Psychological dimensions of relationships with siblings as predictors of loneliness of young adults
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(2) Introduction ȱȱȱŘŗȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ social sciences and humanities than traditionally accepted. Formerly, it was assoȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȮȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ independence1ǰȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȬÙǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱęȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ and the more and more sophisticated ways of satisfying them. And all of this for the ȱȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ strong, authentic, positive relationships with close people. According to J. Kozielecki ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅȱǻ £ǰȱŗşşŜǰȱǯȱŘřŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȦȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ DZȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ£¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ It is emphasized that the phenomenon of loneliness has a temporal dimension. ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǯǯȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǯǯȱȱȱtion of losing a close person, or a momentary nature in situations giving no ground for its occurrence, e.g. when a person has friendly relationships with other people. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡riencing loneliness is a feeling of a universal nature, often considered as stressful. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ ǰȱŗşşŘDzȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱ
(3) ǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ£ǰȱŘŖŗŘDzȱ
(4) ǰȱ
(5) ǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŗşŞŝDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşşşDzȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ 1 In ȱȱȱ¢ȱ, it is assumed that the needs of independent individȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¿Ȭ¢ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯ. strona 603.
(6) ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşşŖǼǯ ȱęȱȱǰȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱtioning of a person is not so clear. An individual looking for the meaning of life and treating this search as their vocation can wilfully resign from any permanent ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ the everyday needs of an individual, e.g. focus on defence of human dignity and rights, acting among people and for people. It enhances their internal development, ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱships. ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱDZȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ¡ȱȱ¡¢ǰȱȬȱĴǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ with low self-esteem underestimates their own virtues, avoids interacting with others. And, making continuous social comparisons does not help to shape friendly ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĜ¢ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ŗşşŘDzȱ
(7) ǰȱ
(8) ǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ some of them encourage the occurrence of a feeling of loneliness. Among the enȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱŗşŝşǼǯ Considering the determinants of loneliness related to the secondary, wide deȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ £ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǻÙ¿ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴǯȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ
(9) ǯȱ ¢ȱǻŗşŞŖǼǰȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴ2 in ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ a progress in emotional and physical development is strongly related to social ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻěǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȬǰȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ ǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŖǼǯ 2. strona 604.
(10) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ of emotional coldness and distance in interpersonal relationships demonstrates Ĝȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ lings3ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞřDzȱǰȱǰȱŗşŞśDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŝDzȱ ÙǰȱÚǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ȬǰȱÙǰȱÚǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 4 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşşŘDzȱ ¿Ȭ¢ǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ The stage of early adulthood is the time when a young person still often feels ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ cess of separating from them, e.g. through living separately, taking up education, ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱĴǰȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱȬĵǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱěȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱ. ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȬǰȱȬȱǻǰȱ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱ-. 3 are persons who are genetically related to each other and linked with fam¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱǻ ȱȱ Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ 4 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ resultant ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȬǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱǻǰȱŗşşśǼǯ. strona 605.
(11) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ 5 ǻǰȱŗşşśDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱę¢ȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱnon of loneliness. ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ǽȱěȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ǵ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǵ řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ǵȱȱ The presented research model is of an operational nature and is mainly aimed ȱ£ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ tifying only a couple of them is an element of the research procedure.. Sociodemographic variables. Loneliness dimensions EMOTIONAL – Romantic – Family SOCIAL. Sibling relationship dimensions WARMTH CONFLICT RIVALRY. ȱŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ DZȱ ȱ . ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŗŞȦŘŖȱȱřŖȦřśȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǻ££Úǰȱǰȱ àÙ ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯ 5. strona 606.
(12) Participants The research included 238 persons. After taking into account three selection criDZȱȱǻȱŗŞȦŘŖȱȱřŖȦřśǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱŗśřȱęȱ¢ȱȱǻMȱƽȱŘśǯśȱ ¢DzȱȱƽȱśǯşŝǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŜǯřƖȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻnȱ ƽȱ ŝřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řşǯŞƖȱ (nȱ ƽȱ ŞŖǼǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘřǯŚƖDzȱ nȱ ƽȱ ŚŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘśǯŚƖDzȱ nȱ ƽȱ śŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŝǯŚƖDzȱ nȱ ƽȱ śśǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱřŖǯřƖȱȱȱȱǻnȱƽȱŜŗǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱŚśǯŞƖȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻnȱƽȱşŘǼȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęDZȱ ȬȱǻŘŘǯŚƖDzȱnȱƽȱŚśǼǰȱȬȱǻŗşǯşƖDzȱnȱƽȱŚŖǼȱȱ¡Ȭȱ¢ȱ ǻřřǯŞƖDzȱnȱƽȱŜŞǼǯȱřŘǯŞƖȱȱȱ¡ȱǻnȱƽȱŜŜǼȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ whereas 43.8% (nȱƽȱŞŝǼȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻśŜǯŝƖDzȱnȱƽȱŗŗŚǼǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗŝǯśƖDzȱnȱƽȱřŝǼǯȱ ȱ Toȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ were applied. Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults ǻȬǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱǰȱǯȱǰȱǯǯȱȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ £¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱǯǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşŝřDzȱ ǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱȱŗśȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ three dimensions, i.e. the social loneliness, the emotional family loneliness and the emotional romantic one. The higher the score the greater the sense of loneliness. ȱȂȱ΅ȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ .83 to .87. The construct validity assessment of the Polish version of SELSA-S indiȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ proved that a higher level of loneliness in the three domains was related to a higher ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ a feature, a decreased level of perceived social support and a lower life satisfaction. ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ŜŚƖȱ ȱ ȱ total variance. The testing standards were reviewed on the group of 417 persons (Adamczyk, DiTommasǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ strona 607.
(13) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşŝǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¿Ȭ¢ ǻŘŖŗŚǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱŞŗȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ DZȱǰȱĚ and ¢. The factor of Ěȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱěȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǻȂȱ ΅ȱ ǯşŘǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ covȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻȂȱ΅ȱǯşŝǼǯȱȱ factor of ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻȂȱ΅ȱǯŞŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¡ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȃ ¢ȱ¢Ȅȱ ǻŗȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȃ¡¢ȱ Ȅȱ ǻśȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǻȂȱ΅ȱǯŞŝȬǯşŝǼȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŝDzȱ¿Ȭ¢ǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ Procedure ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱRàĊȱȱŘŖŗśǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřŖȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ charge. ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ of the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 computer software. The statistical analysis of the reȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȂȱt test, the Fisher-Snedecor F test and the linear regression analysis in the stepwise version were used. ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱǻnȱƽȱŗśřǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱ (nȱƽȱŝřDzȱřŜǯřƖǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻnȱƽȱŞŖDzȱŜřǯŝƖǼȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ (nȱƽȱŚŝDzȱřŖǯŝƖǼǰȱȱ ȱǻnȱƽȱśŗDzȱřřǯŚƖǼȱȱȱ6 (nȱƽȱśśDzȱřśǯşƖǼǯȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ 6. strona 608.
(14) ȱ ȱȱDZȱȱ¢ȱǻnȱƽȱŚśDzȱŘşǯŚƖǼǰȱȱ¢ȱǻnȱƽȱŚŖDzȱŘŜǯŗƖǼȱ ȱ¡Ȭȱ¢ȱǻnȱƽȱŜŞDzȱŚŚǯśƖǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻnȱƽȱŜŜDzȱŚřǯřƖǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱƽȱŞŜDzȱśŜǯŝƖǼǯȱȱ. Results Descriptive statistics ȱ ŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ǼȱȱȱǻȬǼǯ ȱŗǯȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ Similarity Intimacy ě Admiration Emotional Support Instrumental Support Acceptance Knowledge. M 147.23 11.67 18.02 20.03 18.88 19.76 18.56 20.86 19.45. 38.97 4.23 6.55 6.25 5.56 5.90 5.16 5.38 5.61. Min. 51.0 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6. ¡ǯ 228.0 19 30 30 30 30 30 30 30. Ě Opposition Competition Domination ¢ Maternal Rivalry Paternal Rivalry Romantic Loneliness Family Loneliness Social Loneliness. 47.98 12.96 12.42 11.46 11.13 4.43 2.42 2.01 4.68 5.26 5.31. 15.72 4.15 5.35 4.65 4.69 5.90 3.37 3.38 1.61 1.55 1.30. 23.0 5 6 6 6 .0 0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0. 91.0 23 27 25 25 24.0 12 13 7.0 7.0 7.0. M – mean value,ȱȱȮȱȱǰȱǯȱȮȱȱǰȱ¡ǯȱȮȱ¡ȱ DZȱ ȱ . ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱŘŖȱȱȱŗŖŖȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱŗŖŖȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ strona 609.
(15) ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȂȱtȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱęȱěȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǯǯȱǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ£¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ ȱŘǯȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱliness ¡ȱȱ Loneliness dimensions Romantic Family Social. Sisters n ƽȱŝř M 4.53 5.24 5.30. 1.69 1.65 1.22. Brothers n ƽȱŞŖ M 4.81 5.31 5.33. 1.53 1.47 1.37. t. . . 1.071 .252 .124. 151 151 151. .286 .801 .901. M – mean value, – standard deviation, tȱȮȱȂȱt test value, – degrees of freedom, ȱȮȱȬȱȱę DZȱ ȱ . ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȬȱ ȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱřǼǯȱ ȱřǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ. Rural area Small town nȱƽȱŚŝ nȱƽȱśŗ. Loneliness dimensions M M Romantic 4.58 1.63 4.39 Family 5.18 1.67 5.28 Social 5.46 1.26 5.25. 1.63 1.45 1.29. Big city nȱƽȱśś M 5.03 1.53 5.36 1.57 5.25 1.35. F. . . 2.275 152 .106 .179 152 .836 .751 152 .643. M – mean value, – standard deviation, F – Fisher-Snedecor test value, – degrees of freedom, ȱȮȱȬȱȱę DZȱ ȱ . ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ strona 610.
(16) ȱŚǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡periencing loneliness in any of the distinguished aspects. ȱŚǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¡ȱ groups Loneliness Romantic Family Social. Sister-sister nȱƽȱŚś M 4.26 5.28 5.41. 1.67 1.76 1.25. Ȭ nȱƽȱŚŖ M 4.77 5.41 5.41. 1.45 1.57 1.50. Ȭ nȱƽȱŜŞ M 4.90 5.20 5.20. . F. 1.61 1.41 1.20. 1.071 2.32 .252 .245 .124 .503. .102 .783 .606. M – mean value, – standard deviation, F – Fisher-Snedecor test value, ȱ– degrees of freedom, ȱȮȱȬȱȱę DZȱ ȱ . ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǻȱśǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȂȱȱěȱ size7 value (ȱƽȱŖǯřŝŚǼȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱǯȱ ȱśǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱ Loneliness Romantic Family Social. First child nȱƽȱŜŜ M 4.69 4.97 5.22. 1.68 1.69 1.23. Second child nȱƽȱŞŜ M 4.71 5.54 5.44. 1.52 1.38 1.26. t .068 2.315 1.081. . . 150 150 150. .946 .022 .282. – 0.374 –. M – mean value, – standard deviation, t ȮȱȂȱȱȱǰȱ – degrees of freedom, ȱȮȱȬȱȱęȱǻ¢ȱęȱěȱȱȱǼ DZȱ ȱ . 7 ȱ
(17) ǯȱ ȱ ǻŗşŞŞǼȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗȬŘǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ standard deviation of either group. He argued that the standard deviation of either group ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱis a descriptive ǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱęȱěȱ£ȱěȱ£ȱȱǮȄǰȱȱƽȱǯŘǰȄȄǰȱȱƽȱǯśǰȱ and „large”, ȱƽȱǯŞȱǻǰȱŗşŞŞDz ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ. strona 611.
(18) ěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ between men and women ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱĚǰȱ¢Ǽȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱŜǰȱ ȱŘǼǯ ȱŜǯȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ of women and men ¡ȱ Women Men groups nȱƽȱŝř nȱƽȱŞŖ t Relationship M M dimensions Warmth 155.88 37.95 139.71 38.59 2.544 151 .012 -0.412 Ě 45.30 14.43 50.42 16.52 2.034 151 .044 0.329 Rivalry 3.79 5.72 5.01 6.03 1.279 151 .203 – M – mean value, – standard deviation, tȱȮȱȂȱt test value, – degrees of freedom, ȱȮȱȬȱȱę DZȱ ȱ . ȱŘǯȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱships in groups of women and men DZȱ ȱ . strona 612.
(19) ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȂȱȱěȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱęȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ DZȱ¢8 (tǻȬřǯŘŞŜǼȱƽȱǯŗśŗDzȱȱǀȱǯŖŖŗDzȱȱƽȱŖǯśřŜǼǰȱ ¢9 (tǻȬřǯŘśŗǼȱƽȱǯŗśŗDzȱ ȱǀȱǯŖŖŗDzȱȱƽȱŖǯśřśǼǰȱ10 (tǻȬŘǯŚŝŞǼȱƽȱǯŗśŗDzȱȱǀȱǯŖŗŚDzȱȱƽȱŖǯŚŖŗǼǰȱ 11 (tǻȬŘǯřŗřǼȱƽȱǯŗśŗDzȱȱǀȱǯŖŘŘDzȱȱƽȱŖǯřŝŗǼȱȱȱ¢12 (tǻŘǯŘŜśǼȱƽȱǯŗśŗDzȱȱǀȱǯŖŘřDzȱ ȱƽȱȬŖǯřŜŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱ the one mentioned as the last one, i.e. Maternal Rivalry, in which higher average ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ among young adults ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱŝȬŞȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ£¢£ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ steps of the analysis were skipped. In the light of the research results presented ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ. 8 ¢ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ 9 ¢ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ 10 ȱȮȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱsonality, life style and ideas. 11 ȱȮȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ other people and their ideas. 12 ȱ¢ȱȮȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ. strona 613.
(20) ȱŝǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ. Opposition. Intimacy. Family loneliness predictors RȬ ß .095 .308 Social loneliness predictors RȬ ß .057 -.239. .008 .042. RȬȱȮȱĜȱȱǰȱΆ – Beta ratio, ȱȮȱęȱ DZȱ ȱ . ¢ȱȱȱȱđȱȱȱȱȱŝǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ group of sisters, a predictor of family loneliness meaning a lack of personal contact ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ 13ǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ şǯśƖȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Intimacy (ßȱƽȱȬǯŘřşǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ relationships with the closest environment were. There were no relationship variaȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŞǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Family loneliness predictors RȬ. ß. . Paternal Rivalry. .084. .290. .009. Admiration. .158. .272. .011. Romantic loneliness predictors Emotional Support Intimacy. RȬ. ß. . .053. .534. .039. .102. -.374. .046. Social loneliness predictors R-ȱ. ß. . Emotional Support. .058. .478. .032. Knowledge. .108. -.332. .039. ȬȱȮȱĜȱȱǰȱΆ – Beta ratio, ȱȮȱęȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱȮ a ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ 13. strona 614.
(21) ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Şǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱǯǯȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢14 had a stronger predictive ǯȱ ȱ¡ȱŞǯŚƖȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱ15ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ ȱǻŗśǯŞƖȱȱȱ¡ȱǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱtance. ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŜȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¡ȱ śǯřƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱǻȱ¡ȱśǯŞƖȱȱȱȱȱǼȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ close, romantic relationships with another person and demonstrating commitment in interpersonal contacts with people from the closest surroundings. ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ dimension of romantic loneliness – Intimacy, it was noticed that its higher level in ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱ¡ȱŗŖǯŘƖȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¡ȱŗŖǯŞƖȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ. Conclusions and discussion ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱ ȱǯǰȱŗşŞŝDzȱ ǰȱŗşşŘDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşşşDzȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱǰȱǰȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ
(22) ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱ£¢ǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŚDzȱ Ù¿ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 14 ȱ¢ȱȮȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯ 15 ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ 16 ȱȱȮȱȱȱęȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱportant decisions.. strona 615.
(23) ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ Looking for sociodemographic determinants of the phenomenon of loneliness ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱę¢ȱěȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱęǯ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱěȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȂȱĴȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱǯȱ Ǽȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱǻĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ emotional support and acceptance, more often perceive similarity to them, have ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱę¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ. strona 616.
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