RADIOCARBON DATING CALIBRATION IN ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(2)

w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

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CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

PLISSN1231-0344

NikolayN. Kovalyukh,SergeyV.Nazarov

RADIOCARBON DATING CALIBRATION IN

ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES

Reliableradio arbondating,whi hdisplaysrealhistori alevents,isatop,whi h

all geo hronologistswith ar heologists are striving to. The 14

C dating due to the

intri ate work made by representatives of radio arbon has nearly been idealized

in re ent yearsbyraising it in the\absolute" rank.These su esses were rea hed

attheimprovement(renement) a ountofthe alibration urvesbyradio arbon,

whi hwere he kedagainstdendro hronologi aldating.Buildingoflengthsof

sub-- alibration urves hadexa tly reprodu eda temporal interval ofhistori alevents

under study. These studies in separate events have made it possible to re eive

radio arbondating,whi hhad

±

10-20years'mistake.

Thesesu esseshavefor edtotakealookinadierentwayatthe hronology

and life period of many ultures, whi h lived on theEastern European territory

duringtheAges ofCopper andBronze. Many ultureshad hada rather omplex

way from their spring up to the stopping the existen e. Several ultures, whi h

hadmu h in ommon, nowandthen, were in onta tandlived in parallel overa

ourseofprolongedperiod.Subsequentlytheyweretransformedintoanewunited

ulture.

Allthesestagesofseparate ulturedevelopmentarepossibletobestudywhen

leaningupontheexa t, reliable radio arbondating.

Authorsof given arti le are therepresentatives of an isotopi geo hronology

andtheyhavetheir ownsightfor 14

C datingimprovement.

It is ne essary to pass a long devious road from a sele ted by ar heologists

sample to a radio arbon dating to be get. And su h a road annotbe always

-nishedbythe aim a hievement.Only theimplementation ofserious statisti s, 14

C

dating seriated obtained, makeit possible to onsider realisti ally oneor another

hronologi allengthforthe ultureunderstudy.

Avaliditydegreeofradio arbon dating,obtainedfromdierentmaterialshas

been onsidered in this arti le. Improvement of BP dating alibration programs

(10)

mistakes,whi h woulddisturbsubsequentlyto produ e orrelation ofradio arbon

datingthathadbeenobtainedby ulturesfromdierentregions.

Finally, the ontrol between laboratories is pre isely this one whi h allows

toex lude alldoubtsandto referwith onden etoradio arbon datingobtained,

whi ho asionally anmakearevolutioninar heologists'opinionsandwhi hfor e

totakea newglan e forthehistoryofourdistantan estorsexisten e.

1. METHODOLOGYOFRADIOCARBONDATINGCALIBRATION

Radio arbonmethodwasbasedonthesuggestionof 14

C-isotope on entration

onstan yintheatmosphere.However,atmospheri radio arbon on entration

de-pendsonthetensionanddire tivities oftheearth'smagneti eld, osmi fa tors

andsolara tivity.Theinternationalproje ton alibration urvebuildingbyannual

treeringswas reated forthereasontoxthese hange.

(11)

Several unique buried trunkswere sele ted withthisaim to al ulate theage

bytheirwell-savedannual rings.The on entrationsof 14

Cin separateannualtree

rings and orals were determined, and the alibration urve up to 24 000 years

(INTCAL98)wasbuilt[Stuiver,vander Pli ht1998℄.

Theresultsof alibrationaremostarepresentedinthemannerofintervalsset

thathadbeengroupedfor1

σ

,2

σ

and3

σ

with orrespondingdatingprobabilitiesof 63%,95%and99%within.Su hkindofapproa hallowsbeingorientatedtowards

therealhistori allimitsofdating.However,theappli ationofintervals ompli ates

understandingof resultsanddoesnotpresentwith apossibilityfortheirstatisti al

and hronologi al pro essing. That is whythene essity appeared of roundingo

the alibrationresultsandtopresentthemina dotteddatingmanner.

Graphi alpresentationof alibrationisshownontheFig.1.Radio arbonage

Gaussian distributionwhen rossing with alibration urveforms a real histori al

age.Itispossibletodeneprobabilityofdatingtobegetinoneoranotherinterval

by the given distribution - it will orrespond to a gure area, whi h will be ut

obythisinterval.Howeveran estimateofsu hprobability issuÆ iently omplex

omputing pro ess, so it would be simplest to al ulate probability of getting a

resultintotheforehandinterval,andthentodenesubsequentlythisintervalonly.

Itwas ountedthatprobabilityofonemistake(

±σ

)tobebroughtintotheinterval is63%, ofdupli ated mistake (

±

2

σ

)- 95%,a tripled mistake (

±

3

σ

)intervals are used more rarely, probability of nding wherein forms 99%. The employment of

dupli atedmistakeintervalsin pra ti emay besuÆ iently.

Prin iplesofhistori alagedeterminationareshownontheFig. 2.

(12)

Calibration urve, aswellasradio arbon agehas ameasurement mistake.So,

itisne essaryatinterse tionsofradio arbonagedistributionwith alibration urve

to take these mistakes intoa ount. The variants oftaking measurement mistake

intoa ount(

σ

dating)andthe alibration urvemistakes(

σ

urve) areshownon theFig.3[vander Pli ht,Mook,Hasper 1987℄.

Fig.3.Variantsoftakingmeasurementmistakeintoa ountandof alibration urve

The variant 1a does not take a alibration urve mistake into a ount that

givessmallersizesof alibrationintervalsasaresult.Thevariant1bdoestakeboth

mistakes intoa ount bytheir addition -it givesa maximum plausible alibration

resultatthebigintervalsof alibration.Andnally,thevariant1 isthemost orre t

onsiderationof mistake from themathemati al standpoint.Ifa alibration urve

werepresentedasadire tline,thevariant1 wouldbeideal,howevera alibration

urveisnotassu h,so ea hofthepresentedmethodofmistakes onsiderationis

meaningfulinoneoranother situations.

Complexitiesof alibrationinterval resultsimplementationforthe

hronologi- alandstatisti alworkshaverequiredanalternativeviewoftheseresults.Certainly,

themostdemonstrativeandsuitable anbesu hapresentationofresultsasadotted

dating.

2. DOTTEDDATING:ADVANTAGESANDDEFECTS

BernhardWeningerwastherstto omeforwardforthisproblemde ision.He

hadelaboratedaprogramthatpresentsaresultinoneintervalform;a probability

ofdatingndingoutinwhi hissuÆ iently great.

(13)

alendaragewithadivergen e.Thus,itispossibleto onrmthatthemostprobable

valueofrealhistori alage anformjustthevalueofthisdot.Theagepresentationin

asingledatingformisexpressible byadottedvaluewithadivergen e,howeverthis

dotisnotthemostprobablevalue ofreal histori alage. Histori alagedistribution

is shown on the drawing 6 for Ki-7124 dating, the orresponding dotted dating

presentedby the\Ages" program, andthesingle datingobtained bythe\CalPal"

program.

Fig.4.Comparisonbetweendottedandsingledating

Ea h presentationhasitsowneldofuse -a singledating denesa rangeof

dating oming,andit anbeusedfororientatingwithinitsstayinglimits; adotted

dating hara terizes the most probable and narrow suÆ iently interval of dating

ndingout.

Main defe t of single dating is a possibilityto dene broad limits of result

-theyex eed asa ruletheradio arbonageinitial divergen es. Dierentprobability

ofresultfordatinggroupisadefe t ofdotteddating.

3. MATERIALSFORDATINGANDRELIABILITYOFRADIOCARBON

DATINGOBTAINED

Materialsfordatingpurposewithintherangeofreliabilitydegreebythe

Bone material has the major use sin e it is the very reliable and numerous

one whenar heologi al ex avations arried outunderstudies fordating. Calogen

offossilbonesissubje tedsometimestoaba terialpro essing,andtheisotopi age

obtained under investigation of samples an be distortedas a result of biologi al

fra tionation.A orre tionforfra tionation

δ

13

C,whi h anbe obtainedby

mass--spe trometri method,mustbeinputforea hsamplewiththegoalofalldistortions

onsiderationfortheageobtained.

Themostreliable forradio arbon datingaretubularbonesofnormaldensity,

theleastsuitableare onsidered friablebonesandbrainpanswhi hhadbeenbuilt

fromneboneplateswithfriableandporoussurfa e, asarule.

Woodfollowsfossilboneswithintherangeofmaterialssafety.Thementioned

one isoften met at ex avations. The reliable radio arbon dating an be get from

thewood samples when orre t hemi al training hadbeen arriedout. However

thefa t an betakeninto onsiderationthatthewoodwhile keeping inthesoilis

subje ted to de omposition, and in themost ases we an deal with thesamples

presentinga entralpart ofa tree.Inthese ases datingare to beaged arti ially

for50-150years.

The examples of radio arbon dating of Yamnaya ulture (YC) monuments

obtainedfromdierentmaterial(tree,fossilbones)arepresentedinTables1and2.

Table 1

TheresultsoftheYamnaya ulturesamplesradio arbondating(fossiltree)oftheUkrainianterritory

No. Tie L ab. AgeBP

L o ation Sample Presentedby Number

1 Vidradne,NovyiBuhDistr., barrow1, O.G.Shaposhnikova Ki-7070 3890

±

65 MykolaivRegion burial21

2 Vishneve,TatarbunaryDistr., barrow17, L.V.Subbotin Ki-7126 4105

±

65 OdesaRegion burial38

3 Novoselitsa,TatarbunaryDistr., barrow19, L.V.Subbotin Ki-7127 4055

±

4 Novoselitsa,TatarbunaryDistr., barrow20, L.V.Subbotin Ki-7128 4005

±

5 Vinogradne,TomakivkaDistr., barrow15, V.V.Otrosh henko Ki-7129 4145

±

55 ZaporizhzhiaRegion burial5

6 Kremniovka,VolodarskeDistr., barrow6, S.M.Brat henko Ki-7124 4325

±

60 DonetskRegion burial6

7 Kremniovka,VolodarskeDistr., barrow6, S.M.Brat henko Ki-7125 4365

±

55 DonetskRegion burial7

(15)

Table 2

TheresultsofYamnaya ulturesamplesradio arbondating(fossilbones)ofUkrainianterritory

No. Tie L ab. AgeBP

L o ation Sample Number

55

Diagramof omparisonfor alibratedradio arbondatingobtainedbywoodand

fossilbones (Table 1andTable 2)isshownontheFig. 5. From thedata obtained

one an see that radio arbon dating presented by wood are more an ient. The

earlier datinghas beenobtained,a ordingtothediagram, forthe®Kremniovka¯

monument - about 3 thousand BC years. However, one important point should

be remembered, thatwe used to ompare dierentmonumentsof YC,whi h are

situated in dierent regions of Ukraine. That is why, this question requires an

extendeddis ussionsforthenal on lusions.

(16)

Table 3

Theresultsofinterlaboratory ontrol

No. Sample Kievradio arbonlaboratory Oxfordradio arbonlaboratory

L ab.Number Age 14

C,BP L ab.Number Age 14

C,BP

110

Fig.6.Radio arbondating omparison

Itisne essaryalso to onsiderareliability degreeofradio arbon dating

obta-inedbynefragmental har oal.Asoftenhappens,thear heologistsatex avations

nd a body of ne fragmental har oal in a ultural layer, whi h diers in later

agefromthemonumentsstudied. Su hkindof bodiesare formed, asarule,after

large resat thesa ri e ofllingrodentsandinse ts burrowswithlight har oal

transferredbywindsand oods.So,itispreferabletouse harredwoodfragments

(17)

Interlaboratory ontrol is one of number reliability and validity riteria for

radio arbon dating obtained as well. L aboratories parti ipating in su h a kind of

ontrolwithapurposeofisotopi datingmakes usesamples withpra ti ally equal

radio arbon ontents.There were presentedfragments ofmen skeletonskullsfor

omparison by radio arbon between laboratories. Materials for dating had been

takenfrom thedierent Neolithi burial-mounds,situatedthrough theUkrainian

territory. These materials have been presented to Kiev and Oxford radio arbon

laboratories byprof.D.Y.Telegin. Resultsof radio arbondating areshowninthe

Table 3.Theanalysis ofresulting dataexhibitedin theFig.6, pointstothefa tof

good oordinationbetweendatingobtainedbypre isely these samplesin dierent

laboratories.

4. COMPUTER-AIDEDMANUFACTURINGOFCALIBRATION

There are some programs for radio arbon dating alibration. A more

wide-spreadamongstthemarethefollowing:Groningenradio arbon alibrationprogram

(\Cal25")designedbyJohannesvanderPli htat theCenterofIsotopi Studiesof

GroningenUniversity[vanderPli ht1993℄,Oxford alibrationprogram(\OxCal")

designed by ChristopherB. Ramsey at Radio arbon Department of Oxford

Uni-versity [Ramsey 1995℄ and \CalPal" alibration program of Bernhard Weninger

developedintheradio arbonlaboratoryofCologneUniversity[Weninger1986℄.

Radio arbondating alibration analsobeexe utedbyKievradio arbon

ali-brationprogram\Ages",designedintheradio arbonlaboratoryattheState

S ien-ti Center of Environmental Radiogeo hemistry of NAN of Ukraine [Nazarov,

Kovalyukh 1999℄.The program is fun tioningby IBM PC joint omputers under

MS Windows 95operating systemmanagement. Main advantages of theprogram

are onvenientwayinuse,interfa eforlotsoflanguagesandpossibilityfor

alibra-tionresultstobeexportedin themostwidespreadgraphi formatsofles.

The \Ages" program had been written onC++ language and was exe uted

ina ordan ewith Windows95standards.All theprogramfun tionsprovidedare

available throughthemainmenu, butthemostabundantoneshavebeenbrought

tothepanelofqui ka ess.

For purpose of dating alibration it is ne essary and suÆ iently to indi ate

its radio arbon age in BP

±σ

form. The program allows if needed to add some additionalinformationofdatinglaboratorynumber,tie,ownerofsampleet .When

reating a list of samples it is possibleto indi ate thesample's name and author.

(18)

Inasmu h asthere issuÆ iently great amount of alibration urves uptothe

presentday, theprogramgives a han e to hooseone of the urves represented

intheformofseparate les.

Calibration urve,pra ti ally,ispresentedbyasetofdotsputdown10-20years

distantof time lapse from one dotto another. Cubi interpolationis usedin the

programforthe urvepresentationasuninterrupted urve.Fun tionformbetween

twodotsisdetermined byfourdotsaroundones[Reins h1967℄.Theestimationof

radio arbonageGaussiandistributionisexe utedwithin3

σ

limits.

There were four programs to be used in order to ompare the alibration

results:\Cal25",\OxCal",\CalPal"and\Ages".Theparametersofprimary

impor-tan e omparisonare ertainlytheresultsof alibration.Theprograms\Cal25"and

\OxCal"presenttheresultsinanintervaltype,thesingledatingprogramisaresult

of\CalPal" alibrationprogram,the\Ages"programpresentsaresultsjustasinan

intervalsoin adotteddating.The alibrationresultsare providedintheTable4.

Table 4

Theresultsofradio arbon dating alibration

Dis re-pan ybetweenthese alibrationresultsareexplainedbythea ura yof al ulations

applied in theprogramand, ertainly, bythemethod of alibration urve and

ra-dio arbondatingerrors onsideration[vanderPli ht, Mook1987℄.

(22)

Fig. 7illustrates a graphi omparisonof alibration interval resultsformore

pi torialvisualization oftheresults.

Comparisonof alibrationresultsistheveryimportantquestionwhenthe

pro-grams are ompared, however, a listof additional fun tionsprovided bythe

pro-grams, omfortof input-outputdata, et . are tobe ne essary taken intoa ount.

Theprograms\Cal25"and\CalPal"runonunderMSDOSoperatingsystem,thatis

whyanexportofresultstoanotherappli ationsisobstru ted.\OxCal" and\Ages"

aredevoidsu hadefe t-bothofthemrunonunderMSWindowsoperatingsystem

andhavetheexportmeansofresults.

There ismore spe i attention paidforexporting of graphi al resultstothe

ve torformatsin\Ages" program, thatallows editingeasy lateron.Suitable print

fun tionsallow tomakeprintouteasilyofbothsingledating alibrationresultsand

datinggroupsresultstables.

5. CONTRIBUTIONTOTHEYAMNAYACULTURECHRONOLOGY

Weusedradio arbon datingobtained as toYC of Ukrainiansteppeand

par-tially forest - steppezones for hronologi al analysis. Full des ription of YC

mo-numentspointedin theTable 1andTable 2isillustratedin thepublishedworkof

D.Y.Telegin[Telegin 1977℄.

As for limate- hronologi al aspe ttheYC ontheterritoryof Ukraine ame

intoexisten eonthemarkofAtlanti andSubborealperiods hanging,about

3200--2900 years BC. Then more severe subboreal limate gave way to warm limate

ofAtlanti period.The \Kremniovka"monument(itwas amongthosewith dating

arried out) whi h was existing in 2970-2900years BC belongs, by isotopi data,

tothemonumentsofEarlyYC. Almostwithoutex eptionall themonumentswith

dating arried outrefer to theL ateYC age. A limati optimum appearsin that

time(2800-2400yearsBC),whi hpromotesdemographyburstandblossomingforth

ofYC.Coldandhumid limateofEarlySubborealgavewaytowarmandtemperate

dry limate-theoptimum onditionsforlifeappear-highgrassesinsteppes,

broad--leaved forests in partially wooden steppe zone. A large number of radio arbon

dating,whi h hara terizethemainstageoftheL ateYCdevelopmentwithin

2600--2400yearsBC hronologi al limits.

We an on ludebyisotopi hronologi alinvestigationsthatYCexistedabout

onethousandyearsontheterritoryof Ukrainesin ethetime ofitsin ipien e up

(23)

CONCLUSIONS

a. Radio arbondating alibration is a omplex mathemati al pro essof natural

hangesandmeasurementsfaults onsiderationinradio arbonagendingout,

howeverthispro essisrequiredfortherealhistoryageestimation.Ambiguous

approa hforthesefa tors onsiderationexplainsadieren ebetween

alibra-tionresultsobtainedbydierent alibration programs.

b. Dotteddating a ount applied in theprogram isnot ideal, andit requires a

furtherstudy.

. Dotteddataobtained are appropriate in the aseof using themin a

hrono-logi alandastatisti information,howevertheemploymentofintervalswhi h

displayall thepossible onnesofdatingndingoutwouldbe more orre tly

forthesamplehistori alagedatingdetermination.

d. Tubular fossilbones arethebestar heologi al materials sothattheplausible

data anbeobtainedbyradio arbon.

e. Essentially all radio arbon dating presented of YC through the territory of

Ukraineare withinthesubboreal limati optimum(4200-3900BP).

(24)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

VladimirA.Kruts

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

VadimL.L akiza

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

JanMa hnik

InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology

PolishA ademyofS ien es

Sªawkowska19

31-016Kraków

Poland

SergeyV.Nazarov

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

AllaV.Nikolova

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

VadimV.Skripkin

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

MarzenaSzmyt

InstituteofEasternStudies

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

Nowowiejskiego55

61-734Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl

MihailoY.Videiko

Vydubi kaya40

252014Kiev

Ukraine

(44)

Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian

Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko

Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSoevkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander

Ko±ko

Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and

Aleksander Ko±ko.

Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e

(Balti -Ponti Studies,InstituteofPrehistory,w.Mar in78,61-809Pozna«,

Poland).

Thepubli ationsis arriedoutwithintheresear hproje tNo.1H01G05912

(in part No. 1H01G01810)nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the

(45)