Similarities and Dissimilarities Between the first and the Second Part of "Henry IV" by William Shakespeare

A C T A U N I V E. R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S f O L I A LI 1 1E R A R I A 29, 1 9 9 0 _ _ _ _ K r y s t y n a K u j a w l r i s k a - C o u r t n e y S I M I L A R I T I E S A N O D I S S I M I L A R I T I E S B E T W E E N THE F I R S T A N D THE S E C Ü N O P A R T OF " H E N R Y IV" BY W I L L I A M S H A K E S P E A R E D i s c u s s i o n s o n h o w p a r t s I a n d II of " H e n r y IV" a r e r e l a t e d g o b a c k o v e r t w o c e n t u r i e s . J o h n U p t o n m a i n t a i n e d in h i s " C r i -t i ca l O b s e r v a -t i o n s o n S h a k e s p e a r e " ( 1 7 4 6 ) t h a t " t h e s e p l a y s a r e i n d e p e n d e n t e a c h of the o t h e r " *. V e r y fe w h a v e s i n c e s u b s c r i b -e d to h i s j u d g -e m -e n t ; a n d m o s t a c t o r s , c r i t i c s a n d e d i t o r s s e e m 2 to a g r e e t h at t h e s e tw o p a r t s s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d as s e q u a l l y or s e r i a l l y ^ r e l a t e d p l a y s ; a n d t h e r e a r e a l s o s o m a w h o t r e a t t h e m as a w h o l e , p l a n n e d on a s i n g l e s t r u c t u r e 4 . W h a t e v e r m a y be s a i d in th i s m a t t e r t h e r e c a n be n o d o u b t p r i m a f a c i e t h a t p a r t II of " H e n r y IV" Is n o t a n a r r a t i v e s e -q u e l to p a r t I b u t a p r e s e n t a t i o n of a s l i g h t l y l a t e r p a r t of the t i t l e h e r o ’s r e i g n w i t h e v e n t s e x a m i n e d f r o m a d i f f e r e n t a n g l e . T h is a c c o u n t s for s o m e of t he r e p e t i t i o n s , p r o b a b l y c o n -d i t i o n e -d to a l a r g e e x t e n t b y th e h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s S h a k e s -p e a r e u s e d 1*. H o w e v e r , a l t h o u g h th e s t r u c t u r e e v e n t s a n d t h e m e s a r e s i m i l a r in b o t h p l a y s , the c h a r a c t e r s , t o n e a n d i m a g e r y J H. J e n k i n s , The S t r u c t u r a l P r o b l e m in S h a k e s p e a r e ’s H e n r y IV, ti n; ] S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV p a r t s I a n d lit A S e -l e c t i o n of C r i t i c a -l E s s a y s , ed. G. K. H u n t e r , A C a s e b o o k S e -r i e s - M a c m i l l a n P -r e s s L t d . , H o n g K o n g 1 9 0 2 , p . 155. 2 The N e w C a m b r i d g e S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y [V P a r t I, ed. J, D o v e r W i l s o n , C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e 19 4 7 , p. x i li . 5 I b i d e m , p. xiv. A J e n к i n s, op. c i t . , p. 156. 5 К. M u i r, S h a k e s p e a r e S o u r c e s , L o n d o n 1957.

a r e d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t . It s e e m s th e n p e r t i n e n t to e x a m i n e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s f i r s t as t h e y ma y s h o w the r e a s o n s b e h i n d the d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d t h e s e r e a s o n s ar e of g r e a t e r i m p o r t a n c e t h a n th e d i f f e r e n c e s t h e m s e l v e s , b e c a u s e t he y m a y r e v e a l S h a k e -s p e a r e ’-s dramatic; p u r p o -s e . T h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e of p a r t s I a n d II of " H e n r y I V"6 is the s a me . T h e y b o t h b e g i n ' w i t h the t h r e a t of c i v i l d i s o r d e r w h i c h b e c o m e s r e a l i t y in a c t II s c . i i . !he i n t r o d u c t i o n of F a l s t a f f t a k e s p l a c e in a c t I,ii . In p a r t I it is a t a v e r n s c e n e w h e r e h e an d P r i n c e Hal a r e c o n d u c t i n g a d u e l of wit, w h i l e in p a r t II it is h i s m e e t i n g w i t h t he L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e w i t h w h o m h a a l s o I n d u l g e s h i m s e l f in a v e r b a l d u e l . In b o t h p a r t s s c e n e s i , ii a n d iv of a c t II b e l o n g to " p l u m p J a c k " (I p . ,I I ,i v ,534 ) - F a l s t a f f . Ihe l a s t of t h e s e s c e n e s c o n s t i t u t e s the c u l m i n a t i o n of th e c o m i c e l e m e n t s in w h i c h Hal p r o v e s by a t r i c k t h a t F a l s t a f f is in f a c t a c o -w a r d a n d a b u f f o o n . In p a r t I it is a c h i e v e d by F a l s t a f f ’s li es a b o u t the r o b b e r y at G a d s h i l l w h e r e h e a n d h i s c o m p a n y r a n away f r i g h t e n e d by P r i n c e H a l a n d P o m s d i s g u i s e d as h i g h w a y m e n , w h i l e in Part. II th e P r i n c e a n d h i s f r i e n d a l s o d i s g u i s e t h e m -s e l v e -s , t h i -s t i m e a-s d r a w e r -s , a n d e a v e s d r o p F a l s t a f f ’s l i e s in

the fioar’s H e a d t a v e r n . In b o t h c a s e s , F a l s t a f f c a u g h t in the t r a p of h i s o w n l i e s , a m u s e s u s by h i s w i t, t h r o u g h w h i c h he m a n a g e s to g e t o u t of h i s p r e d i c a m e n t . In p a r t I a n d p a r t 11 h e r e c e i v e s m o n e y fo r r e c r u i t i n g t he r o y a l a r m y a n d in b o t h p a r t s he e m b e z z l e s t h e s e f u n d s (I p . , I V , i i ; II p . , I I I , i i ) . Ihe l a s t s c e n e s of the p l a y s a r e d o m i n a t e d by F a l s t a f f . In p a r t I c o n t r a r y to the t r u t h of the d r a m a t i c e v e n t s h e c l a i m s the d e a d b o d y of H o t s p u r , a n d in p a r t II h e c l a i m s h i s f r i e n d s h i p w i t h the n e w l y c r o w n e d P r i n c e H a l, h o p i n g to u s e it f or h i s o w n b e -n e f i t . The e v e n t s p r e s e n t i n g H e n r y IV, w o r r y i n g a b o u t the f u -t u r e of h i s k i n g d o m a n d th e s t r a i n e d r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n h i m s e l f a n d h i s e l d e s t s o n ar e s h o w n in b o t h p a r t s in th e s a m e c o m p o -6 A ll th e r e f e r e n c e s to t h e t e xt of the p l a y s in q u e s t i o n a r e to: Th e A r d e n E d i t i o n of S h a k e s p e a r e , M e t h u e n a n d C o Ltd. L o n d o n , H e n r y IV P a r t I, ed. A. ft. H u m p h r e y s , 1 9 6 7 a n d H e n r y IV P a r t II, ed. A. R. H u m p h r e y s , 1966.

sitiorial w a y . th e w o r r i e s of t h e k i n g a r e p o r t r a y e d in p a r t I, a c t I, i a n d in part , II a ct I I I , i . H e n r y I V ' s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h h i s s o n is p l a c e d in D o t h t h e p a r t s a s p r e c e e d i n g t h e s o l u t i o n of t he p e r i p e t e i a (I p . , I I , i v ; II p . , I V , i v ) . B o t h p a r t s a r e a l s o D u i l t a r o u n d c o m m o n t h e m e s . S h a k e s p e a r e e x p l o r e s t he n a t u r e of k i n g s h i p , w h i c h h e b e g a n in " R i c h a r d 1 1 *^ , p r e s e n t i n g k i n g H e n r y I V ’s d o u b t s a s to th e l e g i t i m a c y o f h i s t i t l e (I p . , I I I . i l , 4 1 1 ; II p . ,I V , v , 1 8 3 1 9 5 ) . As a p e n i -t e n c e for h i s u s u r p a -t i o n h e p l a n s to o r g a n i z e a C r u s a d e to th e H o l y L a n d . H e r e a l i z e s the n e e d to e s t a b l i s h s e c u r i t y of t e n -ure, a s th i s w i l l be a d v a n t a g e o u s to t h e c o u n t r y , b u t h e is u n -a b l e to d o so b e c -a u s e o f t h e c i v i l w a r a n d t h e l a c k o f u n d e r -s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n h i m -s e l f a n d P r i n c e H a l - h i -s e l d e -s t -so n. A. R. H u m p h r e y s r i g h t l y o b s e r v e s t h at th e t h e m e of k i n g s h i p is c o n -n e c t e d " n o t w i t h t he c o n t e m p t i b i l i t y o f s t a t e s m e n b u t w i t h H a l ’s e m e r g e n c e t o g o o d r u l e . G o o d r u l e is n o t th e w i e l d i n g of p o w e r b u t the f o s t e r i n g of th e g o o d l i f e a n a n a t i o n a l s c a l e . О T h a t for a k i n g is f or " * A n o t h e r t h e m e c o m m o n to b o t h p a r t s of “H e n r y I V й is t he s t a t e of E n g l a n d , t h u s w e h a v e h e r e m o s t r i c h l y d r a w n a p a n o -r a m a of n a t i o n a l l i f e . In p a r t I w e c a n s e e a n i n n y a r d in R o c h e s t e r w h e r e c o m m o n t r a v e l l e r s p r e p a r e t h e m s e l v e s f or t h e t r i p to th e L o n d o n m a r k e t ; a n d a p u b l i c r o a d n e a r C o v e n t r y alone w h i c h F a l s t a f f d r a w s h i s n e w l y r e c r u i t e d a r m y . In p a r t II we t r a v e l w i t h F a l s t a f f to G l o u c e s t e r s h i r e w h e r e he v i s i t s h i s f r i e n d J u s t i c e S h a l l o w . T h e r e is in f a c t a v a r i e d a n d v i g o r o u s m o v e m e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e l a n d a n d t h e m i l i t a r y s c e n e s s h o w a n a -t i o n s w a r m i n g w i -t h -th e c o n c e r n s of w a r w h i l e t h e t o p o g r a p h i c a l 9 a n d s o c i a l r e f e r e n c e s a b o u n d , m e s s e n g e r s r i d e a n d a r m y m a r c h , in L o n d o n th e l i f e of c o m m o n p e o p l e c e n t r e s F a l s t r a f f ' s c o m -p a n y w h o m e e t in b o t h p a r t s of t h e p l a y in th e B o a r ' s H e a d t a v e r n in E a s t c h e a p . " I n » H e n r y I V « “ , a s L. C. K n i g h t s s a y s , 7 I. R i b n e r, T h e P o l i t i c a l P r o b l e m in S h a k e s p e a r e ’s L a n c a s t r i a n T e t r a l o g y , " S t u d i e s in P h i l o l o g y " 1 9 5 2 , v o l . XLIX, No. 2, p. 171.

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" wh i c h Is so rauch more than a p o li t i c al play, the p u bl i c s i t u a -tion is d e f i n e d and ju dg ed in terms of a r i ch l y h u m a n Co n t e xt in w h ic h F a l s t a f f ’s ragg ed reg i men t and the C o t s w o l d conscripts are an in di sp e n s a b le p a r t “ 1 0 .

One w o ul d p er h a p s exp ec t that w i t h so m a ny s i m i l a r i t i e s in e v e n ts and form, w h ic h e v en p r om p te d A. S h ab be r to r e g a r d part

II as "a lmost a c a rb on co py of part I “ * 1 , the c h a r a c t e r s who p a r t i c i p a t e in th em wo ul d be so m u ch the same, but in this r e -sp ec t our e x p e c t a t i o n s are u n fu lf i ll ed . A l t h o u g h there is a c o n t i n u i t y in th emes and to a c e r t a i n e xt e nt in c h r o n ol o g y , th ere is no su ch logical d e v e l o p m e n t in ch ar act er s .

As all S h a k e s p e a r e ’s En g l i s h hi s t or y pl a ys are c en t r e d a r o u n d the h i s t o r i c a l so v e r e i g n s in tr o d u ce d in the t i t l e * 2 . In b o t h pa r ts ki ng H en ry IV is then the c e n tr a l c h a r a c t e r and the pl ot is d e te r m i n e d by his reign. The ca u s es o f the na t i o na l u ni ty and di sa rr ay , p r o s p e r i t y and di s a s t e r are c o n n e c t e d to a large ext e nt w it h his c h a ra ct er , hi s fate and h is r e l a t i o n to the nation. To u n d e r st a n d the si t u a t i o n p r e s e n t e d in “H e nr y IV" we sh ou ld u n d e r s t a n d this "nat ion al le ad er", u n m a s k i n g his real, face, not in the royal coun ci l or in the throrial c h a mb e r , but in private . Sh ak es p ea r e , l i mi te d by the dr a m a t i c - form, p r e -se n t ed h is p ri va te , ps y c h o l og i c a l and et hic al s id e in s o l i l o -quies. The r e b e l li o n d ur i n g H e n r y I V ’s r ei gn is trag ic from

the p oint of view of the indi vidua l hero, but it l o se s this tr ag ic a spe ct in the co n t e x t of n a ti o n a l h i s t o r y w i t h the p a s s -ing of time. The t w of o l d p o in t of view of the h i s t o r i c a l s i t u -ation, in wh ich we c an see the k i n g of Eng la nd , f orm s in the r e ci pi en t, as A. P. R u s si t e r says "a c o n d i t i o n in w h i c h two o p p o s e d j u d g em e n ts are s u b s u m e d and b o th are v a l i d ” . He also o b s e r v e s that S h a k e s p e a r e ’s E n g l i s h hi s t o r y p l a y s "are only fully e x p e r i e n c e d w h e n bo t h op p o s i t e s are h e l d and i n c l u d e d in

10 L. С. К n i g h t s, Poetry, P o l i t i c s an d the E n g l i s h Tr ad iti on, L o nd on 1954, p. 10. -^ J e n k i n s , op. cit., p. 170. 12 К. К u j a w i ń s к a- C o u r t o e y, Sz tuki S z e k s p i r a o h i s t or i i Anglii w ś w ie t le badart i w i n t e r p r e t a c j i te at r u a n -g i el s k ie -g o , Łó dź 1985, p. ć- 29 ( u n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r i a i th esis . The U n i v e r s i t y of Łdd* Li brary ).

a ’t w o - e y e ’ vi ew, a n d all 'one-eyed* v i e w s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s are n o t f a l s i f i c a t i o n s , t h e y a m o u n t to a d e n i a l of s o m e p a r t s of th e m y s t e r y of t h i n g s " K i n g H e n r y IV r e a l i z e s h i m s e l f t h a t h e is a u s u r p e r a n d t ha t is w h y h e w a n t s , by a n y m o a n s , to b e a s u c c e s s f u l s o v e -r e ig n . The m e a s u r e of h i s s u c c e s s is a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s t he m a i n t e n a n c e of p e a c e in t h e k i n g d o m a n d t h u s h e f i g h t s a g a i n s t an y act3 of i n s u b o r d i n a t i o n a m o n g h i s s u b j e c t s , e v e n w h e n t h e i r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n is j u s t i f i e d a n d h e is c r i t i s e d b y h i s f o r m e r s u p p o r t e r s . D e s p i t e th e e f f i c i e n c y a n d speed of h i s a c t i o n s , H e n r y 0 o - l i n g b r o k e d o e s n o t e v o k e any f e e l i n g s of r e s p e c t o r a l l u r e -m e n t as th e s o v e r e i g n in e i t h e r of th e p l a y s . H e is a t y p i c a l e x a m p l e of a M a c h i a v e l l i a n p o l i t i c i a n w h o c o n t i n u a l l y s e p a r a t e s p u b l i c f r o m p r i v a t e v i r t u e s . In p a r t I h e e x p l a i n s to h i s s o n the m e t h o d by w h i c h he g a i n e d th e f a v o u r o f th e c r o w d s " t h a t did h e l p h i m to the c r o w n " ( I I I , i t , *2) , He a l l o w e d h i m s e l f to be " s e l d o m s e e n " , ( 1 6) a n d e v e n w h e n he w a s s e e n h e d r e s s e d h i m s e l f “ in s u c h h u m i l i t y 1' (54) t ha t he w a s c o m p a r e d to " r o b e p o n t i f i c a l " (5 2) s h o w n in e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s . H e r e p e a t s t h i s m e t h o d o n c e m o r e to h i s s o n in p a r t II w h e n h e p r e s e n t s h i s p o -l i t i c a -l c a r e e r : C-..J G o d k n o w s , m y so n, By w h a t b y - p a t h s a n d i n d i r e c t c r o o k ' d w a y s I m e t this c r o w n , a n d I m y s e l f k n o w w e l l H o w t r o u b l e s o m e it s a t u p o n m y h e a d . To t he e it s h a l l d e s c e n d w i t h b e t t e r q u i e t . A n d al l m y f r i e n d s , w h i c h t h o u must m a k e thy f r i e n d s . H a v e b u t t h e i r s t i n g s a n d t e e t h n e w l y t a ’k e n o ut; By w h o s e f e ll w o r k i n g 1 w a s f i r s t a d v a n c ' d , A n d b y w h o s e p o w e r I w e l l m i g h t l o d g e a f e a r To b e a g a i n d i s p l a c ' d ; w h i c h to a v o i d , I c u t t h e m o f f . .. ( I V , v , 18 3 - 18 7 ; 2 0 4 - 2 0 9 ) A f t e r : J . W i 1 d e r e, Th e L o s t G a r d e n - A V i e w of S h a k e s p e a r e ' s E n g l i s h a n d R o m a n H i s t o r y P l a y s , M a c m i l l a n P r e s s L t d . , L o n d o n 19 7B , p. 7.

N e x t h e a d v i s e s h i s s o n " t o b u s y g i d d y m i n d s w i t h f o r e i g n quarrels'* ( 2 1 3 - 2 1 4 ) b e c a u s e o n l y t h u s w i l l h e h a v e n o c i v i l p r o b l e m s .

It is n o t a c c i d e n t a l t h a t H e n r y IV, a n a m b i t i o u s poli ti cia n, a d m i r e s H e n r y P e r c y - H o t s p u r , as h e is a l s o a n a m b i t i o u s m a n t a k i n g c a r e of h i s r e p u t a t i o n a m o n g p e o p l e . H e n r y IV, then, c a n n o t u n d e r s t a n d h i s s o n , w h o by h i s s t a n d a r d s is w a s t i n g h i s t i m e a n d l o s i n g p e o p l e ’s r e s p e c t w h i l e w h i l i n g a w a y h i s t i m e in t h e B o a r ' s H e a d t a v e r n . It s e e m s I m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r a l l y t h at H e n r y IV p r a i s e s H o t s p u r e v e n w h e n H o t s p u r o p e n l y o p p o s e s h i m (I p a r t , I ,i ,81 ; I I I ,i l , 1 1 2 - 1 1 5 ) as h e s e e s In h i m o n l y b r a -v e r y , a m b i t i o n a n d -v a l o u r . On th e o t h e r h a n d t h e king f e e l s c o n -t e m p -t for F a l s -t a f f , r e g a r d i n g h i m o n l y as a b u f f o o n , d e p r a v i n g t h e y o u n g P r i n c e (I, p a r t , I , 1, 8 5 ; 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 4 ; 6 0 - 6 1 , 6 8 ) . B e i n g a s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r H e n r y IV d o e s n e t c h a n g e in t h e p l a y s . H o w e v e r , S h a k e s p e a r e m a k e s h i m m o r e h u m a n in p a r t II by s h o w i n g m o r e e x p l i c i t l y h i s i n n e r c o n f l i c t s . H e b e c o m e s e x t r e -m e l y e -m o t i o n a l in h i s s o l i l o q u y in w h i c h he d e s p a i r s o v e r h i s s i t u a t i o n as a s o v e r e i g n : [...] 0 s l e e p , 0 g e n t l e s l e e p , N a t u r e ’s s o f t n u r s e , h o w h a v e I f r i g h t e n e d th ee , I h at t h o u n o m o r e , w i l l w e i g h my e y e l i d s do w n , A n d s l e e p m y s e n s e s in f o r g e t f u l n e s s ? C a n s t t h o u , о p a r t i a l s l e e p D e n y ( th y r e p o s e ) to a k i n g ? T h e n h a p p y lo w, li e d o w n ! U n e a s y l i e s th e h e a d t h a t w e a r s a cr o w n . ( II p a r t , I I I , i , 5- 8; 28; 3 0 - J 1 ) T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of k i n g H e n r y V i ' s p o l i c y is b e t t e r S e e n in II p a r t w h e r e w e cart c o m p a r e h i m w i t h l o r d N o r t h u m b e r l a n d , a r c h b i s h o p S c r o o p a n d h i s y o u n g e r s o n - J o h n L a n c a s t e r . N o r t h -u m b e r l a n d is an e x a m p l e of an a m b i t i o u s p o l i t i c i a n w h o c a n n o t m a k e th e r i g h t d e c i s i o n at a ve r y i m p o r t a n t m o m e n t . E x c e e d i n g l y c a u t i o u s in h i s a c t i o n s h e l o s e s n o t o n L y h i s s o n H o t s p u r bu t a l s o h i s h o n o u r a b o u t w h i c h h i s d a u g h t e r - i n - l a w r e m i n d s h i m (II p a r t ,II , i il , 1 0- 1 4 ) . A r c h b i s h o p S c r o o p is t h e o p p o s i t e of hi m.

He is a m o n o l i t h i c p i c t u r e of a w e l l - m o t i v a t e d l e a d e r of th e r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t H e n r y IV. H o n e s t a n d s l i g h t l y n a i v e he b e -c o m e s t h e v i -c t i m o f t h e p o l i t i -c a l m a -c h i n a t i o n s of J o h n L a n c a s -ter, f o r w h o m t h e g o a l is m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e m e a n s (I I p a r t , I V , i i ). A s f a r as t h e k i n g ’s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h P r i n c e H a l is c o n -c e r n e d , a l t h o u g h in p a r t I at t h e S h r e w s b u r y b a t t l e f i e l d t h e y b e c a m e r e c o n c i l e d , in p a r t II h e s e e m s to h a v e f o r g o t t e n a b o u t it. W e a l s o l e a r n t h a t h e " i s r e t u r n e d w i t h s o m e d i s c o m f o r t f r o m W a l e s " (II p a r t ,I I , i i , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 ) a n d is n o w ill. F a l s t a f f a d d s t h a t " h i s H i g h n e s s is f a l l e n i n t o t h e s a m e w h o r e s o n a p o p l e x y " (II p a r t , I ,i i , 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 ) a n d Ha l r e f e r s t w i c e to h i s f a t h e r ’s g r a v e s i c k n e s s (II p a r t ,I I ,ii , 3 9 , 4 6 ) . The k i n g h i m s e l f d o e s n u t a p p e a r in p e r s o n in th e p l a y u n t i l a c t III, a n d w h e n e v e n -t u a l l y h e e n -t e r s h e is s u f f e r i n g f r o m i n s o m n i a ; as a r e s u l t o f c o n t i n u a l a n x i e t y ( I I I , i , 4 - 3 1 ) . U n d o u b t e d l y c r i t i c s a r e r i g h t to r e g a r d F a l s t a f f as o n e of th e m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s a n d f a s c i n a t i n g c h a r a c t e r s is “ H e n r y I V " * * . In p a r t I h e is d e p i c t e d as b e i n g v e r y j o v i a l a n d a t -t r a c -t i v e to p a l l i a t e H a l ’s i n v o l v m e n t w i t h t h e E a s t c h e a p m o b , w h i c h J. D o v e r W i l s o n s e e s i n the t e r m s of a m o r a l i t y p l a y w h e r e F a l s t a f f p l a y s t h e p a r t o f R i o t a n d t h e P r i n c e t h e p a r t 1 s of th e Y o u t h a n d P r o d i g a l S o n . H e is o l d b u t S h a k e s p e a r e p r e -v e n t s u s f r o « n o t i c i n g it by g i v i n g h i m a s t a g e a u d i e n c e a n d a f o il to p l a y to. Ihe s t a g e a u d i e n c e c o m p r i s e s th e c o m p a n y at th e B o a r ’s H e a d a.id th e fo il is H a l . T h i s e n à b l e s F a l s t a f f to i m p r o v i s e a r t i f i c i a l s i t u a t i o n s , in w h i c h we, t he o u t e r a u d i e n -ce , b e c o m e i n v o l v e d , b e c a u s e if we a r e t h o r o u g h l y e n g r o s s e d in s o m e t h i n g , w e l o s e all s e n s e of t i m e a n d ag e. In p a r t II h o w -e v -e r , S h a k -e s p -e a r -e t o n -e s d o w n t h i s c h a r a c t e r to s h o w in a c t V , v t h a t it is H a l ’s w i s d o m , n o t h i s c r u e l t y , w h i c h m a k e s h i m r e -j e c t F a l s t a f f . T h u s , a l t h o u g h th e s t a g e a u d i e n c e is s t i l l t h e r e , th e f o i l t h a t b r o u g h t it to l i f e e a r l i e r h a s go n e . He з е р а г а -14 G. К. H u n t e r. I n t r o d u c t i o n , Tin:] S h a k e s p e a r e H e n r y IV p a r t s I a n d II, p. 1 6 -1 9. ^ J. D o v e r W i l s o n , T h e F o r t u n e s of F a l s t a f f , ■ C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e 1 9 7 0 , p. 25.

t e s th e P r i n c e f r o m F a l s t a f f ’s I n f l u e n c e , a n d w e a k e n s in o u r m i n d s th e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n th e tw o. It is t r u e th a t , as P. S w i n d e n s a y s , w e s e e F a l s t a f f in p a r t II f r o m th e o u t s i d e b e -c a u s e " we h a v e b e e n p u l l e d a w a y f r o m t h e -c h a r m e d -c i r -c l e of i l -l u s i o n h e h a d c r e a t e d th e r e, a n d w e s e e h i m w i t h a d e t a c h e d e y e t h r o u g h w h i c h we h a d s e l d o m l o o k e d b e f o r e . U n m i x e d h u m o u r a n d d e l i g h t h a v e g i v e n w a y tu a s e n s e of p a t h o s a n d a l i e n a t i o n , w h i c h is r e i n f o r c e d by e v e r y t h i n g w e se e in th e p l a y , o u t s i d e t he F a l s t a f f s s c e n e s as w e l l аз In t h e m ” 1 6 . B u t at t h e s a m e t i m e F a l s t a f f ’s h u m o u r a n d n a t u r e a r e s h o w n f r o m t h e i r s e a m y s i d e . F o r e x a m p l e , w e h a v e f o r the f i r s t t i m e the m e n t i o n i n g of h i s l e c h e r y w h e n we s e e h i m w i t h t he g i r l f r i e n d D o l l T e a r - s h e e t in II ,i v . H i s a t t e m p t to s w i n d l e J. 1 0 00 f i r s t f r o m the L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e ( I , 1 1 , 2 2 4 * 2 2 5 ) a n d t h e n s u c c e s s f u l l y f r o m J u s t i c e S h a l l o w ( V , v , 1 1 - 1 3 ) h a s n o t h i n g of the l i g h t - h e a r t e d s p i r i t of th e s p o r t w h i c h c h a r a c t e r i z e d t he G a d s h i l l r o b b e r y . The r e c r u i t s w h o a r e o n l y s p o k e n a b o u t in p a r t I ( I V , i i ) a p -p e a r in -p e r s o n in p a r t II ( I I I , i i ) . T h ey h a v e n a m e s , t h e y h a v e c h a r a c t e r s , a n d t h e y h a v e f a m i l i e s . F a l s t a f f ’s t r e a t m e n t of t h e m is no l o n g e r fu n n y , In p a r t I F a l s t a f f is m e r e l y a d r i n k -er, a g l u t t o n a n d a t h i e f w h o d o e s n o t k n o w w h e n t o s t o p , In p a r t II h e is s i m p l y d i s g u s t i n g 1 7 . In p a r t II P r i n c e H a l a l s o h a s to c h a n g e as he h a s to u n -d e r g o " t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t he m a -d c a p y o u t h i n t o t h e v i r t u -18 o u s r u l e r “ . B u t e v e n in p a r t I w e ar e a w a r e o f H a l ’s l a t e n t q u a l i t i e s w h i c h h e r e v e a l s in h i s f i r s t s o l i l o q u y ( 1 , 1 1 , 1 9 0 - -2 1 2), s o h i s a d o p t i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y is a g r a d u a l d e v e l o p -m e n t a n d it r e -m a i n s c o n s i s t e n t t h r o u g h t b o t h th e p l a y s . The Ha l o f p a r t 1 is s h o w n a s a c o n t r a s t to H o ts pu r , w h e r e b o t h m e n r e p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t m e n t a l a t t i t u d e s a n d c o n c e p t s of h o n o u r . F o r e x a m p l e H o t s p u r is so i m p e t u o u s t h a t he m u s t fight, e v e n w h e n m i l i t a r y o p i n i o n p r o n o u n c e s it i n a d v i s a b l e (I p a r t , P. S w i n d о n, A n I n t r o d u c t i o n to S h a k e s p e a r e ’s ’ C o -m e d i e s , L o n d o n .1979, p. 8 6. *7 R. B. P i e r c e , S h a k e s p e a r e ’s H i s t o r y P l a y s ; Th e F a -m i l y a n d th e S t a t e , O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , O h i o 1971 , p. 2 1 6 - 2 1 8 . J e n к i n s, op. c i t . , p. 163.

IV . ii i ,1 -1 5) , w h i l e H al h a s th e p a t i e n c e to " i m i t a t e t h e s u n" a n d s h i n e w h e n t i me is r i g h t ( I ,i i ,)92-198)'. N o d r a m a t i c foil or c o n t r a s t is p r e s e n t in p a r t II a n d o u r a t t e n t i o n is in H a l ' s c a s e , e n t i r e l y c o n c e n t r a t e d o n h i s d e v e l o p m e n t ; w h i l e p a r t I s h o w s the P r i n c e p r o v i n g h i m s e l f as t h e l e a d e r in c h i va lr i c m a t -t e r s ( -t h r o u g h o u -t -t h e b a -t -t l e of S h r e w s b u r y w e a r e m a d e to f eel t h a t h e is th e r e a l l e a d e r a n d i n s p i r e r o f the r o y a l a r m y ) , p a r t II s h o w s t he g r o w t h of q u a l i t i e s w h i c h d e a l w i t h t h e c i -vil v i r t u e s n e c e s s a r y to a k i n g . In o t h e r w o r d s in p a r t I h e s e e k s H o n o u r a n d P o l i t i c a l R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d a n d he a c h i e v e s t h e s e q u a l i t i e s by o u t s t r i p p i n g H o t s p u r in th em , w h i l e in p a r t II he s e e k s J u s t i c e a n d M o r a l R e s p o n s i b i -l i ty w h i c h h e a c h i e v e s t h r o u g h h i s r e j e c t i o n o f F a l s t a f f - t h e K i n g of M i s r u l e 1 9 . As J u s t i c e s e e m s to b e th e m o s t e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e of S h a k e s -20 p e a r e ’s i d e a l r u l e r , H a l ’s r e f o r m a t i o n is f u l l y r e v e a l e d w h e n a f t e r h i s fattier d e a t h , a s th e n e w s o v e r e i g n , h e c o n f i r m s the L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e i n h i s a p p o i n t m e n t (II p a r t ,I , i i , 1 0 2 - 1 2 1 ) . T hi s d e c i s i o n p r o v e s t h a t he h a s r e j e c t e d h i s p r e v i o u s l i f e a n d r e s p e c t s t he m a n w h o o n c e as a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e l a w p u -n i s h e d h i m for h i s m i s d e m e a n o u r s . T h e c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e d o e s n o t f e a t u r e in a n y of th e s o u r c e s S h a k e -21 s p e a r e u s e d a n d t h u s it s e e m s t h a t h e p a y s s p e c i a l a t t e n d t i o n t o i t . M e c a n a l s o s e e t h a t at t h i s p o i n t o f t h e p l a y Hal a n d F a l -s t a f f a r e f u t h e r e -s t r a n g e d t h a n t h e y h a v e e v e r b e e n . T h e y ar e d i s t a n c e d n o t o n l y p h y s i c a l l y ( F a l s t a f f is at t h a t t i m e in G l o u c e s t e r s h i r e ) b u t , m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y , m e n t a l l y - th e m a n w h o m w e s e e in p a r t II, a c t I,i i r e p r i m a n d i n g F a l s t a f f h a s just b e e n e n d o w e d w i t h a b s o l u t e t r u s t by H al . T h i s b e c o m e s e v e n m o r e a p p a r e n t i n t h e c o n t e x t of o u r n e x t m e e t i n g w i t h F a l s t a f f w h e n he s a y s ; 19 D o v e r W i l s o n , op. c i t . , p. 7 3 - 7 5 . W. H. A u d e n , T h e P r i n c e ’s D o g , [i n: ] S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV p a r t s I a n d 2, p. 191. T h e A r d e n E d i t i b n o f S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y JV P a r t II, p. x i x - x l i i i . :

[... З the l a w s of E n q l a n d a r e at roy c u m m a n d m e n t . B l e s s e d a t e t h e y t h a t h a v e b e e n m y f r i e n d s , a n d w o e to m y l o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e . (II p a r t , V . i i i , 1 3 2 - 1 3 4 ) M o r e o v e r , it s e e m s t h a t a f t e r h i3 c o r o n a t i o n H a l p u r p o s e l y c h a o s e s to r e p l y to F a l s t a f f ’s b e n e d i c t i o n v i a t h e L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e ; "My L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e , s p e a k to t h a t v a i n m a n " (V, v ,43). Th u s , p a r t II o i f f e r s f r o m p a r t I in t h at m o r e a t t e n t i o n is g i v e n to the L o r d C h i e f J u s t i c e fo r it e n a b l e s S h a k e s p e a r e to d r a m a t i z e the w i d e n i n g of t h e g u l f b e t w e e n F a l s t a f f a n d Ha l as t h e i r m o r a l t e n e t s b e c o m e s o v e r y d i f f e r e n t . It s e e m s to m e t h a t fo r t h i s r e a s o n , too, th e r e b e l l i o n of p a r t II u s e s v e r y 72 l i t t l e of t h e h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l s u p p l i e d p y c h r o n i c l e s . S h a k e s p e a r e i g n o r e s t h e f r e q u e n t r i s i n g s a f t e r the b a t t l e of S h r e w s b u r y a n d c o n c e n t r a t e s on o n l y o n e to a c c e n t u a t e F a l s t a f f ’s e x t r e m e l y i r r e s p o n s i b l e r o g u e r y . G l e n d o w e r , w h o f e a t u r e d so p r o -m i n e n t l y in p a r t I d o e s n o t a p p e a r in p a r t II, d e s p i t e th e f a c t t h a t h i s t o r y r e c o r d s h i m as b e i n g t h e m o s t c o n s i s t e n t l y t r o u b l e s o m e r e b e l in H e n r y IV r e ig n . I n s t e a d h e is d i s p e n s e d w i t h in a f e w o b l i q u e r e f e r e n c e s to h i s f i g h t i n g in M a l e s (I, i i i , 7 0 - 7 3 , 7 8 - 8 0 ; I I , i , 172) b e f o r e h i s d e a t h is a n n o u n c e d (III, i , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 ) , a n d h i s p l a c e in d r a m a t i c ( a l t h o u g h n o t p o l i t i c a l ) p r o m i n e n c e is t a k e n by t he A r c h b i s h o p of Yo r k . T h i s s u b s t i t u -t i o n is p r e p a r e d fo r in p a r t I H e n r y IV w h e n t h e A r c h b i s h o p of Y o r k t e l l s S i r M i c h a e l : F o r if L o r d P e r c y t h r i v e no t , e r e the K i n g D i s m i s s h i s p o w e r , h e m e a n s to v i s i t us, F o r h e h a t h h e a r d of o u r C o n f e d e r a c y , A n d ’tig b u t w i s d o m to m a k e s t r o n g a g a i n s t him. ( I V , i v , 3 6 - 3 9 ) B o l i n g b r o k e , by u s u r p i n g k i n g R i c h a r d H ’s c r o w n o p p o s e d t h e d i v i n i t y of k i n g s h i p e n d t h a t is wh y he c a n n o t b e a p e r -22 P. S а с с i о , S h a k e s p e a r e ’s E n g l i s h K i n g s : H i s t o r y , C h r o n i c l e a n d O r a m a , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , O x f o r d 19 7 7 , p. 3 7 — 6 3,

fe e t s o v e r e i g n ^ 5 . P a r t I o f " H e n r y IV" p r e s e n t s the i n s t a b i l i t y of the i l l e g i t i m a t e r o y a l t i t l e w h i c h is c o n s t a n t l y e x p o s e d to r e b e l l i o n o r g a n i z e d by p o w e r - h u n g r y po lit icia ns. . In p a r t II we s e e t he A r c h b i s h o p o f Y o r k a m a n of p e a c e , a s s u m i n g the l e a d e r -s h i p o f the r e b e l f o r c e -s a n d a d v o c a t i n g w a r a g a i n s t t h e u s u r -p e r. H e is h o w e v e r a l s o u n s u c c e s f u l b e c a u s e b e i n g a h i g h l y m o -ra l m a n h e c a n n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h a t “w h a t is g o o d in t he w o r l d of p o l i t i c s is e n t i r e l y u n r e l a t e d to a n d g e n e r a l l y th e o p p o -24 s i t e of w h a t m a k e s fo r g o o d n e s s in t h e m o r a l l i f e " . In o t h e r w o r d s as H. 8 C h a r l t o n s a y s h e c a n n o t d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n M a -25 c h i a v e l l ' s v i r t u a n d t he m o r a l i s t v i r t u e . In h i s s t u d y of k i n g s h i p S h a k e s p e a r e m a k e s u s w a t c h th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f P r i n c e H al , t he n a n of p e a c e w h o i n h e r i t s t he r o y a l t i t l e and C o m m a n d s p e a c e t h r o u g h l e g i t i m a t e j u s t rule . He is u n d o u b t e d l y the 26 i d e a l p r i n c e w h o k n o w s h o w to d i f f e r e n c i a t e b e t w e e n p o l i t i c a l v i r t u e a n d g o o d n e s s , a n d h o w to a p p l y t h e m a c c o r d i n g l y . Ihe b a l a n c e In p o l i t i c a l li f e is p a r t l y a c h i e v e d by the c h a n g e of t u n e in p a r t II, w h e r e t h e n a t u r a l e x u b e r a n c e , c h a -r a c t e -r i s t i c fo-r p a -r t I, is c o n s p i c u o u s l y a b s e n t . In p a r t II w e a r i n e s s a n d d e j e c t i o n e m b r a c e all a n d a r e p r e s e n t b o t h in c h a r a c t e r s a n d i m a g e r y . Th e c h a r a c t e r s a r e a g i n g . K i n g H e n r y IV, t he E a r l of N o r t h u m b e r l a n d a n d the E a r l of W e s t m o r e l a n d ar e n o w c o n s i d e r a b l y o l d e r , a n d F a l s t a f f too h a s h i s o l d a g e to a d d to h i s p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y u v e r - i n d u l g e n c e in f o o d , drink a n d o t h e r p h y s i c a l p l e a s u r e s . S h a k e s p e a r e in p r e s e n t i n g h i s c h a r a c -t er s p r e m a -t u r e l y w e a r y a n d a g e d ( A r c h b i s h o p S c r o o p ’s r e b e l l i o n - 1 4 0 5 in p a r t II t o o k p l a c e o n l y 2 y e a r s a f t e r th e b a t t l e of S h r e w s b u r y - 1403 i n p a r t I) s e a m s to p o i n t to a s p e c i a l d r a m a -t ic p u r p o s e w h i c h h e e v i d e n -t l y -t r i e s -to a c h i e v e b y i-t. K i n g H e n r y IV, w e k n o w , is a l r e a d y o l d at S h r e w s b u r y (he 23 £. H. К a n t o r o w i с z , T h e K i n g ’s T w o B o d i e s ? A S t u d y in M e d i e v a l T h e o l o g y P r i n c e t o n 19 57 , p. 2 4 - 4 1 . 24 H. B. C h a r l t o n , S h a k e s p e a r e , P o l i t i c s a n d P o l i t i c i a n s , tin: ] S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV p a r t s I a n d II, p. 90, ^ I b i de m. 26 H. M. R i c h m o n d , S h a k e s p e a r e ’s P o l i t i c a l P l a y s , .R a nd om Н о и з е , N e w Y o r k 19 67, p. 174.

s p e a k s of c r u s h i n g h i e " o l d l i m b s in u n g e n t l e s t e e l " - 1 part,*/ 27 i, 1 3 ) , a l t h o u g h h i s t o r i c a l l y he is o n l y 37 y e a r s o l d . At t h i s p o i n t of t h e p l a y it 1з n e c e s s a r y for h i m to b e r e p r e s e n t e d as e l d e r l y so t h a t Hal c o u l d b e s e e n to b e m e n t a l l y a n d p h y s i c a l l y in c h a r g e of th e a r my . By p a r t II H e n r y IV h a s b e c o m e ill an d w e a k as w e l l as a ge d . S h a k e s p e a r e s h o w s h i s s i c k n e s s to be the r e s u l t of i n s o m n i a t h r o u g h g u i l t , as he w o r r i e s a b o u t th e i l -l e g i t i m a c y of h i s a c c e s s i o n . Thus , he is p a y i n g t h e p r i c e fo r the s i n of h i s u s u r p a t i o n . P r i n c e H a l l is s t i l l y o u n g b u t h i s o p e n i n g l i n e s in p a r t II ar e in c o n t r a s t to h i s o p e n i n g l i n e s in p a r t I, w h e r e h e l a -u n c h e s i n t o a v i t -u p e r a t i v e a t t a c k o n F a l s t a f f : T h o u ar t s o f a t - w i t t e d w i t h d r i n k i n g of o l d sa ck , a n d u n b u t t o n i n g t h e e a f t e r s u p p e r , an d s l e e p i n g u p o n b e n c h e s a f t e r n o o n , t h at t h o u h a s t f o r g o t t e n to d e m a n d th at t r u l y w h i c h t h ou w o u l d s t t r u l y k n o w . W h a t a d e v i l h a s t t h o u t to do w i t h t h e t i m e of the d a y ? U n l e s s h o u r s w e r e c u p s of s a c k , a n d m i n u t e s c a p o n s , a n d c l o c k s t h e t o n g u e s of b a w d s , a n d d i a l s the s i g n s of l e a p i n g h o u s e t . , a n d t he b l e s s e d s u n h i m -s e l f a fa ir h o t w e n c h in f l a m e - c o l o u r e d t a f f e t a , I -se e n o r e a s o n w h y t h ou s h o u l d s t b e so s u p e r f l u o u s to d e m a n d the t i m e of t h e day. ( I ,i i ,2-1 2) T he l e n g t h of the s e n t e n c e s a n d t he v e h e m a n c e of v o c a b u l a r y p a y t r i b u t e to h i s e n e r g y , w h e r e a s in p a r t II he e n t e r s s a y i n g " B e f o r e Go d, I a m e x c e e d i n g w e a r y " ( I I , i i , l ) . H a l ’s w e a r i n e s s i l l u s t r a t e s h i s i n c r e a s i n g d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h h i s i n v o l v e m e n t w i t h F a l s t a f f a n d w e c a n s e e t h i s g r o w i n g in h i s s o m b r e g r a v i -ty w h e n h e r e a l i z e s t h at P o i n s ’ d e s c r i p t i o n of h i m as a h y -p o c r i t e " w o u l d be e v e r y m a n ’s t h o u g h t " ( 1 1 ,i i ,52). fwo s c e n e s l a t e r the P r i n c e p a r t i c i p a t e s in a s e c o n d - r a t e t r i c k w i t h P o i n s , a n d t h e m o o d of t h i s is v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m a s i m i l a r a c c i d e n t in p a r t I. Th e " a n o n , a n o n " t r i c k w i t h F r a n -c i s (I p a r t , I l . i v ) w a s p r e c e d e d by m u c h d r i n k i n g , t a l k i n g ^n d 27 S а с с i о, op. c i t . , p, 37.

c o n v i v i a l j o l l i t y . By c o n t r a s t the P r i n c e e n t e r s i n t o t h e t r i c k in p a r t II v e r y h a l f - h e a r t e d l y , as if he w e r e i n w a r d l y g r o w i n g w e a r y of s u c h e n t e r t a i n m e n t s . It is i m p o r t a n t t o r us to r e m e m -b e r that t h e d r a w e r ’s d i s g u i s e w a s o r i g i n a l l y H a l ’s i d e a (II p a r t ,I I ,i i , 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 ) , w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h at he w i s h e d to c o n v i n c e h i m s e l f of F a l s t a f f ’s w o r t h l e s s n e s s . In t h i s s c e n e t h e n , S h a k e -s p e a r e u -s e -s th e n e g a t i v e m o o d of w e a r i n e s s to c o n v e y t he p o s i -ti ve q u a l i t y of H a l ’s g r o w i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . T h r o u g h o u t p a r t II e x t r e m e l e t h a r g y a n d d e j e c t i o n a r e u s e d to c o n t r i b u t e to th e t o n e of w e a r i n e s s a n d i l l n e s s w h i c h c o n -s t i t u t e it-s d o m i n a n t m o o d a n d m a k e it in t h i s r e s p e c t v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m p a r t I. L. C. K n i g h t s c o m p a r e s t h i s m o o d to t h e o n a t m o s p h e r e of T. S. E l i o t ’s " S w e e n e y A g o n i s t e s " . The g a r d e n 29 i m a g e r y of ' R i c h a r d II" is r e p l a c e d by i m a g e r y of d i s e a s e . N o r t h u m b e r l a n d f e i g n s I l l n e s s a n d as R u m o u r t e l l s u s h e " l i e s c r a f t y - s i c k " (Il p a r t , i n d . 3 7 ) . As h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t H e n r y IV is o l d a n d u n w e l l a n d e v e n F a l s t a f f c o n c e r n e d fo r h i s p h y -s i c a l w e l l - b e i n g -s e n d -s h i -s u r i n e fo r a n a l y -s i -s . The c o m m o n pecple a l s o s e e m to s u f f e r f r o m o l d a g e a n d i l l n e s s as M o u l d y is r e -l u c t a n t to go to f i g h t in the k i n g ’s array b e c a u s e it w i l l m e a n l e a v i n g h i a " d a m e " a l o n e : S h e h a s n o b o d y to d o a n y t h i n g a b o u t h e r , w h e n I a m g o n e ; a n d s h e is o l d a n d c a n n o t h e l p h e r s e l f . (II p a r t , I I I , i i , 2 2 5 - 2 2 7 ) All t h es e i n v a l i d s a r e c i t i z e n s of E n g l a n d , a n d s o it is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t he c o u n t r y i t s e l f is s u f f e r i n g : Ihe c o m m o n w e a l t h is s i c k of t h e i r o w n c h o i c e ; T h e i r o v e r - g r e e d y l o v e h a t h s u r f e i t e d . (II p a r t ,I ,i i i , 6 7 - 8 8 ) no T h e A r d e n E d i t i o n of S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV P a r t II, p. l i i i . 29 С. S p u r g e o n , S h a k e s p e a r e ’s I m a g e r y a n d W h a t It l e l i s Us, C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e 1 9 7 7 , p. 2 2 0 -- 2 2 3 .

a n d t h e n y o u p e r c e i v e the b o d y of o u r k i n g d o m H o w f o u l it is, w h a t r a n k d i s e a s e s g r o w , A n d w i t h w h a t d a n g e r , n e a r t h e h e a r t of it. (II p a r t , I I I , i . J f l - 4 0 ) P a r a p h r a z i n g H a m l e t ’s w o r d s we m a y t h a n s a y t h a t " s o m e -t h i n g is r o -t -t e n in -t he s -t a -t e of E n g l a n d ” , a n d t h e c a u s e of the d i s e a s e is t h e r e i g n of t h e g u i l t y k i n g . Ih e r e i g n of H e n r y V w i l l b e t h u s th e " g o o d a d v i c e a n d l i t t l e m e d i c i n e ’' (II p a rt ,I I I, i , 4 J ) w h i c h W a r w i c k r e c o m e n d s to r e s t o r e it to it s f o r m e r s t a t e " . O t h e r f a c t o r s b e s i d e s i l l n e s s c o n t r i b u t e to t h e c h a n g e in t o n e of p a r t II a n d all o f t h e s e u n d e r l i n e t h e s h i f t in e m -p h a s i s on F a l s t a f f s c o m -p a n i o n s f r o m b e i n g h a r m l e s s l y b o i s t e r o u s to b e i n g i n v o l v e d in i l l e g a l o r n a s t y a c t i v i t i e s . Th e B o a r ’s H e a d t a v e r n is n o l o n g e r J u s t a l i c e n s e d m e e t i n g - p l a c e b u t a b a w d y - h o u s e w h e r e F a l s t a f f m e e t s h i s " q u e e n " O o l l T e a r s h e e t , p r o c u r e d fo r h i m by M i s t r e s s Q u i c k l y , O o l l a n d M i s t r e s s Q u i c k l y a r e n o l o n g e r i n n o c e n t h o s t e s s e s to a l a r g e d r i n k i n g pa r t y , b u t a r e i m p l i c a t e d in a m u r d e r ( I , i v ) . If th i s b e t r a y s th e i d e a s g i v e n of t h e m in p a r t 1 t h e n it is b e c a u s e b e t r a y a l a n d d u p l i -c i t y a r e u b i q u i t o u s in p a r t II. F a l a t a f f m a k e s f a l s e p r o m i s e s to m a r r y M i s t r e s s Q u i c k l y . H e d e l i b e r a t e l y b e t r a y s h i s r e c r u i t s b y l e a d i n g t h e m to w a r w h e r e t h e y a r e to b e " p r i c k e d " (I II , ii ,150). R u m o u r r e p o r t s a f a l s e v i c t o r y fo r H o t s p u r , a n d d u -p l i c i t y is e v e n -p r e s e n t in the l a n g u a g e w n i c h b r i n g s " s m o o t h c o m f o r t s f a l s e , w o r s e t h a n t r u e w r o n g s " ( i n d . 3 9 - 4 0 ) . F a l s t a f f s r e j e c t i o n a n d i m p r i s o n m e n t u s w e l l as P r i n c e J o h n ’s t r i c k at G a u l t r e e F o r e s t c o n t r i b u t e to th e m o t i f of b e -t r a y a l bu -t in a p o s i t i v e f a s h i o n ; in th e s a m e w a y t h a t H a l ’s t i r e d d e j e c t i o n di d . F a l s t a f f i m p r i s o n m e n t d o e s n o t f e a t u r e in a n y of S h a k e s p e a r e ’s s o u r c e m a t e r i a l ' 50 a n d w e я ы у s u p p o s e that he u s e s t h i s d e t a i l as a p a r a l l e l to th e b e t r a y a l t r i c k at G a u n t r e e F o r e s t w h i c h h i s t o r i c a l l y w a s p e r p e t r a t e d by W e s t » o r e - l a nd . By g i v i n g t h i s i n c i d e n t to P r i n c e J o h n L a n c a s t e r , S h a k e -s p e a r e -s h o w -s a r e l a t i v e of Ha l r e -s o r t i n g to s u c h a p p a r e n t l y The A r d e n E d i t i o n of S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV P a r t 1J, ja. x i x - x l i i i ,

c r u e l arid u n e t h i c a l b e h a v i o u r b u t w i t h a p o l i t i c a l l y s u c c e s s f u l r e s u l t 1 *. In t u r n it a l s o p a v e s t h e w a y for H a l ’s r e j e c t i o n of F a l s t a f f , f o r t h at , too, a p p e a r s m a l i c i o u s l y c r u e l , b u t is fo r th e p u b l i c g o o d . M o r e o v e r , w e a r e b e t r a y e d in p a r t II, f o r d e s p i t e th e E p i -l o g u e ’s a s s u r a n c e , to th e c o n t r a r y we f e e l t h a t F a l s t a f f i3 at a d r a m a t i c a n d p h y s i c a l n a d i r . O u r f e e l i n g s a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o « t h o s e w h i c h t h e e n d of p a r t I e v o k e s ; w h e n F a l s t a f f s a ys : I f o l l o w , as t h e y s a y, fo r r e w a r d . H e t h a t r e w a r d s me , G o d r e w a r d h i m! If 1 d o g r o w g r e a t , I ' l l g r o w le s s ; f o r I'll p u r g e , a n d l e a v e s a c k , a n d l i v e c l e a n l y as a n o b l e m a n s h o u l d do. ( V ,i v , 1 6 1 - 1 6 4 ) T h u s , F a l s t a f f ’s r e j e c t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s to t h e p l a y ’s t o n e of s o u r d e j e c t i o n a n d a l t h o u g h t h e r e is a l s o h o p e t h a t the e v i l of a t a i n t e d s o c i e t y w i l l , as the i l l n e s s a b o v e , b e r e m e d i e d by k i n g H e n r y V. P. A. J o r g e n s e n r i g h t l y o b s e r v e s t h a t in p a r t II of H e n r y IV we h a v e f r e q u e n t r e f e r e n c e s to th e p a s s i n g o f t i m e . In f a c t t he d y i n g k i n g , c o n s c i o u s of the p o l i t i c a l a n d c i v i l d i s c o r d i n E n g l a n d m a y w e l l j o i n w i t h V i o l a f r o m " I h e T w e l f t h N i g h t " h o p i n g t h a t e v e r y t h i n g c a n be r e m e d i e d b y t i me : U ti m e, t h o u m u s t u n t a n g l e t h i s , n o t I, It is t o o h a r d a k n o t fo r m e t ’u n t i e . ( " T h e T w e l f t h N i g h t 1', II ,li , 3 9 - 4 0 ) 33 J u s t i c e S h a l l o w r e m i n i s c e s a b o u t t h e d a y s w h e n h e w a s y o u n g a n d a c t i v e (II p a r t ,I I I ,i i ,33- 34 ) as d o e s H e n r y IV, a l t h o u g h n o t w i t h n o s t a l g i a ( V , v , 1 8 4 - 1 8 6 ) . l a d y P e r c y r e m i n d s ua of w h a t à l o ss th e d e a t h of H o t s p u r w a s a n d c o m m e n t s : M. M. R e e ь e, Ihe C e a s e of M a j e s t y A S t u d y of S h a k e -s p e a r e ’-s H i -s t o r y P l a y -s , L o n d c n 1 9 61 , p. 316. 32 P. A.. J o r g e n s e n , " R e d e e m i n g T i m e " i n S h a k e - s p e a r ’s H e n r y IV, [in.-] S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y IV p a r t s I a n d II, p. 2 3 1 - 2 4 2 .

Ihe A r d e n S h a k e s p e a r e - T w e l f t h N i g h t , ed. J. M. L o t h i a n a n d T. W. C r a i k , M e t h u e n a n d Co. L t d . , L o n d o n 197 5 .

The M a r s h a l a n d the A r c h b i s h o p a r e s t r o n g : H a d my s w e e t H a r r y h a d b u t h a l f t h e i r n u m b e r s , Jo da y m i g h t I, h a n g i n g o n H o t s p u r ’s ne c k , H a v e t a l k ’d of M o n m o u t h ’s gr av e. ( I I , i i i , 4 2- 4 5 ) The p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h t i m e a n d t i m e ü p a s t s h o w s t h a t the o n l y c u r e for t h e o l d k i n g is э n e w k i n g in a d u e c o u r s e ; th at is t h a t th e s e c u l a r s c h e m e m u s t be s u b s e r v i e n t to a c o s m i c s e e* n e J 4 . K i n g H e n r y IV is c o n s c i o u s a b o u t it s a y i n g : A n d n o w my d e a t h C h a n g e s the m o o d , f o r w h a t in roe w a s p u r c h a s ’d F a l l s u p o n t h e e in a m o r e f a i r e r s o r t ; S o t h o u the g a r l a n d w e a r ’at s u c c e s s i v e l y . ( I V ,V , 1 9 8 - 2 0 1 ) H i s r e f e r e n c e to d e a t h is n o t the o n l y o n e as p a r t II a b o u n d s in th e m . F o r e x a m p l e F a l s t a f f c h i d e s O o l l T e a r s h e e t : " D o n o t s p e a k l i k e a d e a t h ' s h e ad . D o n o t b i d me r e m e m b e r m i n e e n d " ( I I , iv , 2 2 3 - 2 2 5 ) . It is i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e that F a l s t a f f is u n a b l e to f a c e t h i s m e m e n t o m o r i , w h e r e a s J u s t i c e S h a l l o w m a k e s the c o n n e c t i o n fo r h i m s e l f : " A n d tu s e e h o w m a n y of my o l d a c q u i n t a n c e a r e d e a d : [...] D e a t h , as t h e P s a l m i s t s a i t h , is c e r t a i n to all, all s h a l l di e. [...] D e a t h is c e r t a i n " (lll,ii, 3 3- 3 4, 3 6 - 3 7 , 40 )- . In the c o s m i c o r d e r D e a t h is the f i r s t s t a g e of r e g e n e r a t i o n 3 5 , a n d t h u s r e p e t i t i v e n e s s of the r e f e r e n c e to it s t r e s s e s t h e h o p e fo r th e r e b i r t h o f E n g l a n d . C o n c l u d i n g it m a y be s a i d th at a l t h o u g h p a r t II c o m p l e m e n t s p a r t I in i d e a s a n d t h e m e s , it d i f f e r s f r o m it in to n e , c h a r a c -t e r s a n d i m a g e r y . It s to n e b e c o m e s s o u r a n d m o r b i d t o w a r d s the en d , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s th e t o t a l i m p r e s s i o n is v e r y o p t i m i s t i c , a s i l l n e s s a n d D e a t h r e p r e s e n t a n e w s t a r t fo r t h e c o u n t r y . I. E a g l e t o n o b s e r v e s t h at the p l a y c l o s e s w i t h "a d e c e i v i n g p u n; J e r u s a l e m , w h e r e p r o p h e c y a s s u r e d H e n r y he w o u l d d i e , t u r n s ou t C. L. В a r b e r, S h a k e s p e a r ' s F e s t i v e C o m e d y A S t u -dy of D r a m a t i c F o r m a n d It s R e l a t i o n to S o c i a l C u s t o m , P r i n c e -ton, N e w J e r s e y 19 52 , p. 222. 'y j A D i c t i o n a r y of Symbol.*-, eu. J. C. C i r l o t , R o u t i e d g e a n d K e g a n P a u l , L o n d o n 19 62 , ft. 7 ? ~ 78 .

to be a b e d c h a m b e r in h i s p l a c e " 3 6 , b u t t h i s e n d i n g p o i n t s to the h a p p i n e s s as t h e c i v i l s t r i f e a n d th e d e a t h of th e k i n g h a v e p u r g e d th e la nd , l o r d N o r t h u m b e r l a n d s u m s it u p b y o b s e r v i n g "i n p o i s o n t h e r e is p h y s i c " ( I , i , l 3 7 ) a n d s o t h e r e is an i n -d i c a t i o n th at E n g l a n d at l a st u n i t e d , w i l l " f o l l o w t h B m i r r o r 37 of a l l C h r i s t i a n m o n a r c h s " r H e n r y V - i n t o a b r i g h t f u t u r e . I n s t i t u t e of E n g l i s h S t u d i e s U n i v e r s i t y o f ł ó d ź K r y s t y n a K u j a w i r t s k a - C o u r t n e y P O D O B I E Ń S T W A I R Ó Ż N I C E P O M I Ę D Z Y I I II C Z § Ś C I A " H E N R Y K A IV" W I L L I A M A S Z E K S P I R A C z ę ś ć II " H e n r y k a IV" n i e j e s t n a r r a c y j n ą k o n t y n u a c j ą c z ę -ści 1, l e c z p r e z e n t a c j ą w y b r a n y c h w y d a r z e ń z p ó ź n i e j s z e g o o k r e -su p a n o w a n i a t y t u ł o w e g o b o h a t e r a . S t r u k t u r y o b u c z ę ś c i d r a m a t u , ich t e m a t y k a i w y d a r z e n i a d r a m a t y c z n e w y k a z u j ą p o d o b i e ń s t w a , c o d o p e w n e g o s t o p n i a z o s t a ł o z a i n s p i r o w a n e d o s t ę p n y m i S z e k s p i r o w i ź r ó d ł a m i h i s t o r y c z n y m i , z k t ó r y c h k o r z y s t a ł . B a d a j ą c te p o d o -b i e ń s t w a , a u t o r k a a r t y k u ł u d o s t r z e g a j e d n a k w y r a ź n e r ó ż n i c e p o -m i ę d z y c z ę ś c i ą I i II w z a k r e s i e p r e z e n t a c j i b o h a t e r ó w , o g ó l n e -g o n a s t r o j u s z t u k i u ż y t e j w n i c h o b r a z o w o ś c i . W c z ę ś c i II b o -h a t e r o w i e a l b o d o r a s t a j ą m o r a l n i e , a l b o też d e g r a d u j ą s i ę s w y m n i e m o r a l n y m i c z ę s t o n i e e t y c z n y m p o s t ę p o w a n i e m . A t m o s f e r a s z t u k i s t a j e s i ę c o r a z b a r d z i e j p o n u r a , d o c z e g o p r z y c z y n i a s i ę p o e t y -c k a o b r a z o w o ś ć o b f i t u j ą -c a w o d n o ś n i k i do c h o r ó b , z m ę c z e n i a i ś m i e r c i . Z a k o ń c z e n i e m a z d a n i e m a u t o r k i a r t y k u ł u w y d ź w i ę k o p -t y m i s -t y c z n y , g d y ż S z e k s p i r r o z w a ż a te p o j ę c i a j a k o k a t e g o r i e u n i w e r s a l n e , w k o n t e k ś c i e d z i e j ó w N a t u r y . Ś m i e r ć z a t e m s t a n o w i w s t ę p d o o d k u p i e n i a z a g r z e c h y k r ó l a H e n r y k a IV - u z u r p a t o r a , p o k t ó r y m m a j ą n a s t ą p i ć d l a A n g l i i J j e j m i e s z k a ń c ó w lepsze c z a sy za p a n o w a n i a H e n r y k a V p r a w o w i t e g o w ł a d c y i d o s k o n a ł e g o p o -l i t y k a . 36 T. E a g 1 e t o n, W i l l i a m S h a k e s p e a r e , O x f o r d 19 86 , p. 17. 37 The A r d e n S h a k e s p e a r e - H e n r y V, ed. J. H, W a l t e r , M e -t h u e n a n d Co. L -t d . , L o n d o n 1 9 5 4 , A c -t II, C h o r u s 4.