Summary
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have been implemented in most organizations for a few years. But most organizations cannot really show the promised benefits of ERP systems. One of the reasons might be ERP users who do not accept and use the ERP system properly. The aim of this paper is to identify groups of factors which have an influence on ERP acceptance and the usage of ERP systems. The Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) proposed by Davis (1989) has been the most widely used model for researching user acceptance and the usage of IT/IS. While our research is not the first that applies TAM to an ERP context, we aim to make more contributions to the existing body of literature. First, we focus on ERP system use after one year of operation in organizations. Second, in all TAM papers regarding the ERP context, a small number of external factors have been researched. The groups of external factors which have an influence on ERP usage have been exposed and researched. The hypothesized model has been empirically tested using data collected from a survey of 293 ERP users in 44 organizations across the country. The model has been analysed using PLS.
Keywords: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Technological Acceptance Model (TAM), Partial Least Squares (PLS), second-order factors
1. Introduction
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions have been implemented in most organizations recently, but it seems that they are unable to point out the most important contributions of their ERP systems. Supposedly, the use of ERP solutions significantly reduce the time to complete business processes and help organizations share information [17], and that organizations usually offer a better work environment for their users as they are given a more efficient system to work with. Instead of that, ERP systems have been plagued with high failure rates and an inability to realize the promised benefits [16]. Much of the success of ERP implementation lies in the operational phase of the ERP life cycle. After the stabilization stage, which is the time from Go-live to about 30 to 90 days after, or until the number of issues and problems has been reduced to a small, manageable number, companies enter a routine stage. In the routine stage, they should put more effort into people and process improvements [4]. In this stage, users accept the system and the usage becomes a regular day-to-day activity. It often takes many months or even years for experienced users to become comfortable with the ERP system. However, at some point in the ERP system’s life, users begin to see the advantages of the ERP system, and then they begin to explore its functions, gradually reaching success. This shows that ERP users have accepted the
ERP system and are putting it to extended use. The impact of ERP systems on their users and their acceptance has been recognized as one of the key factors of the success of ERP implementation.
To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of ERP system use, organizations need to research the factors that impact user satisfaction. In this area, the technological acceptance model (TAM) is one of the most widely used models for explaining the behavioural intention and actual usage and can improve our understanding of how the influence on actual usage could help increase efficiency and effectiveness of ERP system use [24]. A review of the literature shows that in past few years a few studies that have examined the users’ adoption of ERP systems through TAM have been published [7, 17, 24, 27, 36]. But all of them examine few contextual factors that have an influence on the intention to use an ERP system or ERP use during the stabilization stage. In addition, very few studies have been conducted regarding the technology acceptance of ERP systems, especially those dealing with autonomous ERP users [27]. Through their scientific work, researchers have recognized that the generality of TAM and the researching of small numbers of additional factors that have an impact on TAM fail to supply more meaningful information on users’ opinions about a specific system − especially that of an ERP system, which is considered as a strategic IS in organizations. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate additional factors or integrate it with other IT acceptance models for the improvement of its specificity and explanatorily utility [1, 19].
The purpose of this paper is to extend the original TAM with groups of external factors which have an impact on actual ERP system use. Survey data has been collected from ERP users where an ERP system has operated for more than one year. The proposed research model is analyzed by using the PLS approach. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: a literature review, an enterprise resource acceptance model, methodology, results and analysis, discussion, and finally the conclusion.
2. Literature review
2.1. Technological Acceptance Model (TAM)
Several theoretical models have been used to investigate the determinants of acceptance and use of new information technology (IT), such as the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [12], the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) [2], the theory of the technology acceptance model (TAM) [10], etc. Compared to competing models, TAM is believed to be more parsimonious, predicative, and robust [18, 19, 33], and so among the theoretical models is most widely used by IS/IT researchers [3, 10, 11, 17]. The key purpose of TAM is to provide a basis for tracing the impact of external factors on internal beliefs, attitudes, and intentions [11].
TAM posits that two beliefs − perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) − are of primary relevance for computer acceptance behaviour [11]. Perceived usefulness (PU) is defined as “the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance” [10]. Perceived ease of use (PEOU) in contrast, refers to “the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort” [10]. The two central hypotheses in TAM state that perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) positively influence an individual’s attitude towards using a new technology (AT), which in turn influences his or her behavioural intention (BI) to use it. Finally, intention is positively related to
actual use (AU). TAM also predicts that the PEOU influences on PU, as Davis et al. [11] states, “Effort saved due to improved perceived ease of use may be redeployed, enabling a person to accomplish more work for the same effort.”
2.2. TAM and ERP systems
A literature review of past ERP studies regarding TAM indicates that few studies have investigated ERP user acceptance and usage and shows that a small number of articles have been published. Furthermore, all of them expose small numbers of external factors which could have an influence on ERP acceptance and usage in different phases of an ERP system’s life cycle (Table 1). As several studies [20, 29] have revealed, a common reason for ERP failures can be attributed to users’ reluctance and unwillingness to adopt and use the implemented ERP system. A better understanding of the factors leading ERP users’ acceptance of ERP systems is necessary to facilitate successful ERP usage [20]. In this study, we are interested in identifying the factors leading users to better use of their ERP system. Thus, the goal of our research is to expand the basic TAM with more generic contextual factors and to examine their influence on ERP usefulness and ERP ease of use. Studying the influence of external factors on constructs not only contributes to the theory development, but also helps in designing interventional programs of organizations.
Table 1. ERP literature review regarding TAM
Focus Phase – ERP system
life cycle Nah et al. tested the impact of four cognitive constructors (PU, PEOU, perceived
compatibility, and perceived fit) on attitude toward using the ERP system and symbolic adoption [20].
Post-implementation (stabilization phase) The Amoako-Gyampah and Salam study evaluated the impact of one belief
construct (shared beliefs in the benefits of a technology) and two technology success factors (training and communications) on PU and PEOU in one global organization [3].
Implementation
Shivers-Blackwell and Charles research student readiness for change (through gender, computer self-efficacy, and the perceived benefits of ERP) on behavioural intention regarding the ERP implementation [25].
Implementation
Bradley and Lee investigate via case studies the relationship between training satisfaction and the PEOU, the PU, and the effectiveness and efficiency in implementing an ERP system at a mid-sized university [5].
Implementation
Hsieh and Wang research the impact of PU and PEOU on extended use [14]. Post-implementation (routine stage) Kwahk and Lee examined the formation of readiness for change (enhanced by two
factors: organizational commitment and perceived personal competence) and its effect on the perceived technological value of an ERP system leading to its use [16].
Post-implementation (stabilization stage)
Bueno and Salmeron develop a research model based on TAM for testing the influence of the critical success factors (top management support, communication, cooperation, training, and technological complexity) on ERP implementation [6].
Implementation
Uzoka et al. extended TAM to research the selection of ERP by organizations using the following factors: impact of system quality, information quality, service quality, and support quality as key determinants of cognitive response as well as
Focus Phase – ERP system life cycle which ERP system to purchase/use [30].
Sun et al. extended IT usage models to include the role of ERP’s perceived work compatibility in users’ ERP usage intention, usage, and performance in work settings [27].
Post-implementation (routine stage) Shih and Huang study attempts to explain behavioural intention and actual use
through incorporated additional behavioural constructs: top management support, computer self-efficacy, and computer anxiety [24].
Post-implementation (routine stage) Calisir et al. examine factors (subjective norms, compatibility, gender, experience,
and education level) that affect users’ behavioural intention to use an ERP system based on potential ERP users at one manufacturing organization [7].
Implementation
Youngberg et al. researched the impact of PEOU, result demonstrability, and subjective norm on PU and its impact on usage behaviour [36].
Post-implementation (stabilization stage) Lee et al. examined factor organizational support (formal and informal) on original
TAM factors [17].
Post-implementation
2.3. External factors
Research efforts have been devoted to extend the theory by examining the antecedents of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). A better understanding of these factors would enable us to design effective organizational interventions that might lead to increased user acceptance and use of new IT systems [33]. Over the last two decades, there has been substantial empirical support in favour of TAM [32]. Even though TAM is a model applicable to a variety of technologies, the constructs of TAM need to be extended by incorporating additional factors [7]. The Schwarz review of identified antecedents to cognitive factors (PEOU and PU) puts factors into three groups, which are: individual variables (such as computer experience, self-efficacy, and prior experiences), organizational influences (such as management and external support and perceived resources), and technology characteristics (such as accessibility of the medium and interface type) [23]. On the other hand, Venkatesh and Bala expose four different types of determinants of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU): individual differences, system characteristics, social influence, and facilitating conditions [32]. Whereas in the context of ERP systems we expose in prior research that external factors include three groups of factors: personal characteristics and information literacy (PCIL), system and technological characteristics (STC), and organizational-process characteristics (OPC).
Personal characteristics and information literacy (PCIL) includes personality characteristics that can influence individuals’ perceptions of ERP system acceptance and usage. PCIL includes the following factors:
• Experience with a computer is a determinant factor of behaviour and has been found to be important factor for the acceptance of a technology [7].
• Computer self-efficiency is defined as the degree to which an individual believes that he or she has the ability to perform a specific task/job using the computer [24, 32].
• Personal innovativeness toward IT. According to the innovation diffusion theory [22], people react differently to a new idea, practice, or object due to their differences in individual innovativeness, a predisposed tendency toward adopting an innovation.
Personal innovativeness toward IT represents the degree to which an individual is willing to try out a new IT [1].
• Computer anxiety represents the degree of “an individual’s apprehension, or even fear, when he/she is faced with the possibility of using computers” [31]. Individuals with lower anxiety levels are much more likely to interact with computers than people with higher anxiety [24].
In contrast to most IT implementation research, the fact that ERP implementation research is focused on one technology has enabled the effect of specific technological characteristics to be examined. Cooper and Zmud pointed out that a lack of attention to system and technological characteristics is a serious deficiency in most IT implementation research [9]. We have not found any research that has examined system and technology characteristics (SCT) upon the ERP system user acceptance. Surveying different research following external factors has exposed:
• Data quality. ERP provides easy access to corporate data, but if that data is inaccurate or irrelevant to the business processes in the sub-unit, there will be few benefits. So without accurate and relevant data, an organization is severely constrained in the coordination and task efficiency benefits it can achieve from its ERP system [13].
• ERP system functionality. System functions are used to measure the rapid response, stability, easy usage, and flexibility of the ERP system [35].
• ERP system performance refers to the degree to which person believes that a system is reliable and responsive during the normal course of operations [18].
• User manuals (help) refer to the degree to which an ERP user views inadequate user manuals and help as the reason for one’s unsuccessful ERP performance [15].
Organizational-process characteristics (OPC) capture various social processes, mechanisms, and support organizations that guide individuals to facilitate the use of an ERP system. OPC includes:
• Social influence, which joins two factors: subjective norms and social factors. A subjective norm is defined “as a person’s perception that most people who are important to him/her think that he/she should or should not perform the behaviour in question” [31]. Social factors are “an individual’s internalization of the reference group’s subjective culture and specific interpersonal agreements that the individual has made with others in specific social situations” [34].
• Fit with business processes. ERP packages are built around best practices in specific industries. But the software may not necessarily fit the operating practices of an adopting organization. Nah et al. define perceived fit from an end-user’s perspective as the degree to which the ERP system is perceived by a user to meet his/her organization’s needs [20]. • Training and education on the ERP system is an important component in ERP
implementation projects and is recommended before, during, and after implementation [6]. Training and education on the ERP system is defined as the degree to which the user thinks that he/she had enough formal and informal training after ERP implementation. • ERP support. In an ERP system environment, if the organization provides sufficient
support to ERP users for their tasks, they are more likely to enjoy their work and improve their performance through usage of the ERP system [17]. ERP support is defined as the
degree to which an individual views adequate ERP support as the reason for one’s successful ERP usage.
• ERP communication problems refer to the lack of communication regarding the ERP applications and their modifications [15]. Because of that ERP, communications have been defined as the degree to which an individual views sufficient communication regarding the ERP system as the reason for one’s successful ERP usage.
In summary, because of the high rate of ERP implementation failure, more research in the area of technological acceptance is needed [36]. The original TAM is well-established and tested, and furthermore, a variety of extensions have been developed in different IT environments. Regardless of ERP complexity and ERP implementation failure, very few studies have been conducted regarding technology acceptance, especially those that include more external factors of ERP usefulness and ERP ease of use. Our study will contribute to the body of knowledge in that specific area.
3. Enterprise resource acceptance model
To examine ERP users’ use of ERP systems, we need to extend the TAM model. Synthesizing prior research on TAM and the research on ERP systems, a conceptual model that represents the cumulative body of knowledge accumulated over the years from TAM and ERP research has been developed (Figure 1). The grey area within the dotted line denotes the original TAM. Because our research is focused on a group of external factors which have an influence on the current usage of the ERP system in the routine stage, there is no need to examine the behavioural intention regarding the use and actual use; behavioural intention and actual use were dropped from the purposed research model.
According to Davis [10] and Davis et al. [11], perceived ease of use influences perceived usefulness, and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence attitude toward using the system. Therefore, the following hypotheses were proposed:
H1: Perceived ERP ease of use has a positive and direct effect on perceived ERP usefulness.
H2: Perceived ERP ease of use has a positive and direct effect on attitudes toward the ERP system.
H3: Perceived ERP usefulness has positive and direct effect on attitudes toward the ERP system.
Figure1. Conceptual model
The problem with TAM research is that most researchers investigate small numbers of external factors that have an influence on user acceptance and usage. In the context of ERP systems, there are more external factors that can have an influence on users’ acceptance and extended usage. Because of that, conceptualisation of higher-order factors (in our case, second-order factors), in which more external factors jointly have to be included, have to be investigated, if we want to extend the understanding of user behaviour in ERP settings. On that presumption we show:
H4: There is group of external factors which have an influence through the conceptual factor personal characteristics and information literacy on the use of the ERP system.
H5: There is group of external factors which have an influence through the conceptual factor system and technological characteristics on the use of the ERP system.
H6: There is group of external factors which have an influence through the conceptual factor organizational-process characteristics on the use of the ERP system.
4. Research methodology and results 4.1. Research methodology
Our hypotheses have been tested empirically using a survey of ERP users using ERP systems in the routine stage. Organizations have been selected using two criteria: (1) the organizations must have implemented one of the two most popular global ERP solutions in Slovenia: SAP or Microsoft Dynamics; and (2) the organizations must have used the ERP system for more the one year at the time of the study. The initial e-mail was sent to a total of 122 companies, in which each organization was required to verify if they matched our selection criteria and to explain the purpose of the study. There were 44 organizations that agreed to participate in the survey and were asked to distribute the survey questionnaire to their ERP users. All respondents were required to have used the ERP system in their daily work. The 293 questionnaires were properly filled out by respondents and used for the purpose of analysis.
The constructs of the purposed model are perceived ERP usefulness, perceived ERP ease of use, and attitudes toward ERP use for basic TAM of ERP systems and are influenced by constructs of external variables. The constructs of external variables are distributed among three second-level
Attitude toward ERP System Perceived ERP
Usefulness
Perceived ERP Ease of Use Organizational-Process Characteristics System and Technological Characteristics Personal Characteristics and
Information Literacy TAM
H1 H2 H3 H6 H5 H4
constructs, which are information literacy and personal characteristics (ILPC), system and technological characteristics (STC), and organizational-process characteristics (OPC). The ILPC includes the following factors: experience with computers, computer self-efficiency, personal innovativeness toward IT, and computer anxiety. The STC includes the following factors: ERP data quality, ERP system functionality, ERP system performance, and user manuals (help). As well, the OPC includes the following factors: social influence, fit with business processes, ERP training and education, ERP support, and ERP communication. Therefore, our model includes 17 first-order factors and 3 second-order factors.
All the items of factors were measured on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’ taken from relevant prior research and adapted to relate to the context of ERP usage. In addition, demographic information was collected. The instrument was pilot tested with a group of 30 ERP users within one organization. Based on the results of the pilot testing, revisions and additions were made to the instrument. Pilot participants were included in the main data gathering effort since they were part of the population of interest.
Models, which include second-order factors, consist of higher order factors that are modelled as causally impacting a number of first-order factors (i.e., standard factors with measured indicators) [8]. Therefore, these second-order factors are not directly connected to any measurement items. The partial least squares (PLS) approach allows the conceptualisation of higher-order factors by the repeated use of manifest variables [28]. The empirical data was analyzed in two stages involving a PLS technique using Smart PLS 2.0 M3 [21]. In the first stage, all measurement scales have been examined for their psychometric properties, while the second stage focused on hypothesis testing and analysis. Path significance has been estimated using bootstrapping resampling techniques with 500 sub-samples.
4.2. Results
293 questionnaires were properly filled out by respondents from 44 organizations and used for the purpose of the analysis. Survey respondents represented different groups of industries, including IT and telecommunications (44.0%), manufacturing (35.2%), professional, scientific and technical activities (10.2%), wholesale and retail trade (4.1%), and others (6.5%). Respondents were 51.5% male and 48.5% female. Most of them (67.2%) had at least a high school education or more. The ERP system had been used for 4.73 years; on average 53.6% (157 respondents) marked ‘workplace’ for workers (experts and other employees), others marked lower management (e.g. manager of a group or organizational unit), middle management (e.g. CIO) or corporate government and/or top management. The average total working years is 15.4 years, and the average working years at this workplace is 7.6 years. The final version of the model is presented in Figure 2. Because all of the external factors did not meet the assessment requirements of the measurement model, we excluded them from further analysis. These external factors are: computer self-efficacy and experience with computers from the PCIL group, ERP functionality from the STC group and ERP support, ERP communications and ERP training, and education from the OPC group (dotted shapes in Figure 2).
Path significance: p<0.05; n.s. – not significant (dotted shapes)
Figure 2. Results of structural model analysis
Empirical research has shown support for the original relationships of TAM in ERP settings in the routine stage [14, 17, 24, 27]. As shown in Figure 2, our research confirms their results of the influence on ERP ease of use and ERP usefulness on attitudes toward using the ERP system (hypotheses H2 and H3) and also the influence of ERP ease of use on ERP usefulness (hypotheses H1).
As it can also be seen from Figure 2, the loadings of the first-order factors on the second-order factors exceed 0.7, and second-order factors have a significant positive effect on ERP usefulness and on ERP ease of use. PCIL has a weak but significant positive effect on ERP ease of use (β= 0.11, p<0.05). STC has a strong positive effect on ERP ease of use (β = 0.61. p<0.01), and OPC has strong positive effect on ERP usefulness (β= 0.45. p<0.01). These findings provide empirical support for hypotheses H4, H5, and H6.
Business Processes Fit R2=0.74 Social Influence ERP Support ERP Communication n.s. ERP Training Data Quality System Performance R2=0.73 User Manuals ERP Functionality Personal Innovativeness Computer Anxiety Self-Efficacy Computer Experience n.s. OPC STC PCIL Usefulness Ease of Use Attitude 0.85 0.86 0.91 0.45 0.86 0.71 0.85 0.61 0.11 0.79 0.44 0.61 0.21
5. Discussion
Based on the analytical results, this study found that it is possible to observe more external factors through second-order factors. In the routine stage, the external factors are personal innovativeness and computer anxiety, through second-order factor personal characteristics and information literacy (PCIL), and have an influence on ERP ease of use. While the external factors of self-efficacy and computer experience were not significant.
In contrast to most IT implementation research, the fact that ERP implementation research is focused on one technology has enabled the effect of specific technological characteristics to be examined. We have not found any research which has examined system and technology characteristics (SCT) upon the ERP system user acceptance. System and technological characteristics’ data quality, system performance, and user manuals have a strong impact on ERP ease of use, while ERP functionality was not statistically significant.
Furthermore, business process fit and organizational culture from organization-process characteristics (OPC) have a strong an impact on ERP usefulness. It is important that organizations adopt the business processes of ERP solutions. Somers and Nelson pointed out that business process re-engineering plays a particularly crucial role in the early stages of implementation; it is moderately important in the acceptance stage; and tends to be less important once the technology becomes the routine stage [26]. But our research shows that the business process fit is also important in the routine stage. We cannot confirm the statement of Lee et al. that if an organization provides sufficient ERP support to organizational workers for their tasks, they are more likely to enjoy their work and improve their performance through the usage of the ERP system [17]. Amoako-Gyampah and Salam discover in their research that ERP user training and education had not only high impact during the implementation phases, but also in the operation phases (and especially in the routine phase) when training on a continuous basis is required to meet the changing needs of the business and enhance employee skills [3]. Our research shows that ERP users do not think that they need formal or informal training. ERP communication promotes user trust toward ERP systems, and consequently user acceptance and actual usage. ERP communication is viewed as having a high impact from initiation to system acceptance, as it helps to minimize possible user resistance [26], but it was not found to be significant at the routine stage. 6. Conclusion
Although the most important contributions of ERP systems are that they significantly reduce the time to complete business processes and help organizations to share information [17] and that organizations usually offer a better work environment for their employees as they are given more efficient system to work with, ERP systems have been plagued with high failure rates and an inability to realize the promised benefits [16] in the routine stage of the operational phase. One of the most important reasons seems to be that ERP users do not use it properly. The aim of this research is to improve the understanding of how the influence of 13 external factors can increase the degree of attitude of ERP users toward the ERP system. This work extended the previous research by incorporating groups of external factors: personal innovativeness, computer anxiety, self-efficacy, and computer experience for the conceptual factor personal characteristics and information literacy (PCIL); data quality, system performance, user manuals, and ERP functionality for the conceptual factor system-technological characteristics (STC); and business
processes fit, organizational culture, ERP support, ERP communication, and ERP training for the conceptual factor organizational-process characteristics (OPC). These three conceptual factors have an influence on the perceived ERP ease of use and the perceived ERP usefulness, which have a further influence on the attitude toward using the ERP system. This study also employed the structural equation modelling (PLS approach) to assess overall model fit to verify the causal relationships between factors. Studying the influence of more external factors on constructs not only contributes to the theory development, but also helps in designing interventional programs of organizations.
As for the implications for researchers and practitioners, an extended version of TAM through second-order factors was proposed to improve the explanatory power of ERP usage. The new technique (PLS approach) for analysis of the model is used. This research has the potential for practical application in the degree of ERP system usage. By confirming external factors, organizations should work on their organization’s culture and business process fit, and conversely on their ERP system to assure better data quality, system performance, and user manuals for their users − and in that way improve the degree of attitude toward an ERP system.
This study has certain limitations, which may present an opportunity for further research. Since the respondents to the survey were limited to businesses in our country, this study should be extended to other counties. Further research is needed to explore the importance of the presented external factors in different phases of the ERP life cycle and also include some new external factors (e.g. top management support). Because ERP solutions are implemented by different methodologies and approaches, the importance of external factors by ERP solutions also could be explored. In latest research of ERP systems, factor “work compatibility” was presented [20, 27]. The impact of external factors on work compatibility and also the impact of work compatibility on TAM should be researched.
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ZAGADNIENIA WIEDZY UĩYTKOWNIKA KOēCOWEGO W STOSOWANIU ROZWIĄZAē ERP
Streszczenie
Rozwiązania Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Planowania Zasobów PrzedsiĊbiorstwa) zostały wprowadzone w wiĊkszoĞci organizacji na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat. Jednak wiĊkszoĞü organizacji nie moĪe naprawdĊ wykazaü siĊ obiecywanymi korzyĞciami z wdroĪenia systemów ERP. Jednym z powodów mogą byü sami uĪytkownicy ERP, którzy nie akceptują nowych rozwiązaĔ i nie korzystają z systemów ERP prawidłowo. Celem niniejszej pracy jest okreĞlenie grupy czynników, które mają wpływ na akceptacjĊ systemów ERP oraz okreĞlenie sposobów ich uĪytkowania. Technologiczny Model Akceptacji (TAM) zaproponowany przez Davisa (1989) jest najczĊĞciej stosowanym modelem akceptacji dla potrzeb badaĔ poziomu akceptacji uĪytkownika i wykorzystywania rozwiązaĔ IT/IS. Podczas gdy w prowadzonych badaniach korzystano ze stosowanego juĪ wczeĞniej podejĞcia TAM w kontekĞcie ERP, to jednak starano siĊ w nich zrealizowaü wiĊcej odniesieĔ do istniejącego w tym obszarze przeglądu literatury. Po pierwsze, skupiono siĊ na badaniu wykorzystania systemu ERP po roku jego uĪytkowania w organizacji. Po drugie, w analizowanych publikacjach dotyczących TAM w kontekĞcie ERP, tylko w niewielkiej ich liczbie uwzglĊdniano w badaniach czynniki zewnĊtrzne, które wpływają na wykorzystanie systemu ERP. W niniejszym studium przeanalizowano i naĞwietlono grupĊ czynników zewnĊtrznych, które wpływają na wykorzystanie systemu ERP. Hipotetyczny model został empirycznie przetestowany przy uĪyciu danych zebranych na podstawie badania 293 uĪytkowników ERP w 44 organizacjach z całego kraju. Model został poddany analizie przy uĪyciu PLS.
Słowa kluczowe: Planowanie Zasobów Przedsibiorstwa (ERP), Technologiczny Model Akceptacji (TAM), metoda Czstkowych Najmniejszych Kwadratów (PLS), współczynniki drugiego rzdu
Simona Sternad
Faculty of Economics and Business University of Maribor
Razlagova 14, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia e-mail: simona.sternad@uni-mb.si
