Stres w pracy nauczyciela

Pełen tekst

(1)<DKIPKGY/CTVGP*. STRES W PRACY NAUCZYCIELA =DZyGQDXF]\FLHODPR*QDFK\ED]DOLF]\üGR]DZRGyZRGX*\PU\]\NXXWUDW\ ]GURZLD]DUyZQRZVHQVLH¿]\F]Q\PMDNLSV\FKLF]Q\PZLDGF]\üPRJRW\P VWDW\VW\NL GRW\F]FH RFHQ\ ]GURZRWQRFL SRSXODFML QDXF]\FLHOVNLHM 'RW\F]\ WR ]DUyZQRVIHU\VRPDW\F]QHMMDNLSV\FKLF]QHM=ZáDV]F]DGX*HREFL*HQLHVWUHVRZH ZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOVNLHMMHVWDNFHQWRZDQHSU]H]EDGDF]\WHJRSUREOHPX 3RF]WNL EDGD HPSLU\F]Q\FK W\F]F\FK VWUHVX Z ]DZRG]LH QDXF]\FLHOVNLP VL JDMODWVLHGHPG]LHVLW\FKNLHG\WRZEDGDQLDFKF]\QQ\FK]DZRGRZRQDXF]\ FLHOLVWZLHUG]RQR*HRNRáRMHGQDWU]HFLD]QLFKSU]H*\ZDUy*QRURGQHVWUHV\]ZL ]DQH]SUDF 1DVW SXMFHZODWDFKSy(QLHMV]\FKOLF]QH]PLDQ\VWUXNWXUDOQHZV]NROQLFWZLH RUD] Z]URVW RF]HNLZD ]DZRGRZ\FK ZREHF QDXF]\FLHOL VSRZRGRZDá\ Z\UD(QH QDVLOHQLHGRZLDGF]DQHJRSU]H]QDXF]\FLHOLVWUHVX ,VWRWQ\ZNáDGZEDGDQLDVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJRPDMDQJLHOVF\SV\FKRORJRZLH ]8QLZHUV\WHWXZ&DPEULGJH±&.\ULDFRXL-6XWFOLIIH&] VWRF\WRZDQLVNODV\F\ W\FKEDGD52WWR

(2) 0&ROHL6,:DONHU

(3) 0*%RUJL5-5LGLQJ

(4) ']L NLWáXPDF]HQLRPQDM ]\NSROVNLSU]\EOL*RQRQDV]\PF]\WHOQLNRPZ\QLNL EDGD')RQWDQ\

(5) .3DXOLND

(6) L5.UHWVFKPDQQD

(7) :3ROVFHEDGDQLDSUREOHPDW\NLVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHODSRG M WRGRSLHURZODWDFKG]LHZL üG]LHVLW\FK .ODV\F]QH UR]XPLHQLH VWUHVX ]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOL SRFKRG]L ] SUDF &.\ULDFRXL-6XWFOLIID6WRVRZDOLRQLLQWHUDNF\MQ\PRGHOVWUHVXXZD*DMF*H LQQHPRGHOHQLHDNFHQWXMZGRVWDWHF]Q\PVWRSQLXDQL]QDF]HQLDSHUFHSFMLLQWHUSHU VRQDOQHMDQLUROLDIHNW\ZQ\FKSURFHVyZZUHDJRZDQLXQDVWUHV6WUHVQDXF]\FLHOVNL E\á SU]H] QLFK UR]XPLDQ\ MDNR ]HVSyá V\QGURP QHJDW\ZQ\FK HPRFML NWyUH V HIHNWHPZ\NRQ\ZDQHJR]DZRGX,QWHUDNF\MQ\PRGHOVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRQDXF]\ FLHOLUR]EXGRZDQ\]RVWDáZUSU]H]%UHQQHUDL%DUWHOOD3U]HJOGXGH¿QLFML GRNRQDOLZU3LWKHUVL)RJDUW\DZSROVNLHMOLWHUDWXU]HRPDZLDWR]DJDGQLHQLH PLQ0.*U]HJRU]HZVND

(8) :SUDFDFKEDGDZF]\FKSRZL FRQ\FKWHPX]DJDGQLHQLXPR*QDZ\RGU EQLü NLOND SRGVWDZRZ\FK PRW\ZyZ WHPDW\F]Q\FK 3LHUZV]\ QXUW WZRU] SUDFH GRW\ $XWRU GU =ELJQLHZ 0DUWHQ SV\FKRORJ DGLXQNW Z ,QVW\WXFLH 3V\FKRORJLL :\*V]HM 6]NRá\ +XPDQLWDV Z6RVQRZFXZ\NáDGRZFDZ:\*V]HM6]NROH$GPLQLVWUDFMLZ%LHOVNX±%LDáHM6SHFMDOLVWDZ]DNUHVLHSV\FKRORJLL NOLQLF]QHMLVGRZHM$XWRUSLHUZV]HJRZ3ROVFHSRGU F]QLNDSV\FKRORJLLVGRZHM. .

(9) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. F]FHSRM FLDVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJR3UDFHWHSR]RVWDMZFLVá\P]ZL]NX]SUD FDPLQDGRJyOQWHRULVWUHVXSV\FKRORJLF]QHJR'UXJDJUXSDEDGDGRW\F]\F] VWRWOLZRFLZ\VW SRZDQLDLVWRSQLDQDVLOHQLDVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJR.ROHMQJUXS WHPDW\F]QWZRU]EDGDQLDJáyZQ\FK(UyGHáVWUHVXZSUDF\]DZRGRZHMQDXF]\FLHOD 3RQDGWRZLHOHSUDFSRZL FRQ\FKMHVWREMDZRPVNXWNRP]GURZRWQ\PLNRV]WRP RVRELVW\PSUDF\SHGDJRJyZZZDUXQNDFKSU]HZOHNáHJRVWUHVX'RWHMJUXS\EDGD QDOH*SUDFHGRW\F]FH]MDZLVNDW]ZZ\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJR : V]HUV]\P ]QDF]HQLX L Z GXFKX SR]\W\ZQHJR P\OHQLD WUDNWXM R SUREOH PDFK SUDF\ QDXF]\FLHOVNLHM UR]SUDZ\ X*\ZDMFH RNUHOH Ä]DGRZROHQLH ]DZR GRZH´Ä]DGRZROHQLH]SUDF\´Ä]DZRGRZDVDW\VIDNFMD´Ä]DZRGRZ\VXNFHV´LWS 3DXOLN*DZOLN

(10) 0.*U]HJRU]HZVND

(11) G]LHOLEDGDQLDSUREOHPDW\NLVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOLQDVW SXMFR SLHUZV]\QXUWWZRU]SUDFHGRW\F]FH]GH¿QLRZDQLDSRM FLDVWUHVXQDXF]\ FLHOVNLHJR SR]RVWDMFH Z FLVá\P ]ZL]NX ] SUDFDPL QDG RJyOQ WHRUL VWUHVX SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR GUXJDJUXSDEDGDGRW\F]\F] VWRFLZ\VW SRZDQLDLVWRSQLDQDVLOHQLDVWUHVX QDXF]\FLHOVNLHJR WU]HFLD JUXSD SUDF SRZL FRQD MHVW V\PSWRPDWRORJLL RGOHJá\P VNXWNRP ]GURZRWQ\PLNRV]WRPRVRELVW\PZ\QLNDMF\FK]SUDF\SHGDJRJLF]QHMZZDUXQ NDFKVWUHVXSU]HZOHNáHJR F]ZDUWDJUXSDWHPDW\F]QDGRW\F]\PHWRGLWHFKQLNSRPLDUXVWUHVXQDXF]\ FLHOVNLHJRNRQVWUXNFMLRSLVXLRFHQ\VWRVRZDQ\FKQDU] G]LEDGDZF]\FKRUD]SUyE LFKGRVNRQDOHQLD]JRGQLH]SU]\MPRZDQ\PLZSV\FKRPHWULLVWDQGDUGDPL SLW\LRVWDWQLREV]DUQDXNRZHMSHQHWUDFMLVWDQRZLEDGDQLDQDGJáyZQ\PL SU]\F]\QDPLVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJR -HGQ ] SLHUZV]\FK UHÀHNVML GRW\F]F\FK VWUHVRJHQQHJR FKDUDNWHUX SUDF\ QDXF]\FLHOVNLHME\á\XZDJL%-RGáRZVNLHM

(12) SRF]\QLRQHQDPDUJLQHVLHEDGD GRW\F]F\FK ZDUXQNyZ L RNROLF]QRFL VWDUWX ]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOD $XWRUND X*\áDZWHG\RNUHOHQLDÄV]RN]DZRGRZ\´SLV]F*HMHVWWRVWDQ]ZL]DQ\]HVWUD FKHPIUXVWUDFMDPLLVWUHVHP:ZL NV]RFLSU]\SDGNyZWRZDU]\V]\PXGH]RULHQ WDFMDLEH]VLOQRüQLHNLHG\DJUHVMDLDXWRDJUHVMD-HGQ]ZLHOXSU]\F]\QWHJRV]RNX MHVWEUDNZLHG]\LXPLHM WQRFL]DFKRZDQLDVL ZQRZHMV\WXDFMLHOHPHQWyZW]Z NXOWXU\]DZRGRZHMQDXF]\FLHOD 3RGHMPRZDQLH Z SXEOLNDFMDFK QDXNRZ\FK SUREOHPDW\NL VWUHVX V]NROQHJR PLDáRZODWDFKG]LHZL üG]LHVLW\FKFKDUDNWHUSU]\F]\QNDUVNLLVRQGXMF\SUREOHP :DZHOVND3DSURFND0XUG]HN.RWZLFND

(13) &] VWRF\WRZDQHVMHGQH]SLHUZV]\FKEDGDNWyU\FKDXWRUND0.UDZXO VND3WDV]\VND Z U SRGM áD EDGDQLH SUREOHPDW\NL Z\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR ZURGRZLVNX]DZRGRZ\PQDXF]\FLHOL .UDZXOVND3WDV]\VND7XFKROVND *UDG

(14) .

(15) 6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD. %DGDQLDNRQG\FMLSV\FKLF]QHMQDXF]\FLHOLSU]HSURZDG]LáD%.DUROF]DN%LHU QDFND%DGDQLDSU]HSURZDG]RQHZURNXREM á\QDXF]\FLHOL2ND]DáRVL *HSRQDGQDXF]\FLHOLSU]\]QDMHL*áDWZRVL GHQHUZXMEUDNLPSRF]XFLDEH] SLHF]HVWZDF]XMVL ]QLHFK FHQLEUDNLPUDGRFL*\FLDPDMWUXGQRFL]SODQR ZDQLHP]DUyZQR]DGDELH*F\FKMDNLSU]\V]á\FK %DGDQLD+5\ONH

(16) GRW\F]\á\VNXWNyZ]GURZRWQ\FKSUDF\Z]DZRG]LH QDXF]\FLHOVNLP$XWRUND VWZLHUG]D *H QDXF]\FLHOH F] VWR FKRUXM :LHOH ] W\FK FKRUyEPDFKDUDNWHUSV\FKRVRPDW\F]Q\%DUG]RGX*RRVyEZW\P]DZRG]LHFLHUSL ]SRZRGXQHUZLF+5\ONHSLV]HL*FLHUSLHQLDWH]ZL]DQHV]RJyOQ\PLWUXGQR FLDPL*\FLRZ\PL]HVSDGNLHPRGSRUQRFLQDVWUHVWUXGQRFLDPLZUDG]HQLXVRELH ]SUREOHPDPLRVRELVW\PLURG]LQQ\PLLV]NROQ\PL1DXF]\FLHOHF]XMVL ]P F]HQL Z\F]HUSDQLQLHSRWUD¿SR]E\üVL QDSL FLDX]\VNDüVSRNRMXLGREUHJRVDPRSR F]XFLD3RQDGWRDXWRUND]ZUDFDXZDJ QDWR*HZ\VRNDOLF]ED]DEXU]H]GURZRW Q\FKL]DFKRURZDZQDMZL NV]\PVWRSQLXGRW\F]\QDXF]\FLHOLZZLHNXUHGQLP ZQLHFRPQLHMV]\PQDXF]\FLHOLPáRGV]\FKDZQDMPQLHMV]\P±VWDUV]\FKNWyU]\ PDMZ\SUDFRZDQHVSRVRE\UDG]HQLDVRELH]REFL*HQLDPL%DUG]RSRGREQHZ\QLNL ZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSU]H*\ZDQLDVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRSU]H]V G]LyZX]\VNDáZVZ\FK EDGDQLDFK % +Rá\VW %DUG]LHM SU]H*\ZDOL Z\QLNL VZRMHM SUDF\ V G]LRZLH PáRG]L ZLHNLHPLVWD*HP2QLWDN*HV\JQDOL]RZDOLNáRSRW\DGDSWDF\MQHZPLHMVFXSUDF\ ]JáDV]DOLVNDUJLQDSRJDUV]DQLHVL VWDQX]GURZLDLWS +Rá\VW

(17) ,VWRWQ\PF]\QQLNLHPVWUHVRJHQQ\PMHVWDNWXDOQ\VWDQSUDZQRRUJDQL]DF\MQ\ ZUHVRUFLHRZLDW\1DXF]\FLHOHF] VWRF]XMVL QLHGRFHQLHQLRVWURNU\W\NRZDQL VNDU*VL QDEUDNV]DFXQNXLSUHVWL*X :URNXSU]HSURZDG]RQREDGDQLDQDGDNFHSWDFM]DZRGXSU]H]QDXF]\ FLHOL%DGDQLDPLREM WRQDXF]\FLHOLSUDFXMF\FKZV]NRáDFKSDVWZRZ\FK RVRE\

(18) LQLHSDVWZRZ\FK

(19) %DGDQLQDXF]\FLHOHRNUHOLOLVZyM]DZyGXZ]JO G QLDMFMHJRZDG\L]DOHW\:UyGZDGZ\PLHQLOLPLQQLVNLH]DURENLEUDNSRPRF\ G\GDNW\F]Q\FKQHUZRZ\LVLOQLHVWUHVXMF\FKDUDNWHUSUDF\GX*OLF]HEQRüNODV KDáDV]áZVSyáSUDF ]URG]LFDPL]G\UHNFMV]NRá\SU]HP F]HQLHLRGSRZLHG]LDO QRü F\W]D&]HUZLVND

(20) :DG\WHVMHGQRF]HQLHVLOQ\PLVWUHVRUDPLSRZRGXMF\PL*HW\ONRQLHOLF]QL V]DGRZROHQL]HVZRMHMSUDF\DNFHSWXMVZyM]DZyGLXPLHMZDOF]\ü]HVWUHVHP : U + 6 N EDGDáD VXELHNW\ZQH SRF]XFLH REFL*HQLD VWUHVHP ]DZR GRZ\PXQDXF]\FLHOL:VZRLFKZQLRVNDFKVWZLHUG]LáD*HQDMZ\*V]\SR]LRP VWUHVXRGF]XZDMRQL]SRZRGXQLVNLFK]DURENyZQLHZVSyáPLHUQ\FKGRZ\VLáNX LZNáDGXSUDF\RUD]QLVNLHJRSUHVWL*XVSRáHF]QHJRLFK]DZRGX'RVWUHVRUyZSRZR GXMF\FK]QDF]QHREFL*HQLHSV\FKLF]QHQDOH*SRQDGWRQLHZáDFLZH]DFKRZDQLD LFHFK\XF]QLyZSU]HáDGRZDQLHWUHFLL]PLHQLDQHSURJUDP\QDXF]DQLDQDGPLHUQH L VSU]HF]QH Z\PDJDQLD SU]HáR*RQ\FK V]W\ZQ\ V\VWHP Z\PDJD L RFHQ SUDF\ QDXF]\FLHOLQLHNRU]\VWQHZDUXQNLSUDF\]E\WOLF]HEQHNODV\EUDNLDUFKLWHNWRQLF]QH V]NRá\QLHGRVWDWHF]QHZ\SRVD*DQLHZSRPRFHG\GDNW\F]QH .

(21) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. =GDQLHP DXWRUNL Z SRUyZQDQLX ] URNLHP Z URNX SR]LRP VWUHVX X QDXF]\FLHOL Z\UD(QLH VL QDVLOLá D JáyZQ\PL VWUHVRUDPL X SROVNLFK QDXF]\FLHOL V QLVNL VWDWXV HNRQRPLF]QRVSRáHF]Q\ EUDN SUHVWL*X SU]HFL*HQLH SURJUDPyZ QDXF]DQLDEUDNLPDWHULDOQHV]NyáSHáQHQDSL üLU\ZDOL]DFMLVWRVXQNLZ]HVSRáDFK QDXF]\FLHOVNLFK 7XFKROVND

(22) + %HQLV]

(23) SLV]H *H QDXF]\FLHOH V QDGPLHUQLH ]DSUDFRZDQL 1LH V ]DGRZROHQL ] Z\QDJURG]HQLD 0LPR *H SUDZLH ZV]\VF\ VWDUDM VL RGUHDJRZDü GR]QDZDQH SU]\NURFL L SRZVWDMFH IUXVWUDFMH WR MHGQDN MHVW WR SU]\F]\Q NROHM Q\FKVWUHVyZ =DVWDQDZLDMFVL QDGW\PVNGELHU]HVL XQDXF]\FLHOLWDNRJURPQH]P F]HQLH LSU]HFL*HQLHZFL*QDUDVWDMF\PLSUREOHPDPLDXWRUNDVWZLHUG]DL*(UyGáHPWHJR ]P F]HQLD QLH MHVW QDGPLDU SUDF\ DOH QDGPLHUQ\ Z]URVW QDSL FLD ZHZQ WU]QHJR 1DSL FLHWRMHVWZ\QLNLHPWRZDU]\V]FHJRSUDF\VWUHVX:SRGREQ\PWRQLHZ\SRZLD GDMVL WH*LQQLDXWRU]\ 7XFKROVND7DWDURZLF]1RZDN

(24) 8WUXGQLHQLDZUHDOL]DFML]DGD]DZRGRZ\FKSRZRGXM*HQLHZV]\VF\QDXF]\ FLHOHSRSHZQ\PF]DVLHDNFHSWXM]DUyZQRZDUXQNLSUDF\MDNLZRJyOHVZyM]DZyG 3XVLHFNL

(25) -HGQ\P]JáyZQ\FKNLHUXQNyZEDGDVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRMHVWSRV]XNLZDQLH NRUHODFML SRPL G]\ SR]LRPHP RGF]XZDQLD VWUHVX SU]H] SUDFRZQLND D FHFKDPL MHJRRVRERZRFL3U]\NáDGHPWHJRQXUWXSRV]XNLZDPR*HE\üSXEOLNDFMD0.OL L-.RVVHZVNLHM

(26) 1XUWGUXJLWRXMPRZDQLHVWUHVXMDNRHOHPHQWXIXQNFMRQRZDQLDV]NRá\SRMPR ZDQHMMDNRRUJDQL]DFMD7HUPLQXÄRUJDQL]DFMD´X*\ZDPWXZUR]XPLHQLXSU]\M W\P ZH ZVSyáF]HVQHM WHRULL RUJDQL]DFML L ]DU]G]DQLD 6WUHV MDNR FHFKD WRZDU]\V]FD DWU\EXW OXE VNXWHN IXQNFMRQRZDQLD V]NRá\ MDNR RUJDQL]DFML DQDOL]RZDü PR*QD ZNDWHJRULDFKZ *V]\FK±MDNRVWUHV]DZRGRZ\V]HUV]\FK±MDNRVWUHVSUDF\F]\ MHV]F]HV]HUV]\FK±MDNRW]ZVWUHVRUJDQL]DFML7RRVWDWQLHXM FLHXZD*DVL REHFQLH ]DQDMEDUG]LHMRGSRZLDGDMFH]áR*RQRFLSUREOHPX .DOLV]7ZDUyJ

(27) 67XFKROVND

(28) ZVZRLFKEDGDQLDFKGRW\F]F\FKSU]\F]\QLRNR OLF]QRFLSU]H*\ZDQLDVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRSU]H]QDXF]\FLHOLSRGM áDSUyE ]DVWRVR ZDQLDDQDOL]\F]\QQLNRZHM7\PVSRVREHPGRSURZDG]LáDGRZ\RGU EQLHQLDF]WH UHFKSRGVWDZRZ\FKZ\PLDUyZVWUHVXZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHOVNLP &]\QQLN±QLHSUDZLGáRZH]DFKRZDQLHXF]QLyZ6]F]HJyOQLH]QDF]FHVWX KDáDOLZRüXF]QLyZWUXGQHNODV\QLHJU]HF]QH]DFKRZDQLHXF]QLyZLFK]XFKZD áRüWUXGQRFL]XWU]\PDQLHPG\VF\SOLQ\GX*DOLF]HEQRüXF]QLyZZRGG]LDOHEUDN GRVWDWHF]QHJR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDSUDFV]NROQ]HVWURQ\XF]QLyZOLF]QH]DVW SVWZD &]\QQLN±SUHVMDF]DVXMDNR(UyGáRWUXGQRFL6]F]HJyOQLH]QDF]F\MHVWWX EUDNF]DVXQDLQG\ZLGXDOQSUDF ]G]LHüPL(OHRSUDFRZDQHSRGU F]QLNLEUDN RGSRZLHGQLHMOLF]E\SRPRF\V]NROQ\FKEUDNRGSRZLHGQLHJRVSU] WXLXU]G]H XVSUDZQLDMF\FK SUDF ]E\W OLF]QH NODV\ NRQLHF]QRü Z\NRQ\ZDQLD Uy*Q\FK SUDFDGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\FK .

(29) 6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD. &]\QQLN±SRWU]HEDVDW\VIDNFML]DZRGRZHM±REHMPXMHGRVWU]HJDQLHPDá\FK V]DQVQD]URELHQLHNDULHU\]DZRGRZHMQLHGRVWDWHF]QSáDF EUDNX]QDQLD]DGREU]H Z\NRQDQSUDF &]\QQLN±QLHGRVWDWHF]QHUHODFMHNROH*HVNLH±REHMPXMSRVWDZ\LUHODFMH ZJURQLHSHGDJRJLF]Q\PQDFLVNL]HVWURQ\G\UHNFMLEG(LQQ\FKZáDG]RZLDWR Z\FKQDFLVNL]HVWURQ\URG]LFyZEG(RSLHNXQyZXF]QLyZ $XWRUND]EDGDáDV\PSWRP\LVXELHNW\ZQRFHQ SR]LRPXVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáSRGVWDZRZ\FK2WU]\PDQHZ\QLNLEDGDZáDVQ\FKRGQLRVáDGR DQDORJLF]Q\FKEDGDSURZDG]RQ\FKZ86$L$QJOLL1DVW SXMFHZODWDFKSy(QLHM V]\FKOLF]QH]PLDQ\VWUXNWXUDOQHZV]NROQLFWZLHRUD]Z]URVWRF]HNLZD]DZRGR Z\FKZREHFQDXF]\FLHOLSU]\F]\QLá\VL GRZ\UD(QHJRQDVLOHQLDGRZLDGF]DQHJR SU]H] QDXF]\FLHOL VWUHVX:\QLNL EDGD SURZDG]RQ\FK ZUyG QDXF]\FLHOL DPHU\ NDVNLFKSURZDG]GRQLHPDODQDORJLF]Q\FKZQLRVNyZMDNLHSá\Q]EDGDZNUD MDFKHXURSHMVNLFK :3ROVFHF] VWRF\WRZDQHVZ\QLNLEDGD'DQLHOD)RQWDQ\:VND]XMRQH QDVLOQ\]ZL]HNSRPL G]\QHXURW\]PHPLZ\VRNLPSR]LRPHPVWUHVXXQDXF]\ FLHOLRUD]SRPL G]\LQWURZHUVMLVWUHVHP:URGRZLVNXRZLHOX]PLHQQ\FKMDNLP MHVWURGRZLVNRQDXF]DQLDRJyOQDWHQGHQFMDGRO NXGRW\NDWHRVRE\NWyUHVQDM EDUG]LHM SRGDWQH QD SV\FKLF]QH ]UDQLHQLH 'OD LQWURZHUW\NyZ URGRZLVNR NODV\ V]NROQHMVNáDGDMFHVL ]HVSRáHF]QHMLQWHUDNFMLDNW\ZQRFLFLJáHM]PLDQ\KDáDVX LOLF]Q\FKERG(FyZMHVWEDUG]LHMVWUHVXMFHQL*GODHNVWUDZHUW\NyZ ')RQWDQD±DXWRUFHQLRQHJRXQDVSRGU F]QLNDSV\FKRORJLLGODQDXF]\FLHOL ±SLV]HWDN*H*HQDXF]\FLHOHEH]SU]HUZ\VSRW\NDMVL ]ZLHORPDZ\PDJDQLDPL ]H VWURQ\ G]LHFL NROHJyZ URG]LFyZ SROLW\NyZ L XU] GQLNyZ ZLHOH ]D ] W\FK Z\PDJDSR]RVWDMH]HVREZVSU]HF]QRFLDQLHNWyU\PZU F]QLHVSRVyESRGRáDü 1DXF]\FLHOHEH]SU]HUZ\PXV]XWU]\P\ZDüNRQWURO ZNODVLH1LHPDMOLPLWR ZDQHJRF]DVXSUDF\:LHOHSUDFPXV]]DELHUDü]HVREGRGRPXQLHPRJFVL MHM SR]E\ü ZUD] ] NRFHP GQLD )RQWDQD

(30) 3RGREQH XZDJL MDN*H DNWXDOQH LZQDV]\FKURG]LP\FKZDUXQNDFK]DZLHUDMSUDFHLQQ\FKDXWRUyZ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK SRUQS*DJH%HUOLQHU.UHWVFKPDQQ3DXOLN

(31) .DWHGUD 3V\FKRORJLL QD :\G]LDOH 3HGDJRJLNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX LP 0DVDU\ND Z%UQLHNLHURZDQDSU]H](YåHQDHKXON RUJDQL]XMHRGURNXF\NOLF]QHNRQ IHUHQFMHQDXNRZHSRZL FRQHSUREOHPDW\FH]GURZLDQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJR2GU NRQIHUHQFMH WH PDM FKDUDNWHU PL G]\QDURGRZ\ D PDWHULDO\ SRNRQIHUHQF\MQH RG URNXGUXNRZDQHVZM ]\NXDQJLHOVNLP HKXONDHKXONRYD HKXOND

(32) 1LHNWyUH ] EDGD GRW\F]\á\ V\QGURPX Z\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR ZUyG QDXF]\FLHOL 01RZDN

(33) SU]HGVWDZLDQDMZD*QLHMV]HV\PSWRP\V\QGURPXZ\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR=DOLF]DGRQLFKPLQFKURQLF]QH]P F]HQLH]DEXU]HQLDVQX SUR EOHP\]]DV\SLDQLHPSU]HGZF]HVQHEXG]HQLHVL

(34) EyOHPL QLNáRSRW\*RáGNRZH .

(35) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. Z]PR*RQP F]OLZRü]DEXU]HQLDSDPL FLQLHPR*QRüORJLF]QHJRP\OHQLDQLH VWDELOQRüLFKZLHMQRüHPRFMRQDOQLZUHV]FLHXWUDW HQHUJLL*\FLRZHM 6NXWNL Z\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOL PDM V]F]HJyOQH ]QDF]HQLH GRW\F]ERZLHPQLHW\ONRGRWNQL W\FKZ\SDOHQLHPQDXF]\FLHOLOHF]UyZQLH*QLHNR U]\VWQLHRGG]LDáXMQDG]LHFLLPáRG]LH*SR]RVWDMFZNRQWDNWDFK]W\PLQDXF]\FLH ODPL%LRUFSRGXZDJ IDNW*HZ\FKRZDQNRZLHLXF]QLRZLHSR]RVWDMZID]LHUR] ZRMXSV\FKLF]QHJRLNV]WDáWRZDQLDVL ]áR*RQ\FKVWUXNWXURVRERZRFLQDXF]\FLHO GRWNQL W\]HVSRáHPZ\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJRPR*HRGHJUDüQHJDW\ZQURO ZW\P UR]ZRMXPR*HWDN*HVWDQRZLüQHJDW\ZQ\Z]RU]HFGODNV]WDáWXMFHMVL RVRERZRFL 'ODWHJR SRV]XNLZDQLH ZV]HONLFK XZDUXQNRZD ]HVSRáX Z\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR XQDXF]\FLHOLZ\GDMHVL ZD*Q\PVSRáHF]QLH]DGDQLHP &KU]DQRZVND

(36) $2OHFK

(37) SLV]HL*Z\SDOHQLH]DZRGRZHWRQLHNRU]\VWQ\VWDQXSROH G]DMF\QLHW\ONR]DZRGRZHIXQNFMRQRZDQLHF]áRZLHNDDOHWDN*HIXQNFMRQRZDQLH ZLQQ\FKV\WXDFMDFK*\FLRZ\FK=DZyGQDXF]\FLHODWRWHQW\SSURIHVMLZNWyU\P EOLVNLNRQWDNWLQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\ZL*F\VL ]SURFHVDPL]DDQJD*RZDQLDLZ\PLDQ\ HPRFMRQDOQHMRGJU\ZDJáyZQURO DWRVSU]\MDZ\VRNLHMHNVSORDWDFMLRGSRUQRFL SV\FKLF]QHM =HVSyáZ\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJRFKDUDNWHU\]XMWU]\MHJRSRGVWDZRZHFHFK\ Z\F]HUSDQLHHPRFMRQDOQHLSV\FKR¿]\F]QHSRMDZLDMFHVL QDVNXWHN SV\FKLF]QHJRSU]HP F]HQLDOXESU]HFL*HQLDLQWHQV\ZQRFLNRQWDNWyZ LQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\FK GHSHUVRQDOL]DFMD±FRR]QDF]DVWDZDQLHVL RERM WQ\PZUHDJRZDQLXQD XF]QLyZGRNODV\F]Q\FKWHFKQLNQDOH*QDGDZDQLHXF]QLRPÄHW\NLHW´SU]HG PLRWRZHWUDNWRZDQLHLFKVWHUHRW\SRZH]DFKRZDQLDLQWHUSHUVRQDOQH SRF]XFLHREQL*HQLDRVRELVWHMDGHNZDWQRFLFRSURZDG]LGRREQL*HQLD OXEXWUDW\VDW\VIDNFMLL]DDQJD*RZDQLD]DZRGRZHJRSRMDZLDVL UR]F]DURZDQLH LSRF]XFLHQLHSRZRG]HQLD]DZRGRZHJRRUD]REZLQLDQLHVLHELH]DEUDNXPLHM W QRFLSUDF\]XF]QLDPL 3LHUZV]\VWRSLHMHVWVZHJRURG]DMXVWDGLXPRVWU]HJDZF]\PZNWyU\PSRMD ZLDM VL QLHXVW SXMFH REMDZ\ SU]H]L ELHQLD EyO JáRZ\ EH]VHQQRü XF]XFLH LU\WDFML 'UXJLVWRSLHSRMDZLDVL ZWHG\JG\V\QGURPMHVWEDUG]LHMVWDá\LWUZDGáX*HM D FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH REMDZ\ WR Z\EXFK\ LU\WDFML SRJDUGOLZH RGQRV]HQLH VL GR LQQ\FKJRUV]HZ\NRQ\ZDQLH]DGD]DZRGRZ\FK 7U]HFLVWRSLHZ\VW SXMHZWHG\JG\V\QGURPVWDMHVL FKURQLF]Q\UR]ZLMDM VL REMDZ\¿]\F]QHSV\FKLF]QHLSV\FKRVRPDW\F]QH±MHVWWRVZRLVWHGOD]HVSRáX Z\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJR.UDFRZHZ\SDOHQLHVL SURZDG]FHZQLHNWyU\FKZ\SDG NDFKGRSRZD*QHMGHSUHVMLPR*HSRFLJDü]DVRENRQLHF]QRü]PLDQ\SUDF\ 7*UDG

(38) V\JQDOL]RZDáSUREOHPVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRQDXF]\FLHOL ZXM FLXV\QGURPXZ\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJRDWRZV]\VWNRRVDG]DáZV]HURNLHMSUR EOHPDW\FHVWUHVXRUJDQL]DF\MQHJR .

(39) 6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD. : OLWHUDWXU]H SV\FKRORJLF]QHM ]MDZLVNR Z\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR RSLV\ZDQH MHVWV]HURNRRGSRáRZ\ODWVLHGHPG]LHVLW\FK:SROVNLHMOLWHUDWXU]HSHGDJRJLF]QR SV\FKRORJLF]QHM SLHUZV]H RSLV\ SRMDZLá\ VL Z ODWDFK G]LHZL üG]LHVLW\FK .OL .RVVHZVND/LEHUD

(40) 7DNVDPRRGQLHGDZQDSRGHMPXMHP\QDV]HUV]VNDO EDGDQLDSUREOHPDW\NL XSUDZLDQLD]DZRGXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJRLSUDF\SHGDJRJLF]QHMZIRUPDFKSR]DV]NRO Q\FK 3UREOHPRP W\P ]DF]\QDP\ SRZL FDü SUDFH DZDQVRZH VWXGHQWyZ QD VWX GLDFK]DZRGRZ\FKPDJLVWHUVNLFKLSRG\SORPRZ\FK2WRNLONDSU]\NáDGyZ :QDSLVDQHMSRGPRLPNLHUXQNLHPSUDF\G\SORPRZHM.&]HUZLVND

(41) UHIHUXMHSU]HSURZDG]RQHSU]H]VLHELHEDGDQLDQDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáZLHMVNLFKLPLHM VNLFK%DGDQ\PLE\OL]DUyZQRSUDFRZQLF\V]NyáMDNLSU]HGV]NROD5HVSRQGHQFL RSLVDOL]DNUHVLURG]DMV\WXDFMLVWUHVRZ\FKQDMF] FLHMZ\VW SXMF\FKZLFKSUDF\ 1DMF] VWV]SU]\F]\QVWUHVXMHVWPLHMVFHSUDF\LSHáQLRQDIXQNFMD,QQUyZQLH LVWRWQSU]\F]\QMHVWNRQVWUXNFMDSV\FKLF]QD RVRERZRüF]áRZLHND

(42) 'ODZL NV]RFLQDXF]\FLHOLSUDFXMF\FKZV]NRáDFKZLHMVNLFKVWUHVWRSU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPUHDNFMDRUJDQL]PXQDZV]HONLHJRURG]DMXWUXGQRFLSU]HFLZQRFLORVX ]MDNLPLVSRW\NDP\VL Z*\FLX3U]\F]\QMHVWNRQVWUXNFMDSV\FKLF]QD RVRERZRü F]áRZLHND

(43) :SU]\SDGNX]DZRGXQDXF]\FLHODLVWQLHMHSHZQHSRZL]DQLHSRPL G]\ RELHPDRGSRZLHG]LDPL=DZyGWHQZ\PDJDE\F]áRZLHNFKDUDNWHU\]RZDáVL VZR LVW\PLFHFKDPLSRVLDGDáERJDWLHODVW\F]QRVRERZRü%H]WHJRPLHMVFHSUDF\ MDNLP Z W\P SU]\SDGNX MHVW V]NRáD RUD] SHáQLRQD IXQNFMD QDXF]\FLHO ± Z\FKR ZDZFD±RSLHNXQPRJE\üSU]\F]\QVWUHVX 8 ZL NV]RFL QDXF]\FLHOL V]NRá\ ZLHMVNLHM REMDZDPL VWUHVX V RJyOQ\ QLH SRNyM WUXGQRFL Z NRQFHQWUDFML XZDJL RUD] NáRSRW\ ]H VQHP ,QQH ZHGáXJ QLFK ZD*QHREMDZ\WRNRáDWDQLHVHUFD]PLHQQRüQDVWURMXSáDF]OLZRüRUD]]DPNQL FLH ZVRELHQLHSUDZLGáRZHIXQNFMRQRZDQLHQDXF]\FLHODZMHJRSUDF\]DZRGRZHM 1DMZL NV]\PL(UyGáDPLVWUHVXVEUDNZVSyáSUDF\ZJURQLHQDXF]\FLHOVNLP UHODFMH PL G]\ QDXF]\FLHODPL QDXF]\FLHODPL D ZáDG]DPL ]ZLHU]FKQLPL EUDN HPSDWLL]UR]XPLHQLDLZVSDUFLD]HVWURQ\LQQ\FKQDXF]\FLHOLZ\PDJDQLDVWDZLDQH QDXF]\FLHORP]HVWURQ\G]LHFLNROHJyZ]SUDF\URG]LFyZSROLW\NyZLXU] GQLNyZ RUD]QLHGRVWDWHF]QHZ\QDJURG]HQLH 3RGREQLHSUDZLHZV]\VF\EDGDQLQDXF]\FLHOHV]NyáPLHMVNLFKRGELHUDMVWUHV MDNRUHDNFM RUJDQL]PXQDZV]HONLHJRURG]DMXREFL*HQLDSU]HV]NRG\NWyUHVQLH RGáF]QFHFK*\FLDRVRELVWHJR]DZRGRZHJR 'ODZL NV]RFLEDGDQ\FKQDXF]\FLHOL]DWUXGQLRQ\FKZPLHMVNLFKSODFyZNDFK RZLDWRZ\FK]DZyGWHQMHVWUHGQLRVWUHVXMF\1LHOLF]QLXZD*DMJR]DOHNNRVWUH VXMF\EG(EDUG]RPRFQRVWUHVXMF\ 7HUPLQÄVWUHVQDXF]\FLHOVNL´R]QDF]DGODQLFKRGG]LDá\ZDQLHZLHOXF]\QQLNyZ QDOLQLLQDXF]\FLHO±XF]H±URG]LF7RUHDNFMDRUJDQL]PXQDZV]HONLHJRURG]DMX WUXGQRFLXMDZQLDMFHVL ]DUyZQRZSUDF\MDNLSR]DQL'ODQDXF]\FLHOLSUDFX MF\FKZPLHFLHVWUHV]ZL]DQ\]Z\NRQ\ZDQLHPWHJR]DZRGXWREUDNSRF]XFLD .

(44) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. EH]SLHF]HVWZDZSUDF\LFLJáDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRü]DZV]\VWNRLZV]\VWNLFK'R WHJRGRFKRG]LMHV]F]HFLJáDNRQWUROD]HVWURQ\ZáDG]QLHXIQRüURG]LFyZRUD]QLH XVWDQQDRFHQDGRNRQ\ZDQDSU]H]LQQ\FK']LVLHMV]DU]HF]\ZLVWRü]PXV]DQDXF]\ FLHOLGR]ZUyFHQLDXZDJLQDEUDNSRF]XFLDEH]SLHF]HVWZD]DZRGRZHJRL¿QDQVR ZHJR EUDNXPRZ\QDF]DVQLHRNUHORQ\QLVNLH]DURENL

(45) NRQLHF]QRüFRG]LHQQHJR SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLDVL GRSUDF\RUD]QLHXVWDQQHJRGRVNRQDOHQLDVL NWyUHZG]LVLHM V]\FKF]DVDFKNRMDU]\VL EDUG]LHM]NRQLHF]QRFLSRVLDGDQLDGRNXPHQWXDQL*HOL ]ZHZQ WU]QSRWU]HEGRVNRQDOHQLDVLHELHLVZRLFKXPLHM WQRFL 'ODSUDZLHZV]\VWNLFKEDGDQ\FKQDXF]\FLHOLSUDFXMF\FKZPLHFLHQDMF] VW V]\PREMDZHPVWUHVXZLFKSUDF\]DZRGRZHMMHVWSRF]XFLHZ\F]HUSDQLDLVIUXVWUR ZDQLD,QQHUyZQLH]QDF]FHREMDZ\WRGHSUHV\MQRüQHUZRZRüREQL*RQDVSUDZ QRü]DZRGRZDEH]UDGQRüRUD]EyOHJáRZ\6WRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPG\VIXQNFMH SV\FKLF]QHNWyUHSU]\GáX*V]\PWUZDQLX]DEXU]DMLGH]RUJDQL]XMSUDF ]DZRGRZ QDXF]\FLHOD3RQDGWRQDXF]\FLHOHFL]ZUyFLOLXZDJ QDEH]UDGQRü]MDNZG]LVLHM V]\FKF]DVDFKERU\NDVL FK\EDND*G\QDXF]\FLHO-HVWWREH]UDGQRüZREHFRJURPX RF]HNLZDMDNLPSRGOHJDM2F]HNLZD]DUyZQR]HVWURQ\URG]LFyZXF]QLyZMDN WH*]HVWURQ\G\UHNFMLLZáDG]RZLDWRZ\FK 1DMZL NV]\P (UyGáHP VWUHVX MHVW OLF]HEQRü NODV RUD] VWRVXQHN XF]QLyZ GR QDXF]\FLHOD,QQHZVND]DQH(UyGáDWR]DFKRZDQLHXF]QLyZQDWHUHQLHV]NRá\ KDáD OLZRü

(46) RUD] UHODFMH PL G]\ QDXF]\FLHODPL D ZáDG]DPL ]ZLHU]FKQLPL 1DXF]\ FLHOHFL]ZUyFLOLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPXZDJ QDZDUXQNLSUDF\=E\WGX*DOLF]HEQRü NODV QLH VSU]\MD QDZL]\ZDQLX ZáDFLZ\FK VWRVXQNyZ SRPL G]\ QDXF]\FLHODPL LXF]QLDPL=áHUHODFMHQDXF]\FLHO±XF]HVU]HF]\ZLVW\P(UyGáHPVWUHVXQLHW\ONR GODQDXF]\FLHOLDOHWDN*HGODXF]QLyZ=WHJRPR*HZ\QLNDüQLHZáDFLZ\VWRVXQHN XF]QLyZGRQDXF]\FLHODNWyU]\QLHPDMF]E\WGX*HJREH]SRUHGQLHJRNRQWDNWX ]QLP]DF]\QDMJRSRSURVWXOHNFHZD*\ü 'áXJRXWU]\PXMFHVL ]áHUHODFMHQDXF]\FLHO±XF]HSRZRGXMXZL NV]RFL QDXF]\FLHOLVWUHV7HQ]DZSRáF]HQLX]LQQ\PLF]\QQLNDPLQLHNRU]\VWQLHZSá\ ZDMF\PL QD SUDF ]DZRGRZ QDXF]\FLHOD PR*H GRSURZDG]Lü GR ÄZ\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJR´ 2SLQLH QDXF]\FLHOL SUDFXMF\FK Z V]NRáDFK ZLHMVNLFK L PLHMVNLFK QD WHPDW VWUHVXZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHODQLHZVND]XMQDGX*H]Uy*QLFRZDQLHDOH]Uy*QLFR ZDQHRSLQLHX]\VNDQRZ]ZL]NX]S\WDQLHPGRW\F]F\P(UyGHáVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHO VNLHJR2Wy*]GDQLHPQDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáZLHMVNLFKQDMZL NV]H(UyGáDVWUHVXWNZL ZNRQWDNWDFKPL G]\OXG]NLFKEUDNZVSyáSUDF\ZUyGQDXF]\FLHOLUHODFMHPL G]\ QDXF]\FLHODPL D ZáDG]DPL ]ZLHU]FKQLPL Z\PDJDQLD VWDZLDQH QDXF]\FLHORP ]H VWURQ\ G]LHFL URG]LFyZ LQQ\FK QDXF]\FLHOL SROLW\NyZ L XU] GQLNyZ ,QQH VWDQR ZLVNRZ\UD]LOLQDXF]\FLHOHSUDFXMF\ZPLHMVNLFKSODFyZNDFKRZLDWRZ\FK,FK ]GDQLHPSRZD*Q\P(UyGáHPVWUHVXQDXF]\FLHOVNLHJRVQLHNRU]\VWQHZDUXQNLORND ORZHRUD]]DFKRZDQLHXF]QLyZQDWHUHQLHV]NRá\ KDáDOLZRü

(47) . .

(48) 6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD. : EDGDQLDFK ( 7DOHU

(49) XVWDORQR *H QDMEDUG]LHM VWUHVXMF\P F]\QQL NLHPZSUDF\]DZRGRZHMGODEDGDQ\FKQDXF]\FLHOLVXF]QLRZLH LFK]DFKRZDQLH SRVWDZD ZREHF V]NRá\ QDXNL L QDXF]\FLHOL

(50) D QDVW SQLH QLVNLH ]DURENL OHNFMH SRND]RZH]áDDWPRVIHUDZPLHMVFXSUDF\EUDNV]DQVQDDZDQV 1DMPQLHMVWUHVXMFDRND]DáDVL NRQLHF]QRüNRU]\VWDQLD]ED]\WHFKQLF]QHM± QDXF]\FLHOHF]XMVL GREU]HSU]\JRWRZDQLGRNRU]\VWDQLD]WHFKQLF]Q\FKURGNyZ QDXF]DQLD =GDQLHP DXWRUNL Z\QLNL MHM EDGD SRNU\ZDM VL ] LQIRUPDFMDPL QD WHPDW (UyGHáVWUHVXZSUDF\]DZRGRZHMQDXF]\FLHOL]DF]HUSQL W\PL]OLWHUDWXU\SHGDJR JLF]QHMLSV\FKRORJLF]QHM7R*HXF]QLRZLHVWDQRZLJáyZQH(UyGáRVWUHVXGODZLHOX QDXF]\FLHOLQLHSRZLQQRQLNRJRG]LZLüZG]LVLHMV]\FKF]DVDFK=E\WOLF]QHNODV\ QLHSRVáXV]HVWZRXF]QLyZEUDNNXOWXU\RVRELVWHMSRZRGXM*HQDXF]\FLHOH]QLH FK FDMVL GRSUDF\DLFKHIHNW\ZQRü]DZRGRZDREQL*DVL 7 V\WXDFM SRJDUV]DMVWDQ]DURENyZQDXF]\FLHOL PR*OLZRFL]DURENRZHV FRUD]PQLHMV]H

(51) RERZL]HNSU]HSURZDG]DQLDOHNFMLNROH*HVNLFKKRVSLWDFMHQLNáH V]DQVHQDDZDQV : VZRMHM SUDF\ PDJLVWHUVNLHM : .XELN

(52) SU]HGVWDZLá Z\QLNL EDGD VWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRXQDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáJLPQD]MDOQ\FK&RGUXJLQDXF]\FLHOWZLHU G]Lá*HGR]QDMHZSUDF\VWUHVXF] VWROXEZU F]]DZV]H7\ONREDGDQ\FK WZLHUG]LáR*HVWUHV]DZRGRZ\QLHVWDQRZLGODQLFK*DGQHJRSUREOHPX$* UHVSRQGHQWyZ QLH RGF]XZDáR VWDELOQRFL ]DZRGRZHM D GDOV]H GHNODURZDáR QLHSHZQRüFRGRVZRMHMGDOV]HMNDULHU\ZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD 3UREOHPDW\NDVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRQDXF]\FLHOLQLHPDMHV]F]HZ3ROVFHGRVWD WHF]QHMOLF]E\ZHU\¿NDFMLHPSLU\F]Q\FK'ODWHJRWH*VWDáDVL MHGQ\P]NLHUXQNyZ EDGD QDXNRZ\FK SRGM W\FK Z QDV]HM XF]HOQL =DJDGQLHQLD VWUHVX ]DZRGRZHJR PRJ L SRZLQQ\

(53) E\ü UHDOL]RZDQH ]DUyZQR ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SV\FKRORJLL MDN LQDXNR]DU]G]DQLX:áDQLHZREV]DU]HQDXNR]DU]G]DQLXSRZVWDá\]QDNRPLWH RSUDFRZDQLD]DJDGQLHQLDQD]ZDQHJRVWUHVHPRUJDQL]DFML:LFK]DNUHVZFKRG]± RF]\PMX*Z\*HMQDSRPNQáHP±]DJDGQLHQLDVWUHVX]DZRGRZHJRLVWUHVXSUDF\ :DUWRMHV]F]H]ZUyFLüXZDJ *HZ]DVDG]LHFDáRüGRW\FKF]DVRZHJRGRURENX QDXNRZHJR Z REV]DU]H VWUHVX ]DZRGRZHJR QDXF]\FLHOLSRZL FRQD MHVW VWUHVRZL QHJDW\ZQHPX±G\VWUHVRZLMDNJRRNUHODá+6HO\H6WUHVSR]\W\ZQ\±HXVWUHV± MHVWQDWRPLDVW]DNZDOL¿NRZDQ\MDNE\GRLQQHMJUXS\WHPDW\F]QHM*G\E\EDGDQLRP W\PGRSLV\ZDüVáRZDNOXF]RZHWR]QDOD]á\E\VL WDPVDW\VIDNFMD]DGRZROHQLH VXNFHV]DZRGRZ\DXWRNUHDFMD« 7DNLHEDGDQLDVLRZV]HPSURZDG]RQH$OHDE\RFHQLüQDLOHVRQHUHDOL ]RZDQHZWHUPLQRORJLLWHRULLVWUHVXQDOH*DáRE\SRGMüRGU EQHEDGDQLD,QDSLVDü RGU EQHWHPDWXWHJRRSUDFRZDQLH. .

(54) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. 6800$5< 5VTGUUKPVGCEJGTIUYQTM 7KH VWXG\ LV D UHYLHZ RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SXEOLFDWLRQV LQ 3ROLVK SHGDJR JLFDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOOLWHUDWXUHFRQFHUQLQJWKHLVVXHRIVWUHVVLQWHDFKHU¶VZRUN ,WGHVFULEHVWKHUHVXOWVRIPRVWUHSUHVHQWDWLYH3ROLVKUHVHDUFKHV7KHDXWKRUDOVR SUHVHQWVUHVXOWVRIUHVHDUFKHVPDGHXQGHUKLVVXSHUYLVLRQDQGJLYHVDGUDIWRIKLV RZQVXUYH\V. %LEOLRJUDÀD %HQLV]+6WUHVZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHODLSRGVWDZRZH]DVDG\]GURZHJR *\FLDÄ:\FKRZDQLH)L]\F]QHL=GURZRWQH´ %RUJ0*5LGLQJ5-2FFXSDWLRQDOVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQLQWHDFKLQJ %ULWLVK(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO´QU &KU]DQRZVND,:\SDOHQLH]DZRGRZHQDXF]\FLHOLDRFHQLDQLHRVLJQL ü V]NROQ\FKXF]QLyZXSROHG]RQ\FKXP\VáRZRZVWRSQLXOHNNLPLXF]QLyZ RSUDZLGáRZ\PUR]ZRMXQDHWDSLHV]NRá\SRGVWDZRZHM:\GDZQLFWZR8QL ZHUV\WHWXàyG]NLHJRàyG( &ROH0:DONHU6, HGV

(55) 7HDFKLQJDQGVWUHVV3KLODGHOSKLD0LOWRQ .H\QHV2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &]HUZLVND.6WUHVZSUDF\]DZRGRZHMQDXF]\FLHOD$QDOL]DSRUyZQDZF]D RSDUFLXRRSLQLHQDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáZLHMVNLFKLPLHMVNLFK3RG\SORPRZH 6WXGLXP2OLJRIUHQRSHGDJRJLNL8QLZHUV\WHWOVNL)LOLDZ&LHV]\QLH SUDFDG\SORPRZDQDSLVDQDSRGNLHUXQNLHP=0DUWHQD±QLHSXEOLNRZDQD

(56) )RQWDQD'3V\FKRORJLDGODQDXF]\FLHOL=\VNL6ND3R]QD *DJH1/%HUOLQHU'&(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\%RVWRQ/RQGRQ0HOER XUQH+RXJKWRQ0LIÀLQ&RPSDQ\ *DZOLN6=DGRZROHQLH]DZRGRZHQDXF]\FLHODUHIHUDWQD.RQIHUHQFML 1DXNRZHMÄ.V]WDáFHQLH]DZRGRZHQDXF]\FLHOLF]\QQ\FK]DZRGRZR´ 0\VáRZLFH*:63 *UDG76WUHVRUJDQL]DF\MQ\LV\QGURPZ\SDOHQLDVL Ä)RUXP1DXF]\FLHOL´ QU *UDG76WUHVRUJDQL]DF\MQ\LV\QGURPZ\SDOHQLDVL ]DZRGRZHJRZSUDF\ QDXF]\FLHODÄ1DXF]\FLHOL6]NRáD´QU *U]HJRU]HZVND0.6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHODÄ.XULHU3HGDJRJLF]Q\´ JUXG]LH +Rá\VW%3V\FKRORJLDNU\PLQDOLVW\F]QD/H[LV1H[LV:DUV]DZD. .

(57) 6WUHVZSUDF\QDXF]\FLHOD. -RGáRZVND%6WDUW±V]RN]DZRGRZ\±WZyUF]DSUDFDQDXF]\FLHOD:6L3 :DUV]DZD .OL0.RVVHZVND-&HFK\RVRERZRFLQDXF]\FLHOLDV\QGURPZ\SDOHQLD ]DZRGRZHJRÄ3V\FKRORJLD:\FKRZDZF]D´QU .RWZLFND%)DVF\QDFMDF]\VWUHVÄ1RZD6]NRáD´QU .UDZXOVND3WDV]\VND0$QDOL]DF]\QQLNyZZ\SDOHQLD]DZRGRZHJR XQDXF]\FLHOLV]NyáUHGQLFKÄ3U]HJOG3V\FKRORJLF]Q\´ .UHWVFKPDQQ56WUHVZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHOD*:3*GDVN .XELN:6WUHVV]NROQ\XQDXF]\FLHOLNODVJLPQD]MDOQ\FK*yUQROVND :\*V]D6]NRáD3HGDJRJLF]QD0\VáRZLFH SUDFDPDJLVWHUVNDQDSLVDQD SRGNLHUXQNLHP=0DUWHQD±QLHSXEOLNRZDQD

(58) /LEHUD.1LHPDV]NRá\EH]VWUHVX±WDN*HGODQDXF]\FLHOLÄ(GXNDFMDL'LD ORJ´QU 0XUG]HN-6WUHVZV]NROHÄ6FKRODVWLFXV´/XEOLQQU 0XUG]HN-6WUHVZV]NROHÄ6FKRODVWLFXV´/XEOLQQU 1RZDN01LHGDMVL Z\SDOLüÄ1RZD6]NRáD´QU 2OHFK$:\SDOHQLH]DZRGRZH:KWWSZZZIRUXPOLGHURZSONLHUR ZDQLHKWP 2WWR57HDFKHUVXQGHUVWUHVV+LOORI&RQWHQW0HOERXUQH 3DXOLN.&RZSá\ZDQD]DGRZROHQLH]SUDF\Z]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHOD Ä1DXF]\FLHOL6]NRáD´QU 3DXOLN.&RVWUHVXMHXFLWHOHY5HLFKSURIHVLDMDNPRKRXVWUHV\]YODGDW>Z@ %H]SLHF]HVWZRG]LHFLLPáRG]LH*\LMHJR]DJUR*HQLDSRGUHG$6]\PD VNLHJRL(.U]\*DN6]\PDVNLHM*:630\VáRZLFH 3DXOLN.&]\QQLNLXWUXGQLDMFHSUDF F]HVNLPLSROVNLPQDXF]\FLHORP Ä$X[LOLXP6RFLDOH:VSDUFLH6SRáHF]QH´QU 3XVLHFNL-$NFHSWDFMD]DZRGXSU]H]QDXF]\FLHOLÄ1RZD6]NRáD´ QU HKXOND(HKXONRYD2 (G

(59) 8þLWHOHD]GUDYL±%UQR HKXOND(HKXONRYD2 (G



(62) 8þLWHOHD]GUDYL±%UQR HKXOND( (G

(63) 7HDFKHUVDQGKHDOWK±%UQR HKXOND( (G

(64) 7HDFKHUVDQGKHDOWK±%UQR 5\ONH+:]JRG]LH]VREL]XF]QLHP:6L3:DUV]DZD 7DOHU(6WUHVZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHODV]NRá\SRGVWDZRZHM3RG\SORPRZH 6WXGLXP2OLJRIUHQRSHGDJRJLNL8QLZHUV\WHWOVNL)LOLDZ&LHV]\QLH SUDFDG\SORPRZDQDSLVDQDSRGNLHUXQNLHP=0DUWHQD±QLHSXEOLNRZDQD

(65) . .

(66) =ELJQLHZ0DUWHQ. 7DWDURZLF]-0R*QD]ZDULRZDü"2]DJUR*HQLDFK]GURZLDSV\FKLF]QHJR SU]H]QDXF]\FLHOLÄ1RZD6]NRáD´QU 7XFKROVND66WUHVZ]DZRG]LHQDXF]\FLHODÄ3V\FKRORJLD:\FKRZDZF]D´ QU 7XFKROVND66WUHV]DZRGRZ\XQDXF]\FLHOLSR]LRPQDVLOHQLDLV\PSWRP\ Ä3V\FKRORJLD:\FKRZDZF]D´QU :DZHOVND3DSURFND06\WXDFMHVWUHVRZHZV]NROHÄ(GXNDFMD´. .

(67)