Vol. 33, No. 1-4
acta gaologlea Polonica
Warszawa 1983
LESZEK LINDNER, LESZEK MA.RJKIS & KAZIMIERZ PFtKALA
Quaternary glaciations of South Spitsbergen and their correlation with Scandinavian
glaciations of Poland
ABSTRACT: The ea.r:ldes!t reIC~e QuaternaTY sedimenJtsin Spitslbergen, da- teld by the thermOil'UmilnesceallCe methO!d for aibOtut 413, 000 yeaJm.BP anld 'Com.p<)-
sed of marine clays\ Me ascrilbeid :to the T~egla (=HolsteiJn, MazoVlian,) Iiniter-
~acial. ·These clays rure olVerJ.adn by ldejpOlSits of Ithe Wooel J2ll"}sIbeng La!nd glaci.a- tiOlnS (=SaaUaJni, MiiddIle-Polish gl~tiOll1S)j, dated by the lthermo1iuandnescence met- hod for 313,000 to 220,000 yeal's BP. The maximwn of the Sorkapp Land (=Weich- selian, Vdstuldan) Glaciation an Spitslbergen was rerttified foc about 45, 000 to 40, 000 years BP. An alttelm!Pt of ICcmreIa!tilOlnJ of the SpiJ1il(bergen. glaciatioos Wtith Scanidi- navian g1aciat.dlOlllS m Pola.n.d IinddC>aItEs a ·diJstiJrrot oonvengenoo din time of the main
Quatennary oliJrnatic fluclWlitions in the ArtCt:ilC 8iI1Jd in Cenltra[ EwrO\Pe.
INTRODUCTION
A few data only have been collected up to now on the exltents an4 the number of Quaternary ,glaciations in South Spitsbergen if compared with the other parts <Xf this iSland. (cf. BoultOOl 1979, Salvigsen 1979, Salvilgsen & Nydal 1981, Salvigsen & Osterholm 1982, TroitS'ky, & al.
1979). These data resulted firstly from. a few radiocarbon datings of :the sediments in this regiO'1l (cf. Blalke & al. 1965, BiTkenmajer & Olsson 1970, ;Baranowski & Karl€m. 19716, MoSciclri & al. 1978, P~tkala 1980) and, in major part, from the investigaItions focused mainly 011' the morpho ...
genettic and glaciologic aspects.
The recent studies in the' HOIl"IlSund area (Text-fig. 1) during the Polish Polar Exrpeditions in 1979 and 1980, organized by the InstiItutel of Geophysics, Polish Academy <Xf Sciences, have resulted in tihe thermo- lumineScence daiings of some samples (Talble 1), done by Dr. J. Butrym in the Thermoluminescence LatborMory (Institute of the Earth Sciences, M. Curie-:SildodOlWSka UIlIiversiiy at Luhlin) and based on the method described earlier (Butrym 1981).
170 L. LINDNER, L. MARKS & K. PF;KALA
The ClididibiOlllal data f·o:r a stratigxajphic reoogJrllilt;lLon oome also from the recenct;
stuldies'OIIl the-glacial seidtmetnts; gdacier 'Sooua: areas, aJlId :rai.sed mall'ilne ierrCl.1C'eIS irithe ·kulnistrahda :region (Klysz & Unidner l001c), LiSbet VaNey' <KJ:Ysz'&llind-
ne:r 1981b, Staruwws'ki 1981), Slalklli VaJ.ley (Klysz & IJilIlldiner 191!la), Rev VailJey aI!1id F'wgleberigslletlta (KaJI'lCzew.s'ki & al. 198[a), as ,well as in the forefieLds of the Vit- kovslki G1aK:ier .(AnId1rzejewsikd & StanJkOlWlSlki 1001), Bunrge GilaJCiLer(Kly<Sz & Linldner
(W\<:t)
SPITSBERGEN
Q 1)
Barents Sea Greenland
Sea
o
.
10km ,F'iIg. 1. Locati.on. of the i.lWIe&fliga<ted a:reaiS in the HorllliUl!l!d region, South Spits-
~en
1 - farefidd af ithe BUiIlJge Glacier ,(Bungebreen) a.nd the southern /parl·oif Brei- nesflya, . 2 - Slakhl Va:l:ley (Slaklidalen)
area and
<the :nJ0IIibheriJ. 1Pa:rt .olf .Bremes,- flya •... 3 - Lislbet Valiley (Lisbetdalen) aIIIId K<UJo:nsi1Jranda all'ea,. 4 - Rev Valley (Re'Vdalen) and FuglebeTgSJet.ta a:rea, 5 - :fu:refie~d at the WerenlSlkiold (Werens- kioldbreen) and Torel1(Torellbreen) glaciers, 6 ~ Treskelen Peninsula (TreskeZod-den), 7 - To:reLlkjegla (see Text-fig. 3)
Sites with thermoLumi.nes.cence idaJtingls: A - Toore1lik!~a, B - Arie Glader (Arie- breen), C - Sofie G'la!Cdet (Sojiebreen)
QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS OF SOUTH SPITSBERGEN 171
1002, . Osltaficzuk & aZ. 19B2).GAs Glacier (Jama & aZ.19Bl), W,erenskiold Glader (SIziI.1a»'yczyii5ikd .1963, Ba,['<modWlSlki 11977), ToQ["!eIlIGtlacier (Ostarfiqz;UJk: & aZ.19BO, I1i.ndner· & al.1982), alIlid . .in the TIfe6ikelen. ,p~uaa (Ma'l'lk8 1963).
LocaJtion
Ariebreen Sofiebreen Sofiebreen Sofiebl'een Torellkjegla Torellkjegla Torellkjegla T_orellkjegla Torellkjegla
Table 1
'11hermoLumineseeIlJCe (TL) da:tialigs
Labora toa:y Age
da/tingNo.. (rr" year§)
Lub-204 45,OOO±4,500
Lub-ZZ3 29,500±3,500
Lub-Z24 43,600±5,200
Lub-2Z5I 50,OOO±6,OOO
Dated depq.sit.s
till till till till Lub-230 413,OOO±62,OOO marine clay
Lub-Z31 313,OOO±47,OOO till
Lub-232 222,OOO±40,OOO sand
Lub-Z33 220,OOO±33,OOO gravel
Lub-234 229,OOO±34,OOO till
In Poland, the moot complete sequence of the Quaternary sediments is exposed at Belchat6w near: Piotrk6w Trybunalski, in a hrown-coal open mine (Text-fig. 2). J.t consists of two main series: the upper one that is not deformed and ~he lower, glacitectonically deformed one '(Ha":
luszczaik 1982). Within
the
lower series, there all''ej 5 till horizons, the three of which aTe ascribed !to the South-Polish (=Mindel) glliCiati'Ons and the remaining two to! the Ociranian (=Riss 1) Gl3cia.tion. The de- posits of the Middle-Polish (=R:iss) gladations are separated from those of the South:':'POIlish glalCiaUons ,by the deposits of the Buczytna in~r,:"~laciallake with a 'f<lSSil flora cori-esponding to that of the FerdyriandOw siie (cf. Lindner 1981). The Uipper series starts with intermorainic de- posits of the. Lublindan(Riss I/RissII) Int~acial, overlam. by the
two
tills of the Wartani'an I(Riss II) GlaCtation, onganogenic sediments of the Eemian lnterglarcial, fluvial and aeolian. deposits of ilihe Vistulian (Wiirm) Glaciation, and by the Holocene alluvia .of the'Widawka River. The sedi- ments of'the Belohataw Sequence were dated by the thermoluminescence method by Butrrm & al. (1982).
AcknowZedpements. The aIllthors rure mebted 1\;0 PIrolfessor A. Jabn, W.r:odaJW University, arid to PrOfe5S<>a." M. Pulina, Sillesian University, for making possible
an attenld'to :the Poldsh P<>[ar EXtpeiditiOlIlil in Spitslbergen. 'l1he moot sincere Ibhanlks a'l"e <XUered to Dr. J. Butrym, !M. CUlI'lie-S~OIW'SIka U,nd:vensity ail; Lubliln, for ther- molUlIIlinescenJCe da.tilrug[s, and I\lo Dr. O. Sa.lvigsen, NorSk:-PolaniJnBtitultt, Lor ma- kitng a-vailablle Ibis lfeoeilJt papem
cm
the IhWtoa:y' of SpiilisbergerJ/ glaciati-oaw.TORELLKJEGLA INTERGLACIAL = MAZOVIAN (HOLSTEIN, MINDEL/RISS) INTERGLACIAL
This period is represented by the earliest recogntmble Quaternary sedi!ments in Spitsbergen. They are composed
Of
marine clays, exposed in! :a cliff of. the easterm. pal'ltof the ToreUkjegla seashore (Text-figs 1172 L.LINDNER; L. MARKS Br X. Pl1,jKALA
and 3). The latter is built of the glaciodisloca.ted median moraine' deposiJts of the Torell Glacier (TorelZbreen). These days (layer 1 in Text-fig.~f1)
form the CO!l"e of a fold that is overthrust Westwa'MS and' overlain By' a till. ThermOlluminescence datings of the clays indicate their deposdJtion about 413,000
±
62,000 years BP (Laboraltory No. Lub-230). An occurrence of the marine clays under the glacla~ sediments suggests thelm to re-~'.Ioo.o(._._._
... ,-.-,..,
\
.'1 •Q~ _ _ ... 1QOkm
..
" . .,...-- '-
... " . 'T. •
, "'-r..."\:
~'
...
~• 6
Fi'g, 2. Location dn Pollanldof Quatem.a;ryse!diilDents dated Iby the thermolumill'lleS- cenJCe mebhocl algamst ithe ex<tenJts1 of Sca.IlidiallWian glaciers
l - extent of the Sanian (Mdnidel II) Gilacia:ti.OIIl, 2 - extent IO!f the W~ Gla- ciJatiOlIl (after Mo~ki 1982), 3 - exltent of ,the Oocaruan. (Re 1) Glaciation, 4 - extent cxf the Warrta!rlian (RiBls 1I) G1aciaotion, 5 - extent cxf the VdstUlldan (W\Urm) Glaciation, 6 - sites with thermo~uminescence-dated sediments (s!i?e Text-fig.' 6)
QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS OF SOUTH ·SPITSBERGEN 173
present a time when Spitsbel"gen glaciers were at their recession of an linterglacial ran:k, named herein the TorelZkjegla Interglacial.
The presented dating indicates that the deposi.ltion O!f the marine clays is ,contemporaneous with the transgression of ,the HQlstein (Alexan- drian) Sea in Europe. The latter is to be correlated with the Likhvin IntergI.a.ciJal, dated by the thermoluminescence method for 459,000 ± 56,000 to 318,000 ± 33,000 years BP (Sudakova & Aleshinskaya 1974, Lindner 1981), and the Mazovian Interglacial with iJtsclimaticoptimum placed between 456,000" and 389,700 years BB (Linooer & OrzybOlwski 1982), separated from the Ferdynand6w climatic optimum (Janczyk-Kopikawa 1980) by the Wilga Glaciation I(Mojs:ki 1982; called the Wilgian in Text- -'fig. 5). In Central Poland this inJteI'lglacial is known to yield organogenic sediments (R6zyClki 1964, 1972; Riihle 1973) which· offer their type sections at Barkowice Mokre, 01szewice, and Kr~piec (Sobolewska 1952, 1956; Marciniak 1'980, Janczyk-Kopilkowa 1981). The cc:mtemporanecms warming in the Black Sea basin is named the TOIbechikian (Zubakov
& al. 1982).
WEDEL JARLSBERG LAND GLAClATIONS = MIDDLE-POLISH GLACIATlONS (SAALIAN~ RISS)
This period is represented by glaciooislocated, bipartite glacial de- posits that overlie the interglacial marine clays in the 'furelJikiiegla section. These sediments are composed of the two till layeTS (2 and 5 in Text-fig. 3A), separated by an older (lay:ers 3 and 4) and oyeTlam by a younger (layers 6 and 7) sandy-gravel series. These sedimeilts are overturned what is evidenced by their datings (Table 1 and Text-fig. 3A) and are overlain by gravels (layer 8) and a till (layer 9,) of the Wiirm Glaciation. The overturned sediments re!pTeBent two glacial episodes in Spitsbergen, lasti!llg since about 313,000±47,000 years BP (Lub-231) to about 220,000 ± 33,000 yeam BP (Lub-233), and named herein as the Wedel Jarlsberg Land glaciations. These are the earliest gJaciations re- cogniza:ble in. Spi tsbergen.
Consequently, tile till· in Central SpitsbergeIi (Billefjorden section), dated by the thermoiuminescence method for· 116,000 years BP (Tln-
~TL-32) and correlated with the Riss GlaciatiOlIl (Troitsky & al. 1979), seems (cf. R6zyoki 1980, WysoczaiiSki-MiiIlkowkz 1982) to have' been deposited during the earliest part of the Wiirm(Vistulian) Glaciati.on, i.e. the Vistula 1. During the ccmtempo!raneoUs Kap Mackenzie .Stadial, the Greenland glacierS were in advance (Hjol'lt 1981).
The datings of the Wedel Jar-ls1JeI,g Land glaciatiO!llS enable their oorreIartion with the Middle-Polish glaciationS (Od'ranilaln, Warlanian;
Text-fig. 5). A deposition of {the olden till in the TorelWkjegla section
174 L. LINDNill.'. L. MARKS & K. PF;KALA
(313;0(}±4,7,000 years BI') corresponded to the maximmn extent of ,the Odranian OlaciaJtion .il>,e1ween .352,000. and ·245,OOO±45.000 years BP (Lindner & P~y.6.ski 1979), to 'the Geroervskian 2 ,cooling (Zubakov &
al. )982), and to the Dnieper ,Glaciation in the Soviet Union, the latter·
lasting since 306,000±34,000 to 2512,000±29,000 years BP (Sudakova &
A,leshinslkaya 1974, Lindner & Grzyoowski 1982). In the Belchat6w sec- tion, the maximum of the Odranian Glaciation oecUrred before 264,000 years BP (Butrym & al. 1982).
A deposition of the younger till in the Torellkjegla secthion (229,OOO±
:t
34,000 yea:t:s BP) is to' be corre}aJted with -the ibegj,nning of the War- tanian GlaciatiOlll (Text-fig. 5) that starrts in the Belchat6w section with sub-till ice-dam sediments daited· foI'! aibout 183,000 years BP (Butrym& al. 1982). In the' SolViet Union, this inlterval :is defined as the MOSCOIW Glaciation and lasted sin~e abQlUt 215,000±24,000 yeansBP to a'bowt 152,000±16,000 years BP (Sudakova & Aleshinskaya 1974, Lindner 1981).
EEMIAN INTERGLACIAL
In South Spitsbergen, no- sediments of the Eemian Inte'l"'glaci'al have be'en noted until nOlW. ThemaTine sedimentsfl'om the Billefj.O!rden section dated for 70,000 yea·rs BP (Tln-TL-21), as well as from the Broggerhalv6ya section dated for 97,000 years BP (Tln-TL-"19) and 83,000 years BP (Tln-TL-13), bOth considered as of the 'Eemian Inter- glacial ·age 'by 'I'roitsky & al. (1'979), should be r.elated (cf. ROZyoki 1980, WysoozaDski-Minkowicz 1982) to the .Brorup Interstadial in Europe, and totbe Hochstetter InteB:-stadial in East Greenland (Hjort 1981). In deep- -sea cores (Shackleton & Opdyke1973), this warming is correlated with the 018 stage 5a (Bowen 1978).
SQRKAPP .LAND GLACIATION .= .VJ:STULlAN (WEICHSELIAN, WORM) GLACIATNON
Th~ evidence for, a glaciation of South SpitsbergelIl in that time comes from tlie Hornsund area (Text-f~. 1).
In south-western Wedel Jarls!bel'lg Land, this glaciatiOln is evidenced by the therm~lum.inescence datings of the· older larteral moraine of the Arie Glacier (45,000±4,500 yeam BP, Lub-204), and the oldest (50,000±
±6,000 yeall'S BP, Lub-225;. 43,600±5,200 years BP, Lub-224) and older (29,500 ± 3,500 years BP, Lub-223). end moraines . of the Solfie G~r.
(Table 1, Text-fig. 1 and PI. 1, Figs 1-;2). The other data oome from.the
paleogeomcmphol~gic analysis of glacial landforms and se:dimmts and their relation to marine landforms and sediments in the Revdalen-Fugle-
ACTA GEOLOGICA POLONICA, VOL. 33
B
W A
LINDNER & aI., FIG.
E
O.s.l.
m 8 7 6 5
3
... ..,.1
r--r--~-+~.-~--~~--~~~-r--~-.--~~--,rO
o
5 10 15mTo,rellkjegla, an exposure with th& glaciodislocated d~os,its of a median moraine of th Torell Glaoier (Torellhreen); maJ.'ked are saI11iPling sites of thermolumines-
cence-dated sediments by Dr. J. Butrym
- geologiC!al ~ection or tile exposed sequence; B - close-up view ne the cxpo:mre, ),)'loto taken in August 1980
TORELLKJEGLA INTERGLACIAL: 1 ~ marine clays; WEDEL :rARLSBERG LAND GLACIA.
TIONS: 2 - till, 3 - fine-grained and medium-grained sands, 4 - gravels, 5 - till, G - stratified sands, 7 .- stratified gravels and coarse-grained sands; SORKAPP LAND GLACIA·
TION: 8 -c gravels, 9 - till
QUATERNARY ,GLACIATIONS. OF SOUTH SPITSBERGEN 175
and
\
o
....
' ... ---. ... Skm '\
Fig. 4. Glacier extentts in the HomsuIlId arr-ea -during the Wtiinn aJOJd Ithe H()kJoone, based on the reference data (Birkenmajer 1959; Karczewski-& al.1981a,; Klysz &
Liln.dner 1981a, b, c; IJilIlidner & al. 11002; Marks 1983; Ostafic7JU:k & at 1982; Nqe, T~k Kart over Svallbat1(i .. 1948, 1953), !With martkeld present-day BY'SI;eIm otf sea cUlU"entts in the aJdijaoont paa:t of the Greenlanid Sea (after W~!liWlSlki 1981) 1 - maximum extent of the W11rm' glaciers, 2 - glacier extents during the maxiumm ,of the B'olocene glaciation> (3,500-2,000 years BP), 3 - glacier extents during the m,aximum of the Little ICe Age, ". - glaciers in 1980, 5 ...:. Atlantic (West' SPitsbergen) $tream, 6 ,...;~rkapp
(East Spitsbergen) Stream, 7 ...:. 'mountain massifs,' 8 - present-day coastline
176
10
6
L. LlN.DNER, L. MARKS & K. Pl1;KALA
Poland
North
~
29500ISfll. 111111111
+l-I+l-I . .\-+:r: :r:
TIliT=-n=II-m~n;;;'--I15830lw11- - . 24007IW21
~ . ' . .. ~i~1
~l
??
ij
22!XXXJIT11
t11~CXXlIT2l
~229000IT3
*
.43000{S1~4S~IB1) .S1000IS2l ,:. '
, 1
~!I .ll1S> I
f
! f
!
I
a c
'E Q.o LU
c a
: s
:c
:::J ..J! I .1)8-1250001811}
I ,
*
I c .2 c....
a L- 3: a~
V) V)
c · Cl::
a
• 1
•
ii
3
i i
•
F'lg~5. Clm"lO!Il:o.stratigraphJic. soheme of rthe QuaternaJry in Sooth 'Spitsbergen arndiiIl
Po~d (areas ve:rtkal1l.y haJOhul1:eid m.arit theglaciad E/Pfi3IoIdes), o.-efered to the .018 stages (alter Shadklletoo & Qpldyke 19713) ariJd to the glacialtdonLs dJn. the Alips 1 - thermolumiJnesiClel1JCe dated s~tes, l(pl. Text-fi!gIs 1-2 aJn.d TaIble 1): Sf1, Sf2 - SO!fie Glacier; Al - Arie Gilacd.er; T1, T~, r.r3, T4, T5 :- Tore1illkjegla; Wo1. W2, W3, . W4 - Wllchook (after I..mdlner & Prils'Z'yilskli 1979); B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6,
QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS OF SOUTH SPITSBERGEN 177
bergsletta area, the forefield of the Werenskiold and, Torell glaciers, the Treskelen Peninsula, and the Torell~jegJ.a seashore (Text-fig. 1). In the latter area, the thermoluminescence datings of the youngest till (layea' 9,jn' Text-fig.3:A) proiVe a' glacitectonic push of. the exposed! deposits at· about 73,137±9,500 to 54,000±7,000 years BP; The prese.nJted datjngs of the -oldest and older moraines situated to the north :(jf Hornsund, as well as of the glaciodislocationsSUJpport the Boulton's 1(1979) opinion on the maxim·umextent of the Wiirm g1aciers in Spitsbergen at aboUlt 45,000 to 40,000 years BP.
In north-western SOl"kapp Land, the data an the number and extents of glacier advaJIlces during the Wfum wea>e ,collected insouthem Brei- nesflya (fOil"efield of the Bunge Glaciier), northern fuejnesflya(Slakli Va:lley), and Kulmstranda (Lisbet :Valley). The authons name this glacia- tiOill the Sorkapp Land Glaciation.
A maximum development 0If the glaciers' during .. th,e SOl"ka(Pp Land Glaciation is maI'lk;ed, among others, by highly located bottoms of ,glacial valleys. In the· Sla'~li Valley, the fra,gments of the oldest glacial vaHey bottoms ooeu:r (KlyS"L & Lindner 1981a) at! 182-.185 m a.s.l. in its! up- -stream part(Pl. 3, Fig. 2), and at 140....:...150 m a.s.1. in its outlet. They, correspond to the maximum of the SOrkapp Land Glaciation, i.e. the period from. 45,000 to 40,000 yea;rs BP. Instead, the lower valley bottom, at 130 m a.s.1. up-stream (PI. 3, Fig. 2) and at 95--..100 m a.s.l. ~n the wlley outlet, r~ros probaJbly the glacier advance about 33,000 to 25,000 years BP (Klysz & Lindner 1981a). DurilIl!g the Middle as well as during the. Late SOrkapp Land Glaciatian, the 'glaciers filled the whole Slalkli Valley and entered its f()ll'eland (northem. Breinesflya) as indicated a,lso by their ground moraine overlain in Breinesflya Iby gravels of the Late Wiil"m and the Holocene marine terraces. The ground moraine of this age'is also exposed jn the present-day c1irff of Kulmstranda, in the dOlW'Il- -stream part of :the Lisbet Valley (Klysz & Lindner 1981b, c), and in the forefield of the Bunge Glacier (Klysz & Lindner 1982). Almost the whole north-western SOI"kapp Land was covered, therefore, by glaciers during the maximum of the SOrkapp Land Glaciation (Text-fig. 4).
DuriIllg the younger pa.r't; df this glaciation, a system of glacieT scour limits was formed a,t slop·as df mO'Untain ma.ssi:fs north of Homsund.
They are the best preserved at aibout 300 m a.s:l. at ·the soIUthern and eastern slopes of Fugleberget (PI. 3, Fig. 1), at 400 m :a.s.l. ID, the Re)v Valley, and at 500 m a.s.L in the Skl'Hfjell Valley. These glacier scour limits are younger than the oldest and' older moraines of the Arie and
E7 - BelchatOw (after Eu1lrytm & aZ. 1982); ~1, 5'2 - 5'atrIt'cmiJCe (after Drozdowslki 1980); Ell - Blonie (after KaTaszewllki 1974); Ml ... Mochowo (after Lamparski 1981); SPl - SWli~y BiIcJit.T anld KGl - Kooi G.r2biet (after Linldnler & Glrzybowslkd:
1982); 2 - TQTelllkj~ lSection; 3 - 13elclJ.atOw' sreCi1;ion; 4 - W/:llchOldk: section
12
17-8 L. LINDNER, L. MARKS "" K •. PPJK:A:LA
Sofie glaciers and presumably marlk: the gIarcialerosion of the glaciers being in 'advance about 18,000 yeall"s BP (Lindner & Marks 1983).
A correlation' of these three advances of the Spitsbergen glaciers during the 80Vltapp Land Glacialtioo (about 45,000-'-40,000~ 33,000--,25,000 and .. 18,000 yea'I'S Bl') with the extents of the ScandinaViali. icesheets during the Vistulian Glaiciation in Poland, shows certain differences (Tex,tAig. 5). In South Spitsbergen, the maximum of this glaciatioo.
OCCUlI'red at 45,000-.-40,000 years BP, whereas in Poland (Kozal'Ski 1980, Galon 1982) and German Democ:ratic Republic (Cepek 1965) it is dated for abiOut 20,000yea'rs BP. This diachronisIn resultedprobablyfrolm varying positions of _cyclOhes in mid and high latitudes of thenorthem hemisphere, due to displacements of the earth magnetic . poles (Buc!ha:
1977). At first,the cydooes moved northwaTds over the Atlantic OCean and when a glacial cover, and the resulting Stable hiogh-preS'sure. area developed there,they. passed further to the east. and fed\ Scalndina'Via with snOwfalls (cf. Jahn 1981, Olausson 1982).
HOLOCENE
In South Spitsbergen the traces of the Holocenefw-stglacie'r advance are the beSt preserved in the SlaJkli Valley (KIysz & Lindner 1981a).
At a half-length otf thevalley,anextent of this advance is,martked by an older lateral moraine (PI. 4, Fig. 2), cot.respondingj,n the do,wn-stll"eam valley fragment and in northern Breinesflya to the higherextramOll"ainal outwash. In northern Breinesflya, the sediments of this oru"twash_are cult in the marine terrace 20--26 rni a.s.l.and coverthetell'!l"aOe 15--48 m a.s.!. Taking into account these data as weB as the known agei of marine teTTaces in Sollth Spitsbergen (Jahn '1959a, b; Bklkenmajer1960, Birken- majeT & Olsson 1970, SZUlpryczynski 1968, Karczewski & al. 1981b, K:tysz & Lindner 1981a, b,c; Stankowski 1981), the oU/tiWasrh/ and the lateral morainea,re fO'Ulld to delimit themaximwnglacier- extent about 11,000---..10,000 years BP (cf. Boulton 1979).
The second advance of the Holocerie glaciers is, amoogL others,. re- corded· in -the Rev Vailey by a' ground mOTlaine, TOChes mautonnees, .aJnd outwash deposits cut in the ma,rine tarra'Ces 2z.-,30 and 8--118 ma.s.1.
(Karczewski & al. 1981a). A l<wer glacier sdo1,1r limit formed in ,that time occurs at the Rev IValley slopes frottl 150 m a.s.l. up-stream. :t()l 60 m a.s.1. down-stream (pl. 2, Fig. 11), 18lt the southern am.d eastern sl~es of Fugleberget at 120 m a.s.l. (Pl. 2, Fig. 2), 'and in Gangp8.SSet at 320-330 m a.s.1. The lower ,ground momine in' the forefield of 'U$
Werenskiold Glaci.er is also of the same a'ge (BaIl"ano(~wski 1977), as well as the moraini~ ridges up-stream the Slakli Va!1!ley (PL4, Fig. 1; Klysz
& Lindner 1981d). The Holocene second glacier advance occurred aboUt
QUATERNARY GLACIATIONS OF SOUTH SPITSBERGEN 179
3,500--2,000 years BP in South Spitsbergen (Szupryczyn$i 1968, .Ba:ra.- nowski 1977, KarczewSki & al. 1981a, Putnning & al. 1982).
The third. advance of the. HolQCEIDe glaciers, defmed as the Little Ice Age,too.k part during the last 600· Y;eaa-s. In South Spitsbergern, iJlere
~ear. nrum>erous .
and
dis1li1Ilcl traoeS·.of ·thema&X/imum extent and of·· thereq.eat
of thesegla'C'iern, (Text-fig. 4); the latter ~tar.ted to rertreat at the beginning of 'this' century. The last deglacration isto
be studied especiaHy hltheintramorainal zone of the Werenskiold (SzupryczyI1.ski 1963, Ba- ranows'icl 1977), Torell and Nann (Szupryczyilsld 1963, Karezewski &WiSniewSki 1975, 1977; Ostaficzuk & al. 1980, L:i.ndner & .al.' 1982); Vit.:.
kovski (AndrZejewski & StanlkowSki 1981)" Bunge (Klysz & Liridnex 1982, ostaficzuk &
al.
1982, Liruhier & al. 1983) gla~iers, in the; Tre$kelen Penip.sWa (MaJ,'1ks 1983), and at, numerou:s nunataksIn
the Wedel Jarls- bergLan.d (p~kala 1980)., A considerably slower deglaciation rate, in companson . with. theareas
aJt the western seaside of South SpitsbeTgen, is noted for the inner HortnBund.Institute of· Geology
of the Warsaw UniverSity, Al •. Zwirki i Wigur1l 93.
02-089 Warsaw, . PoLand
(L; Lindner & L. Marks)
Institute of Earth Sciences
of the M. CUT'ie-Sklodowska University, ut. Akademicka 19,
20-033 Lublin, Poland (K. P~kala)
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L. LINDNER, L. MARKS i K. PĘKALA
CZWARTORZĘDOWE ZLODOWACENIA POŁUDNIOWEGO SPITSBERGENU ORAZ ICH KORELACJA ZE ZLODOWACENIAMI SKANDYNAWSKIMI
W POLSCE
(Streszczenie)
W X~jOll1ie Ho!rIllS'IlIIlidu xozpazJl1ano, w qparrciu o daOOiwarne metodą. ter:mQ['llIIl1i- nescenc;ji 4tabela l), obeKmość najs'tacr5'zYOh
na . .
Sjpits:bergeru.e osadów CZJWarlorzęd-owYoo. Reprezentowane. są One p;r!ZIeZ iły ffiOtl'Sik:ie. interglacjału ToceJ1Jkjeg[a (=
HOilstein, Mazorvian) da-uOlWane iIla oilml:o 1:13.(JOO łat BP, o!rarz 'Pt'Zezosady ZIl-odÓ/Wa-
ceń Wedel Ja!rIsberg Lam (= Saaliain, zlodowacaruia środJkOlWcpWlSikie) datawrun.e na 31'3000 - 2M 000 łat BP (d'jg. 1 i 3).' Ok::reśd.o.n{}lWiek: ~da:m.Lm zlOldolWacenia SQrIkalPlP LailJid (=Wei.chseliaiIl., VistuIioo) na 45 000 ~ 40000 lat BP OI'Iaz /Wyzna- czono malk1symąlJny z~d.ęg łotdowców slPlit&beJ:,geńSkich IW Itym iOIkresie, jak również pod(."Za$· :zloodoJW8Ceń hO/1ooefJslk1icl (patrz· fig~ 4 i !pL 1-4): W Ojpaa:ciu o s.tanowdslka OOOld6W daJtotwa'nych met<>ldą t6ranQ!\unJnmcerroji (fig. i is) W~Wa,dzOlllJO kc>- reiacjęzloldow~'ceńpriOOdIl!i,~wego &pitSlbergeiJJu ze :D1odOiW8100I11a/mi skandyna\yl:lkimi wP.olsce *.
* Praca wykanana w ramaCh problemu międz.yreoortawego MR.I.29.
ACTA GEOLOGICA POLONICA, VOL. 33 L. LINDNER & al., :PL. 1
1 - Arie Valley: end moraine of the Arie Glacier, c,ontaC'ting by ;the mountain
slope with an ancient lateral moraine dated by the thermoluminescence method
for 45, 000±4, 500 yea[ BP (saIIDiP1in:g Slite arr;rlOlwed); AugU!srt 1979
2 - OuUet ,of the Arie VaUey: enda.n!d raa1Jccient :laier,al mo,raanes of the AIde Glacier (sampling site am·,owed); at the ibaclkigrounJds - It<he Re'velva mouth in!
Hornsuntd; August 1980
ACTA CTEpLOGICA POLONICA, VOL. 33 L. L!NDNEr,·.& aI., PLo 2
1 EIlItry of the Rev Valley: a ,glalCier SlCOur limiJt(arrowed) formed 3,500 2,000 years BP at the eas1€ir\ll. 'slape 'of Rotjesfj,ellet; royal morame is· vdis,i:ble at
the f'oot of the latter; August 1979
2 - EalS'tem s'Iqp€ lOif ]\ugl€1berget by the· flam of ;the Hall1!R Glacier, wdth a distinct
~laciel' scour limit (arrowed) f,orme'Cl 3,500 - 2,000 yealIis BP; Septemjber 1979
