l i d a y s , c o m m o n p l a n n i n g of the c h i l d r e n s f u tu re , t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n s an d l i n e of e d u c a t i o n . In ou r o p i n i o n , th i s c o m m o n w i e l d i n g a u t h o r i t y in the w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y is a s i m p l e c o n s e q u e n c e of w o m e n ' s e c o n o m i c s e l f - d e p e n - de nc e , an d no t an i n t e n t i o n a l c h a n g e r e s u l t i n g f r o m the c o n c e p -t i o n of -the p a r -t n e r s h i p f a m i l y m o d e l a s s u m e d .

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W o m a n in th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r 1s f a m i l y

E a c h v o l u n t a r y , s m a l l s o c i a l g r o u p is a s t r o n g c o m m u n i t y of its m e m b e r s ' aim s, t h e r e f o r e , all th e b a s i c c h a n g e s ar e a d v i s a b l e a n d u n d e r t a k e n f r o m th e p o i n t of v i e w of th e g r o u p ' s i n -t e r e s -t s , an d its m e m b e r s a r e i n v e n t i v e a n d a c t i v e in s e c u r i n g , r e a l i z i n g an d c o n s o l i d a t i n g this , p r o f i t a b l e for the gr ou p , s t a t e of a f f a i r s . In o u r s t u d i e s , the f a m i l i e s of p e a s a n t - w o r k e r s h a v e t u r n e d o u t to be an e x a m p l e of s u c h o p e n n e s s a n d f l e x i b i l i t y an d a l -m o s t i -m -m e d i a t e a d a p t a t i o n to e s s e n t i a l c h a n g e s in the -m o d e l of e x i s t e n c e p r e v a i l i n g h i t h e r t o . T his e s s e n t i a l c h a n g e in the f a m i l y l i f e w a s t h e f a c t of t a k i n g up a j o b by the f a r m e r o u t -s i d e h i -s ovJn f a r m (in i n d u -s t r y , b u i l d i n g t r a d e ) . S u c h a d e c i -s i o n i-s, of c o u r -s e , m a d e in -s o m e d e f i n i t e c o n d i t i o n -s , i.e. if t h e r e is an a p p r o p r i a t e l a b o u r m a r k e t a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s of b e in g e m p l o y e d by the m a n a n d w h e n t h e r e is a c h a n c e of r e l i e v -in g th e w o m a n of s o m e of h e r t r a d i t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s , th e c h a n c e o f f e r e d by an a c c e s s to th e n u r s e r y s c h o o l or n u r s e r y . S o m e -t i m e s , th e c h i l d r e n ' s ag e is t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t - h a v i n g s c h o o l - a g e c h i l d r e n e x e m p t s th e w o m a n f r o m t a k i n g c a r e of the c h i l d fo r s e v e r a l h o u r s . In s c h o o l s t h e r e are s o m e t i m e s day-rooms w h e r e t h e c h i l d r e n c a n a l s o g e t a h o t me al. Th e f i r s t an d e s s e n t i a l c o n s e q u e n c e of th e f a c t of the m a n ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n o u t s i d e the f a r m is h i s l i m i t e d p r e s -e n c -e on t h -e f a r m an d in th -e f a m i l y . This, in turn, is of d e c i -s i v e i m p o r t a n c e to c h a n g e -s in th e r a n g e of r o l e -s a n d f u n c t i o n -s r e a l i z e d by w o m e n an d m e n on t h e f a r m an d in th e f a m i l y , h e n c e to t h e i r p o s i t i o n in t h e f a m i l y . In p e a s a n t - w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s , th e t r a d i t i o n a l p o s i t i o n of th e w o m a n c h a n g e s - th e h o u s e and f a r m y a r d c e a s e s to be h e r o n l y d o m a i n w h i c h n o w c o m p r i s e s the f a r m as we l l . Thus , s h e t a k e s o v e r m e n ' s t r a d i t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s a n d s t a r t s p l a y i n g t r a d i t i o n a l l y m a n ' s r o l e - th e r o l e of a f a r m e r . Th e w o m e n ' s p o s i t i o n in the f a m i l y is s t r e n g t h e n d nearly f r o m da y to day. It is i n t e r e s t i n g t hat in the f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d , t h e w o m e n t h e m s e l v e s i d e n t i f y t h e m s e l v e s w i t h n e w f u n c -t i o n s a n d -t h e y r e a d i l y a c -t i v a -t e in -th e r o l e s of f a r m m a n a g e r s . A b i g c h a n g e in t h e i r s i t u a t i o n is r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e farm,

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f o r e x a m p l e , in th e r u r a l or d i s t r i c t c o m m u n i t y , in th e i n s t i t u -t i o n s fo r a g r i c u l -t u r a l s e r v i c e s , e-tc. Of c o u r s e , th e d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g f a r m i n g , a l s o in t h e s e f a m i l i e s a r e m a d e in c o m m o n by h u s b a n d an d w i f e , b u t it is th e w o m a n w h o r e a l i z e s them. In t his s e n s e , th e o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n of th e w o m a n in a p e a s a n t - -w or k e r s ' f a m i l y (as a f a r m e r ) c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a c o n s e q u e n c e of the m a n ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n in n o n - f a r m jobs. The m a n ' s a b s e n c e f r o m th e f a r m a n d f a m i l y is r e p a l c e d by h e i g h t e n e d a c t i v i t y of w o m e n , e s p e c i a l l y o n e th e farm. Then, w h a t h a p p e n s to t r a d i t i o n a l l y w o m e n ' s r o l e s w h o s e f u n c t i o n s r e -q u i r e i n t e n s e e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t y as w e l l ? As it h a s b e e n s a i d b e f o r e , p a r t of t a s k s r e s u l t i n g from, e.g. th e m o t h e r ' s r o l e are t a k e n o v e r by s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , in s o m e c a s e s th e y ar e t u r n -ed o v e r to t h e a l d e r g e n e r a t i o n - g r a n d m o t h e r s an d g r a n d f a t h e r s . In tu rn, a c e r t a i n se t of f u n c t i o n s b e l o n g i n g t r a d i t i o n a l l y to th e h o u s e w i f e ' s r o l e is t a k e n o v e r by th e h u s b a n d - it c o n c e r n s p r o v i d i n g th e f a m i l y w i t h f o o d p r o d u c t s a n d o t h e r a r t i c l e s b o u g h t by th e h u s b a n d s in th e t o w n or c i t y a n d b r o u g h t h o m e by th em . Th e c o n t a c t w i t h " u r b a n s t y l e f i f e " l e a d s to m o d e r n i z a -t i o n of -th e h o u s e h o l d , w h i c h a l l o w s the w o m a n , p l a y i n g the role of a f a r m e r , to s a v e t i m e n e e d e d f or th e r e a l i z a t i o n of the h o u s e w i f e ' s ro le. Of c o u r s e , it s h o u l d be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t in a p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y the f a r m is u s u a l l y s m a l l a n d tha t t h e s e f a r m s o f t e n a d o p t s u c h a p a t t e r n of a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c -t i o n as to m a k e th e p o s s i b i l i t y of w o m a n ' s r e c o n c i l i n g d i f f e r -e n t r o l -e s r-ea l. In s p i t e of th is , it s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t th e p a r t n e r s h i p in t h e s e f a m i l i e s g a i n s a p a r t i c u l a r d i m e n s i o n - it is g e n u i n e co- - o p e r a t i o n of h u s b a n d a n d w i f e in t h e s i t u a t i o n of the c h a n g e in th e m a n n e r of f u n c t i o n i n g of th e f a m i l y an d farm; the co- - o p e r a t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m h e i g h t e n e d o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y of b o t h s i d e s a n d r e a l i z e d on the b a s i s of th e c h a n g e in t h e a re a of th e a c t i v i t y p u r s u e d h i t h e r t o a nd the c h a n g e in the r a n g e of r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n s p e r f o r m e d by b o t h s i de s . L a c k of c o n s i s t e n c y in a c c u s t o m i n g c h i l d r e n to e v e r y d a y d u -t i e s an d -t u r n i n g o v e r p a r -t of th e f u n c t i o n s r e s u l t i n g f r o m p a r -e n t a l r o l -e s to o t h e r p e r s o n s or i n s t i t u t i o n s is w h a t m a k e s the i m a g e of th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y s l i g h t l y s i m i l a r to th a t of t h e n e x t t y p e of th e f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d , i.e. to th e w o r k e r ' s

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fa-mi ł y . T h e f e a t u r e l i k e n i n g t h i s t y p e of f a m i l y to the p e a s a n t f a m i l y d i s c u s s e d is l e a v i n g to th e w o m a n th e r o l e of m a i n t a i n -ing f a m i l y an d C h r i s t m a s or E a s t e r t r a d i t i o n s an d th e p r o t e c t i v e r o l e in t h e c a s e of an i l l n e s s in the f a m i l y , etc. D o u b l e o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n : of th e m a n o u t s i d e f a r m i n g , a n d of th e w o m a n as a f a r m e r is w h a t m a k e s th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y o b t a i n th e f e a t u r e s of a p a r t n e r s h i p fa m i l y . C e r t a i n t r a -d i t i o n a l i s m of t h e s e f a m i l i e s is c o n -d i t i o n e -d by th e f a c t of liv-in g liv-in a r u r a l c o m m u n i t y , on t h e o t h e r ha nd , c o n t i n u a l c o n t a c t s of t h e s e f a m i l i e s w i t h u r b a n s t y l e of l i f e m a k e s o m e f e a t u r e s of th e u r b a n i z e d f a m i l y be a d o p t e d by them. In t h i s f a m i l y , as in t h e p e a s a n t f a m i l y , t h e r e is e a g e r -n e s s f o r c o -n s o l i d a t i o -n of its a g r i c u l t u r a l - r u r a l c h a r a c t e r , w h i c h m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f in k e e p i n g an d u s i n g th e farm. T h e a b o v e c o m m e n t s m a k e us d r a w th e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s : 1) In al l the t y p e s of the f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d , a t e n d e n c y to-w a r d s t h e e q u a l l i n g of the to-w o m a n ' s a n d t h e m a n ' s p o s i t i o n has b e e n o b s e r v e d . 2) T h e m a n n e r of r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e p a r t n e r s h i p f a m i l y m o d e l is d i f f e r e n t in the t y p e s of th e f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d , s i n c e it is b o u n d w i t h s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s of th e f a m i l y an d its f i e l d of a c t i v i t y . 3) In th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s a n d w o r k e r ! s f am i l y , w o m e n ' s o c -c u p a t i o n a l a -c t i v a t i o n , e.g. p a r t i c i p a t i o n in r e a l i z a t i o n of the e c o n o m i c f u n c t i o n of th e f a m i l y is th e m o s t i m p o r t a n t factor p r o -m o t i n g e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n . T h i s f a c t is th e b a s i s for p a r t i c i p a t i o n in w i e l d i n g a u t h o r i t y by the w o m a n , it is a l s o th e r e a s o n for i n t r o d u c i n g n e w d i v i s i o n of l a b o u r in th e f a m i l y in th e s p h e r e of h o u s e h o l d . An a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r p r o m o t i n g e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n in th e p e a s a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y , is t h e f a c t th a t th e w o m a n r e p r e s -e n t s t h -e f a r m o u t s i d -e , w h i l e in th e w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y it is the f a c t t h a t th e w o m a n h a s h e r ow n s y s t e m of r e f e r e n c e o u t s i d e the f a m il y . In th e p e a s a n t f a m i l y e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n is p r o m o t e d by w o m e n ' s a c t i v i t y in o b t a i n i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e a u t h o r i t y in th e f a -m i l y , i n t r o d u c i n g -m o d i f i c a t i o n of d i v i s i o n of l a b o u r in the f a -m i l y by the-m, an d p a r t i c i p a t i o n of c h i l d r e n in the w o r k i m p o r t -an t to th e e x i s t e n c e an d f u n c t i o n i n g of the f am i l y . 4) Th e l a t t e r f a c t o r in w o rk e r s ' an d p e a s a n t - w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s

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s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d in th e o n e s tha t d e l a y e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n of the i n t e r - f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s , s i n c e c h i l d r e n ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the r e a l i z a t i o n of i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s of the f a m i l y w a s sl i g h t . The t r a d i t i o n a l i s m of m e n a n d w o m e n of th e p e a s a n t a n d w o r k e r s ' f a m i l i e s as r e g a r d s th e d i v i s i o n of r o l e s an d f u n c t i o n s in the f a m i l y s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d in the s a m e g r o u p of f a c t o r s h i n d e r i n g e g a l i t a r i z a t i o n . In t h e s e f a m i l i e s , o c c a s i o n a l p a r t n e r s h i p is no.t a c c o m p a n i e d by the c h a n g e s in th e c o n s c i o u s n e s s of the f a m i l y m e m b e r s , w h i c h w o u l d t e s t i f y to the a c c e p t a n c e of the c o n -c e p t i o n of the e g a l i t a r i a n f a m i l y m o d e l . In t h i s sense, the peas- a n t - w o r k e r ' s f a m i l y is the m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e . 5) The e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s of f u n c t i o n i n g of the f a m i l y 5 h a v e t u r n e d ou t to be c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t , w h e r e th e y w e r e u n -s a t i -s f a c t o r y (the c o u n t r y -s i d e ) , w h e r e a -s , t h e -s e c o n d i t i o n -s w e r e no t u s e d an d the w o m e n ' s t r a d i t i o n a l i s m in p e r f o r m i n g r o l e s and f u n c t i o n s p r e v a i l e d , w h e r e t h e r e w e r e e n o u g h i n s t i t u t i o n s a s s i s t -ing the f am ily.

It s h o u l d be a d d e d t h a t s t e r e o t y p e v i e w p o i n t as r e g a r d s i n -c o n v e n i e n -c e s of l e a d i n g " r u r a l lif e" an d p r i v i l e g e s of u r b a n f a -m i l i e s ar e no t j u s t i f i e d , s i n c e a l a r g e c it y is v a r i e d in th is r e s p e c t as we ll . H o u s i n g e s t a t e s b e i n g b u i l t in the a r e a s of l a r g e c i t i e s are, li ke s m a l l v i l l a g e s , b a d l y e q u i p p e d w i t h a f u n -d a m e n t a l set of i n s t i t u t i o n s , w h i c h t a k i n g i n to a c c o u n t a l o n g d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n the p l a c e of w o r k a n d the p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e , c a l l s i n t o q u e s t i o n the p r i v i l e g e s of u r b a n f a m i l i e s as r e g a r d s th e e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s of t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n g . Ew a M a l i n o w s k a K O B I E T A W R O D Z I N I E C H Ł O P S K I E J I R O B O T N I C Z E J P o z y c j a i ro la k o b i e t y w r o d z i n i e to j e d e n z p o d s t a w o w y c h c z y n n i k ó w r ó ż n i c u j ą c y c h r o d z i n y p o l s k i e . B a d a n i a , z k t ó r y c h w n i o s k i c h c e m y z a p r e z e n t o w a ć , m i a ł y na c e -lu p o r ó w n a n i e p o z y c j i i r ol i k o b i e t y w r o d z i n i e c h ł o p s k i e j , z a -m i e s z k u j ą c e j w i e ś r o l n i c z ą i r o d z i n i e r o b o t n i c z e j , z a m i e s z k u j ą c e j " E x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s of f u n c t i o n i n g of th e f a m i l y " h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d , in th e p r e s e n t p a p e r , to t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f a c i l i -t i e s of -t h e s o c i o - s p a -t i a l e n v i r o n m e n t in w h i c h th e f a m i l y liv es .

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w w i e l k i m m i e ś c i e p r z e m y s ł o w y m . W b a d a n i a c h w z i ę ł y u d z i a ł r o d z i -ny m ł o d e , p o s i a d a j ą c e d w o j e l u b t r o j e d z i e c i w w i e k u p r z e d s z k o l -n y m a l b o s z k o l -n y m , s a m o d z i e l n e e k o n o m i c z n i e , d w u p o k o l e n i o w e . W o b u t y p a c h r o d z i n s t w i e r d z o n o u t r z y m y w a n i e si ę w p e w n y m z a -k r e s i e t r a d y c y j n e g o p o d z i a ł u na r o l e k o b i e c e i m ę s k i e , a l e r ó w -n o c z e ś -n i e w ł ą c z a -n i e s i ę m ę ż c z y z -n do ról d a w n i e j t r a d y c y j n i e k o -b i e c y c h o r a z p o d e j m o w a n i a p r z e z k o b i e t y n i e k t ó r y c h ról t r a d y c y j -n i e m ę s k i c h . S t r u k t u r a d e c y z j i d o t y c z ą c y c h d o mu , r o d z i n y , p r z y -s z ł o ś c i d z i e c i itp. u k a z a ł a w z m o c n i e n i e p o z y c j i k o b i e t y w b a d a -n y c h r o d z i -n a c h . P o z y c j a k o b i e t y w r o d z i n i e c h ł o p s k i e j i r o b o t n i -cz e j w z m a c n i a si ę s t o p n i o w o w r a z z t e n d e n c j ą do u z y s k i w a n i a p r z e z n i e c h a r a k t e r u r o d z i n y p a r t n e r s k i e j . I n a c z e j w y g l ą d a to w i n n y m t y p i e r o d z i n w i e j s k i c h , a m i a n o w i c i e w r o d z i n i e c h ł o p o - r o - b o t n i c z e j , g d z i e p o z y c j a k o b i e t y w z r a s t a n i e o m a l n a t y c h m i a s t po p r z e j ś c i u m ę ż a do p r a c y p o z a r o l n i c t w e m i z y s k a n i u p r z e z k o b i e t ę r o l i k i e r o w n i k a g o s p o d a r s t w a p r o d u k c y j n e g o . N a s u w a s i ę p r z y p u -s z c z e n i e , że z p o d o b n y m z j a w i s k i e m m o ż e m y m i e ć do c z y n i e n i a w r o d z i n a c h r o b o t n i c z y c h c h ł o p s k i e g o p o c h o d z e n i a ( r o b o t n i c z y c h w p i e r w s z y m p o k o l e n i u ) , w k t ó r y c h w z r o s t p o z y c j i k o b i e t y j e s t t a k -że d o ś ć s z y b k i i j e s t z w i ą z a n y z p o d j ę c i e m p r z e z ni ą p r a c y z a -w o d o -w e j i u z y s k a n i e m n i e z a l e ż n o ś c i e k o n o m i c z n e j . Z e w n ę t r z n e u w a r u n k o w a n i a f u n k c j o n o w a n i a r o d z i n y u z y s k a ł y w cy-t o w a n y c h b a d a n i a c h z a s k a k u j ą c e o c e n y . N i e d o g o d n o ś ć ż y c i a "po wiej- s k u " w y n i k a j ą c e z b r a k u p o d s t a w o w y c h i n s t y t u c j i w s p o m a g a j ą c y c h k o b i e t y w w y p e ł n i a n i u jej ról i u t r u d n i a j ą c y c h c o d z i e n n e f u n k c j o -n o w a -n i e r o d z i -n y są t a k ż e u d z i a ł e m r o d z i n r o b o t n i c z y c h z a m i e s z k u -j ą c y c h w s p ó ł c z e s n e o s i e d l a m i e s z k a n i o w e u s y t u o w a n e na o b r z e ż a c h w i e l k i e g o m i a s t a . Z e w n ę t r z n e w a r u n k i f u n k c j o n o w a n i a r o d z i n y o k a z a ł y s i ę j e -s z c z e j e d n y m p o d o b i e ń -s t w e m , c h o ć do n i e d a w n a s t a n o w i ł y i s t o t n y c z y n n i k r ó ż n i c u j ą c y i p o g ł ę b i a j ą c y r ó ż n i c e m i ę d z y r o d z i n a m i , z w y r a ź n y m w s k a z a n i e m na u p o ś l e d z e n i e ws i i r o d z i n y c h ł o p s k i e j o r a z u p r z y w i l e j o w a n i e w i e l k o m i e j s k i e j r o d z i n y r o b o t n i c z e j . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e y are c o m p l e x , a n d b o t h c h a n g e s a nd p r o c e s s e s t a k i n g p l a c e in th e w h o l e s o c i e t y as w e l l as t h e -se r e l a t i o n s t ha t b e l o n g to t he m e s o s c a l e s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d in th em . Cp. E. M a l i n o w s k a , E v o l u t i o n du s t a t u t de la f e m m e d a n s la f a m i l l e , the p a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e s y m p o s i u m on " L ’ l v o l u t i o n de s m o d e l e s f a m i l i o u x d a n s le s p a y s de l ’ Es t et en U R S S " , P a r i s 19 86 [ i n p r i n t ] .

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