a E H E J I I O T E K A g B P A H H i i a
IS JI0I0H0C0BA
Ci, B Id C T H X A X 1 > H nopTpeTOMi h Ćiorpatjiiefi M, B.HBflAHIE BTOPOEj flOnOMEHHOE
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H 3 A A HI E A. C. C y B O P U H A
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MlI\AII.n> BACIIJILEBII1! ! IOMOHOCOBI.
i m m B lC H Ł E B M l JIOIOHOOTl. (Posmca Bii 1712 r. Ckohwchbi 1765 r.).
I.
PoiTMCH JIOMOnOCOBT. BI, .ICpCBHf, Jl,CIIIICOEKł., Bb np0CT0i)'li'iin Ha3HBaeM0it Boioto, KypocTpoBcnou bmocth, Tieji,a.ieito ott> r. XojiMOropT>, ApxaHre.ji.CKOU rv6epuin. CŁBepHan ^BiiHa, b'Łmt> óraiKe k i Mopro, tWb CTaHOBHTCfl niitpe II o6pa3yerr> mho;kcctbo npo- TOKOBT., pyKaBOBT. H OCTpOBOBT,. IIpOTHBh XoJTMOrOpi. jieatHTT. octpobt., nasHBaromiucii KypocTpoBOMT. uo p ^ Krj) KypteS, OTffŁMBomefl ero otl uaTepoit 3eMin.
Ha 9T0M1. ocipoBi no ero HiisHeraoMy necaanoMy 6epery h nocipoHJiacŁ „jepcBHn JLenncoBi;a. „Cicyjrein. bhjtt, oitpecTiiocTeft JT.einieoBKir. roBopim, bsbIjcthłih
Haun. iiyTcinecjBeHHiiKi. O. B. MaicciiMOBb („ Io jii “ a el.Bepl;11, 2-e h m., Cn6. 1865 r.), ÓHBnrnr ła jn , kt, 1856 r.: „mmieHHHii octpobb, e.jBa ne noiiHMae- MHH B-B noiyio BOW paBJiHBOMT, .IBIIMIJ, Hn3eabiaa fiOjJOTTICTHII KOBKH, pa3CŁinaHBHH MejKJiy ijepCBr.JIMH,
IV BIOrPAM H JIOMOnOCOBA.
kotophxb TaitB MHoro Ha KypoocTpoBfe; cŁpna 6pe- BeuaaTŁni us6u ^epeBCUL 3tiixb; K.oe-r;i/l Besiiami-TeJIBHOH BHCOTH X01MH, .'!aTBUVTUC MXOMT>: ÓOJIOTIIHH Meamy btumh xoiMaMii cb npocaHHBaBinenc.fi rpa3Hofi bojioh; npHÓpeatba, co Bcfsx'b raopoHT. 3aiaHyTHa nax- AHMB HBHHKOMB, H3B-3a KOxoparo BB OJl,Hy CTOpOHy BHflHH Xo;iMOrOpH C'I, CBOHMH CTapiIHHHMIl nepisBa- m “, bb spyrym, na ropt, ceao BaBHyrir, 6uBaarB HeipB Bemidii, Korjta TaMB cymeciBOBaJia BeptjiB AM nocrpoiiKH cyaoBB. Boib cpe;r,n uaiiofi npnpoxu npoHurH j;i'rcTBO h 10HOCTB JIoMOHOcoBa. Oicht. ero, McpiioconiuHH KpecTbaHHHB, BacH-iift JI.opoiJrfceBB *), óbijib aeaoBiitB samaToanun; ohb óbmb ateHatB ipii pa3a, bb uepBHii pa3B Ha EaeHi HBaHOBoń, joaepn rir,LHKoua ce-ieuia MamropB, Koiopoe biuho n3B j[e - hhcobkh. Otb 3Toro 6paita h po;i,n.ica Miixaiun> Ba-
ciiaBeBHHB. BpaMoiB BHyamca ohb y KpecrBflHima tok ate boioctu IlBana Illyfinaro, uo yate noa^Ho; BiipoaeMB, 14 Jilin, ohb iincajiB yate coBepraeHHO upa- bhjiłuo. Hoem,e HerpaMOTHHMB hhoiomb B3pociHMB feflllJIB OHB CB OTUeMB Ha pBlÓHHe IipOJIfJC.IŁI BB Mope, óuBaiB bb ApxaHreaLCKk, CoaoBea,KOHB mo- HacTLipk, npo±33KajiB .naiKe ;i,o Eojiłi hro 70 rpa-
nyca, bb CkBepHOMB oKeaHi. Y OTaa ero Ołmo cyj;H0, ocaaiHeHHoe ho eBponeScKii h BaaBaHHoe HaiiKoio.
Ha 3T0MB ra.iioT-J; ohii h '1;3;ui.ih no KtuoMy Mopio h oKeaHy. Hpapowa c'hBepuHXB Hopefl cb hxb 6y- paMH, jiBjaMH, ciiBepiiiiiMH cinnijDin, cbiixb npoMBi- cjtaMii, aoBJieio khtobb ii iipon., 6H.ia HSBicTiia JIo- MOHOcoBy cb carnoii paHHeft iohociii ii aaicajmaa ero
*) Bb p6BH3CKHXB CKa3KaXt OHB Ha3HEa.ICH TO BaCHJlieMB .HopoiJiieBHMB, to BacHaieMB OeflopoBHMB.
BIOrPAfclH JIOMOHOCOBA. V xapaitTeprr., cjiaajia ero OTBamimMB h cArLnraB. D ra me npnpo;r,a 6y.nH.iia bb neiiB noEmr-iecKoe ayBCTBO, fiy^HJia JiF)6o3HaTeji,HocTL. JIomohocobb He xoa"6jiB ateHlITBCH, XOTH OTCHB CKJIOHHJIB erO KB 9TOMy. Bh- yniBiuircr, rpaMOi”6, ohb mnaaB cHaaa.ua o^ui n,ep- KOBIIHH KHHTH, JKIITia CBHTHXB, H JIKjfiHJIB pa3CKa3H- Bait rrpOTHTamioe cboiimh cioBaMii o^noce.iLaaaaiiB. Ohb me cHi-iaica h ayairaiMB htchomi. bb CBoeii npnxoACKOfl pepKBii: miTaaB ohb pancranoRomio, npi- hthhhb hthSkhmb iojiocomb. Bbhom/Ł XpncTO(fiopa JIjAUHa yBii;rIi:iB ohbbb nepBHH pa3B bb CBoeii mH3Hn He'pepKOBiiHa Kinini. To 6h m crapiiiinaa cjroBea- CKaa rpaMHaTHKa h apneMeinna, HaneaaTaHHaa bb Herepfiypri; bb papcTBOBanie IleTpa lica miaro jua naBiirarcKHXB (HopexoxiiHXB) yaeHHKOBB. .Iohoiio- coBy upocTifiaMii h yromnenimm ;J,y;i,iinHMB yjaioci. OTTarait ce6f> bth iuim h. Ohb BHTBep^iurr. hxb Ha- B3yCTb II HOTOHB Ha3BlBaiB HXB „BpaTaMIl" CBoeii yaenociH.
Korna MaTB MnxaHjia JIoMOHOCOBa yiiepna, OTepB ero meanaca Ha APyrofl mcmii, KOTopaa cnaraio ne B3Jno6Ma CBoero nacHHKa. JIomohocobb BcnoMHHaeiB o6b 3tomb bb HHCLiiił kb H. H. IIIyBaiOBy: „hatŁjib orna, xoth no iiaTypi joóparo aeaOB^Ka, oAiiaao bb KpaaHeHB iieBiimecTBt, BociniTaHiiaro, h3ayhi3a- BHCTiHByK) .Maimxy, KOTopaa bchtockh CTapaaacL npoH3BecxH rH^BB bb o m i MoeMB, iipejidaBJiaa, hto a Bcer.ua cnmy no-nycTosiy 3a KHiiraMU. JI,ia Toro HHoroKpaTHO a irpiinym;i,eiiB 6hjib mir arb h ymnmca, aeMy bo3mohcho6h.io, bb ye^HBeHHHXB ii nycTHXB MtcTaxB, ii TepniTb ciymy hxohojib“ . Ectb cbŁh&- Hia, a to Ha TpHHajpaTOHB ro;ry ohb 6łi.ib BOBieaeHB bb paciconbmiaiii 6e3nonoBiD,HHCKiu t o k b, ho
npo-VI BIOTPAMH JIOMOHOCOBA.
6hjia rt, u c h a sra rosa ii OTcrpainuca. CipacTHoe jseJianie yaniBCH, HeB03M0SRH0CTB yftOBieTBOpHTB 6My Ha npeci^OBaHia u HaroBopu Ma(iHxii 3 a-CTaBHJIII HaKOHeil/B JIOMOHOCOBa 6'iłoKaTB BB MoCKBy. 9X0 6h i o fijniJEaiimce kt, hxa sepcBH* MicTO, y^HJH jtaTHncKOMy astmy, cociaBiaBiueMy bato BpeiiH kjieoit, ko BCHKofi yaeHOCTH: om> Ohjiah3hkomabc6xa j xiQBuxrh^ na HeMi* 3K,e iniTaiHCB jreitaiH bb eBponeii- CKiraB yHHBepcHTeTaxB.
Ba na’ia.irL seKafipa 1730 r. JIomohocoba piiniaca noKHHyTL po/inny. On a b3hiia nacnopTA so ceiiTa6pa 1731 r., buii pocił aa y cocfisa CBoero Oomh IllyOtiaro KHTaeBHoe nojryKa^TaHte h 3aiiMoo6pa3HO ipn py6ia seHerA h, He CKa3aBA cboiima, yniejiA ba nyxŁ; sonsn SO CifiOKaro AHTOiiieBa MOHacriipa, no neiepCypr- CKOMy TpaKTy, ba cxa BepciaxA ota XoiMoropA, oha ocTaHOBmca ba MonacTupf; ii c ia st 6hao ompa- bmtbba neiiA ncaiOMHHiecicyK) sojkijoctł; ho cicopo yme.iA h H3A MOHacTHpH, HanpaBiflflCB Bce Ha iota. BcTpiTHBA pHÓHHil 0()03A, JIOMOHOCOBA llpHCTaJIA ka Hesiy n npnme.iA ba MocKBy. Bato Bpeua KaKA na posmrŁ cHHTam ero ba 6iraxA, JTomohocobaho- CTymiAA ba jiiK.OJiy npn CyxapeB0ft óauiHis oóyaaTBca apnoMeTHKl>, ho9TOH HayitH eiiy 6hao Mano, h oha HOiueaA ka TorsaniuCMy MOCKOBCKOMy apxiepeio, o6a- flBMA ce6a HOHOBCKIIMA CŁIH03IA H HpOCIlAA npil- hhtb ba 3aiiK0HocuaccK0e ynimime *) jim nsyneiiia CA0BecH0-rpeK0-aaTiiHCKHXA HayitA. 9ro 6hjio ba
*) 3anKOHOcnaccKoe yiajraine mu aKa^emin ocHOBano npn napi Oesopb AjieKcieBmb, KOTopu# jiioómł yacme. IIoMb- maaacb OHa npn SaHKOiiocnaccKOMA MOiiacmpi, ua3BanuoMA TaKA noTOMy, mtooha noMbnia.uca 3a hkoiihhma pasoiiA.
BIOrPAMH JIOMOHOCOBA. VII BHBapii 1731 r., Kor^a JIoMOHOCOBy me.rr, 20-8 roflB. Ectł H3B'fccTic, lito o hi. onipaBMiB bt, 3aiiKOHOcuac- ckomb MOHacTHpli noHOMapcKyro ;[0.riKtiocTr.. Cyme- CTBOBaHie CBoe 3a BpeMa yaeiiLa bt, sroff ai;a;i,e!iiii JIOMOHOCOBB BIIOClliACTBill CaMT. IipH3HaBaiB TaKIIMŁ, uto e^Ba bhhochtb óiijTo mojkho: Ha jena ewy bh- .naBaaocb Bcero Tpn kohMkii na bcIi pacxo3,n; hbb hiixb Ha 03:11 y out, noKynaJTŁ cefif, xa,66a 11 KBaoy, ocTaabHHa ate 3B-Ł iiijih Ha fiyiiary, o6yBB 11 jtpyria HyataH. Ero TOBapnin,H no iuko.tIi, bb cpaBneniii er, hhmb em,e 5ia;n,re pefraia, cmItbjihcb ha^r, hiimb ii, yKariŁiBaa na nero n:ui,u,aitnr, Kpiiuaju: „CMOTpiiie, Kanon óoaBaiiB, .iłiTT, bt. 3Baji,uaTB npnme.rr, iiaTMirŁ yuiiTBca!11 O^uairo jikSobb kt, 3HaHiio uoiiorua CMy TBep,n,o nepenecTH bcIjstii HeB3ro3,H h nepecinniTB ncKyrneiiia bb Bnni hoctohhhhxb upoci.^T, oma Bep- nyTr.CH josion kt, irperiinefi „hoboabhoii jkii3H1i. IIomo- ra.n, eiiy bt, MockbI, nemraMH coelpij, ero, Kypo- ocrpoBeuT, OenopB IlHTyxnHB, npifeiKaBiuiii 110 Top- roBHMT, 3’IuiaiiT, ejKer03.no bb MocitBy. JIomohocobb saCpariB y uero ceniB pyó-iefi h 3,eHBrn bth noTOMB B03BpaniJiB emy. JIomohocobb yauica otohb xopoino. [Iepe3B nojjroAa riepeue.m ero hsb muKnaro oacca bo BTopon, bb tomb jiic roji,y hsb BToporo bb Tperiii. ^epesB roji,B nocali aroro ohb na ctoibko 3HaaiB yiite JiaTHHCIlifi B3HKB, HTO MOTB COHHHHTB na neMB ne- fioABUiie cthxh. IIo pyccHOMy 1131,11;y iiaMaTHiiKOMB ero yiemiueciuiAB to3,obb ociasncB ctmxii, KOTopue ohb iiaiiHcajiB bb HaKa3aHie 3a itaiion-TO iipoerynoin,
YcjmuiaiiH Myxn Me^oBHe 3,yxu, IIpiiieiiBiiiH cLtm,
V III BIOTPA$TA IOMOHOCOBA.
Bb pa^ociH aanlum; E rja cTaaH acra, IIonajiH bb Hanacia, Ybb3Jih 6o HorHj Axt., n.iaayTT, yfiorii: Mejy nojiH3ain, A całin nponam.
Oub 0/ia.iT, aariiiB yaiiTBca no-rpeaecKH. CboCoji- noe otb 3anaTift npema ohb npoBojnaB bb Mona- crapcKoft 6n6jiioTeK'Ł, r.vt. ci, ocofienuHiwL ycepjiesn. K ilia n ooMHiienia no MaieMaTiiKłs, (fmaHKf. n (|)oo- coi}tiii. YsiiaBB, n o bb KieBi 3th Hayicii npeiioji,a- BajtncB no^pofmo, JIomohocobbcTaiiB npociiTBca Tyji,a. Ero OTnycTMH na ro^B, ho TaiiT, osuwania ero He orrpap,;i,a.racB: bmIcto ocnoBaTeuLiiaro imoaieHia iih- TepecoBaBmnxB ero iiayiiB, br Eient. oiib uameii. tojibko„nycTHa c.iOBOiipenia apiiCTOTe.ireBoii (jiiuioco- (j)in“ u cnopni npoiJieccopoBB o ma-rasB 6orociOB- ckhx'b BonpocaxR. IIoHaTHO, 9io He łiorjio y^oBie- tbophtb nBiMHBOcin JToMOHOCOBa ii ort, Bepiiy.ica naaa^B, iie npofii.iBT. bbKieBi ii iiojioźKCHnaro cpoita. Ho 6n6jiioTeitH 3trxb ihkojbb, bb Mocitirl h KieBli, noc.iyatir.iii .(IoMOiiocony: bb cBam,enHHXR KHiiraxB, 'i'BopeHiaxB cb. omeBB 11 pyccitnxB .itTomicaxR ohb naine.iB ;pia ceóa mhoto a^opoBoii u crriiKeS nnm,H, 6iaroTBopHO iio^'1'iilcTBOBaBiiicft Ha ero yniB h bvb- ctbo h yacHHBiueń ero B3maji,B Ha pyccKiii rsbikb. II.
II.
Bb .nenaSpi 1735 r. HaaaaBuuuB AitafleMin HayKB CapoHB KopiJiB iipiicjiajn. bb 3aHK0H0cnaccnoe ynn
-B IO rP A łlJI IOMOHOCO-BA. IX jiiime iipHicasanie onipaBinL Bi A Każenia), bt. HeiepCypri, Han6oa4e enoco6iiiixi ceMiiiiapiiCTOBi; B i ijiic.io H X i iiona.n> u JIomohocobT). Ilo c .ii; Henpo- SOjDKiiTeiBHaro iipeÓHBania bt, HeTepóypri erOBmlicrfi c i jbjm b toRapu mami, PeilaepoMT, h Bnuorpa^,OBŁiiii, nociam Bi Mapfiypri K i 3HaMeHiiT0Hy (Jmjiocoijiy n ecTecTBOiiciiHTaiejiKi BoJiwJiy yaHTBca xiiMin n rop- HOMy s^Jiy, a Taitme ecTecTBemiofi ncTopin, (|m3Hirfi, MaTeMaTHKi, MexaHHK’Ł u hrłi naiii. Mai KpoHima^Ta ohh BHi>xaAH 8 cenTHfipa 1737 r. ii 3 Hoa6pa 1737 r. 6hjih na irŁerfi. Hepesi ro;i,i JIomoiiocobt. ii Biiho- rpa^oBi yme cra.in roBopiiTB iio-HrI;MenKii. BojiBijii Bi OTieiaxi CBOnxi Aiia;i,eiiin hoctohuho ;i,acTi o BCfi> x i CBOnxi y>ieHHitaxi oaeiiB xopomie ot3h b h, ho npn 9T0MB Bcersa oco6enuo xBajiHTi JIoiioHocoBa. OHi iia u p . BHnieri: „y r. JIoMonocoBa iiOBHjiiM OM y c a n a a CBliT.iaa r o io s a HciEjiy hhhh: npn xopoineni iip iu c a ia iiiH OHi M o r i óbi h nayiiiTBca M H o ro n y, BHicasBiBaa 6ojn>myfo oxory ii meaaiiie yanTRca11.
JKaiyeTca me OHi to.ibkoHa t o, r to „o hii, Kameica, em,e He 3H a io T i, KaKi iiyiKHO o6pam,aTBca c i ^c h b- r a iiH h jk h tb CepeiEJiiBO... J^eH&ni, npiiBe3euHBia i i m i i
Ci coóoio, o h h upoKyTirJiH, He e a u J ia iH B i to to, tt o
ciiAOBa-io, a noTOMi, ftoÓHBi ce6i Kpe^nTi, najtuaan
Ho.iroBi“. Ha btopoh ro,ni CBoero npeÓBiBaHiH bt> Mapfiyprli, JIoMOHOCoBi yme npucjraii B i A Rawenno ^ o u e cen ie o ieKU,iaxi, KOTopua oni nocim aii, 3a- T i M i pa3cyjE;i,euie Ha aaTHiicitOMi łiauKi; iio npes- MeTy 4)H3h k h h nepeBO,Hi óyKOJinTecKoii o ahi tjipan- n y3CKaro iin c a T C ja '1’ene.iona „YeuHueHie". IlepeBOAi
a iO T i c a f .jia iii a e T H p e x c T o iiiiH H H xopeaini c b oae-
X BIOrPA-SIH IOMOHOCOBA.
cthxhG iarosB ynirŁe Bupmeii iio c a i^ H a r o ^ ta K t mojkho bh^Jjtbno cjtA yiom eB cTpo^Ł,npH B O A im on GyKBajŁno:
r o p a tojib hto .nepsnoBenHO
B3HOCHTe BepXH KB 3B'Ł3,HaHB
JTb^omb uoKpBiTH OearrpeMf.imo,
H e p y m n iiB ctoahb HeóecaMB:
Baranim noj;B ciflimaim PBy HBt.TH na;rt) oGjiaKaim
HŁmb necTpiiTB BaniB B.iopB BecHHj Tym nam ij no ił rpeimra,H
C.ramy r io w h uiyMBiĘTi KaKB pyBBeBB naaymxB tbmh.
9io 6tiJia nepBaa nonEmca JIoHOHOcoBa nncaTt TOHimecitiiMB pasiiipoMB, ocnoBamiLiMB na npaBnxi>- bomb aepcjoBauin ecTCCTBenHHXT, yyapenifi Ha cjto- BaxB. 9totb pasiif.pB cyfoia.TCH saKonoiiB pyccitaro CTHxa. Bb 1739 r. ciyjenTLi iioixaJin bb $peH6eprB kb jpyroMy, Tome naBicraony yneHoiiy, reHiteiEO, H3y?aTB HeiaMypriK). 3;[/Łoi> JIomohocobb uaimcajB cboio nepByio opnrnnaabnyio o^y: „Ha B3HTie pyc- ckhmii Typeaitofi KptnocTii XoniHa“ (1739 r.).
He-COMHiuiHO, ’ITO BB OTO BpeM/I OHB CHJIbHO yBieicaJiCfl
Ht.łieiumMB cTHxOTBopneHT, TionTepoMB, no bb cairoii o^i ero Baumie aroro nooTa citaouRa.ioci) bb CTeiieim o’rem. Hesnaurre.iBHOir, ropa3.no BBMeHi>meir,B'hMB sto oÓHKHOBenHO no-iaraiOTB. Ho BapasKeniro llleBupeBa, Homohocobb 3aiiMCTB0BajiB otb Ftornepa tojibko „ho- Kpoft CTpO(j)H“. r. IpOTB TOBOpUTB HO H0B0,Hy 9TOIO d i s y Eom,ee: „ IIpHnaBB pasnipB o;i,li TiOHTepa (Ha impB ABCTpiH cb Typnien bb 1718 r.) n ero neciiTHCTpoHHy io CTpoifiy cbtIimb me nopa^KOMB bt> coaeraHiii phomb,
EIOrPA*J>IH AOMOHOCOBA. XI JIosiohocobb obok) o;ny hohth b;i,boc iropoae. Kpowi Baiumefi ijiopHLi, HOApaiKaHie eroaaT iin. orpa- HiiiHBaeTca cpojtmiMB ,nyxoMB inpn3łia, o6id,hmb czojiCTBOMij in, odpa3ax,£ ii 3Uii mcibohau icMB iiiao- TopHX£ ota,Ł.ibhhxii Mucnen; ho OHa Hiirji,i ne 01- xoiiiiTi) ao crenena .uiaio ko.i Bnaro nepeB0A,aw.
IIpiiiosKHBTj kb CBoen oji/h coctbmcuhem hhb ca- miim'b iipaBH.ua pyccsaro cnixocjiojKeHM, Aohohocobb uociaJTB ee beHeTepóyprB; hoiaM£ Ha Hee o6paTiijiu BHHManie iioame.
Be $pefióepri cryjieHTaMB jkiijiocb He coBciwB xo- ponio: ren n e jit hhb onaceHiii, a to AK,a;i,eiiiH He 3anjia- thtb ełiy 3a Jieitpiir, 3a,a,epjKHBa,rB y ceóii .nemni, upucuJiaeMHH cTyseiiTairi.; lscnhUF.niBŁiii h HeB03- AepJKHHH .lOMOIIOCOBB CltOpO IlOCCOpHICJI CT> H1IMB II yixaji£ oópaTiio bb MapdyprB, r a i u iKeHiucH Ha Ejw caB eri H,kjiexb, aoaepu aaeiia ropotfCKofi ^yjiu ii nepKOBiiaro crapocTH. He nojiyaaii Sonie co,i,ep- jKaniii otb AiiajeMiii, ohb duc-rpo 3anyTajica bb fl,oa- raxB h, >ito6u He iioiiaciB aa iihxb bb TiopBHy, p i- uiiuica diataiB bb roJuiaHairo, ayAiaH orryaa ix a i£ jiopeMB bb Poceiio.
H a soporis ohb noiiaiB bb pyitn npyccKHxE Bep- óobiuiikobb, KOTopBie uanoiijiii ero u aairiicaJH bb coiAaTBi; itor^a ate Ha ciiayioiniit aeaB ohb B3jiy- iiajiB conpoTiiBjiHTBCfl, to „iianiia npyccitaro Bax- MHdpa san eaaT iin a ero y c ia “. Ero BM icri ce apy- rmuH peiipyTaMU OTBesjni bt> uorpanuMuyio KpiiiociB Be3e.iB. „Ob aron wiinym ohb TBepao piiiiMCH 6 i- ataTB npu nepBOMB y,ao6noM£ cnyaai. E ro npoBOjaa- THe, KasaiocB, saw inum bb aeMB em,e aopororo bto aienauie h iiOTOHy, bb KpinocTii Be3eJii, cb caiiaro naaana ciann npHCMaTpiiBaTB aa hhmb cTpoate, aijiB
X II EIO rPA M H IOMOHOCOBA.
3a npo^HMii peicpyTann. 3animiBB oto, oht, npiiTBO- pii.ica 0'ieiiL joboibhhm^, kuke Cy^/io oirr, no.iyan.iB BejiHianmyio oxoiy kb Boeimou ciyjKÓi. Kb ero caa- CTiio, oirii He f a ł , Kaiu. óoatmaa aacii. peicpyTT., no- Mf.rnerri. bb ropowi Ha KBapnipaxB, ho ocTaBajrca bb Ka.pay.iBH-t, jioiatenB 6hjib ciiaTB Ha citaMeiiKi. TaiiBiiaKB 3Ta isapayjiBHH HaxojiraacB 6.ih3kootb Baia h 3a;i,nee okiio bbixo;i,imo npaMo Ha isa.iB, toohb h pilHMBBOCIIOJIBSOBaTBCa 9THMB iispyniMHy^;o()cTEaMH kb cBoeuy npejinojioJKeHHOMy óisrcTBy, KOTopoe ohb aepe:ri, h4ckojibko He^i-iB cm tao npejinpMHMB h 6aaroiiOjy'iiro hciio.iiih.it.. Ohb K,a;K,i,łifi BeiepB sa p a n ie jioaiMca cnaiB na cboio ciiaiieiiKy, tbkb hto BHCBiuajicH ji.obo.3bho, Kor.ua ero TOBapiiinir ejiBa tojibko sacHnara, h Bcerjia ncitaiB caynaa y6ixaTB. O^HaBiABi, npocHyBniHCB BCKopi Boc.ri nonynoiii, ohb sasr&TiUB, hto Bcis nposie cna.m r.iy6oKHMB ciiomb; ohb piuiiuca cb Beanaaimieio octopojkhoctbio BHaiSTB H3B 3a,fl,nHrO OKHa H B3o6paTBCH Ha BanB. TyiB bbTCHiioTł; ohb H0B0JI3B ;i,o Baia Ha 'ictbc- peHBicaxB, bto6h aaconue, paacTaB.ieiiHŁie He bb ;i;ajiBneMB paacroflHiH ojihhb otb xpyroro, ne mouk ero saHiTHTB, cnycTSiica bb^obb, uepenihijiB aepe3B nero 6e3T. myiiy, B306pajca Ha aeTBepeiiBitaxB Ha BajiB, ii onaTB cnycTMca bbpobb hnepenitiiB ero; hotomb BCitapaCKaaca aa KOHTpB-scKapiiB, nepexb3B aepe3T. aacTOKOiB u noaHca^HUKT. h rCB raaciica BŁi6panca bb OTKpuToe nojie. H TaKB canoe Tpy^Hoe ho,hb 3amuTOio HoaHoro Mpaita 6100 ÓJiaroaoJiyHHO OKonaeHO; TeiiepB ero cnaceHie 3aBHciao otb joctii- aieiiia npyccKoil rpaHiin,Bi; ho ;i,o Hea ociaBajiocb fiojiie HiMeiiiioit mhjih. H botb ohb bb mokpoh coji- naTcitoH iniiHejiii, HOBasaBB ineio hocobbihbMaTKOMB,
EIO rPA ^IH 10M 0H0C0BA. X III
Biiicio Kpacnaro raacTyita, coCpaiB Bcf. cbohcmlt, bio6h xo paseB-fcia aocriirnyTB rpaiiimii. EjBa co- BepiniUB om, BeieepTi. nym, itairf. CTaio ymc pas- cBtoaTB, u BCKop'1; nocat. toto ohb cb TpeneTOMt yciHxaAB cb rtpinocrn nyraeiHuu BLicTpf.jrr., oóhk- HOBeHHHH cnrHaiB o CfoitaBineHB aeaepTHpf.. 9toib
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XIV B101TA<MH JIOMOHOCOBA.
onacHOCTi. u nynyiy h iiperepiriuiB bi. uyni, Muli cauoiiy CTpaumo nante bchohhiitb u noejinKy ji,ojiro 6hjio 6u imcaTB o tomb, to jpafl KpantocTH ayume BOBce yMOiuy. Bb nacToum.ee Bpeiiu (noa6pi> 174.0 r.) a KiiBy HHitornHTO bb M apdypri y cbohxb npiaie- jieii n yiipaatujiKCB bb aaredpi, BaMipeBaacB OHyio kb TeopeTUaecKOH xnMiir ir (JurauKi upiiniiniiTŁ. y r i - uiaio ceóa noica lisiB, utomh! y^,a.jocB bb auaMe- hmtłixb ropo;i,axr. nofirJBaiB, uoroBopuTB cb hśko- TOpUMM IICKyCHHHU XIIMIIKaMir, OCMOTp-J;ll, HXB jia- OopaTopiu ii BiioHHyTB ua pynuimir bb Pncceni u 3 n re n i“. jJ,o aroro uiicBiia Boh paHBia^u JIomoho- coaa ocTaBajuicB Taimoio He tojibko jp a AoAemiu, ho u juh caMoro remtejia, uejioyMhBaBuiaro, „rui dhi r. JIomohocobb Mora Haxo,i.HTBca bb iiacrołi mee BpeMHj pa3Bi HamejiB cedh ydiacume y r. BouBijia. CooTTiiuii ero Taninę He miaion, ima er o o ero MicTonpe6BiBaHiu“. III.
III.
II TaKB JIomohocobb BepHyjicii bb MapÓypn., Bcitopi iioc.il; Toro kb Heniy iipumao iipiiKasanie otb Aica^emiii neMejpeimo hxaTB bb Pocciro; iipu- c.ia.an u nenerB jpa nepehipia. 8 ironu 1741 r. JIo mouocobb iipihxajiB bb IleTepdyprB ue npeatuiiiiB cryneuTOMB, a HacTOiimiiMB yuenBiMB, chocoOhbuub Becru 3a coCoio cbohxt, cooTeaecTBeiiHiiKOBB.
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co-r,iorrA<M/i jroMonocoBA. XV CTOHHiio BTofi Hayitti, KasaiacB JIoMOHOCOBy MCHfce TipnBiCKaTeJiT.noBi, a iiiB usyaenie to'iiiuxt, HayKB, n noTOMy 6oai.myio aacTB bpgmghii ohb iipoborhjib bb xiiMiiBecKOH jiafiopaTopiii h bb tjiHSiiHCCuosiB Ka- CiiHeTi, paóoTaa TaMB BHic/rt cb cbohmh HacTaBHH- KaMir ii y^HBian hxb CBoeio HeofiHitnoBCiinoio cmIit- BIBOCTBIO.
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XVI B IO rPA $IH MMOHOCOBA.
nojipoSHoe jionecenie o cboiixb 3aHHTiaxB bb $peS- 6eprfe, h bb saKJHOHeme npocHiB josbojuiib eny no- 6uBaTB eme Ha Ia p a t., /pin oKomaTCJiBnaro ycoBep- mencTBOBaHia cefia bb ropHOMB j E a t h bb Meia.i- jiypriH.
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BIO rPA $IH JIOMOHOCOBA. XVII
co^epmania rrpu Torji;aniHnxB H'{;iiaxB 6hjio aocia- toeho j h óeaóf.nnaro cymccTBOBania, ho A Każe nia BH^aBa.ia ero Kpaitue HeaitKypaTHo, j a era,e npHTOMii aacTO ne ^entrasin, a Knarami, KOTopiia ihjih KoneaHO yjKB coBcisiiB 3a 6e3E,'bHOKB. Tojilko Hepe3B ,a,Ba ro.ua JIomohocobb hmIsiib bo3mokhoctb BuniicaTB cboio KeHy ii noHb esb repnaniir. Bb 1745 r. 3a peBHOCTHtie Tpy^u ii parania kb irojLcli n aecTH AitajeniE OKacaunLia ycayrn ohb 6hab c;;ijianB EpoijteccopoiiB xirMiH cb acajroBaHBeHB bb 660 py6. Bb sto Bpema Bceii AKa^eniefl fiesoraeTiio ynpaBjaiB iił.jiCBB UIyjiaxepB, aKafleMnEeciciii co- BiTDiiKB. 3a6paBB KaHE,ejiapifo bb cboe pyra, ohb 6e3Haita3aHHO pacTpaHEBaiB KariCHnŁia cvmmbi, hbho iiOKpoBiiTC.iLCTBOBa.iB HiMu,aMB, nasnanaa irŁiieii,- khmb HEcpaiiB ropa3ji;o fioiBine atajioBanBB, aisiB pyccKEMB nepeBOSHHKaMB, onpe^hME bb AKa^eiiiro erepa 4>pnji,pHxa jp a cipiuLHUBa nTiin.B bb KyHCT- itaMepy cb aiaiOBaHLeMB bb 200 py6. bb roftB, paa- flaBaa cboemb poflCTBerranKaiiB ayaraia uicTa cb otuetobimb coflepatanieiiB h BHjyMHBaa i m eho- 3eMiieBB Tania ,ąo.imH0CTH, itaKiixB He 6hio he bb o^hoe Ana^emiE bb uip'Ł. Bnocjrb.ncTBiH JIomohocobb TaitB oxapai;iepii:ioBa.iB ero: „IIIyiuaxepB saa npH- Be^ema npotipeccopoBB bb ccopy neamy coóoio, npu- ÓHpaaB ce6$ Bcer.ua H3B iihxb no oócToaieiLCTBaMB napriio; BoopyiKajiB h oCojpaiB MoaojiLixł npo(J)ec- copoBB npoTiiBB crapLixB, naa,o6HBixB ceói npHBie- itaiB BH^aaeio Hanepe^B iijih npECaBicoio acajioBaHBa, a ipymxB TOMJieniciiB, yjepjraBaa OHoe; cerowa Toro jracitaa, koto yrneranB BiepacB, riepeM+,naa, KaitB noHa^ofinTca; npesii^enTa ate h ,a;pyriixB 3HaT- hbixbocoCb y.ieinaa to no^apeoiejiB pa3HHXB miara
XVIII EI0rPA3>IH JIOMOHOCOBA.
be xoponinxE nepemeTax,B, rpanopoBaABiiHiiE ahc- TOBB, Ha HTO HHOria THCHHH HCTpaieHH, TO rI,aieiO OHHXE BE lIO-l n. H3E KaSGHHOH KI! Ii jiv H Ol I .11IB Ii U, kotophxb kii a 'łirrea kiiomhoto npoiia.i ().■■ IIIyłiaxepy ótirn onacHo nponcxoat,nenie be nayitaxE h npoii3- BomneHie be npocjieccopH n pnjiouii.ixk pocciHHT>, otk kotophxe oite yMCiir>nicnifl CBoen coth ĆoiBHie ona- caica. Toro panu y nenie u conepatanic pocciiicitHXE cryneiiTOBE 6hxo be TaicoME neOpeatcnin, no koto- poiiy hcho ona3HBaJiocŁ, hto He 6m o y Hero nairŁ- peiiia iixe nonycTHTL kecoBepiuencTBy ynenia. flcrfse cie hohhtb M03KH0, hto IIIyMaxepB HeoaHOKparao TaitE 0T3BiBaica: a jre Beinayra npoiiiHfey be no- MiTiiKi CBoen cntnanE, w o nonyCTiun. JIomoho- coBa be npo<l)eccopH. H nenaBiro 3htb ero n Hłrfe- Hia n n'Ii:iE n nyiB ne Aitanejiiii nacailinniiKE, oto- 3Ba,ica be pasroBopi o iipoiniBcneniii poccirtcifflXE CTyneiiTOBE: „pasBii ne hbme neeari’B JIomohocobbixe nanoSHO. H oj,iihe ne HaME betek)Ctb“. IIIyMaxepE KpoMi toto nocTOHHno BM^niHBaaca n be ynenwa n'iua Aaaji;eMiH, noMBiaaa aitaneiniKaHu KaicE eMy 6hjio yronno; irliKOTOpŁic H3E hiixe, KaiiE nanpH- jiipE TmejmuE, EepHyMii, noMEHH Głuii naate co- bcŁmb Bbi'ŁxaTB H3E Poccin, ocKop6iaejm e na itajK- noME mary BJiacTOJnoóiiBHMB coBtTHHKOHE aicaneMii- necKofi naimeiapin. PeBiiocTHaro ceóŁ noMomunica no nacTii 3aKa6aienia Aitanenin ohe HaiueiE be jihH'1} TemoBa, TOKe aicaneManecKaro coBiTHinta, KOTopun no nopyneHiio Tornaumaro npe3nneH'ra Aicaj nenia rp. K. PasyMOBCiiaro nanncaJiE p i Hea hobbih ycTaBE, OKonnaTejiBHo OTnaBinin aKanewnitoBE bo BJiacTB Kanne.Mpin. IIpnBonHME nirli ocTpoywHBia 3a- M'i)TKH JIOMOHOCOBa, OT.llin IIO IIOKailUIiaiiimia. ItaitOBO
BIUITA'1'IJI AOHOnOCOBA. x i x Bi. caMOMB 6łi.io ananeiiie lllysiaxepa u hjui iei'0 OHB II MB I10JlŁ30BaACH: „J1.UB0, HTO B'I. Ana^eMui h'Łt'b siyaijiui! Ba, ji;a MyMaxep'i> TaulioBaTr, He piiCTB , u eipe: „JIjiBJiiocb, htoh CTy.neHTOBB H3B- sa Mopii ae Beiiimo BHiiHCBiBaTiA
JlecTL n yroAHiiTOCTBO, kotopbimm ohbcefia oitpy- 3Bii.i'B, upespiiiie ici. pyccKiiin,, Bucoicoisipie—Bce oxo rnyOoico B03Myii;ajio ropniaro u nacro neyicpoTii- Maro JIoJioHocoBa. Oni. MCKpeuuo Blipirn, p:i, xa- .laHTJiiiBocrb pyecKofi naTypu, et. en Bociipinuni- bocti. ko Bceny xopomeMy n cnocodnocrB caMocroH- TeaBHO paspaOoTHBaiB uepenmoe, ohb nOHiiMain. Tasace, Kaici. sen men ecTecTBeiiHtin CoraicTBa Pocciit, u BHajiB, icaitT. jiajio iimh noiiBsyioica e^imcTBOHiio aa nejiocTaTKOMB yirluBKT. pyta.; 6.iaroji;encTBie Poc- cin npiiMo saBnclwio otl paciipocTpaiieHia bt. iieit 3HaHii1. A b’l AKa^ewin bcŁmt. othht, miTepecoBa- jiiicb oneni, siano; ^aine 6om>me: ynpeac^eme ymi- BopcnTeTop,']. ii niMiiaai jiiiiiibna cto.ii.koo6pain,aJio na ceón BHimanie IHy5iaxepa, ^aBaBuiaro Torj;a tohb BceMy, Ha ckojii.icoorbMors nontiiiaiB ocymecTBJie- Hi«o 9thxt. ujuihobt,... CuoKoiino ciioTpt.ii. ua Taicoe OTHOuienie kb iiirrepecaMB po^unu nc mott. JIoiio- hocobb; fiopBÓa Meat^y uhmb ii aica.neMnieciciiMH HłiinaMii ÓBijia Heii36iKHa. Ohb ciajit, u noAnacB ciem . pilico, naiiOMiinaTŁ cbohmt. coTOBapiimaMi.- niMaain., hto ipfejn. u naaiiaieiiic AKa^esiin nojwep- iKiiBaiB .niuio pyccicaro npocBŚmeHia, a He cjiyiKiiTL ofiponuoKi CTaiT.eii llIyMaxepy iiero po^nt, itoona, KaicB pyccKoe ynpeiK^eHie, j;on?Kna u na caiioiiB 6htl pyccKoii. CaMo codoft pasyinieTca, ito JIomouocobbBpajK,ii,0Ba.n. He hpothbbt4ixbaIiiIctbh- Tejn.no yiieHHx,B mo^eii, icoiopBiXB imorji,a Axaji,eiiia
u-XX BIOrPAM H JIOMOHOCOBA.
iipnrjiamajia H3B Ebpoiih: ohb BpamnoBaaB upoTiip/i, HHTpnrn, npoTHBT, toto, n o mioc/rpamiu, oiTfccHaa pyccicnxB, bb to ®e Bpewa aiaao 3amiMaaitct niuiOMB. Jlt.Miiu saÓTHH TpeBory. Xoth ohh ii caim nejio- aioóJinBaan IIIyMaxepa 3a ero caMOBiiaciie, ho ohh 3HaiH TaitiKe, ito ohbiinoro cj^na-iB naa HineuKaro 'aaejieHTa bbAKajejim iipanu aioro MHoroe lipoma.™ emy u Miipiimcb cbhiimb; tIimbaerie CTpaxB 3a cboh o o a jH sacTaBMB hxb safinm. cbohiin a iie c ie n i nepej,T, oómefr onacHocTwo ir coenHiuiTLca bb o^Hy 3aMKHyxyio itaciy juia óopbOh cbjiepsaniiB auBiouK-TOMB. IIOIIIAH JOHOCH, IIHTpiirH, ltaiK^yK) BCHUIHKy TO-paiaro HpaBa JIoMOHocoBa, itaniiiym Bi>ixo.'i,Ky ero paa- nyBa.ni bb nlmoe npeerynjieHie, bb ocKopGaeHie Bcen Aitanenia. Maoro BHTepuiAB ohbbb nepBoe Bpena: ii hoab apecTOMB no nonyroji,y ciiJEiiBaiB, h jKaiio- BaiiŁe eny yMenBinara H a atayro noAOBiiHy, hoohb hh pasy He cji;aaca, hh pasy ne iip o łio iia jB , Korna, no ero MHtniio, 3a(mBaJiocB nocTOimciBO pyccitaro Hapona h HyainH pyccitaro npocBtmeHia. noaoiKeHie ero óbijio tIimb Gojrfee tatoctho, it o piao ii itacTfe OHB MOTB npOTIIByilOCTaBlITB TO AB ICO CBOU COÓCTBeH- HBia ciura: cpenH pyccitHXB BUAaEoin;nxca jnonen hto- ro BpeiieiiH He 6m o Toro enauenia, kotoplimbtattB ciiABHa Guna HiMen,Kaa napria; npn tomb ;Ke co MHoriiMH ii3B hhxb ohb 6uab bb ccopi, a CyMapo- kobbhTpejiBHKOBCitin óbuiiiero 3aK.narHMH Bparami. IlepBaro .Iomohocobbiipesiipajri. 3a ero XBac,i.:iHnoc,iB n HenoMtpHoe caMoniofiie; CyMapoitOBy 6m o nocajno, hto Bci craBMii ero nuace JIoMOHocoBa, ii ohb iio- ctohhho crapaJica niiMB HiiGyjiB yitonoTB, 3antTB ero. TaaB, onnaatAH, ohbcniiajica na^B hhmb sa to, ito bbnepBon cBoeił ohb ynoipeGiuB „6hctpó“
B IO IT A ilH JIOMOHOOOBA. XXI BilfiCTO „6lICTpo“. „HtO B03pa3MB JIoMono-cobb, „itam, 6h to hh 6h io, ÓHCipo ii.m Chctpó, o;i,nafto sto Hiiayrb He ócipo n ne 0CTpf>“. Bb Apy- roii pa3't Toate cb atc-Taniein, iioATpyuinB, Cynapo- kobb cnpocHJiT, ero: nxoAHjni-jn, na napnaccb?11 „Xo- AHjib, Aa ne bhahab TaiiB Bacb“, OTBiaaiLB totb 6hctpo. ObTpe^BUKOBCKiiMB ate . Iomohocobb cco- pnaca UOTOMy, BTO TOTB Cltopie TBHyjfB BB CTOpOHy CMLHbIXB HIIOMeMeHHUKOBB, lljH B BrB pyCCLtyH) CTO- poHy, h imKOrAa ne motbboublicutlcb ao OTKpmaro [lpnsiiaiiiji 3ac.iyi”B JIoiioHocoBa. ysjieitaeMBiil sys- ctbomt, MejiKoff 3aBHCTn, TpcABaKOBCidft He ocTaHO- Biuica Aaiae npeAB upaMŁiMB aohocomb: 3a „Phmhb OopoA^11, ta'Ł JIomohocobb ocłii;nBa.iB npeApa3cyAKH CTapoo6i)HAU,eBT> oTiiocirrejBuo óopoAH, ohb ero o6b ii- hiijtb bb KoinyHCTBi h 6oroxyjibCTBi. Bpa TorAaiu- hhxb nopaAKaxB 'raicofi aohocb mott. kohtiitbch oaeiiB iijioxo JIoMonocoBa, ho na stotb pa3B Aiao ofiouiaocb ó-iaroHOJiymo h Aaate iepe:3B h"6- CKMBito Aneu ohb 6m b CA^aanB cobLtuiikomb aica- AeHHiecicofi KaHu,eJiapiii (1757 r.).
PaAii fiesiipHuipacria HaAO citasaib, hto bb 3T0ii oatecTOieunofl 6opr>6i ohb Hep-IiAKoyBJieicajiCH cbohmb BCIIHJIBHHBHMB 3aA0pHHTMB HpaBOMB, ÓHBajIB HHOTAH He npaBB, ho ero h cjm h h bhhutb 3a sto: TpyAuo 6m o iiepeAliJiaTb cboio narypy, npiyaeiiHyK) cb AlircTBa kb THJiteJioH óopbóls, npiyneHiiyBO cb 6oa ópaiB Bcaityro iiajiocTB. He roBopa o tomb, hto ohb CBOeiO IIJIOAOTBOpiIOIO AEHTeAbHOCTbK) CB II36bITKOM B
BiiKyiiaiB neAOCTaiKH CBoero xapaKTepa, ohbóopoica 3a Taicoe aEto, Koiopoe rcacaioeb npocBfcmenia Poecin, ea ycirl;xOBB. Ero HeApyru, 3uaa Hbuntm ero HpaBB h ropaaHOCTb, yjibiuiaeHHO BH3HBa.iH ero Ha Kanoe
XXII l>10rPA<J>IH JIOMOHOGOBA.
uiióv;lł> HeB3B’fcuieHHoe ciobo, HeocMOTpuTeiBHuii nociynoKB, u, nojiyniBB aro, aepBBie me ohjhi B'Ł HafiaTt, arfemiuiH e t soHocaim ii maxo6ou Ha oG w iiK a. BopoTLCK 3a pyccKoe upocBl, menie npo- TiiBt ni.MiieBT, eny iipHxofliMocb_ iiobtu Galiony, xoth malinie ero passi-iajm MHorie, same bmcoko- liooraBjieiiHHJi Jiima. Tam., bb 3aiincKaxT> Hopo- miiHa, Eociinraieaii ae-umiaro khh3ji II a s .i a lle- TpoBiiaa, iiosb 6-mb okth6ph 1764 rosa, sauu- caHH cjiinyiomia sarnina rejiBHEifl pascymseHia rp. H. H. llaHinia: „ToBopim., n o Aitasemia ocra- Bjena óeaB Bcaiiaro iioncieuiji, hto iiini;Hiix,i. ihkojeb sjih BOcnHTaiiiii ioHoniecTBa_ h npnroio- BJieBiii ero ki. aKasemmeciuiMB yieHiaiiB _ y uaeB Hi T'B, n o Tania ihkojibi s a a paciipocrpaneHia nayKi. Heo0xo^HMO nyjKHH. H bb cauoMB s i a l , Kanaa nai. Toro lioaBoa u y pa3yMHKixT> .iioseB ciaBa 0'ieaecTBy iip io ó p lien a 6htb m oineri., a to ^cchti. hjiii saai,- paTB aeJiOBiuiB niiocrpauneBB, cosBanuBie aa Bera- Kia jieuBM, óysyTB liiicaTB Ha aamils, BecBHa He- MiioniMi. naBliCTHOMi.? Ecjihób KpHMCidn xan b ttBoRuyio ji,ai'B mini y u kb ceoh tukikb jiio^eii upn- 3BaJii,, ohh-6'b h ry sa uof.xain 11 Tam, lincaiB 6bi ciajiM, a co bcImb tImb TaTapH Bce 6h Taiapaiiu, upeatHHMii ner/IonaMii ocrajmcB. Kórsa-ÓB iipnnaio 6uao HacToamee iiaMl.penie, hto6b pacnpocrpaHim. y HacT. Hayaii u xyAomecrBa u npocBinrrB rpam- saHi., to-6b iiosmhho, cb npiiJiemaHieMB iia-i,o6no o cem .’ nosyMaiB, ji.a Taitoii roaoBt, nonyaiaTB, koto- paa caiia sysiaib ymiieTB, a He TaKoii, KOTopaa Beto ny ópe^eTi., nysa BOJiOKyii. ee“. To me, bb cboio oiepe^b, lyBCTBOBam h mu umie bb Pocciii iiho- crpaim u, same aeiipim eraB ie AaaseMiir, — tojibko
BIOrPA$m I0M0H0C0BA. XXIII IICTOJIKOBHBajIH OHI1 3TOTT. IIOpJHOKB Bemefi BB CMH- caIs npoTHBonoAoatHOM'B BBiiiiei]pnBe;i,eimBiMrr, pa3-
cyat^eBiflMB.
IY.
npeKpacniftmefi lepTott JIoMOiiocona, p'1:3ko otaii- Tamnefr ero ott> MHomxT> aitajteMUKOBt, GhaoHe- npecTanHoe cipeioeHie ouliAaTB cboii 3nania noAe3- uhmh pojnHH, iioiiyjapmiiipoBaTr. nayKy n pas- pyinaTB ue.itnue npeji;pa3cyjutn Tor^aiumiro oóme- CTBa! Toabko nayKa, toabko irpocBimenie moiah B03BeAIIBlITB pOAIIHy. YtoGlI paCBUCTIITB IiyTB Iipo-OBtiucniK) iiyTBepAirrB ero bt, Poccin, ohbHe jmaIiat. niiKamm. yciiAift, ronopim. plam, iiiichat, y;i,oGo- noHHTBŁiMB b3bikombpa3cyameHitf Ha nayniHa TeMH, iipiiauBaAB ^aate uo33iio Ha iiomoiii;i>, itaKB tobiijuio H3B ero „HHCBiia o iioabsIscxeKAa“. IlaniB Bcnindii no9TB JlyniKiiHB cupaBenAiiBO cua3aAT> o Hem.: „niemny IleTpoMB I h EKaTepiiHon II JIomohocobb oAinrr, ABAIieTCH CaMOGHTHHHB CHOSBHJKHIIKOMB IipOCB^me- Hia: oht, Guat, iiepBHMB HamiiHB yHirnepciiTerom.11. ^■ŁlICTBHTeABHO BCe, HTO MOTAO filJTB nOAe3HHMT. Pocciii, naxo,i,[iAO bb nem, peBiiocinaro 3am;nT- naica, Bceiry 3T0My om. totobb óhab cAyiKim. BChMH CIIAaMII, BCłlMII 3HailiHMII CB0IIMII. OhB He TpeOoBaAB yKasaniii ii nouyjKji;enifi bt. paGorli, HO cam. OTBICKHBaAB B'B IKII3HH npejllieTH ^AII cbohxb„pa3cyaiji,eHiii“ii„co’iiiHenin“,pyLCOBO^,cTByiicB e^iiHCTBeHno CBOHMT, iioHiiManiem, pyccsaro napo^a h ero noTpeGHOdefi. Bb caiiom. .vlut, HOBH.iiiMOJiy, hiihto He ycKOA&3a.no otb ero BHiiłiaHui, Bce emy Gr.uo offinaKOBO ;i,oc,ryrmo,na'i imaii ct, ecTecTBeiiHuxi.
XXIV BIOrPA$IH JIOHOnOCORA.
HayifB (6oJti>ute Bcero out jiio6h.it> (jttraiitty u xhmho) h HapoAHaro xo3aucTBa, h KOHiaa uooaicii h iiopan- K0fl; TaKHMt o6pa30MT> ohb OAHHB cboiihb remeiiB coBepniMB pa6oiy MiiornxB TaaaHTOBB, B036yJKAaa h paspaeoTHBaa BonpocBi, KOTopue xoia 11 hm-Łjih orpoiinyio BaanocTb i m Poccia, ho khkb-to ociaB- jihjihcb bt> npeneópetKetuii ao Hero; o6mnpnHa cb-b- Ainia h yjif.m.e cTata Ha Hacioamyio Toaiiy spBHia bobchkomb Boiipoci cnacani ero otb noBepxnocTno-CTH H OBIHÓOHHOnoBepxnocTno-CTH BHBOAOBB.
Bb ciBepHOMB HaineiiB icpai TOproBia ouuia co- BcisMB ne31taTiiTC.11.ua. JIomohocobb itpeAjioHtn.iT> ot- npaBiiTB 9KCiieAimiio AjIH OTHCKaHia npoxoAa bt> OcTT>-lIn,iiKj baoił cirnepHaro óepera Cn6npH hco- CTaBiijrB noAPoóiiHH niaHB h Hucipyitaiu .n a nea. OAHaKO 9Ta mltc.it> 6m a ocymecTBieHa Toittto yatB nocjii ero ctnepm h 3Kcne;i,nuia 6e:!T> cB^Aymaro pyKOBOAUTeaa KOHuniacH iieyAaieft. Bi> 3aiiHCKaxr> OÓB 9T0H IKCUCTHlill JIOMOHOCOBB Of)11tTpyjtlTTJiT> ÓOJIB- mia 3naHia 11iictiihho retiia.iLnyio iipouiinHTCJi>nocTT>. 9to me coTtiiieitie, itartB roBopnra r. EyAHiotsim, („JIomohocobb KaitB HiicaTe.iB“), ecTB canoe 3aMls- aareJiBHoe no H3Bnty H3B bcŁxb MmHeaiS JIomo- HOCOBa".
Bb npocroMB uapoAt. 6Bijra otchł Beimta cnepT- hoctb; npoiisBOAUTeJiBHKiacHJiBi cipuHBi poc.in iiottomy oaenB mcA.ienho. JIomohocobb lincaiB „PascymAe- Hie opasMUoatenin hcoxpaTieitiH pocciftcKaro HapoAa“, bb KOTopOMB iioapo6ho pa3CM0TpiaB npnuaiiH, iy
6amia napoA^ (AypHHa ycaoBia jkh3Hh, o6uaan, He- BiatecTBo), h yaasajn. Mipn npoTHBB htixb, 0’ietu, ryiiaitHua 11 a1i.iecoo6pa3HBia. 06b btomb ero
eonu-BIOrPAMfl JIOMOHOCOBA. XXV
HeHiii r. IleKapcKifi nmiieTB *): „ PaaMiiojEciiie^ ji,ok- topobb n airreKB, a bt. iiocji'Ł,iHnxT, anTeKapeft H3B
pyccKHXB (stoatejiaHie JIoMOHocoBa, uosoóhoHiao- TOpHMB XPyrHMB, KaKB H3B'ŁCTH0, OCTaeTCH Heocy-
meCTBUMHMB II IIOIILI Fili), CB TlSMB Blll.CTrfc yHIIHTO- jKeHie cyeisłipuaro .ic mciii a BO.imeficTBOMf, h aapo- ^Łhctbomb; ncKopeHeiiie cjiyiaeBB HacMŁCTBeHHOii cMepm, upaaB, pasóoeBB; B03BpameHie smoiKecTBa 6'tMHXB ii3i -3a rpaanuu (j,aKe Boeiiaoio chjoio); HCTpeÓJteHie pacKOJia nocpeflCTBOMB pacnpocrpaHeHia npocBim,enia; upn3LiBB nHOOTpaniu>ixB nocenea-
ueBB,— TaitOBH ii[icvimctij, o kotoplixb pacnpocipa- HaJica JIomohocobb bb cBoeMi. iiiiclmI;. Booóipe 3TO
npoii3BejieHie, nopajKaiomee ii TenepB niupoKHMB B3r.w;iOM'ii, Byat/iuMT. MeioaaocTen u .nianocTeii, 3a-
TpomBaeTB ctoalko BoapocoBB, Hepa3pIiffliiMiJXB ii jIonHHi; oho Bce raicB myfioKO iipoHiiKayro co3Ha-
iiieMB npaBOTLi Toro, n o BwCKasuBacTB 3;iI>cł Be- jmitiff micaiojib; bb hcmb noBdoJiy aBnaeica Taaoe oyóoitoe 3aaiiie CBoero napo.ua—n npiiToin. ono ua-
micaHO TaitHiiB npeicpacHHMB MOrymiiB cnoroiiB, bto Bce 3to 0e3cnopHO ji/Liacu, iihclmoJIoMOHocoBa o coxpaHeHiii u paaMHoaieiiiit Pocciflcitaro napo^a o.puHHTi Han caiiLixB BujaKiiuuxcfl nponaBe.ieiiiil Bceft pyccKon jHiTepaTypu XVIII Bł;Ka“. H. H.
IIIyBa-JIOBB, 9T0TT, o 6 p a 3 0 B a H IIH l'l BCJIIiMOBia JIBOpa Hm i i. E a u c a B e T M , aacT O o f i p a m a i c a kb n a i n c i i y y i e i i o i i y 3 a II0M0IHBK) II COBllTOMB BB CBOHXB IipOCBiTHTeJIB-hhxb 3aMLicjiaxB. Bb 1754 r. JIomohocobb iipiniH- łiajiB jitiHTejiBut.iijiiee yaacrie bb ocuoBaiim Mockob- citaro yHHBepcHTeia, jpia KOToparo iimb me 6h ib
aariHcant h yciaBt. „HiaBuoc Moe 0CH0Bauie“, uaeajit o a t lIIyBaiOBy ofit btomt, yciaBi, „Becbiia uomhhtb AOAjkho, mtoCh iu a n t yHUBepcirreTa cnyiKnut bo Bcfe
6y,T,ymie'po;iu“; no ero HHiHiio, Bcero fiojLiue uynaio
fimo onacaTBca „(yytjiaTŁ CKy^niaft h ysitin m aH i“. n p n yunBepciii’eT'1;, cocTOHBrnent im , Tpext (ftairyju,- TeTOBTj: lopH^nnecKaro, Mejnn,nHCKaro u ({imocoiJi- eitaro, o a t c w ra jit Heofixo}iiiMHMt ycipoiiTŁ h niH- aasiro, „fie3T, kotopoh ymiBcpcMTeTt Kant nauiiui fiest cin airi,11. 0;uioBpejieHao e t 9TiiMt iroat ero BjiianieMT, Ha IIIyna.ioBa fiuaa yipeiEfleiia Kosuiccia p a coanaeiiiii aoBaro AKaseMiinecitaro ynomeiiin.l i t sauncidi, noTopyio JIomohocobb lipiiroTOBiut itAii nocami bt, 3Ty itoMiicciio, aaurlniaTeJLiio ero iipe;uo;KOiiic orirhrniTr, cyoi,ecTBOBaBniee flo Toń nopti sanpcjueiiie yniTŁca npn Aica.ncMiu samicami a n t Bt no^yrnHijn o iu a s t. „ ^oboabuo ii toto Btuuione- a ia “, roB opnit o n t, „niofit He npHHHMart ;rh'reii xoJioncKiixt“. B t 1758 r. eMy fim it n o p y ie a t na^- so p t 3a Bcen yaeHoio ii yaefiaoio nacrtio bt, Aiia- seMin, 3a npo^eccopcituMt cofipaHieiit, 3a yaiiBep- eiiTeTOMt n rHMHa3ien n aa reorpailniaecKimt ^enap- ■raMeHTOMt. IIp n liHHU TaKoro paciiopim enia Pa3y- MOBCKaro ofitncneiiH caiinsit JIoMonocoBmit bt, ero „Hcropiii Anatem unecKoft Kaan,eJiflpia“. JIoMonocont ■rpefioBajit Bunaan jten ert, oupe,a,ijieHHbixb Ha co- Aepmaaie yHiiBepciiTeTa n rHMiiaain, „Bt a e sit co- BiiHiiKt Tay6epTt mhoto iiporaBiriien, 1160, mrl.a Ka3ay OTt Knii3Knoii jraBKii iio;i;r, cBoirnt BlssiaieM t m neaaTŁio, c t BeamiiiMt 3aipyji;aeHieM!. ja B a a t na ynnBepcHTeTt ii rHMHa3iio... T a n t tto nuor,na JIo- MOHocony ,no cjiesT, ji,oxoji,h.to, n6o, Bir;i,a fil',;r,HLixt rnHHa3HCT0Bt fiocList, ne siort BHupocHTt y Tayfiepra x x v i m orpA 'i>iH jio m o h o o o b a.
EIO rPA ^IJI JTOMOHOCOBA. x x v it AeHerB, biiah, hto ne Ha HyjKUHH jiiia yiiOTpeOJHcn,. HaiipinrlipT, aotb yMepinaro Aaiiiio nyHCOHiii,iiKa Kyrria iipnnec.ia ii ocali oma CBoero ociaBiiiieca CTapae inicipyiieiiTH, KOTopne TOTaacE am ciobo- jihtuoii 3a 120 pyóaeiiB naaiiHHHXB b3hth, Kor,i,a rnHHa3iiCTaM'& no sit u 4ctb óhao Henero. TaKOBHe nocTynKH noHyAMH JloiiOHOCOBa npociiTB upeanAenra htoóh yHHHepcHTOTi* ii nimnasifl omanu 6h.oi eiay na eAHHCTBeHHoe cMOTpimie h cymiy no iiobom y CTaiy na o6a ciii yapeaiAeHia otaIiahtb ocoGaiibo cb rliłiB, HTOfiu iianuc.uipia (ciipŁaB iipoaie menu *) a iih n j u emy bt, tomb BcaKoe BcnoMoatenie11. Hobuu CTaTT., o kotopomboht, 3;i'!ici» ynoMiiHaeTB,—ycTaBT* Aaa neiepSyprcKaro yHiiBepciiTeTa ii run nasili, He3a- AO.iro jiototo HamicaHHUi! hht. no nopyaeHiio rp. PaayMOBciiaro. 06b yTBepiKAeuiii ero JIomohocobt, ciiabho xjioiiOTa:iT> bt> oto BpeMa: „cie CyjeTT. Koiien/f, Moero noiienema o6b ycirhxaxB bt, nayKaxrr, chhobb pocciflcKHXT,“, imcaaB oht, IJIyBa.TOBy. IlocJii: MHoro- KpaTHHXB 6e:iifJiOAHŁixT, noiiuoKT, ero bt, IleTeproijBf,, jiiTHioio pe3n;ienniio ABopa, nowi; TpexB aIitt, He- yTOMiiMHx,B xo;iaTaiiCTBT, ii npepeKaniii ct, Tay6ep- tostb, HenoniiMaiuuiiMT,, „ity^a aIitbchco CTyACinaMH11, ii BcaaecKii irliinaBiiiiiMT, eMy, a^ao KaaaaocB 6hao upiiBeAeno kb BOJKAeaiiHHOMy KOHiry: aABiOHKTy IIpoTacoBy 6hib yatB nocjiaHB bb roaaaBAiio npn- icasB, He CTaBiiTBca TaiiB bb Aomopa, a ixaiB aah 3-roro bb JICTepóyprT,, KaitB BApyrB 25 okt. 1761 r. ynnpaeTB Hmh. EaiieaBCTa h npiiBHiuierifl lleiep- ćyprcicaro yHHBepcuTeia ocTaeTca HenoAuncairaoii. BnocaiACTTiiii JIomohocobb - HEnaaca iiaiioMHHTh o
X X V III eiotpvt>ih iomohocoba.
Hefl BcecnjiŁHony Torjia rpa4»y T. F. OpnoBy, ho 6ewh ocofieHiiaro ycn4xa. Torji;a, htoóh xotb hb- ckohbko coKpaTHTt iipHmmema bb AKajeMiK) hho- CTpaHnHXB yicnwxT,, oni, npejpoJKiiiiB bt, 1764 r. OTiipaBiiTB 3arpanimy ceMepEixK CTy^eirroBT, npon3BOji;cTBa (aitajeMiiKOBB) coócTBeiiHBiXB, npiipo.ii;- hlixt» u n,OMaunii[XT,, KOTopBie mofjih 6h ciyJKiiTB, HaaajiB He orjiajiHBaacB h He yrpoaiaa KornpaBTOMi, u BBinieiiT, a6uin.ua, a naae Bcero cayffiMH óh kb ■iecTH oTeaecTBy, KOiopoii otb nHOCTpaHHHXB HaineMy napo^y npnnucaTB neB03mojeho! w O inaKO sto npe^ao menie JloMOHOCOBa He 6buo ncnoiiHeHO. Taida 3a6oTH o po^,homb iipocBiimiMiiii He oTBieKaJiii ero otb Ha- yiiHBixB h ,iHTeparypHBixB 3aHHTiii; oiibith, jiyiccep- TauiH, ojei, Tparc.im, TopateeTBeHHEia p ia n r a n cbohmb aepesoMB. Ha;to oaiiiiTUTB, a to euaaeiiie JloMOHOCOBa, KaKB y aciiaro, tohho orrpe^h-iMOCi, He xaKB jaBiio, Kor.ua naaa.in pa:)finpaT& ero jtiic- cepTauiu, Kor.ua cjt.jajiocL oaenn.i.iiHMB, itaitB hhoto ii nnonoTBopHO ohb pa6oTa.iT, no HayitaMB ecie- CTBeHHHMB. Bb hhxbhciio BEiKa3BiBaeTCff ero rayóo- Kiii ysiB, cTpeHUBiiiiHca kb noHiiManiio npe;i,MeTa bo Bcefi ero no-UHorŁ, ero reHiaiiBiiaii Haxoji,aHBOCTB H IipOHimaTeJIBnOCTB BB OÓBHCHeHiH 11 B-ieiliń npii- pOABI H 06lHIipHHH CBintllifl, BB KOTOpHXB Bnpo-
aesiB He 0TKa3BiBajiH cmy jraire h aaiuuTtie Bpam ero. Ho n 3iiaMeHiiTBie coBpeMeiiHHKii bb EiiponB aiiHMH ero: BeiiiKifl waTeMaTiiKB X Y III cTorfTia, BiijiepB, bb uiicBiii kb iipe3H.neHTy AKajeiiiii rpaifcy K. I'. Pa3VM0BCK0My 0T3HBa,icn TaKB o6b yaeuiJKB Tpyj;axB JIoMonocoBa: „CoanHeHia oih He tojbko
xopoinH, ho npcB0CX0;i,ni,i; bb hhxb paacMOTptnBi, Hepa3BacHeHHBie ii neiisBlCTnue nia BenHaa0HinxB
BIOrPAM H JTOMOHOCOBA. XXIX
renieBB, Bonpocu xiiMin n (JmsnitH cb Tarcoio ocno- BaTeABHocriio, hto a coBepineHHO yófsiCACin. bb cirpa- Be^aiiBOCTH ero oÓBacHeHin; no OTOHy noBoay a floji- aceHB OT^aiŁ ciipaBe^jiMBOCTB JloMOHOcoBy bb tomb, 'ito ohb oóaajraeTT. caMHMB saMiaaiejiBnHMB re- nieMB jtjih ontpinia (pa3BacHeHia) <}m3inecKHXB n XHMHaecKHX’B aBjieHiii, u ółuo6h jEeaaiejiBHO, hto6b bcIj ana^emin ómin bb cocroaHin npoii3BojiiiTs ot- Kpmia iiojo6nŁ[a tImb, noTopaa c^tnaiB JIomoho- cobb“. Il0A0f)Hua OT3HBH BikepB jriaaaB o6b neMB ne pa:rb. O^Haatjru (bb 1754 r.) bb ojthomb jenii- asircKOMB yieHOMB acypna.rl> noaBnaacB Kpiiraica Ha HiicoTopue yaeHue Tpy^n JIoMOHOCOBa. Buena- TjiHieiBHHii Homohocobb atajiOBajjca aa nero 9iijiepy, KOTopBiil iianHcaaB eiiy cjriijtyBomee:
„HecnpaBeAAHBocTB ii tohb H$Meu;KHXB ra3eTin- kobb“, TaKB BBipaiKaeTca 3HaMeHHTBiii MaieManiKB, „MHi> oaeHB xopomo H3B'i>cTflBi n hhckoabko iieFia ne ■rporaioiB. 11 cmIsfocb, bh^b, KaitB ohii ópanaTca n yHiraiaioTB npettpacHinmia coaiiHeiiia. Be3B cołiir]i- uia, obu ^yiiatoTB npocjiaBim,ca, CTanoBacB cyjrBHMu- mii no KpanHen irfepii HajriioTca ofinaHyiB HesHaio- mnxB, h, roBopa piiinnTeaBUHMB tohombo iipe^ne-TaX B , BOBC.e UMB HeiI3B'])CTHBIXB, XOTBTB ÓJICCFlyTL
MHH-m o k) y y e n o c T B K ). Onn u e p a
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n a c i a r t n ; T a n n i i B a c a .n tn M B n n - c a ic a M B 6b l io6
h c j r a in n o M B M H o r o n e c T i r , e c a n 6b o h h y k i1,1
l u n , ti t o h x b H e n p a B f l a M H o c K o p6
j i a i O T c a “ . Ho m o h o c o b b H a n e n a r a i B9
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i i h c b m o b b B o a p a a t e n i e H a K p n T H K y b b a M c re p jra M C K O M B a i y p n a j r f c , n j ^ a B a B - i n e n c a n a4
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t o m b o t b4t4! o a e u f, 3 a M 'l n a r e a c H B b m.ij i;f.b J I o M O H O c o B a H a a c y p H a a B i:JKypHajiH, roBopirn. o u t, h«t.i« Ghmiioto ęnoco6- ciEOBaTf, kb npnpameHiio aeJOBł,aecKnxT. SHanifi, ecra 6h HSRaieiH Gran bbcoctohhihbłhiomhtb sajaay , M -
-ropyro Ha cefm npHHara, ii ocTaBaaitcr, bb HacioamiiM. u p S ia a x B , npesuncHBaeMHXB iimb 3T0“ f ^ a e i i . ChocoGhoctb h B u J a - » o r b a ero ott, * 2 -IOTB ChocoGhoctb nyiKiia jjth toto, htoGh ocHOBa ■reiŁHO u cb BHaHieMB jpfeaa oGcyMaiB xy » n * y pa3Hopoji,nHXB ape^MeroBB, Koiopaa bxoji,hxbbbhxb naaiiB: b o m- htoób, He bb bhW B»Mero »bo -ro kpomIshctiihh, hiickojiłko He iiojwaBaTBCH npea paacyiicaMB h cTpacraMB. T i , KOTopr.ie hphcbomh ceGis SBanie MtypnaracTOBB 6e3B TaKoro aapoBam ii pacnoioateHiH, He w iia iH 6h ototo, ecMi6B,KaKB Gmo yffiB aaMfaieno, hxb He noacipeirayrb kb TOMy rojioiB ii He sacTaBiuB hxb cy,nnTB ii TOUKOBaTB o TOMB, nero OH11 He pasyniioTB. ^ in o lo n u o sototo, HTO 11'IlTB CTOJIB JiypiIOFO COTIIUCMH, Koioparo OH HL PacxBaiMB u ne npeBOSHecB Kaicoft HiioyAB ®JP- HanB, u Hao6opoTB, KaKB 6h npeBocxo«eHB hii Oh ib ipyiB , ero Hcnpeidsnuo oacpiinTB h pacTepaaen. itaKoft HiióyjB Hiinero He 3HaK>iHifi m u HecnpaBeji- jihbhh kP«thkb“ . Bb H3BtcTH0f. cienenn c.ioBa ara BipHH AO C1IXB nopB. JIomohocobb c ^ a a m 6h SJIH nayKii ropaajto Gojiłuic, cciikGb ero nocToaHHO ne OTBJieita.iiu OTT, Hea w y ria aaH am . Ohb IIPHUBOPHHMB H09T0MB, HpeHOflaBareaeMB, C0BBTH1I-KOHB BB AMweMin, ohb soiatenB 6hab nucaiB cthxh na paauue cjiyaan, imcaTB Tpaream no 3a- itaiiy, cohhhbtb pyccKyio ncTopiio h npoa. h upoi. Ohb cosaaBaai. bb Poccin h a n e p a iy p y h nayKy. Ohb HaimcaiiB n e p B y i o y HacB Meiajuiypriio, bb icoTopyio S , . S o l i . i MiiHepaJioria. E m S t a T O ™ x x x BIOrPA*TH JIOMOHOCOBA.
EIOrPA'I>IH JIOMOHOCJOEA. X X X I
cjjyauua o6pa:moM'L ,a,JH bc’I.xb iopiihxb .noweli. Bo Bpejui JIoMOHocoBa nauie ropnoe npoii3BO^,ciBO nomu cjtHEieTBemio orpauHiHBaAocB ropaiiH ypajiLCKHMir, OjionepKEMu, AjiTaiicKiiMn h HepmmcKiiMH. Ho JIo- mohocobb (5mjib yBipeiiB, eto m mocnie ryOepiiin Pocciir Taume .nojmnii naofiBaoBaiB noae3HHMu mii- Hepajiami.
Oiib npe^arajiT. Cenaiy, 'itoóli no Bccii hh nepiii bc,1'1ido 6h io coSnpaTB necitn, naioin n r.miiM pas- naro poją no npe^iaraeMou hhb miCTpynuin, ii bb iKtBieTiroHT, kojipicctb']; apncmaiB BrB iieicpfiypn,. Casioe cofinpanie necitOBB, icaimcń n tjihhb ohb co- BiiTOBajIB B03J0JK1ITB Ha KpeCTBHHCKHX’B JtilOH, KO- Topiia u 6e3B Toro Becenneio h jiiiHeio nopoio co- óiipaioiT, mxb B'6 óojiBinoMB liOJiiiaecTBi ;;aa caCauu. Bry 3af5aBy, no meichh JIowonocoBa mojkho 6m o 6łl ofipaTiriB bb Bejnmyio rocynapcTBeimyio nojiBsy. CoSpannua Bemn JIomohocobb CpaiB na ce6a pas- cMaTpnBaTB, npoMHBaTB, u no hhmb cyflHTB, ixl> y naci ecm nauie jiiiCo MimepajiH. Ohb ^aine oOasu- Baaca oOyniriB iieriepajiorin u npofiupHosiy ncnyccray B'B O.HUHB rOflB IIOBeTHHXB MOIO^,HX'B 310,3,011, CKOALltO yro^HO óy^ert CeHaiy nopyniiTB eiiy.
7 C''6 TaitnMB jeo' fiesKopucTHUMB npeniojKeHieMB Homohocobb bxo^[i.i,b bb KoMJuiicapiarB, :iaBi:a;u- BaBiniff cojanuMB irpoii3Bo^CTBOMB bb ii'iiCTaxB, ae- iKain,iixB iieamy jJafiupoiiB n ^ohomb, oco6eHiio Jfie KaaenHŁiMii EoxHyTCKHsin ii Topemtnsin 3aB0-
3,aMn. Taiionmie coaoBapu hg u,ocTaB.ia.in Toro ko- jumeciBa cojih, Kanoe TpeSoBaaocB ąjla iojkhhxb ry- fiepuifl, n Poccia „yo.iaiHa Cnaa noKynaTB co.ir, H3B HoaBinn, ItpuMa n EyGaHCKoS cienn. JToMonocoBB oóbhchujib EoMMiicapiaiy, otb nero 3aBiicnTB, eto
XXXII ElOrPA^Ifl .IOMOHOCOBA.
H3i EaxMyrcKiix'B n Topemran saBOĄOBb He
nojiy-Tiaerca Tpeóyemaro EOJWłecTBa
cojh,
MflorocTopoHHOCTt yna JIOMonocoBa 6mia t .mb
mioAOTBopHise pesyibiaraNii, eto ona coemiHaaacb ci neodHEannHin Tpy;i,ojiK)6ieMT.; ohi b i m m i
bŁeho eto Ha6y3;b H3yEaai, coehhhii, iipoBonnai u T!T0 1'oi’^a Cujio Bcero Baumie,—npeAiipHHHiia.il. ]£o nero b i Pocciu ne snami, eto Taicoe craTH- CTBKa ii.1 a Meieopoioria; rcorpacjmaecidif ;i,cnapTa- iieuTi, jiaóopaTopifl, yuHBCpcmeTi ii rromasia Moryii TaKHie cEH-raTbca aKiohi ero pyKi. Aomohocobi ne ucpeciaBaai paóoraTi Jtame u Tor.ra, Korna. nocTiiri UMOKeHiH, BI KOTOPOMI MOri CnOKOfiHOi llOIbSO- BaTica ii.iojiaim cbohxi TpynoBi. Bb 1755 r. oni uucajii k i II. H. IIIyBaaoBy: „Kto no CBoen npo(j)ec- cin miTacTb .leuniii, A'Ł.iaen ouuth hobhc, tobo-
puti iiyfi.iHEHO pian n unccepTauiu n bhbohohco- EiiHaen pa3Bne ctiixh ii npoeKTH k i ToputecTBen-
hhmi MiiiBJieuiflMi pajioCTn, cociaiuberi. npaBiua
k i KpacnopiaiK) Ha cbociii aabiids u nciopiio csoero oTCiocTBa, OTB Toro a nnnero Coai.me TpeóoBaTb ne iiMiio". IlosAntc ( 1762) b i npoiuemu na Bbiconau- inee iimh, oni OTKpoBenHO nepenncJDUi cboh sacayni- „Coctoh na cayir/yfc 31 roni, of.painaaca b i Hayitaxi co bckkhmi B03M0IKHUMT, panemesn n Bi HHXI imiofmiAT, Tairoe 3naHie, eto, no cBiintrejicrBy pa3Huxi Ana,nowin n bckkhxi yEeHHXi monen, iipn- neci iimh 3HaTHyK> caaBy oreneciBy; TaitOBUMi yne- HieMi, onaiin, nyÓJinEiibiMH piubMii n niiccepia- niflMH noxi30Bajti n yKpainan R AnaneMiio wan- nan n in ; Ha npnpoAHOHi asbiiii pasHaro pona co- EHHeniJiMH rpaMMaTUEecKHMn, pniopnEecKnim, cth- HCTOpHEeCKHMlI, a TaKjKC ii no bli
cokhxb nayaB Ha.nJie:Kaiii,nMH (j)ii3naecKHMn, xhmii- aeciiHim h HexaHnaecKiiMir, cthji& poccitfciciu bt, stii ^BaanaTL aiin, HecpaBHeHHo buiiucth.ich nepeji,B npeatHHMt h Mnoro cuoco6urI;e ciauB kb BHpaałeHiio u,ich Tpyjuijx-r>, bb aeaiB cBHjirejibCTByeTB oOm,aa aupoOau.ni *) mohxb coTimeiiiii hbo bchkhxbhhce- siaxB (t. e. coliiiHeHiax7>) ynoipeOiiacMLiii H3B hhxb ciOBa h BupaiKeiiiu, u to kt. npocBŚmeHiio Hapo,na MHoro c.iyiKHTT,; iipncyTCTByn bb Kanneiapin Aaa- ^esiin HayKB uieaoMB nonmecTa ro^a 0e3B noBn- inema iiiHa h npnOaBitn asajoBaHLa, OTnpaBMiB a jojatHOCTB moboco BcaraMB paaeHieMB, TaaB hto iHMuaaia, ytiHBepcHTeTB a rcorpatfuiuecKiu jeuapTa- MemB iipniiuin bb MHoro .lyirace nepeflB upejRuiiMB cocToame“. Bb othxb caoBaxB hI.tb h ituii uo- XBajtB6ii. 9to upaB.ua, KOTopyio BHCKa3HBaeTB bc.tii- Kiii uejioBłiKB bb iiouhomb co3HaHin Toro, aro ohb CftijiajiB .pa CBoefl p op u a.
Y.
Ero Tpy.ii,li no pyccKofl ciobochocthh pyccKOiiy asHKy oniHeHU Ohjih paHime ero yaeBHXB pa6oiB. Ero nepBaa o;i,a roBopaaa TaimiiB 3ByaHLiMB, TasHiiB ncOuBajŁiMT, ctiixomb, uTO He morjia ne aasaiBca aiaB-TO cobcŁmt, hobhmb. Ohb iiouctiiuŁ „oienB11 hoboS aaiepaiypa,
Ytó anemii cioib cthxobbh uposti BBeiB bb Pocciu. Bb pyccitofl .iinepaTypt nepBaro copoua.ri.Tia
IiIOrPA'I>IH JIOMOHOCOBA. X X X III
*) T. e. osoOpeme.
m J0M0H0C02*.
x x x i v B I O r P A M IOMOHOCOBA.
XYIII Bbita rociiojciBOBaJin bccbobmojkiihh „snuin HeAbnocTD cxoBa“, no BHpajKeniio JIouoHocoBa: pyc- CKaa amepaTypa btoto BpeMena He roBopMa em,e pyccKUMB asHKOMŁ. JIomohocobb, co o io CBoero rema, jajiB eft HOBHli H3HKB H CT, UH MB BllbCTł, eHHHCTBO, KpbnocTB n neHTpB. JI,o JIoMOHOCOBa Ha Pycn 3Hajrn ToatKO [ciaBiiHcicyio rpaMiiaTHBy, t. e. hshkb n,ep- KOBHO-caaBiiHCKHX'Ł KHurb. JIomohocobb liaimcaiiB rpaMMaraKy pyccsaro H3Hica („PocciflcKaa PpaMiia- THKa“), BB KOTOpoft IIBHICH CaMOÓ MTHŁIMB TBOpUCMB h no EOTopoii ynnaucb pyccnoMy «3HKy imoria no- KoaiHia. Hpobeccopi. Bye.iacBB roBopniB no nOBOsy rpaMMaTHKii .1 omoiiocona c.rliiYioiiioo.
„Co3UAaH CBOBO Poccineityio rpaMsiaTinty, JIomo hocobb paayMb.rb hojub pycciuiMT. jiblik omb H e B c e pa3Hoo6pa3ie mIicthhxb e r o roBopoBB, a rr y n c i t y c - c T B e H H y io CMbcB pian pa3roBopnoit es n;epKOBHO- caaBBBCKOH), KOTopon 6po3Kenie coBepuiaaocb bb Ha- uieii nncbMeHHOCTH bb Teaeriie Miiornxi cio.rl.Tin u KOTOpoit o a e w e H T H thkb acno o6HapyjKHMCb, K o r n a cb iia<ia.ia XVIII Bt.i:a rpanmaHCirie nurepecu noTpe- óoBaau cooTBbTCTBennaro ceóli BHpajKenin, OTinaaio- maroca otb apxaH<iecKaro CTiiiflH;epKOBHBixB iincarnii. KaKB HCKycHufi 3oa.Mift) JIomohocobb npo3pi>BaaB BB 9 T o ii rpyjii HeB03j;lfeaaHHHXB iiaiepiajioBB 3a;iaTKH bu- COKOH KpaCOTH II BC.I IIM i II. KHKB 9T0 IIBC1BY0 I B II3B caiiflyioiu,HXB ero chobb, bb kotophxb naHBHOCTB BŁipaffienifl HCie3aeTB Hepeffb ncKpenHOCibio rayóo- K a r o caMOCoiniaiiiii xyAo:EHinta i i naTpioia: „KapiB IlHTHa, PiiMCKin IlMuepa-iopB, r o B a p i i B a j i B , htohc -naHCKHMB H3HICOMB CB BoroHb, (t>paHUy3CKIIMB — CB jpy3BHMii, HiMeuKHMB - cb HeupiareanuH, HTaJiBjiH- CKHMB — CB JSeHCKlIlIB nO.IOMB rOBOpiITb npiIIH'IHO.
E i o r P A * i a a o m o h o c o b a. XXXV Ho ecaa 6a ohe pocciflcKOMy H3HKy 6hae HCKy- CeHB, TO, KOHeUHO, KB TOMy IipHCOBOKynilAE 6h, hto
HME CO BCiiMH OHE1MH rOBOpHTB DpiICTOIIHO. HÓO Ha-mexB 6h be neME BeAimoiiiiiie ncuancKaro, kiiboctb
cftpaimyscKaro^pliHOCTB HtMeuKarOjHiatHOCTb m aiE- HHCKaro, CBepxE toto fioraicTBO ii cMBHyio be h30-
6paateHiax'b itpaTitocTB rpeaecKaro h AaTimcicaro H3H-
kobe. MeHJi HOAroBpesienHoe be poccificitOHE caobIs
ynpasKHeHie be tohe cOBepineEHO yBipaeTE“. P a3- aaraa JHTCpaTypnuii h3hke Ha ero cociajinua Baera, •lOMOHOCOBB BC'łl HXE IIpHBOJIHTB BE ^Bt riaBHHfl rpynnH: oOaacTiiLia napimia hau, kbke ohe BHpa- JKaeTca, H pociopiiie—ce ohhoiI ctopohłt, hh3hee aepKOBHO-CAaBHHCKiii, haii, KaKE ohe ero Ha3HBaeTE, npocTO c a a b e u c u, i fi—ce ^pyroir. TBopeuE Pyccnoir PpaMMaTinur, KaKE KaareTca, hm^aehoboabho ucnoe no Tony BpeMeiin notiaiie o o6jiacTHUxE HapiaiaKE pyccitaro a3Hica u nasce HajrfepeBaACH hocbhthtbhmt> OT^iAEHoe pa3cy3Kneme; be C Boeft rpaMMaiHK'1) cch- AaeTca Ha napiaie Haxopyccitoe, oTAHuaa ero ott> BeaiiKopyccKaro u jaiKe hphbohhte HCTopHieCKia HaHHHH II3E HIICEMeHHOCTH nocAiHHflro. Hto JKe Ka-caeTca jo a3HKa AHTepaiypHaro, to be btome otho- HieHiu, II3E BC'tXE IipOBIIHU;iaXBHŁIXB pa3HOpiHiu OUE ornaeTE npejuoaTeHie rosopy MocicoBCKOHy, 3a6n- Baa TaKiiME oópasoME nepe^E o6in,e-Hapoji,HHME ai- AOME CBOH AHUHŁia, MeAKia CHMIiaTiH XOAMOrOpCKia. „MocitoBcitoe napiaie,—roBopiiTB ohe,—He tokmo
.ipa BaiKHOCTH cTOAHiHaro roposa, ho h hxh cBoeii
otm'£hhoh itpacoTH iiponiME cnpaBenAiiBo npenuo-
HUTaeTca“. PpaMMariiita JToMOHOCOBa He toaekoHe yipaTHAa CBoero yaeuaro 3Haaeuia, ho ii hociixe
XXXVI EIOTPASIfl lOMOHOCOBA.
nopi> no nacTHMi. nepejiaeTca be o6yneHin hobhhe noKOJiiHiaME no noBAn^fiinmiE pyKOBOxcTBanE, j ih KOTOpHXE BHJtGpBtKH H3E 3TOH KHHrn COCTaBMKtTE jiyamee yKpameHie.
,PiiTop0Ka“ JIoMOHOcoBa, xoth u ocHOBaHHan Ha i-ociio.icTByioiiiHKT, Torji,a HanaJiaxE, HirŁeTE siiaaeuie He to^bko KaKE nepBUii oiihtt, aToii HayKH y nacE, ho n oTMiaeTca ciporou nocjrtji,OBaTejiBHoeTBK> 113-
aomeHia, bchoctleo htohhoctbio BHpaffieHia n tLmh npnMipaMH, itoTopua npiiHaj-iemaTE aBTopy.
„Ctiixt, JIoMOHocoBa", roBopim, r. TajiaxoBE, be cBoefl „HcTopin pyccKon cjobcchoctii-1, nocipoenimfi coraacHO ce ero „IIhcbmomb o npaBHJiaxE poccin- cnaro cinxoTBopcTBa“, 6h.tejpm CBoero BpeHemi hb- aeHieME HeoÓHKHOBeHHtiME, jiaate 6e3E cpaBHeHin ce CTHxoTBopeHiHMH KaHTemiipa u TpejBnitoBCKaro. Ohe
BHpa3HTejieHE, MyatecTBeHE n ó-iarosByneHE. H Te-nepB, no Hcrcienin iiobtii noiyTopacTa ji-Łte, imoria CTpo^)H ero o^e (ocoóenBO be ojpfe, BŁiópaBnon H3E loBa) He noTepflJin CBoero .nocTOiracTBa, TanoBa, Hanp., H3B'icTHaa CTpotJia o hojlesI. HayKE be o s i 1747 r. („Haynu lonomefl nmaiOTE") m be ojpfc 1746 r.:
HaME be ohome *) yJKacŁ iiaaajiocB, b[to Mope be apocTH CBoen
Ce npe^JiaMU neOecE cpainajocB, 3eMJia cTeHaaa ote 3H6en, TIro Biixpu BE Bnxpn y^apflJincb, H xynn ce Tyaaiun cnnpaJincB, H ycTpeMMJica rpoME Ha rpoME, H a to nasym boji,e rpona^H
*) Tobohtcs o neHaJiŁHom cooTosHia Poccin nnn Amii IoaHHOBHt.
E I O r i’A<I>ia .TOM
0
H0
C0
BA. x x x y u T e o n noKpHTt npocTpaHHH rpa^H,CpaBHHTB xpe6xn ropfi cb BiaiKUMME jihomb. BnpoieMB Ha cboeonosTiiaecKyio .niaTejibHOCTL JIo- MOHOCOBB CMOTptlB ÓOABUie KaKB Ha 06fl3aHH0CTB *), BB CHiy KOTOpoft OHB AOJIJKeHB ÓHJIB nOCTaBJBTB O^H Ha BHCOKOTOpateCTBeHHBie AHH, U03T0My, BB HHXB M'fe- CTa, iipoHHKHyTBia cmbhhmbayBCTBOMB, nonaj(aiOTca cpaBHiiTeaBHO pt^KO. Jlynue Bcero y nero jysoBiiMji o sa , HaiiHcaHHHB iimbHe no #o.iry cayjKÓu; bbhhxb— Bci jocTOiiHCTBa no3TiiaecKiixB upoii3BexeHin; 113B HOXBajiBHHXB me ero oab óojrfee i-sanlaaTe.iMia bocb- Maa—niMHB Miipy h Hayai. Ho npejpoaceniio H. II. IIIyBajioBa ohb ciaiB imcaiB neropiio Pocciii, ho ycnijiB jtOBecTii ee toji&ko ao UpoaiaBa My^paro. He hm4h B03M0iKH0CTii HsyiHTB BHOjmi pyccayio HC- Topiro, Jl—bb, pa3yM'ieTca, He motb yacHHTB ceói ea xoAa, xapaKTepa raaBHBixB UBaeuiii h upoi. Ho, hb- aaacB bb HeS liaTpioroMB, ohb „iiHorjta H3VHjaeTB ÓHHCTaTeiBHŁIHB pfilUeuiCMB H'6l£OTOpHXB iaCTHHXB BonpocoBB h OTalaBULJWH 3aMl'iaiiiaMii“. TaKB BLI- pa3Hjica o6b ero HCTopnaecitOMB Tj>y;i/h 0. M. Co- jiOBBeBB. MipB ncicyccTBa Toate He ółub ayajjB 3Tosry HeoóuKHOBeHHOMy nenoBiicy: bb MaaeHBKOMB HMliHiii
( 4 0 AyniB), HOiKaaoBaHHOMB eiiy Hmii. EancaBeToft, ohb ycrpoMB HacTepcayio, bb itoTopou óujih nparo- TOBieHBi nepBHa bb Pocciii itapTiiHH H3B H03aiiKn; cocraBH jp a u,bM'hhxb CTeKOAB ii3ofip'kiB ohb caMB, AM nero cny iipiiuuocB cAiaarB 6o.rf;e ,iiuyxB th
*) TaKoro ace B3rjiflsa jiepmaMCB h Hmii. E-mcaBeTa, maie OHa ne npHKa3RBajia da „JIoMOHOcoBy h TpestaKOBCKOMy cb nocirtmeHieMB cohhhhtb no TparesiH“.
XXXVIII biotpa^ih jiomohocoba.
CHTO OHHTOBTł. npeir^e B C to BB 9T0U MECTCpCKOfl onoHiera Cujł nopipen. Ileipa Beamiaro.
Y I.
Mh y«e roBopmii, aro r o . ctjuo n s B ic T H O y ie iT M M h B i E B p o n i ; a m w e i i i H 6 o a o H C K a a r — i M C K a a ( 3HaMGHUTHfl » , o BpeM H) « * » £ ero cbohmt, BJieHOMt. Bl Poccia ero h »6mh bc*, komy ftoponi óbwh ycnfaH Harnero npocBłiiuei iH, ho
* " H e Bci esiy noMoraJffl. o s i npeACTaBJiiiJicii Bcero He bcŁ cTOBiii 3a Hero,
BpeMeHHimaMB cbohmb - nxmirjm<-nn. 6oate, najranoBTB, hohh ero
Ero He noHimaM, Kam yieHaro, uucb TOJI0B^ a’ KOTopB.il npeRCTaBJUUi. coóok, lybmu ^ H H. myraJOBT, fum . ero spyroMH h bmLci* J * rpaćj.oH^ BopoimoBiiMT, o m s h m h eMy n o « e p » ! bb ero Oopi.frb, xoth h ne rany*), na W ohb mi-l-Yf Bel IipaBa pBSCBHTHBaTB. rp . OpJIOBT. TO-Ke oTHocMCH m H<*y c* yBaiTO-KenieMr,. _ 0 «naKO JIomohocobt, ne 3a11cKiiBa.iT, y chibhmkh Mipa cero. KaB ToejiBHKOBCKiH, He cairraBiuiii yHHJKemem, npo-3y6axT* xBaJie6uyro ojiy FI. raMB BHpoHa, ftepjfta bb
necTB 9Toro BpeaieHmaKa; oht. j^epjiiajicn ^
B^OKHMH HOKpOBHTeMMH CB0 6 0AH0 CS rjiyÓOKHMTj coBHaHieMT, CBoero SHaieaia h aejiOBliHecKaro KOct IIlic 1X1 KOTOpOe ram. xopouio BHpaaHIOCB BT. ero IIHCBMiKT. UlyBailOBY, nBM M M JM
noMHPHTb ero.c-B CyMapoKOBUMi: „He tokmo y cTO .ia
°rnmXB M M U m W ń
6hti> He xoiy, hou11hic y canoro jaiT, Mut paayM-Ł, hoku Tejieii nypaKOMH
BIOrPASIfl JIOMOHOCOBA. XXXIX Pa3Bi OTmiMCTT,“. Or.T,na;K^H lllyBajoBB, aacnopnBB
a>
hhmb, CKa3ajr6 ewy cep^mo: „Mu OTCTaBHMB Te6a otb Aica^eMin!" „H1stb“, B03pa:uuT. JIomohocobb, „paBBis AKa^eniio OTCTaBme otb mcu;i!“Bb3aMl>TKaxB aita^emiKa UlTejriiua, HaxoxHBina- roca bb npiaie..ii,CKiixB 0TH0nieniaxB cb JIomohoco- bhmt>, coxpaHiiaacB caijiyiomia itpaTKia cBi^iHia o HeMs: „ Xapa KTcpT, e ro—(}) 03 ii 'i ec Ki ii: OT.iaaaaca a p i- hoctbh) h ironu aneTHaecKoio cmojd; Hanp., -rpexB HanaBninxT. na Hero MaipocoBT, ojiojiIkibhchhjibcb hhxb naaTŁe. OtipasB auisHii—o6m,iił naedeiiMB. Tm- CTBeHHufi: HciiojiieHB CTpacTH kbiiayitś, d p eiu eiiia
KB OTKpHTiaMB. HpaBCTBeHHUl: MyKHKOBaTT,; cbhii3- iniiMH hbb ceMeficTBŚ cypoBB; jnejajB bosbhchtbch, paBHuxB npe:inpa.iB“.
Bb 1762 r. BCTynaeTB Ha npecrojiB EiraTeprnia, ciura IIIyua.TOBa na^aeTB, JIomohocobb npon3Bo^iiTca 3a 3acjiyrn bbcTaTCKie cobIithiikhiibbcauoMB .niuli
OTCiaB.iaeTca otb AKa^ewiii. .II.uiiBiiit npe3HjeHTB
Aica^ejiin: rpaęfiB PasyMOBCKiii, 6htbmojkctb, xot1h b
noaiepTBOBaTB hmb, hto6b bo^bophtb mhpb cpejin
HiMHeBB. TaySepTB TopatecTByeiB, aKa^eMiiKB Milt- aepB HHiireiB cbohmb apysMirr, 3arpaHiin,y: „AKa^e-
Mia ocRoOoatAeua otb JIoMonocona11. Ho yKa3B oób
OTCTaBiii ero yHimoJEaeTca, BiipoaTno O.iaro^apa rp. OpjoBy, xoth 6csb BcaKaro xo^aTaiicTBa o tomb JIo- MOHocoBa. HepeiiB ^ecaTB jHefi noc.it no^iiHcania yKa3a o6b OTCTaBKt, EKaTepHHa II iiociaaa bb ce-
HaiB coócTBeHHopyaHyio 3anncKy: „Ectłm yaa3B o JIoHOHocoBa OTCTamci eme He nocianB ii3B CcHaTa
bb Heiep6yprB, to ceńiacB ero ko hhI; oópaTHO npHcaaTb“. JIomohocobb cHOBa hbmch, tkkhmbo6pa- 30MB, BB A p e n i n . Hepe3B ro*B (7 ironii 1764 r.),
