A C T A U N I V E R S I T Ä T I S L O D Z I E N S I S
F O L IA C A U C A S I C A 2, 1987
Bo hdan B a ran o w ski
POLISH STUDIES C O N C ERN IN G TH E HISTO RY O F GEORGIA
T a d e u sz K ru siń sk i, an a u th o r from th e e a r l y 18th c e n tu r y , sh o u ld b e c o n sid er ed th e first P o le w h o d e a lt w ith stu d ie s o n th e h isto r y of G eo rg ia. A n d a lth o u g h so m e P o lish g e o g r a p h e rs a n d h is to r ia n s h ad b e e n m e ntio n in g e a r li e r of th is d is ta n t C h r is tia n c o u n try , w h ich sim ilar to P o lan d h ad b e e n fo rc ed to r e s ist M u slim in v a sio n s, th is h ad b e e n for its m ost p a r t r a th e r im p re cise a n d se c o n d h a n d in fo rm atio n . C e rta in m ino r d eta ils w e re g iv en b y a n o r ie n ta list from th e f ir st h alf of 17th c e n tu r y — S am u el O tw in o w sk i in his w o r k s1. T his in fo rm atio n w a s n o t p u b lish ed , h o w e v e r, an d d id n o t e x e r t a n y b ig g e r in flu e n c e o n th e P olish p u blic o pin io n. In th e sam e c e n tu r y , so m e m o re sm a ll in f o rm a -tio n item s a b o u t G eo rg ia w e re p r o v id e d b y th e W e st- E u ro p e a n a u th o rs, w h o se b o o k s d e v o te d to T u rk is h p ro b lem s w e re tr a n sla te d in to P o lish 2. N e v e r th e le ss, th e se w o rk s co u ld be h a r d ly in c lu d ed in to th e c r e a tiv e c o n trib u tio n s of th e P olish sc ien c e and , a n y w ay , in fo rm a tio n a b o u t G eo rg ia c o n ta in e d in th em w as in a c c u r a te a n d c h ao tic. T h a t is w hy, K ru siń sk i ca n be no d o u b t re co g n ize d as th e first P o lish a u th o r to d ea l w ith G e o rg ia n pro b lem s.
D esp ite th e f a c t t h a t m an y a u th o r s w r o te a b o u t K ru siń sk i, b o th h is life h is to ry a n d w ritin g s a r e n o t p ro p e rly k n o w n as y e t 3. M o st p r o b a
-î~B. B a r a n o w s k i , Z n a j o m o ś ć W s c h o d u w d a w n e j P o l s c e d o X V I I I w i e k u
[ K n o w l e d g e a b o u t th i E ast in o ld P o la n d till 18th c e n t u r y ], Ł ód ź 1950, p. 214.
* S e e e.g.: M o n a r c h i j a t u r e c k a o p i s a n a p r z e z R i c o l a s e k r e t a r z a p o s ł a a n g i e l s k i e g o
u P o r t y O t i o m a ń s k i e j r e z y d u j ą c e g o z i r a n c u s k i e g o j ę z y k a n a p o l s k i p r z e t ł u m a c z o n a
[T u r s k is h m o n a r c h y d e s c r ib e d b y R ico t — a s e c r e ta r y of th e E n g lis h e n v o y r e s i -d in g w it h th e O tto m a n P or t from F r en c h to P o li s h t r a n s la t e -d ] , S łu c k 1678 an d n u m e r o u s o th e r e d itio n s ; M . F e b u r e , Z w i e r c i a d ł o a l b o o p i s a n i e t u r e c k i e j z i e m i
[A m ir ror or d e s c r i p tio n of th e T u r k is h l a n d ] , W a r s z a w a 1688 a n d o t h e r e d it io n s . 3 S e e e.g.: F. Z i e l i ń s k i , W i a d o m o ś ć h i s t o r y c z n a o k s i ę d z u K r u s i ń s k i m [H
i-s to r ic a l in lo r m a tio n ab ou t fa th e r K r u i-s iń i-s k i] , „ B ib lio t e k a W a r i-s z a w i-s k a " 1841, v o l. 4. p. 3 7 5 -3 7 9 ,- F. M . S. | S o b ie s z c z a ń s k i ] , K r u s i ń s k i [T a d e u s z ] , [in :] E n c y k l o p e d i a p o -w s z e c h n a O r g e l b r a n d a , v o l . 16, W a r s z a -w a 1864, p. 172- 174; K r u s i ń s k i T a d e u s z , [in .]
b ly th is a u th o r w a s b o rn in Ja ra n t o w ic e n e a r R ad z ie jó w (th e fo rm e r B rze sk o -K u jaw sk a p ro v in c e ) in 1675. It is u su a lly s ta te d th a t he cam e fro m a n o b lem an 's fa m ily c a r r y in g D ołęga c o a t of arm s. T his ca n be d o u b te d as h e co u ld ju s t as w ell be of p e a sa n t or b u r g h e r 's origin. E q u ally u n c le a r is th e sp ellin g of h is n am e, and it is n o t q u ite w e ll k n o w n w h e th e r it w a s K ru sień sk i, K ro sie ń sk i, K ru sz y ń sk i o r K ru siń sk i. H e w as m o st p r o b a b ly u sin g th e first n a m e — Ja n a t th e b eg in n in g , ad o p tin g th e n a m e — T ad e u sz w h e n h e e n te r e d a m o n astic o rd e r. A fte r h is stu d ie s in J e s u i t sch oo ls, h e b e cam e a m o nk, a n d in 1705 h e w as se n t to do m issio n a ry w o r k in th e C a u c asu s. H e s ta y e d th e r e till 1726 and, thu s, o v e r tw e n t y y ea rs . T o s t a r t w ith, h e w as w o r k in g in a J e s u it m issio n in G a n d ja (to d ay — K iro v a b ad ), n ex t in Y e r e v a n a n d D julfa. F o r a c e r ta in tim e, h e s ta y e d in T bilisi w h e r e m o st lik e ly h e p e rfo rm e d d u tie s of a s e c r e t a r y to th e K ing W a c h ta n g 6th. It is d ifficu lt to d e t e r -m in e w h e th e r h e k n e w th e G eo rg ia n la n g u ag e. A n d alth o u g h h e in c lu d ed
to h is w o rk s sh o r t te x ts in th e O ld -G e o rg ian litu r g ic a l la n g u ag e , he m ig h t w rite th em d o w n fro m so m e sta te m e n t m ad e b y o n e of h is G e o r-g ian fr ien d s. It c a n b e su p p o sed , h o w ev e r, t h a t w h ile sta y in r-g a t th e c o u r t of K ing W a c h tan g 6th, h e m u st h a v e m a s te r e d th e la n g u a g e to so m e e x te n t. A n d e v e n if h e d id n o t k n o w it w e ll e n o u g h to re a d old h isto r ic a l tex ts, it m u st b e ad m itte d th a t h e w a s q u ite w e ll a c q u a in ted
w ith th e h is to r y of th a t n atio n .
O n h is r e t u r n from th e C au c a su s, e it h e r in I ta ly o r P ola nd , K r u siń -ski p r e p a r e d a b u lk y r e p o rt o n th e c h a n g es w h ich h a d o c c u rre d in the p o litic al situ a tio n of I r an a t th e r e q u e st of th e c e n tr a l m o n astic a u th o r i-ties. In th is w o rk , h e d e v o te d a g r e a t d e al of a tte n tio n to p ro b lem s of th e C au ca su s sin c e its p re d m in a n t p a r t w as c o n tro lle d b y P ersia. T h is w o rk w ri tte n in L atin w a s n e v e r p u b lish ed . M ea n w h ile , K ru siń sk i p u b lish e d th re e b o ok s in L atin in Lvov, w h ic h w e r e m o st p r o b a b ly r e v sed v e r s io n s o r p a r tly su p p le m en ts to th e r e p o r t w r it te n f o r th e a u th o r i-tie s of th e J e s u i t's o r d e r 4. H u g e i n te r e st g e n e r a te d in E u ro p e b y m a jo r E n c y k l o p e d i a k o ś c i e l n a , v o l . 11, W a r s z a w a 1878, p. 442— 443; s. [S. K r z e m iń s k i] , K r a s i ń s k i T a d e u s z Jan , [in:] W i e l k a e n c y k l o p e d i a p o w s z e c h n a i l u s t r o w a n a , v o l . 41/42, W a r s z a w a 1908— 1909, p. 183— 185; X . J. N . [ N i e d z i e l s k i ] , K r u s i ń s k i T a d e u s z , [in:] P o d r ę c z n a e n c y k l o p e d i a k o ś c i e l n a , v o l . 23/24, W a r s z a w a 1911. p. 59— 60; B i b l i o g r a f i a l i t e r a t u r y p o l s k i e j „ N o w y K o r b u t " , v o l. 2, W a r s z a w a 1964, p. 429; B. N a t o ń s k i , K r u -s i ń -s k i [K r u sie ń s k i, K r u s z y ń s k i ] T a d e u s z , [in;] P o l s k i s ł o w n i k b i o g r a f i c z n y [fu rth er: P S B ], v o l. 15, W r o c la w — W a r s z a w a — K r a k ó w 1970, p. 426— 428; M . K i e f f e r - - K o s t a n e c k a , P o l a k p i e r w s z y m a u t o r e m e u r o p e j s k i e j h i s t o r i i P e r s j i [A P o le th e fir st a u th o r of P e r si a 's E u r op e an h is t o r y ] , „ N o ta tk i P ło c k ie " 1977, N o . 4, p. 45— 46. 4 T. K r u s i ń s k i , P r o d r o m u s a d h i s t o r i a m r e v o l u t i o n i s p e r s i c a e , L e o p o li 1733; i d e m , T r a g i c a v e r t e n t i s b e l l i p e r s i c i h i s t o r i a , L e o p o li 1740; i d e m , A n a l e c t a a d t r a g i c a m b e l l i p e r s i c i h i s t o r i a m , L e o p o l i 1755 a n d o th e r s .
ch an g e s o c c u r rin g in th e sy stem of p o litica l fo r ce s in th e M id dle East c a u s ed th a t q u ite big p a r ts of K ru sin s k i's w o r k s w e r e tr a n s la te d in to F re n c h 5, English®, D u tch, S p an ish , an d e v e n T u rk is h 7 an d n e x t p u b lish ed . A tra n s la te d su m m a ry of K r u sin sk i's w o r k s in P o lish w a s n o t p u b lish e d an d h a s re m a in e d in its m an u sc rip t fo rm till t o d a y 8. A n y w a y , it co u ld b e ad de d h e r e th a t som e W est-E u r o p e a n a u th o r s w e re p u b lish in g r e c a sts from K r u sin sk i's b oo k s u n d er th eir o w n nam es. In fact, h e w as th e m ost w id e ly -r e ad a u th o r w r itin g ab o u t I r a n ia n an d C au c a sia n p ro b le m s in th e m id-18th c e n tu r y 9.
K ru siń sk i r e v e a l e d a f a r-r e a ch in g in te r e s t in th e h is to r y o f G e o rg ia. A m on g o th e rs, h e d e v o ted a g r e a t d ea l of h is a tte n t io n to th e e th n ic o rig in s of G eo rg ia n s. It is no w o n d e r th a t h e g a v e a lo t of m isle ad in g in fo rm a tio n ab o u t th e s e p ro b lem s, w h ic h h a d b e e n d e riv e d b o th from a n c ie n t a u th o rs an d lo ca l leg en d s. It is w o r th n o tin g h e r e th a t q u ite a c c id e n ta lly h e b e ca m e a f o r e ru n n e r of w e llk n o w n 20th c e n tu r y th e o -rie s of N. M a rr a b o u t th e so -c alle d J a p h e tic la n g u a g e g r o u p 10. B asin g o n a c e rta in sim ilar ity b e tw e e n th e n am e Ib e ria, h e p u t f o r w a r d a th e -sis ab o u t a co m m on o rig in of G e o rg ia n s a n d p e o p le s in h ab itin g th e Ib e r ia n P e n in su la 11.
In fo rm atio n a b o u t th e h is to r y of G e o rg ia sin ce e a r ly 18th c e n tu r y w as d isp erse d in so m a n y c h a p te r s of K ru siń sk i s w o rk . T h is in fo rm a tio n w as so m etim e s n o t v e r y p re c ise . It c a n b e e a s ily g u e sse d , h o w e v e r , th at K ru siń sk i so m etim es o b tain e d h is m a te r ia ls fro m o ld e r G e o rg ia n ch r o n ic le s, w h ic h h e co u ld re ac h , a n y w a y , th ro u g h his G e o rg ian frien ds. F o r th e C a th o lic e c c les ias tic o f th e g r e a te s t in te re st w e r e h is to ric a l- -re lig io u s p ro b lem s, to w h ich h e d e v o ted a g r e a t d ea l of a tte n tio n .
5 H i s t o i r e d e la r é v o l u t i o n d e P e r s e , v o l . 1— 2, La H a y e 1728; H i s t o i r e d e la d e r n i è r e r é v o l u t i o n d e P e r s e , v o l . 1— 2, P ar is 1729; H i s t o i r e d e s T h o m a s K o u l i k a n , v o l . 1— 2, A m s te r d a m 1741. 6 T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n o l P e r s i a , L o n d o n 1728; T h e h i s t o r y o l t h e r e v o l u t i o n o l P e r s i a , D u b lin 1729 an d o t h e r e d i tio n s . 7 J. R o y c h m a n , Z n a j o m o ś ć i n a u c z a n i e j ę z y k ó w o r i e n t a l n y c h w P o l s c e w X V I I I w . [ K n o w le d g e an d t e a c h in g o f o r ie n t a l l a n g u a g e s in P o la n d in 18th c e n -t u r y ], W r o c la w 1950, p. 34— 38; J. B i e l a w s k i , K s i ą ż k a w ś w i e c i e i s l a m u [B oo k in th e w o r l d o f I s la m ], W r o c l a w 1961, p. 353— 354 a n d o th e r e d i tio n s .
e A b b r e v ia te d P o lis h t r a n s la tio n of T. K r u s in s k i's w o r k , m a n u s c r ip t in T h e L ib r ary o f T h e P o li s h A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s at K ó r n ik , N o . 140. 9 S e e e.g .: J. H a m w a y , T h e r e v o l u t i o n s i n P e r s i a , L o n d o n 1753; L. A . C l e i - r a с d e l a M a r n i e, L’ h i s t o i r e d e r é v o l u t i o n s d e P e r s e , P ar is 1750 a n d o th e r ■ditions. 10 S e e e.g.: E F r a n k o w s k i , E t n o g r a l i a r a d z i e c k a [ S o v ie t e th n o g r a p h y ] , „L u d ” 1952, v o l . 39, p. 34— 35 an d o th e r s . 11 K r u s i ń s k i , T r a g i c a v e r t e n t i s . . . , p. 121— 122.
E q u a lly in te r e stin g w e r e so c ia l p ro b le m s of th is n a tio n so d iffe ren t from re la tio n s p re v a ilin g in E uro pe.
In a v e r y in te re stin g w ay , K ru siń sk i p r e s e n te d d e v e lo p m e n t of Ir a n ian - G e o r g ia n re la tio n s in 17th ce n tu r y , a n d e sp e cia lly d u rin g the r e ig n of th e P e rs ia n r u le r s A b b as I an d A b ba s II, w ho w e re try in g to
su b o r d in a te K artli a n d K a k h e tia to P ersia.
K ru siń sk i's w o rk s, an d e s p e c ia lly th e m o st im p o rta n t of th e m p u b li-sh e d in Lv ov in 1740, c o n ta in e d rich m a te r ia l c o n c e rn in g G e o rg ia's h is to r y , an d e sp e c ia lly its e a s te r n p a r ts — K a rtli and K a k h etia in th e seco n d an d th ird d ec ad e s of 18th c e n tu r y , an d e sp e cia lly th e y e a r s
1 7 1 1— 1726. T h e se h a p p e n to b e th e y e a r s w h ich K ru siń sk i sp en t in th e C a u ca su s. H is s ta y t h e re allo w ed him a g o o d in sig h t in to th e th en so c ia l re la tio n s. In a p re cise w a y , th is a u th o r p r e se n te d co m plica ted in tr ig u e s p lo tte d b y p a r tic u la r G e o rg ia n p rin c e s on th e I ra n cou rt, w h e r e th e y w e r e str iv in g to s e c u r e for th e m se lv es th e th ro n e s of K artli an d K a k h etia . H e also d es cr ib e d th e ir c h a r a c te ris tic s in g r e a t d etail, as w ell as th e ir p o litica l a n d e v e n re lig io u s o u tlo o k s, n a m ely th e ir a tti tu d e to Islam , w h ic h th e y h a d so m etim es to a c c ep t to all a p p e a r a n -ces. In h is w o rk s, K r u siń sk i laid q u ite a b ig em p h asis on p a rtic ip a tio n of G e o rg ia n s in th e w a r s fo u g h t b y Tran w ith A fgh an trib e s. H e also w r o te e x te n s iv e ly a b o u t th e G e o rg ia n - T u rk ish an d G e org ian -L e zgin r e la tio n s in th o se y e a r s, a p ro v id e d a g r e a t d e a l of in fo rm a tio n ab o u t th e R u ssia n -G eo rg ian r e la tio n s, w h ic h w e r e v e r y a n im a ted a t th a t tim e.
A ll in all, K ru siń sk i g a v e a p le n tifu l an d v e r y in te re s tin g m a te rial a b o u t th e h isto r y of G e org ia sh o w in g h is g oo d fa m iliar ity w ith th e p ro b le m s d iscu ssed . T h is in fo rm a tio n is of th e g r e a t e s t sig n ifica n ce for th e first tw o o r so d e c ad e s of 18th c e n tu r y . It also d e se r v e s to re c e iv e m ore a tte n tio n of th e G e o rg ian scien ce. H ith er to , it h a s b e e n u tiliz in g K r u siń sk i's in f o rm a tio n d e r iv e d fro m n o t to o a c c u r a te t r a n s -latio n s, in w h ich th e p ro b lem s c o n ce rn in g C au c a sia n af fairs h a v e b e e n la r g e ly ab b re v ia te d .
In th e first h a lf of 19th c e n tu r y , m a n y P o les w e n t to G e o rg ia e ith e r as p o litic al e x ile s se n t to ts a r is t g a r r iso n s in th e C au c a su s o r v o lu n -ta r il y a s o fficers, clerk s, p h y sic ia n s o r e n g in e e rs. M a n y of th em w e re d esc rib in g this c o u n try la te r o n o r m aking m ar g in a l m en tio n s a b o u t its p ast. F or th eir m o st p a r t, th e se w e re n o t v e r y p re cise m e n tio n s b a -sed o n th e R u ssian lit e r a tu r e of th e s u b je c t e n c o u n te r e d b y so m e ch an c e, a n d som etim es it w as in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d fro m fr ie n d s b e lo n -g in -g to th e G e o r-g ia n in telli-g e n c e . S uch m en tio n s ca n b e found, fo r ex am ple, in th e first P o lish b o o k o n G e or g ia w r itt e n b y S tan isła w N
ow a ck i se n t fo r th e m ilitar y se r v ic e in th e C a u c a su s 12. A little in fo rm a -tio n a b o u t th e h isto ry of G u ria w as p ro v id e d by A d am T rz ask o w sk i (also se n t to d o h is m ilitar y s e r v ic e in th e C a u c a su s s e v e r a l y e a rs later ) in his bo ok w r itte n in R u ssian 13. H is to r ic a l in fo rm atio n c a n be also fou nd in a r tic le s ab o u t G e o rg ia w r it te n b y Leon Ja n isz e w sk i, a f o r -m er ar -m y b a n d -m aste r , la te r on a te a c h e r of -m usic in sch o o ls of G e o rg ia 's ca p ital, b u t also a ta le n te d m an of l a tt e r s 14. S om e d e ta ils c o n c e r -n i-n g th e h isto ry of T b ilisi c a -n b e fo u -n d i-n J a -n Z a łę sk i's a r ti c le a b o u t this to w n 13. In tu rn , som e d e ta ils ab o u t th e h is to ry of G e o rg ia w e r e g iv e n b y M ich ał B u to w tA n d rz ejk o w icz 1", R om u ald K lo n o w sk i17, H ip o -lit (Jan) J a w o r s k i18. T h e re co uld be also m en tio n e d h e r e th e n am es of
m a n y o th e r a u th o rs, w ho w e r e in c lu d in g in th e ir w o rk s, a n y w a y , m a r g i-n ally m o re or less e x a c t ii-nfo rm a tio i-n a b o u t th e h isto ry of G e orgia.
F ro m am on g th es e a u th o rs, M a te u sz G ra lew sk i d e s e r v e s a sp ec ia l a tte n tio n 19. A so n of a p e a s a n t fro m som e v illa g e n e a r Ł ęczyca, a s a stu d e n t of g ra m m a r sch o o l h e w as a r r e s te d for h is p a trio tic a c tiv ity
>* S. N o w a c k i , P o d r ó ż e d o G e o r g i i w c z a s i e m o j e j n i e w o l i w R o s j i o d b y t e w r o k u 1813, 1814 i 1815 [T r a v e ls to G e o r g ia d u r in g m y im p r is o n m e n t in R u s s ia m a d e in 1813, 1814 an d 1815], P o z n a ń 1833. 13 A . T s a s k o v s k i j , О s o s t a v e G u r i i, „ K a v k a z " 1847, N o . 40; S e e : G. A . D z i - d z a r i j a , U ć a s t n i k i p o l ' s k o g o n a c i o n a l ' n o - o s v o b o d i t e l ' n o g o d v i i e n i j a 20— 40 gg. X I X v . V A b c h a z i i , „ l z v o s tij a A k a d e m ii N a u k G r u z in s k o j SSR " 1973, p. 49— 50. 14 L. J a n i s z e w s k i , O b r a z y i m y ś l i z p o d r ó ż y d o T y l l i s u z 1841 r. o d b y t e j [P ic tu r e s an d th o u g h t s fr om tr a v e l to T i fi lis m a d e in 184 1], „R u b on " 1849, v o l. 10; i d e m , P i e l g r z y m k a d o A l e k s a n d r a G r i b o j e d o w a na g ó r ę ś w . D a w i d a w T y l l i s i e [P il-g r im a il-g e to th e il-g r a v e of A le k s a n d e r G r ib o je d o v o n St. D a v i d ’s m o u n t a in in T i f i l i s ], „ B ib lio te k a W a r s z a w s k a " 1843, v o l . 3. F or m or e in fo r m a tio n a b ou t th is a u th o r s e e . M . I n g 1 o t, J a n i s z e w s k i L e on , [in:] PSB , v o l. 10, p. 525— -526. 15 J. Z. [ Z a ł ę s k i] , T i i l is , „ D z ie n n i k W a r s z a w s k i" 1854, N o . 65 an d o th e r s . »6 M. B u t o w t - A n d r z e j k o w i c z , S z k i c e K a u k a z u [C a u c a s ia n S k e t c h e s ] , v o l. 1— 2, W a r s z a w a 1859. 17 R. K l o n o w s k i , W y c i e c z k i p o K a u k a z i e i G r u z j i [E x c u r s io n s i n t h e C a u -c a s u s an d G e o r g ia ] , „ T y g o d n ik I lu s tr o w a n y " 1875, v o l . 1. 18 M . T e r l i c a [H. J a w o r s k i] , W s p o m n i e n i a K a u k a z u [M e m o r ie s from t h e C a u -c a s u s ], „ G a z e ta C o d z ie n n a " 1858— 1859; H. J a w o r s k i , W s p o m n i e n i a K a u k a z u | M e m o r ie s from th e C a u c a s u s ] , p a rts 1— 3, P o z n a ń 1877. F or m or e in f o r m a tio n a b o u t th is a u th or s e e : W s p o m n i e n i e p o ś m i e r t n e o J a w o r s k i m [P o s th u m o u s m e m o r ie s o f J a -w o r s k i] , „ R o cz n ik T o -w a r z y s t -w a H is to r y c z n o -L it e r a c k i e g o -w P ar yż u " 1873— 1878, v o l . 2, p. 331— 332; E. K o z ł o w s k i , J a w o r s k i H i p o l i t [J a n ], [in :] P SB , v o l . 11, p. 106. i» M . G r a l e w s k i , K i l k a s ł ó w o G r u z i n a c h [A f e w w o r d s a b ou t G e o r g ia n s ] , „ B r a te r s tw o " 1865, v o l. 3; i d e m , P o l a c y n a K a u k a z i e [ P o l e s in th e C a u c a s u s ] , „ D z ie n -n ik L iter ac k i" 1869; i d e m , G r u z j a z O s e t i ą [G e o r g i a w i th O s e t i y a ] , „ S ob ótk a " 1875, v o l. 3, i d e m , K a u k a z . W s p o m n i e n i a z d w u n a s t o l e t n i e j n i e w o l i . O p i s a n i e k r a j u . L u d n o ś ć . Z w y c z a j e i o b y c z a j e [T h e C a u c a s u s . R e c o ll e c t io n s from 12 y e a r s ’ im p r is o n m e n t. D e s c r ip tio n of th e c o u n tr y . P o p u la ti o n . C u s to m s a n d T r a d i t io n s ] , L w ó w 1877.
an d se n t in to e x ile to th e C a u c a sia n g arr is o n s. D uring h is tw elv e y e a r s' s ta y in th a t re g io n , h e g r e w w ell a c q u a in te d w ith p ro b lem s of th o se c o u n trie s. In h is b o ok a b o u t th e C a u c asu s, w h ic h h e p u b lish e d m any y e a r s a fte r h is r e tu r n to P olan d , h e w r o te a lo t a b o u t G e orgia, life of its in h a b ita n ts, and d e v e lo p m e n t of its c u ltu re . A lso th e p ro b lem s c o n n e c ted w ith th e p a st of this c o u n try r e c e iv e d a little of h is a t te n tio n. In an in te r e stin g w ay , h e d r e w a t te n ti o n of h is r e a d e r s to a c e r -ta in re se m b la n c e b e tw e e n th e h is to r y of G eo rg ia a n d th a t of P oland. Y et a n o th e r a u th o r, w h o w as in te r e ste d in G e o rg ia 's h isto ry , w as Ju lia n S tru ty ń sk i. H e h e ld q u ite a sp ecial p la c e in th e P o lish li te r a tu r e d e a lin g w ith th e p ro b lem s of th e C a u ca su s. A lth o u g h h e cam e from a n o b le m an 's fam ily, w h ic h h a d n o t b e e n p ro m o ted to th e so cia l s t r a -tu m of th e w e ll-to -d o g e n tr y u n til 18th c e n -tu r y , th ro u g h h is m o th e r — — K ar o lin a L u b om irsk a h e h ad a r isto c r a tic c o n n e ctio n s, an d h e w a s e v e n u sin g a c o u n t's title. H e h ad ch o se n th e ar m y se r v ic e h o p in g to w o r k h is w a y up. In th e fo rtie s of 19th c e n tu r y , h e liv e d in T bilisi h o ld in g th e office o f an aid e -d e-ca m p for th e g o v e r n o r g e n e ra l — Bo-r y s N e u h a Bo-r d t20. H is in t e Bo-re st s in clu d e d b o th g e o lo g y and h is to Bo-r y of th e C a u c asu s. H a v in g left Tbilisi, h e p u b lish ed a b o ok e n title d Ki lk a ba dań
g e o lo g i c zn y c h i d z i e j o w y c h K a u k a zu (S ev era l g e o lo g ic a l a n d h is to r ic a l
stu d ies o n th e C a u c a s u s) 21, in w h ich h e p re s e n te d a g r e a t d eal of in f o r -m a tio n ab o u t G e o rg ian s a n d th eir h isto ry . In th is w o rk , w h ich p ro v ed to b e r a th e r ch a o tic, h e e v e n in clu d ed e x tr a c ts fro m th e c h ro n icle of W a c h ta n g 6th, th e K in g of K a rtli22, w h ich h a d b ee n t ra n s la te d m ost p ro b a b ly b y o n e of his G e o rg ian frie nd s. Som e h is to r ic a l in fo rm atio n co u ld b e also fo u n d in a n o th e r bo o k w r it te n b y StT uty ński an d e n title d
M isc el la ne a 2Я. In a v e r y in te r e s tin g w ay , h e d e sc rib e d in it th e life of
G e o rg ia n a r ist o c r a c y an d its c o n n e c tio n s w ith th e ts a r is t a u th o r itie s. T h e b o o k co n ta in e d also q u ite in te re stin g in fo rm atio n c o n c e r n in g th e ec o n o m ic re la tio n s in G e orgia, w h ich w as, u n f o r tu n a te ly , p re se n ted a g a in in a ch ao tic m a n n e r 24. A s e p a r a te m en tio n ca n b e m a d e h e r e a b o u t S tr u ty n sk i's o th e r C au c a sia n w ritin g s, w h ic h w e r e n o t p u b lish ed a n d in w h ic h h e d ev o te d q u ite a lo t of a tte n tio n to th e h isto r y of G e o r-g ia 23. 10 J a n z p S. [A . H. K ir k o r ], J u l i u s z h r a b i a S t r u t y ń s k i ( B e r l i c z - S a s (J u liu s z pari S tr u t y ń s k i (B e r li c z -S a s ) ], „ K ło s y" 1878, v o l . 26, p. 340. 21 J. h r S t r u t y ń s k i , K i l k a b a d a ń g e o l o g i c z n y c h i d z i e j o w y c h K a u k a z u (S o -m e g e o l o g i c a l an d h is to r i c a l s t u d ie s o n th e C a u c a s u s ] , B e r lin 1857. n I b i d e m , p. 53— 56. *° J. hr S t r u t y ń s k i , M i s c e l l a n e a , W il n o 1855. ,4 I b i d e m , p. 70— 78. *5 M o r e in fo r m a tio n on th is s u b je c t c a n b e fo u n d in th e p u b li c a tio n q u o te d in p o i n t 40.
A m an w ith su ch a w id e r a n g e of in te r e s ts b ut, sim u ltan e o u sly , u n fa m ilia r w ith th e m eth o d of scien tific w o rk , S tru ty ń sk i w r o te ab o u t G e o r g ia's h isto ry in a ch a o tic w ay . H e w a s g iv in g p le n ty of v e r y in te r e stin g in fo r m atio n bu t, a t th e sam e tim e, h e m ix ed it w ith d iffe ren t in sig n if ic an t d eta ils, w hich, in th e c o n v ictio n of th is a u th o r in ter e ste d m ain ly in th e e n v ir o n m e n t of th e G e o rg ia n a r isto c ra c y , w e r e ra is ed to th e le v el of sig n ifica n t and e ss e n tia l pro b lem s.
K a zim ie rz Ł ap czy ń sk i d es e rv e s o n e of th e lea d in g p lac es in th e P o -lish l ite r a tu r e c o n c er n in g G e o r g ia26. T h e y o u n g m an w ith a te c h n ic al e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g r o u n d w as se n t in to e x ile as a so ld ie r to th e C a u c a -sia n g a r ris o n s for h is p a trio tic a c tiv ity . O w ing to h is p r o fe ssio n al q u a lifica tio n s, h e h eld m an ag e ria l p o sts d u rin g e r e c tio n of f o r tif ic a -tio ns. T h an k s to this, a few y e a r s la t e r h e w a s p ro m o te d to th e o ffic er's ran k , w h ile his m an a g e m en t of v a r io u s e n g in e e r in g - m ilita r y p ro je c ts allo w ed him to g et w e ll a c q u a in te d w ith alm o st e n t ir e G eo rgia. D urin g h is s e v e r a l-y e a r sta y in T bilisi, h e m ad e fr ie n d s w ith G e o rg ia n s a n d m o st p ro b a b ly l e a r n t th e G e o rg ia n la n g u a g e . Ł ap czy ń sk i w a s a t r a n s -la to r o r p e rh ap s c o - tr a n s -la tio r of th e c-la ssica l m a te r p ie c e of th e G e o r-g ia n lite r a tu r e , n a r re ly , of th e 20th c e n tu r y p o em of S hoa R u stav e li
R y c e r z w t y g r y s i e j s kó rze (K night in tig e r 's skin). T h e P olish tr a n s la tio n
of a w e ll-k n o w n fr a g m e n t of R u sta w e li's m a ste r p ie c e w as p r e c e d e d b y a la rg e in tro d u ctio n , in w h ich Ł ap czy ń sk i p ro v id e d h is r e a d e r s w ith a g r e a t d ea l of in fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e h isto r y of G e o rg ia 27. A lso in h is n u m e ro u s e ss a y s d e sc rib in g h is w a n d e rin g s in th e C a u ca su s, Ł ap cz y ń -ski p r e s e n te d som e in fo rm atio n r e g a r d in g th e h is to r y of G e o rg ia 28.
T h e ab o v e re m a r k s p o in t at a big in te r e s t ta k e n b y Ł ap czy ń sk i in th e h isto ry of th is C a u c a s ia n co u n try . N o t o n ly did h e r e a d v a r io u s w o rk s in th is field b u t to g e th e r w ith h is G e o rg ia n frien d s am o n g w ho m w e r e th e g r e a t e s t w r ite rs of this c e n tu r y i.e. G eo rg i E rista v i a n d W a c h -tan g O rb elia n i, h e stu d ie d old G e o rg ia n ch r o n ic les. In th e in tro d u ctio n
,6 A. Ś l u s a r s k i , K a z i m i e r z Ł a p c z y ń s k i . W s p o m n i e n i e p o ś m i e r t n e [K a zim ie rz Ł ap c z y ń s k i. P o s th u m o u s m e m o r ie s ] , „ W s z e c h ś w ia t ” 1893, v o l . 12, N o . 1, p. 1— 4; A . Z a l e s k i , K a z i m i e r z Ł a p c z y ń s k i . K i l k a s l o w w s p o m n i e ń [K a z im ier z Ł a p c z y ń s k i. B r ie f m e m o r ie s ] , „ P a m ię tn ik T o w a r z y s tw a T a tr z a ń s k ie g o " 1893, v o l. 14, p. 71—-74: W . E l i a s z - R a d z i k o w s k i , P r z y c z y n e k d o w s p o m n i e ń o ś. p. K a z m i e r z u Łap~ c z y ń s k i m [S o m e m e m o r ie s a b ou t K a z im ie r z Ł a p c z y ń s k i] , i b i d e m , 1905, v o l . 25, p. 35— 43. 27 S k ó r a t y g r y s i a . P o e m a t g r e g o r i a ń s k i X I I w i e k u , p o c z ę ś c i w t ł u m a c z e n i u , p o c z ę ś c i w s t r e s z c z e n i u p o d a I K a z i m i e r z Ł a p c z y ń s k i [T in g e r's s k in . G e o r g ia n p o em from 12th c e n tu r y — p r ep a r e d p a r tly in tr a n s la t io n a n d p a r tl y in s u m m a r y b y K a -z im ier -z Ł a p c -z y ń s k i] , „ B ib lio te k a W a r s -z a w s k a " 1863, v o l . 4, p. 1— 18. n К. Ł a p c z y ń s k i , Z T y i l i s u p o d A r a r a t [From T if ilis to A r a r a t], „ T y g o d -n ik I lu s tr o w a -n y " 1866, v o l. 2; 1867, v o l. 1; i d e m , P r z e j a z d p r z e z s z c z y t y K a u k a z u [T rip a c r o s s th e C a u c a s ia n s u m m it s ] , „ T y g o d n ik I lu s t r o w a n y " 1868, v o l. 2.
to h is tr a n s la tio n of R u sta v e li's m aste rp ie c e , h e w ro te , „ stu d ie s of G e o r-g ian ch ro n ic le s, w h ic h so m e tim es la s te d w e ll in to th e nir-g ht, h a v e re m a i-n ed th e m o st p le a sa i-n t m em o ry for m e from Tifilis till to d a y " 29.
O n th e o th e r h and , little is k n o w n a b o u t a n o th e r w o r k of Ł ap czyń - ski d e v o te d to th e h isto r y of G eo rg ia an d w ritten for P o lish re a d er s. It is sa id to h a v e b e e n e n t itle d Histbria Georgii (H istory of G e org ia). It is in te r e stin g to n o te th a t Ł ap c zy ń sk i w a s fig h tin g stu b b o r n ly w ith a com m on u se of th e n am e „ G r u z iy a" in s te a d of G e o rgia in m any l a n -g u a-g e s, b e liev in -g th a t it w a s a form c r e a t e d b y th e M u slim in v a d er s. T h is b o o k n e v e r cam e ou t. A cc o rd in g to o n e v e r sio n , th e ts a r i s t c e n s o r -sh ip did n o t g iv e its p er m issio n to p u b li-sh th e bo o k, w h ile ac c o r d in g to th e o th e r v e rs io n , th is w o rk b ein g a Tesult of m a n y y e a r s ' se a rc h e s c o n d u c te d b y th e a u th o r w a s n o t a c cep te d b y p u b lish e rs. T h e m a n u s-c r ip t of th is fir st m ajo r P olish o u tlin e of G e o r g ia 's h is to ry w a s lo st a f te r th e a u th o r's d e a th 30.
A little in fo rm a tio n a b o u t G e o rg ia 's h is to ry w a s g iv e n b y a th e b o ta n is t E dw a rd S trum pf in h is b o o k a b o u t th e C a u c a s u s31. S till as a stu d e n t o f W a r s a w U n iv e r s ity h e w as e x iled to th a t re g io n fo r h is p a trio tic a c tiv ity . H e sp e n t som e tim e in G e org ia, w h e r e h e e sta b lis h ed clo se c o n tac ts w ith r e p r e s e n ta ti v e s of th e G e o r a ia n in tellig e n tsia . In h is boo k, a p a r t fro m d e sc rip tio n s of life in T bilisi, K u ta isi or Batum , h e also p re se n te d th e p r o v in ce s, v illa g e s an d sm all to w n s. S im u ltan eo -u sly , d e sc rip tio n s of th is ty p e w e re e n r ic h e d b y a g r e a t d e al of in f o r-m atio n a b o u t G e o rg ia's h isto r y . O n e of th e c h a p te r s w a s d e v o ted to th e h is to r y of G e o r g ia's c u l tu r e w ith a m a jo r fo cus on th e h is to r y of l it e r a tu r e and of th e p r e ss in th is co u n try . D e sp ite th e fa ct th a t th is a u th o r co u ld b e q u a lified fo r a n a tu r a lis t b y h is e d u c a tio n a n d in te re sts, h e w a s w ritin g a b o u t p ro b le m s c o n n e cte d w ith G e o rg ia 's h is to r y and c u ltu r e w ith q u ite am azing e ru d itio n .
S im u ltan e o u sly , it is n o t q u ite c le a r w h e th e r A r tu r L e ist’s b oo k a b o u t G eo rg ia sh o u ld b e in c lu d ed in to th e P o lish p a p u l a r scie n tific li te r a tu r e . Leist w a s p ro b a b ly b o r n from a G erm an fa th e r an d P o lish m o th e r b u t d e sp ite th is h e p ro v e d to b e c lo se ly c o n n e c ted w ith th e G e rm an sc ie n c e w ith alm o st all h is sc ien tific w o rk s c o n c er n in g th e C a u ca su s p u b lish e d in G erm an y . O n th e o th e r h an d , h is b o o k e n title d
S z k ic e o G ru zji (G eo rg ian sk etch e s) w a s p u b lish ed in P olish. In this
b oo k, h e d e v o ted a g r e a t d ea l of h is a tte n tio n to th e h is to r y of G e o
r-** S k ó r a t y g r y s i a . . . , p. 2.
30 F or m o r e in fo r m a tio n s e e th e p u b lic a tio n q u o te d in p o in t 48.
31 E. S i r u m p t , O b r a z y K a u k a z u . K a r t k i z p o d r ó ż y [I m a g es of th e C a u c a s u s .
g ia 32. T h e q u e stio n th a t a rise s h e r e is w h e th e r it w a s an o r ig in al w ork o r an a d a p ta tio n of his tre a tis e s a n d a r tic le s w rit te n in G erm an.
T h e first in te rw a r y e a r s in P o la n d w itn e ss e d a p p e a ra n c e of q u ite n u m ero u s books, b ro c h u re s an d a r tic le s w r itt e n b o th b y P olish a u th o r s and G eo r g ia n e m i g r a n ts 33. Th e lev e l r e p re se n te d b y th is lite r a tu r e w as v e r y m uch d iv ersifie d . F o r the m ost p ar t, it w a s g iv in g su p er ficial in fo rm atio n ab o u t th e c o u n tr y itself, its in h ab itan ts, lite ra tu re an d p o litical prob lem s. H isto rica l issues w e r e tac k le d in a n im p rec ise a n d m a r g in al w ay. A m on g th is lite ra tu r e , a re la tiv e ly h ig h e r lev el w a s r e p r e -sen ted by Lu dw ik K u lcz y c k i's b r o c h u re 34 p u b lish ed in 1921, a p o p u la r book of K azim ierz K ról ab o u t G e o rg ia's h is to r y 35, w h ich cam e o u t in 1924, o r an a r tic le by a w ell k n o w n n o v e list w h o h a d b e e n in th e C a u -c a su s b ef o re th e F irst W o rld W a r — W a -c ła w S ie ro sze w sk i36 p u b lish e d in 1928.
T w o w o rk s w ritte n by G eo rg ian e m ig r a n ts an d p u b lish ed in P o lish d e se rv e m o re a tte n tio n h ere. O n e of them w as a le g al tr e a tis e of A lek sa n d e r G o d z iasv ili37 d ea lin g w ith p ro b lem s of th e G e o rg ian sta te in th e lig h t of in te rn a tio n a l law , in w h ich q u ite a lo t of a tte n tio n h a s b e e n d e v o ted to G e o rg ia's h isto ry . T h e o u tlin e of this c o u n tr y 's h i-sto ry w ritte n b y Ian (V ano) K a v ta ra d z e 38 w a s of q u ite a d iffe ren t c h a r ac te r. A n d a lth o u g h th is bo o k w a s p re ce d ed b y an in tro d u c tio n p r e p a re d b y o n e of th e m ost e m in e n t P o lish h isto r ian s of th e in te r w a r pesriod — M arc eli H a n d elsm a n , its lite r a r y lev e l w as n o t too high, a n d it co n tain ed , m o reo v er, m an y e r r o r s an d in a cc u rac ies. A n y w ay , th e p ro b lem of li te r a t u r e co n c ern in g G e o rg ia w ritte n in P olish b u t b y
32 A L e i s t, S z k i c z G r u z j i [A s k e tc h from G e o r g ia ], W a r s z a w a 1885, p. 62— 75. M S. K u r u l i ä v i l i , G r u z j a [G e o r g i a ] , W a r s z a w a 1921; P r o G e o r g i a K u u c z c z e n i u c z w a r t e j r o c z n i c y o g ł o s z e n i a n i e p o d l e g ł o ś c i G r u z j i [Pro G e o r g ia . T o c e l e
-b ra te fou rth a n n i v e r s a r y of G e o r g ia 's i n d e p e n d e n c e ] , W a r s z a w a 1922; P ro P at r i a. K u
u c z c z e n i u p i ą t e j r o c z n i c y o g ł o s z e n i a n i e p o d l e g ł o ś c i G r u z j i [Pro P atr ia. T o c e l e b r a te tifth a n n iv e r s a r y of G e o r g ia 's i n d e p e n d e n c e ] , W a r s z a w a 1923; T . S z p o t a ń s k i , G r u z j a [G e o r g ia ], W a r s z a w a 1934 an d o th e r s . 34 L. К 1 u с z у с к i, O d r o d z e n i e G r u z j i [R e n a i s s a n c e o f G e o r g i a ] , W a r s z a w a 1921. 35 K. K r ó l , G r u z j a O p i s a n i e k r a i u i j e g o d z i e j e [G e o r gia . D e s c r ip tio n of th e c o u n tr y an d its h i s t o r y ] , W a r s z a w a 1924. 36 W . S i e r o s z e w s k i , D a l e k i k r a j , o k t ó r y m w i e d z i e ć c o ś t r z e b a — G r u z j a [G eo r g ia — A d is ta n t c o u n tr y on'> k n o w s o m e th in g a b o u t] , „ W y z w o l e n i e " 1928, N o . 25. 37 A . G o d z i a ä v i i i , Z a g a d n i e n i e p a ń s t w a g r u z i ń s k i e g o w ś w i e t l e p r a w a m i ę -d z y n a r o -d o w e g o [P ro b lem of th e G e o r g ia n s t a t e in th e lig h t of th e in te r n a tio n a l l a w ] ,
W a r s z a w a 1926.
38 J. K a v t a r a d z e , G r u z j a w z a r y s i e h i s t o r y c z n y m [G e o r g ia in h i s to r ic a l o u t l in e ] , W a r s z a w a 1929.
G eo rg ia n a u th o r s g o e s b e y o n d the lim its im po sed toy th e su b je ct of this article.
A fter th e S econ d W o r ld W a r , th e r e cou ld b e o b se rv e d an e n h a n c e d re se a r c h in te r e st in G e o r g ia's h isto ry a n d P o lish -G eo rg ian co n ta c ts in th e past. J a n R ey ch m an, p ro f esso r of W a r sa w U n iv er sity , co uld b o a st r e m a rk a b le a c h ie v e m e n ts in th is field. H e w as an a u th o r, am on g o th ers, of b o ok s a b o u t P olish A lp in ists m aking th e ir clim b in g e x p e -d itio n s to th e C au c a su s M o u n ta in s39, ab o u t P olish tr a v e lle rs in th e M id d le East, a n d am o n g o th e rs in G e o rg ia in 19th c e n tu r y 40, o r a b o u t th e P o lish -G e o rg ia n c u ltu ra l re la tio n s in th a t c e n tu r y 41. Q u ite a lot of in fo r m a tio n ab o u t P ole s in G e o rgia in 19th c e n tu r y an d th e ir lite r a r y o u tp u t w a s p ro v id ed b y M iecz y sław In a lo t — h isto ria n of lit e r a -tu re 42. F in ally , o n e ca n n o t b y p a ss a p o p u la r-sc ie n ce b o o k w r itte n w ith a g r e a t d ose of er u d itio n b y W a c ła w K u b ack i — h isto ria n of lite ra tu r e an d , at th e sam e tim e, a w rite r, in w h ic h a lo t of a tte n tio n w a s d e v o te d to P o les liv in g in G eo rg ia in th e p a st43.
T h e a u th o r of th is a rtic le also w ro te about, k n o w le d c e of G e oraia in P o la n d in 17th c e n tu r y 44, ab o u t th e P o lish G eo rg ian p o litica l r e la -tio n s in th e sam e c e n tu r y 45, or ab o u t d e sc rip -tio n s of G e o rg ia q iv e n b y th e a lr e a d y m en tio n ed M ateu sz G ra lew sk i4*, T a d e u sz K ru siń s k i47,
59 J. R n y c h m a n , P o l a c y w g ó r a c h K a u k a z u d o k o ń c a X I X w . [P o le s in th p C a u c a s ia n m o u n t a in s till th e e n d o f 19th c e n t u r y ], „ W ie r c h y " 1954, v o l. 23, p. 19— 58. 40 J. R e y c h m a n , P o d r ó ż n i c y p o l s c y na B l i s k i m W s c h o d z i e w X I X w . |P o lis h t r a v e l le r s in th e M id d le E as t in 19th c e n t u r y ], W a r s z a w a 1972, p. 176— 247. 41 J. R e y c h m a n , Z e s t o s u n k ó w l i t e r a c k i c h p o l s k o - g r u z i ń s k i c h w X I X w . [S o m e a s p e c t s o f t h e P o li s h -G e o r g ia n l ite r a r y r e l a t io n s i n 19th c e n t u r y ], „ P r ze -g lą d H u m a n is t y c z n y " 1961, v o l . 5, N o . 3, p. 119— 124. 42 M . I n g l o t , P o l a c y p i s z ą c y n a K a u k a z i e w p i e r w s z e j p o ł o w i e X I X w .
[ P o le s w r i ti n g in th e C a u c a s ia n in t h e fir st h a lf o f 19th c e n t u r y ], „ P a m ię tn ik L ite -r a c k i” 1957, v o l . 46, p. 539— 551. 43 W. K u b a c k i , M a l w y n a K a u k a z i e [M a llo w s in t h e C a u c a s u s ] , W a r s z a w a 1969, p. 7— 90. 44 B. B a r a n o w s k i , o p . c i t. , p. 3. 45 B. B a r a n o w s k i , K a v k a z i P ol' s a v X V I I v„ [in:] R o s s i j a , P o l' s a i P r i c e r - n o m o r ' e w X V — X V I I I v v „ M o s k v a 1979, p. 248— 262. 46 B. B a r a n o w s k i , S a k v a r t v e l o s m e c c h r a m a t e s a u k u n i s p o l o n e l i m t e r l i s M a- t e u s G r a l e v s k i s ś e m o ' k n e d e b a ś i , [in:] R a z y s k a n i j a p o i s t o r i i G r u z i i i K a v k a z a , T b ilis i 1976, p. 348— 356; i d e m , Z d z i e j ó w p o l s k o - g r u z i ń s k i c h s t o s u n k ó w k u l t u r a l n y c h z p o ł o w y X I X w i e k u ( o p i s y G r u z j i M a t e u s z a G r a l e w s k i e g o ) [S o m e a s p e c ts o f th e P o lis h - G e o r g ia n c u lt u r a l r e la ti o n s in m id -1 9th c e n tu r y (d e s c r i p tio n of G e o r g ia b y M a te u s z G r a le w s k i)] , „ A n n a l e s U n i v e r s i ta t i s M a r ia e C u r ie -S k lo d o w s k a " 1974, s e c . F, v o l . 29, N o . 16, p. 175— 182. 47 В. B a r a n o w s k i , Z n a c z e n i e r e l a c j i T a d e u s z a K r u s i ń s k i e g o d l o h i s t o r i i G r u z j i p i e r w s z e j p o ł o w y X V I I I w . [ S ig n if ic a n c e of T a d e u s z K r u s i ń s k i’s r e l a t io n fo r h is t o r y o f G e o r g ia in th e fir st h a lf o f 18th c e n t u r y ] „ A c ta U n i v e r s i ta ti s L o d z ie n s is " 1981, F o lia h is t o r i c a 10, p. 21— 33.
K azim ierz Ł ap czy ń sk i48, J u l ia n S tr u ty ń sk i49, a n d ab o u t P ole s s en t a w a y for th e a r m y se r v ic e in th e C a u c a su s50. H e also w r o te a b o o k ab o u t th e in te r e s t ta k e n in P o la n d in 18th an d 19th c e n tu r ie s in th e G eo rg ia n c u l tu r e 51.
A p ro fesso r of h is to ry a t Łódź U n iv e r sity — W ład y sła w B ortno- w sk i d e scrib e d .p artic ip a tio n of G e o rg ia n s in th e a n ti- n a z i p a r tisa n w a r d u rin g th e S eco nd W o r ld W a r 52. J u lia n K aro l Ja n c z a k — an a s s is ta n t p ro f es so r a t Łódź U n iv e r sity p re s e n te d th e d e m o g ra ph ic an d n a tio n a lity s tr u c tu r e of th e T ra n sc a u c a sia n re g io n to w a rd s th e e n d of 19th c e n tu ry in o n e of his w o r k s53. It is w o r th m en tio n in g h e r e a sm all sk e tc h w r itte n b y a n O rth o d o x c le rg y m an — M ik ołaj L enczew sk i ab o u t an a r c h im a n d rite of th e O r th o d o x c h u r ch in P o lan d and, a t th e sam e tim e, a p ro fe sso r of W a r s a w U n iv e rsity , a G eo rg ia n — G rze g o rz Pe- ra d ze an d his h er o ic d e a th in th e n az i c o n c e n tra tio n ca m p 54.
H isto ric al- eth n o g r ap h ic p ro b lem s of G eo rg ia w e r e d isc u ssed b y A n d rz e j W o ź n iak — a n e th n o g r a p h e r, w h o fo c u sse d h is a tte n tio n on th e so -c alle d „ g r e a t fam ily " in th e C au ca su s a n d G e o rg ia 's eth n ic s tru c tu r e 55.
48 B. B a r a n o w s k i , G r u z i ń s k i e z a i n t e r e s o w a n i a K a z i m i e r z a Ł a p c z y ń s k i e g o
IK az im ierz Ł a p c z y ń s k ite in te r e s ts in G e o r g i a ], ,,A c ta U n iv e r s it a tis L o d z ie n s is " 1981, F o lia h is t o r i c a 8, p. 3— 14. 49 B. B a r a n o w s k i , G e o r g i a a n d G e o r g i a n s in t h e w o r k s o t J u l i u s z S t r u t y ń s k i , „ A c ta U n iv e r s i ta ti s L od z ie n s is " 1983, F o lia c a u c a s ic a 1, p. 5— 21. 50 B. B a r a n o w s k i , „ W s o l d a t y n a K a u k a z ” . P o ł o ż e n i e p o l s k i c h d z i a ł a c z y p o l i t y c z n y c h w y s ł a n y c h k a r n i e d o s ł u ż b y w o j s k o w e j n a K a u k a z i e w d r u g i m t r z y -d z i e s t o l e c i u X I X w . [A r m y s e r v i c e in th e C a u c a s u s . S i tu a t io n of P o lis h p o li tic a l a c t i v i s t s p e n a li z e d w ith d e p o r tin g to a r m y s e r v i c e in t h e C a u c a s u s in t h e s e c o n d t h ir t y - y e a r o f 19-th c e n tu r y ] , „ A n n a le s U n iv e r s i ta t i s M a r ia e C u r ie -S k lo d o w s k a " 1982, s e c . F, v o l. 37, N o . 15, p. 279— 293. si в. B a r a n o w s k i , P o l s k i e z a i n t e r e s o w a n i a z X V I I I i X I X w i e k u k u l t u r ą G r u z j i [P o lis h p r e o c c u p a t io n in 18th a n d 19th c e n tu r ie s w i th G e o r g i a 's h i s t o r y ] , W r o c la w 1982. 5* W . B o r t n o w s k i , К v o p r o s u o b u c a s t i i G r u z i n v p o l ' s k o m p a r t i z a n t s K o m d v i é e m i v 1 9 4 1— 1944 gg ., „ Z e s z y ty N a u k o w e U n i w e r s y te t u Ł ó d z k ie g o " 1975, ser . I, N o . 111, p. 29— 40. 53 J. K. J a n c z a k , P o p u l a t i o n r e l a t i o n s in t h e T r a n s c a u c a s i a n a r e a at t h e e n d of t h e 19th c e n t u r y , „ A c t a U n iv e r s it a t is L o d z ie a s is " 1983, F o lia c a u c a s i c a 1, p. 23— 49.
54 M . L e n c z e w s k i , K s . p r of. d r a r c h i m a n d r y t a G r z e g o r z P e r a d z e [R ev. p rof. dr a r c h im a n d r ite G r z eg o r z P e r a d z e ] , „ W i a d o m o ś c i A u t o k e fa li c z n e g o K o ś c io ła P r a w o -s ł a w n e g o " 1974, N o . 2, p. 61— .67. 55 A . W o ź n i a k , W i e l k a r o d z i n a w e w s p ó ł c z e s n e j l i t e r a t u r z e e t n o g r a f i c z n e j G r u z j i i A r m e n i i [G reat fa m i ly in m o d e r n e t h n o g r a p h ic lit e r a tu r e o f G e o r g i a an d A r m e n ia ] , „ E tn o gr a fia P o ls k a " 1970, v o l . 14, p . 296— 300; i d e m , S t r u k t u r a e t n i c z n a w s p ó ł c z e s n e j G r u z j i i j e j h i s t o r y c z n e u w a r u n k o w a n i e [E th n ic s tr u c tu r e i n to d a y ' s G e o r g ia a n d its h is to r ic a l d e t e r m in a n t s ] , „ E tn o g r afia P o ls k a " 1971, v o l . 15, N o . 1, p. 2 85— 301.
T h e first c ritica l o u tlin e of G e o r g ia's h isto ry to b e p u b lish ed cam e o u t in 1976. It w as w ritte n b y a G e o rg ia n h isto r ia n — Ilia T a b ag u a a n d a P olish o rie n ta list — W o jc ie c h H en se l. D espite its p o p u la r-sc ie n c e form , it is a bo o k w r itte n w ith v e r y big e r u d itio n a n d an aly zin g in b ig g er d etail th e m ost im p o r tan t p ro b le m s co n n ected w ith G eo rg ia's h is to r y 56. A n o th e r m o re d e ta ile d o u tlin e of G eo rg ia's h isto ry is in p r in t n o w 37.
Q u ite a lo t of m a te r ia l a b o u t G e o rg ia's h isto r y can be also fou nd in a p o p u la r b o o k ab o u t th e C a u c a su s a n d P o les w h o liv ed th e r e in th e p as t w rit te n b y R y szard B ad ow ski an d p u b lish ed in 1977s8.
Till th e p r e s e n t d ay, th e P o lish stu d ies on G e o rg ia's h isto ry h a v e n o t b e e n d ev elo p e d to a d e s ira b le e x te n t. T h e m ain o b stac le h e r e is th e la n g u ag e b a r rie r, w h ic h o n ly v e r y few P o les m an ag e d to su rm o u n t. T h e r e a r e also m issing m o n o g ra p h stu d ie s in th is field, an d th e on ly e x c e p tio n h e r e a r e o u tlin e s of G e o rg ia 's h is to ry of d iffe ren t k in d s an d d iffe r en t v alu e . A r e la tiv e ly b e t te r situ a tio n ca n be o b se rv ed in the field of th e P o lish stu d ies on h isto r y of th e P o lish -G e o rg ia n rela tio n s, w h e r e w e c a n b o a st q u ite r e m a r k ab le ac h iev e m en ts. M an y su b jects,
h o w e v e r, c o n tin u e to a w a it th e ir sp e c ia l m o n o g ra p h ic stu d ies.
D e p a r tm e n t o f M o d e r n H i s t o r y o f P o la n d , I n s ti tu te o f H is to r y , U n iv e r s i ty of Ł ód ź
B o h d a n B a r a n o w s k i
POL S KIE B A D A N I A N A D H IS T O R IĄ GR U Z JI
Z a p ie r w s z e g o P o la k a , k tó r y z a j ą ł s i ę h is t o r ią G ru zji u z n a ć m o ż n a z a k o n n ik a T a d e u s z a K r u s iń s k ie g o , k tó r y p r z e b y w a ł n a ta m ty m t e r e n ie w p o c z ą tk a c h X V I II w . J e g o d z ie ło tł u m a c z o n e n a w i e l e j ę z y k ó w in fo r m o w a ło E u ro p ę Z a c h o d n ią o s p r a w a c h K a u k a z u i Iran u . U c h o d z iło te ż za n a jp o w a ż n ie j s z ą p r a c ę o s i e m n a s t o w i e c z n ą o ta m -t y c h -te r en a c h .
W d ru g im ć w ie r ć w ie c z u X I X w . w ie lu P o l a k ó w o d b y w a ło s ł u ż b ę w w o js k u r o s y js k i m n a K a u k a z ie . N i e k t ó r z y z n ic h p is a l i r ó w n ie ż o h is to r i i G ru zji. N a u w a g ę z a s łu g u ją ta k ie n a z w i s k a , jak : L e on J a n is z e w s k i, A d a m T r z a s k o w s k i , J a n Z a łę s k i , M ic h a ł B u t o w tA n d r z e jk o w ic z , H ip o lit (Jan?) J a w o r s k i, J u liu s z S tr u t y ń s k i. S z c z e g ó l
-56 W . H e n s e l , I. T a b a g u a , G r u z j a w c z o r a j i d z i ś [G e o r g ia y e s t e r d a y an d t o d a y ] , W a r s z a w a 1976. 57 B. B a r a n o w s k i , K. B a r a n o w s k i , H i s t o r i a G r u z j i [H is to r y of G e o r g i a ] , W r o c ła w 1987. 58 R. B a d o w s k i , L e c h i c i z n a d T e r k u [T h e S la v s fr o m T e r e k ], W a r s z a w a 1977.
n ie c e n n e m a te r ia ły z tog o z a k r e s u p o d a ł M a te u s z G r a le w s k i. K a z im ie r z Ł a p c z y ń s k i, tłu m a c z n a j ę z y k p o ls k i fr a g m e n tó w d w u n a s t o w i e c z n e g o au tor a g r u z i ń s k ie g o S z o ta R u s ta w e li, n a p i s a ł h i s to r ią G ru z ji, k tór a j e d n a k n ie z o s ta ł a w y d a n a d r u k ie m , a r ę k o -p is je j z a g in ą ł . N a -p r z e ł o m i e X I X i X X w . s -p o r o in fo r m a c ji o h is to r i i G ru z ji -p o d a ł, p r z e b y w a j ą c y n a K a u k a z i e , E d w ar d S tr u m p f.
K ilk a p r a c z z a k r e s u h is to r ii G ru zji w y d a n o w ję z y k u p o ls k i m w l a t a c h m ię d z y p ie r w s z ą a d ru gą w o j n ą ś w i a to w ą , C z ę ś c i o w o b y ły to je d n a k p r a c e g r u z iń s k ic h e m ig r a n tó w (np. W a n o K a w ta ra d z e ). B ar d z o p o w a ż n ie w z r o s ł o w P o ls c e z a i n t e r e s o -w a n ie p r z e s z ło ś c ią G ru z ji p o d r u g ie j -w o jn ie ś -w i a t o -w e j . W y m i e n ić tu m o ż n a p r a c e h is t o r y k ó w — -fana R e y c h m a n a , B o h d an a B a r a n o w s k i e g o , W ła d y s ła w a B o r tn o w s k ie - g o , J u lia n a K a r o la J a n c z a k a , h i s t o r y k ó w li te r a tu r y — M ie c z y s ł a w a I n g lo ta , W a c ł a w a K u b a c k ie g o , e tn o g r a fa — A n d r z e ja W o ź n ia k a . W 1976 r. u k a z a ł s i ę w ję z y k u p o l -s k i m z a r y -s h i-s to r i i G ru zji. J e g o au tor a m i b y ł p o l -s k i o r i e n ta li-s ta W o j c i e c h H e n -s e l i g r u z iń s k i h is to r y k — I lia T a b a g u a.
