The effect of human's association with danger on changes of perceiving on safety

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Marek Rybakowski

The effect of human’s association

with danger on changes of perceiving

on safety

Problemy Profesjologii nr 1, 133-139

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Problemy Profesjologii 1/2009

M a rek R y b a k o w s k i1

THE EFFECT OF HUM AN’S ASSOCIATION WITH DANGER

ON CHANGES OF PERCEIVING ON SAFETY

Abstract

A huge am ount o f road accidents cause not only material damages but also human loss; the other ones can be referred to as traumatic. Searching for the methods o f preventing those acci dents aims also at decreasing the level o f threat when the traffic circulation is getting more in tense on the cities’ roads. The aim o f the research was to estim ate the perception o f traffic safety and to answ er the follow ing questions:

1. How strong is fear o f road accidents in the modern - technically based society?

2. How many o f the respondents have been victims or survived road accident, and have seen in its consequences death or injury o f an acquaintant, someone close?

3. How many o f the respondents have been authors or w itnesses to such tragic events? The last question to which we tried to obtain an answ er was the question:

4. What is the effect o f associating with danger on the changes o f m an’s personality and actions for the guaranteeing o f safety, life and health? This question was asked to rescuers and fire- brigade. police and medical rescue officials. The answers to the questions above and its analysis are the issue o f the article.

W PŁYW O BCO W A NIA C ZŁO W IEK A Z ZAG RO ŻENIEM NA ZMIANY W POSTRZEGANIU W ŁA SN EG O BEZPIECZEŃSTW A

Streszczenie

Duża ilość wypadków drogowych powoduje nie tylko straty materialne, ale głów nie osobowe i takie, które bardzo trudno jest wyliczyć - traumatyczne. Poszukiwanie sposobów zapobiegania wypadkom drogowym ma także na celu zmniejszenie poczucia zagrożenia ludzi w sytuacji, kie dy na drogach i ulicach miast w zrasta natężenie ruchu. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena poczucia stanu bezpieczeństw a w ruchu drogowym oraz odpow iedź na pytania:

1. Jak silny we współczesnym - ztechnizowanym społeczeństwie je st lęk przed wypadkami drogowymi?

2. Ilu z respondentów było ofiarą lub przeżyło wypadek drogowy i w idziało w jeg o następstwie śmierć lub zranienie kogoś znajom ego, bliskiego?

3. Jak wiele z badanych osób było sprawcami lub świadkam i takich tragicznych w ydarzeń? Ostatnim pytaniem, na które podjęto próbę odpowiedzi, je st pytanie:

4. Jaki wpływ ma obcow anie z niebezpieczeństwem na zmiany osobowości i działalność czło wieka dla zapew nienia bezpieczeństw a, życia i zdrowia?

To ostatnie pytanie skierow ane zostało do ratowników i funkcjonariuszy straży pożarnej, poli cji oraz ratowników medycznych.

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Introduction

134 M arek R ybakow ski

M a n ’s re so u rc e fu ln e ss, j u s t like its o p p o site , h elp le ssn e ss, is o n e o f th e m o s t fa s c in a tin g a s p e c ts o f h u m a n e x iste n c e . T h e w o rld is g o in g fo r m o re a n d m o re b e tte r c iv iliz a tio n , te c h n ic a l an d te c h n o lo g ic a l so lu tio n s b u t n o t p a y in g a tte n tio n to th e fa c t th a t th is a c tio n c o u ld have c a ta stro p h ic c o n se q u e n c e s . W ith th e h elp o f th e in d u strial ev o lu tio n an d m o re d iffe rin g te c h no lo g ical so lu tio n s w e are c o n sc io u sly d e stro y in g o u t n atu ral e n v iro n m e n t, w h ich is in d isp e n sab le fo r safe an d h ealth y life. T h ro u g h te c h n ic a l in n o v atio n and th e ir u se, h u m a n b ein g s o f ten e x p o se th e m se lv e s an d o th e rs to danger. A n e x a m p le o f su ch te c h n ic a l in n o v a tio n is a v e h ic le a n d th e n e c e ss a ry ro a d in frastru ctu re.

In th is a rtic le I w o u ld like to d ra w p a rtic u la r a tte n tio n to th e issu e c o n n e c te d w ith m a n ’s a sso c ia tio n w ith d a n g e rs th a t he h im s e lf has c re a te d as a re s u lt o f e v o lu tio n o f te c h n ic a l c iv ili z a tio n , and is no lo n g er in a p o sitio n to e ffe c tiv e ly resist th em . T h e c o n tin u o u s in d u strial m o to riz a tio n in d u stry re v o lu tio n , b e sid e s th e irrefu tab le b en efits, is, h o w ev er, c o n d u c iv e to em erg e n c e o f a lot o f n e g a tiv e p h e n o m e n a an d d an g e rs n o t o n ly on a u n it scale b u t e n c o m p a ss in g w h o le society. T h e m o s t s ig n ific a n t o f th e m a p p e a r on th e ra n g e o f safe p a rtic ip a tio n o f m an in ro ad traffic. D y n a m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f m o to riz a tio n a t tu rn in g p o in t so m e d o zen o r so y e a rs ag o h as re s u lte d in a b ru p t in crease in th e n u m b e r o f ro ad a c c id e n ts, in ju ries and d eath s. T h e latest sta tistic s are a la rm in g an d d istu rb in g . M an y p e o p le are k illed o r injured e v e ry day.

„T ak in g into a c c o u n t th e risin g in c id e n ts o f ro ad a c cid en ts, th e ir victim s, a n d p e rso n a l, so cial and e c o n o m ic lo sses, it has b e c o m e n e c e ss a ry an d critical to ta k e up a n d lo u d ly v o ic e th e issue o f ro ad traffic sa fe ty ” [6]. A lot o f ro ad a ccid en ts lead, n o t only, to m a te ria l lo sses b u t a lso m a in ly to lo o ses th a t are p e rso n a l an d th o s e th a t are d iffic u lt to q u a n tify - n am ely tra u m a tic . S e a rc h in g o f m e a n s o f p re v e n tin g road a c cid en ts has a lso th e o th e r o b je c tiv e o f re d u c in g th e p e o p le ’s fe e lin g o f th re a t in a situ a tio n w hen th e c o n c e n tra tio n o f cars on roads and streets is on the rise [ 1 ,4 ] .

C auses o f road accidents

U n a v o id a b le risk o f a c c id e n ts is in h e re n tly co n n e c te d w ith road traffic. If a p p ro p ria te safety m easu res fo r th e users o f v e h ic le s are in tro d u c e d , then th e n u m b e r o f v ictim s w ill d ro p and th e effe c ts o f ro ad in c id e n ts w ill be less sev ere. It sh o u ld , h o w ev er, be re m e m b e re d th a t m o re im p ro v ed sa fe ty m e a s u re s c o u ld p ro v o k e in so m e d riv ers a te n d e n c y fo r risk y rid e, w h ich , in tu rn s, in c re a se th e p ro b a b ility o f a c c id e n ts. T h e sy stem o f m an - te c h n o lo g y - e n v iro n m e n t has to be an aly z ed in o rd e r to e v a lu a te m a n ’s sa fe ty in th e e n v iro n m e n t o f life an d w o rk [2, 7]. In o rd e r to a n a ly z e th e p h e n o m e n a c o n c e rn in g sa fe ty o f m o to r v e h ic le s an d road traffic, th is system m ay be n a rro w e d to th e form : road tra ffic p a rtic ip a n t (P ) - v e h icle (V ) - e n v iro n m en t (E ). T h e idea „ ro ad traffic p a rtic ip a n t” refers to all u sers o f ro a d s h en ce in clu d es ca r users, m o to rc y c lists (rid e rs an d p a ss e n g e rs), b ic y c lists an d p ed e stria n s. T h e re fo re , th e sk ills an d p sy c h o -p h y sic a l sta te o f d riv e rs (P ) c o n stitu te o n e o f th e m an y facto rs, b e sid e c a r c o n stru c tio n (V ) and in fra stru c tu re (E ), d e te rm in in g road tra ffic safety . T a k in g into acc o u n t the

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fact th a t clo se to 9 5 % o f ro ad in c id e n ts h av e th e ro o t on ca u se s d e p e n d e n t on m an , th e re is no d o u b t th a t it is m an , as o p e ra to r o f v e h ic le s an d p a rtic ip a n t o f ro ad tra ffic , th a t is th e m o s t im p o rtan t e le m e n t o f sa fe ty sy ste m . T h e m o s t fre q u e n t m ista k e s, re s u ltin g in a c c id e n ts, m a d e by d riv e rs are listed in T a b le 1.

Table I

M istakes o f d riv ers P ercen tag e

[%1

Failure to adjust speed to road conditions 46,5

Failure to give right o f way 20,6

W rong driving through pedestrian crossings 10,3

W rong overtaking 6,8

Failure to keep safe distance between vehicles 5,0

O thers 10,8

Causes o f accidents - data fr o m 2006 according to Crime Prevention Office o f the Prevention and Traffic Bureau, Police H eadquarters prepared by the em ployees o f D epartm ent o f Prevention in Road Traffic

M an and h is b e h a v io r a re th e m ain d e te rm in in g facto rs in d a n g e r to ro ad tra ffic safety . A v eh icle, as a te c h n ic a l in n o v a tio n , in th e h an d o f m an , b eco m e s a d a n g e ro u s tool!

A d riv e r is re s p o n sib le fo r c h o o sin g o r a c c e p tin g c o n d itio n s th a t in crease o r m in im iz e th e p ro b a b ility o f c o llisio n . C o n sid e rin g th e featu res and c h a ra c te ristic d e sc rib in g th e b e h a v

ior o f d riv ers is essen tial fo r re se a rc h into th e road safety . It sh o u ld be re m e m b e re d th a t in d i v id u al c h aracters o f d riv e rs are u n iq u e and d e p e n d on m an y facto rs (sk ills, age, sta te o f h ealth e tc .) [5, 8]. In crease in d a n g e rs fro m th e sid e o f th e d riv e r c o u ld b e c au sed by: erro n e o u s e v a lu a tio n o r p la y in g d o w n th e ro ad situ atio n , m a k in g in c o rre c t ste e rin g m o v e s o r d e la y in m ak in g th em , v io la tin g a p p lic a b le ro ad traffic law s (c o n s c io u sly o r u n c o n sc io u sly ), lack o f sk ills o r failu re to a d a p t v e h ic le te c h n iq u e s to real p sy c h o -p h y sic a l a b ilities (tire d n e ss, n e rv o u sn ess). M an is the m o st u n re lia b le link in the road safety ch ain [3]. In ad d itio n - as resu lts from m ark et re se a rc h e s o f in d iv id u al ca r c o n stru c to rs - p o ten tial b u y e rs o f new c a rs d o n o t d e sire - in th e least - fo r th e m to be e q u ip p e d w ith e le c tro n ic sa fe ty m easu res, fo r e x a m p le , b lo c k in g o f a c c e le ra to r p e d a l, th a t go into o p e ra tio n w h en th e c o n d itio n s on th e ro ad re q u ire th a t th e sp eed o f the ca r b e lo w ered . M an lo n g s to rein o v e r m ach in e. V ery o ften o n e d o e s not th in k o f th e c o n se q u e n c e s th a t c o u ld resu lt from e x c e ssiv e sp eed . U n fo rtu n a te ly , n a tu re th a t has eq u ip p ed us w ith m e c h a n ism fear o f h eig h ts (a c r o p h o b ia ) - has fo rg o tten a b o u t th e fear o f sp eed s. O b lig a to rily , s ta tu to ry legal re stric tio n s sh o u ld re p la c e th is im p erfe ctio n .

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Research objectives and problem s

T h e o b je c tiv e o f th e te s ts c a rrie d o u t w a s to a c c e ss th e fe e lin g o f state o f safety in ro ad tra ffic as w ell as p ro v id e a n sw e r to th e q u e stio n s:

1. H ow stro n g is fe a r o f road a c c id e n ts in th e m o d ern - te c h n ic a lly b ased so c ie ty ? 2. H ow m a n y o f th e re s p o n d e n ts h a v e b e e n v ic tim s o r su rv iv e d ro ad a c c id e n t, an d h av e seen in its c o n se q u e n c e s d eath o r in ju ry o f an a c q u a in ta n t, so m e o n e clo se?

3. H o w m a n y o f th e re s p o n d e n ts h a v e b e e n a u th o rs o r w itn e s se s to su ch tra g ic e v e n ts? T h e last q u e stio n to w h ic h w e trie d to o b ta in an a n sw e r w as th e q u estio n :

4. W h at is th e effect o f a ss o c ia tin g w ith d a n g e r on th e c h an g es o f m a n ’s p e rs o n a lity and a c tio n s fo r th e g u a ra n te e in g o f safety , life and h e a lth ?

T h e last q u e stio n w as d irected to re sc u e rs and o ffic e rs o f fire b rig ad e, p o lic e and m e d ic a l re s cu e w o rk ers.

C ourse o f tests and characteristic o f researched environm ent

T h e research w a s c a rrie d o u t on tw o so cial and p ro fessio n al g ro u p s. T h e first w ere e x tra m u ra l stu d e n ts o f F acu lty o f M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e rin g , U n iv e rsity o f Z ie lo n a G ó ra. 108 stu d e n ts w ere selected fo r th e re se a rc h . T h e y w e re s tu d e n ts o f v a ry in g ag es, b o th b a c h e lo r’s a n d m a s t e r ’s e n g in e e rin g c o u rs e s, p e rfo rm in g d iffe re n t jo b s , h av in g d iffe re n t se c o n d a ry sc h o o l e d u c a tio n b ack g ro u n d .

T h e se c o n d g ro u p o f re s p o n d e n ts c o m p rise d o f o fficers o f G o v e rn m e n t F ire B rig ad e D istrict H e a d q u a rte rs, p o lic e o ffic e rs from P o lice S tatio n an d A m b u la n c e S e rv ic e w o rk e rs in o n e o f th e d is tric t to w n s to th e w e st o f P o lan d . F o r th is g ro u p o f re s p o n d e n ts, d u e to th e fre q u e n t a sso c ia tio n w ith d iffe re n t ro a d a c c id e n ts an d c a ta stro p h e s, th e q u e stio n n a ire w as e x p a n d e d to in clu d e tw o a d d itio n a l q u e stio n s, on th e e ffe c t o f a s s o c ia tio n w ith d a n g e r on c h a n g e s o f p e rs o n a lity a n d o n e ’s a c tio n fo r g u a ra n te e in g safety, life and h ealth . T h e re s p o n d e n t o ffic e rs w e re at d iffe re n t a g e s an d ranks.

Sense o f personal safety in road traffic

P o le s are aw a re o f th e fa c t th a t m o v in g in ro ad , bo th as a p e d e stria n s, p a sse n g e rs an d d riv e rs is lo ad ed w ith so m e level o f risk.

T h e m o s t o ften a n sw e r g iv en by th e p o lled re sp o n d e n ts w h en ask ed w h e th e r th e y fe lt fear o f road a c c id e n t in d iffe re n t ro ad s itu a tio n s w as th a t th ey felt q u ite safe. A re la tiv e ly sm all n u m b er - 14% said th e y had full sen se o f safety . H o w e v e r, th e fear o f a c c id e n t w as fe lt - d e p e n d ing on th e s itu a tio n - by 2 4 % o f re s p o n d e n ts an d o n ly in o n e in cid en t (o n m o v in g a lo n g ro a d sid e s on u n b u ilt are a s) - th is p e rc e n ta g e a lm o s t reach ed 37% . T h e re s p o n d e n ts o ften e x p ressed th e ir a n x ie ty u sin g th e fo llo w in g w o rd s: I d o n ’t feel q u ite safe; th ey rarely ad m it th a t th ey h av e a se n s e o f d an g er.

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T a b le 2 b e lo w sh o w s th a t se n s e o f safety on th e stre e ts a n d ro ad s d e p e n d o n th e y ty p e o f v e h ic le s w e are in, in th e ro ad traffic.

T a b le 2

Person moving by

Do you feel, generally, safe or do you experience fear o f road accident dur ing a ride (as a driver or passenger)?

1 fe e l safe / d o n ’t fe e l safe

D ifficult to say

Definitely Quite

safe Total* D efinitely

Quite safe Total* In percent [%] - car 24,6 71,9 96,5 0 1,8 1,8 1,7 - b u s 8,8 61,4 70,2 3,5 3,5 7,0 22,8 -b ic y c le 12,3 47,4 59,7 0 24,6 24,6 15,7 - t r a m 10,5 33,3 43,8 0 3,5 3,5 52,7 motorcycle and scooter 3,5 26,3 29,8 0 14 14 56.2

* The percentage o f the answ ers definitely and quite was added

Assessm ent o f sense o f safety on roads o fp erso n s using means o f transport

O f th e re s p o n d e n t ro ad u sers, b ic y c lis ts (2 4 ,6 % ) fo llo w e d b y m o to rc y c lists (1 4 % ) fe lt th e h ig h e st level o f ro ad a c c id e n t. T h o se u sin g b u se s (7 % ) an d tram (3 ,5 % ) had far less fear o f road accid en t. W ith o u t d o u b t, ca r d riv e rs (o n ly 1,8% do n o t feel safe and h av e fear o f a c c i d e n t) h a d th e h ig h e s t p sy c h o lo g ic a l co m fo rt.

Involvem ent o f the respondents in road incidents

For m an y P oles road a c c id e n ts are a so u rc e o f p ain fu l tra u m a tic life e x p e rie n c e s as w ell as fears th a t m ay leave p e rm a n e n t m ark s in th e p sy ch ic.

S o m e th ree q u a rte rs (7 2 % ) o f th e re sp o n d e n ts h av e w itn e s se d ro ad a c c id e n t in th e ir life. W h ile m o re th a n h a lf th e re s p o n d e n ts (5 7 % ) had w itn e s se d a c c id e n t in w h ich so m e o n e w as in ju red and 2 6 % e x p e rie n c e d ro ad a c c id e n t in w h ich so m e o n e c lo se o r fa m ilia r w a s injured.

T h e fa c t th a t 16% o f th e re s p o n d e n ts saw so m e ro ad a c c id e n t fa ta lity is o f p a rtic u la r d ra m a tic sig n ific a n c e . T h e re s p o n d e n ts v e ry ra re ly ad m itted to h a v in g cau sed a c c id e n t, a m ere 2 % o f the re s p o n d e n t stu d e n ts a d m itte d .

A m o n g th e re s p o n d e n ts, th e a m b u la n c e , fire b rig a d e w o rk s, p o lice an d o th e r had h ad to deal w ith , w ith in th e fra m e w o rk o f th e ir p ro fe ssio n a l c a rrie rs, th e h ig h e s t e x p e rie n c e w ith ro ad a c c id e n ts in w h ic h th e re w e re v ic tim s in c lu d in g fatal cases. T h a t is th e re a so n w e ran k th e se p ro fessio n al g ro u p s to be h ig h ly ex p o se d to tra u m a tic ex p e rie n c e .

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Effect o f associating w ith danger on the changes o f m an’s personality

and actions for the guaranteeing o f safety, life and health

T h e p a rtic ip a tio n o f u n ifo rm e d se rv ic e s an d m e d ic a l rescu e w o rk ers in re sc u e a c tio n s, w h ere the re sc u e rs bru sh w ith d a n g e r w h ile re s c u in g o th e r p eo p le, e x p o sin g th e ir life o r h e a lth to d anger, is a so u rc e o f p e rso n a l e m o tio n a l e x p e rie n c e s th a t m a y lead to c h a n g e o f o n e ’s p e r sonality. A m o n g th e p o lle d fire fig h te rs , th e p o lic e o ffic e rs a n d a m b u la n c e re s c u e w o rk e rs m o re th an tw o th ird s o f th em had p a rtic ip a te d in rescu e o p e ra tio n in su ch in c id e n c e as: fire w ith rescu e o f life and h ealth o f p e o p le in d a n g e r o r re sc u in g p e o p le in ju red in ro ad a c cid en ts. O f the g ro u p o f fire fig h te rs, 9 2 % o f th em said th e y had p a rtic ip a te d in rescu e o p e ra tio n s w h ere th ere w e re in ju red an d d e a d p eo p le. In a d d itio n , o n e q u a rte r o f a m b u la n c e re sc u e r w o rk ers (2 8 ,6 % ) an d a lm o s t th e sa m e p e rc e n t o f p o lic e o ffic e rs (2 7 ,8 % ) h ad h ad d ire c t c o n ta c t w ith v ic tim s o f ro ad a c c id e n ts. M o re th an o n e q u a rte r o f th e re s p o n d e n ts (2 6 ,4 % ) from th e u n ifo rm ed se rv ic e g ro u p an d m e d ic a l re s c u e w o rk ers said th e y th a t p a rtic ip a tio n in rescu e o p e ra tio n s, w h e re th e re a re injured an d d ead v ic tim s is a so u rc e o f p e rso n a l e m o tio n a l e x p e ri e n ces th a t affect o n e ’s c o n d u c t an d b e h a v io r c o n n e c te d w ith g u a ra n te e in g sa fe ty an d health fo r o n e s e lf and th e n e x t o f kin an d d e fin ite ly a ffe c t o n e ’s c o n d u c t in p riv a te life.

Final generalization

E v ery o n e o f us, in o n e ’s lifetim e, e n c o u n te rs situ a tio n s th a t carry p o te n tia l risk fo r o u r health an d ev en life. M a n y o f th e se s itu a tio n s are a re s u lt o f su d d en ev o lu tio n o f te c h n o lo g ic a l c iv ili zatio n , in c lu d in g th e d e v e lo p m e n t an d d is se m in a tio n o f m o to riz a tio n an d ro ad tra n sp o rt. E v e ry o n e live th ro u g h e x p e rie n c e c o n n e c te d w ith ro ad a c c id e n ts, in c lu d in g se n se o f d a n g e r and risk d iffe re n tly - in d iv id u ally . M a n y p e o p le a ls o feel, in d iffe re n t situ a tio n s, fe a r o f ro ad a c c i dent. R oad u sers tra v e lin g by cars are a n x io u s o v e r th e ir sa fe ty - a m o n g th e a n x ie tie s , the c y c lists and m o to rc y c lists had th e lo w est se n se o f safety. P eo p le tra v e lin g by b u s, tram and p riv ate cars felt m u ch safer.

T rau m a tic e x p e rie n c e s a n d fe a rs are a so u rc e o f e m o tio n a l c h a n g e s in m a n y people. T h e se c h a n g e s affect th e p e rc e p tio n , a s s e ssm e n t an d th in k in g o f o w n sa fe ty an d sa fe ty o f o th e r p eo p le, e s p e c ia lly o f c lo se re la tiv e s. T h e y lead to lo w er in clin atio n to ta k e risks.

I am h o p efu l th a t m y research w o rk w ill p ro v e useful fo r all th o s e in terested in issues re s u ltin g from m a n ’s stru g g le s w ith d iffic u ltie s o f hum an e x isten ce, in the road traffic an- th ro p o -te c h n o sp h e re . I am o f th e o p in io n th a t research re su lts p resen ted in th is a rtic le can be used as b asis fo r fu rth er research w o rk s w h o se re su lts w o u ld fa c ilita te d e e p a n a ly s is o f th e effect o f a ss o c ia tio n o f ro ad tra ffic p a rtic ip a n ts w ith d a n g e r on th e c h a n g e s in p e rc e iv in g o n e ’s safety.

B i b l i o g r a p h y

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