SURVEY OF SOVIET PAPYROLOGY 419 Κ. Κ. Z e l'i n, Issledovaniya po istorii zemeVnykh otnosheniy ν ellenisticheskom
Egiptie II-I v. do n.e. = Studies in the history of agrarian relations in the Hellenistic Egypt in the II-I centuries B.C., Moscow, 1960, 468 pp.
This important monograph is devoted to an analysis of agrarian relations, in connection with the class structure and class struggle in Egypt in the II—I cent. B.C. and to the elucidating of the socio-economical structure of Egypt basing on the agrarian relations. An introduction, which states the purpose, and sources of the work, is followed by five sections: I. A review of general background and conditions bearing upon the developments in agrarian rela-tionships: II. Agrarian relations in Fayyûm; III. Agrarian relations in Upper Egypt; IY. Forms of ownership and kinds of possessions; Y. Main features and evolution of social and political life in Egypt in the II-I centuries B.C. The book closes with the author's conclusions, a bibliography and an index. The author draws from all the extant Greek and Demotic sources while separate chapters are devoted to the analyses of some more important papyri (P. Tebt. 703; UPZ 110; P. Tebt. 5). By comparing the data from Fayyûm and from Thebaid the author is able not only to establish local peculiarities but also to set the developments in agrarian relations against a wide historical background. To achieve this aim he examines the main features of the' growth of goods-production and discusses the importance, range and forms of slavery.
The author's main conclusions are as follows: at that time slave-ownership played a less important role in the Ptolemaic Egypt than in Rome or Carthage, but the elements of lack of freedom and direct compulsion, which no doubt are connected with the influence of slavery, can be traced in every aspect of the social structure of the Ptolemaic State. Characteristically the State would reserve its supreme right of land ownership though it would simultaneously more and more warrant the private possession. This policy found its reflection in fiscal laws. The consolidating process of various forms of private possession was influenced by the growing production of goods. The State would control the lands on lease (voluntary land-leases including) thus making lease holders still more dependent from itself.
The agrarian relations and their forms were developing under the difficult conditions inside and outside the State, under the conditions of class struggle. The papyri, P. Tebt. 703, UPZ 110 and P. Tebt. 5 indicate what measures were taken, and what unsuccessful attempts were made by the government to keep popular movements under control in order to secure the regular inflow of fiscal revenues.
Κ. Κ. Z e l'i n, Iz oblasti grecheskoy istoriografii IV v. do n.e. (ν svyazi s ори-blikovaniem novykh fragmentov „Grecheskoy istoriin iz Oksirinkha) — (Greek
