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Proceedings

TheAnalysisoftheInternetDevelopmentBasedonthe ComplexModeloftheDiscursiveSpace

Rafal Maciag

InstituteofCulture,JagiellonianUniversity,31-007Kraków,Poland;rafal.maciag@uj.edu.pl;T e l . : +48-602-2891-44

†PresentedattheIS4SI2017SummitDIGITALISATIONFORASUSTAINABLESOCIETY,Gothenburg,S w e d e n , 12–16June2017.

Published:9June2017

Abstract:Thispaperaimstopresentanewwayof understanding

andelaboratingthecurrentstateo f therealitywhichremainsinthesubstantialdependencyonthetechno logy.Anexampleofsucha relatively

maturetechnologyistheinternet.Thispapershowsthecoherentdescriptiveschemaofitbasedontheideaof discursivespacewhichhastwoessentialingredients:complexityasagenericm o d e l anddiscourseasits directsubstance.Abstractdiscursivespaceiscreatedaccordingtotheideaofthephysicalstate(phase)sp ace.Discursivespaceletsfurthertodescribetheknowledgephenomenon.

Keywords:complexity;humanisticmanagement;internet;discourse;knowledge;technology;Humaniti es

1. Introduction:InternetandTechnology as theSubjectof theDescription

Thispaperaimstopresentanewwayofunderstandingandelaboratingthecurrentstateoftherealitywhich remainsinthesubstantialdependencyon

thetechnology.Anexampleofsucharelativelymaturetechnologyistheinternet.Thisanalysisallowedthecreati

onofacoherent descriptive

schemaofthisphenomenoninaccordancewithsomeobservationsmadebytheauthor[1,2].Theinternetproved tobeaptlychosenasananalysisfieldduetoitsmaturity,themultiplicityoftheidentifiedforms,consequences,p rocessesandphenomena,however,presentedheremethodofanalysismaybeusedalsotootherubiquitoust echnologies.Themainsourceofresearchperspectiveinthispaperisthehumanisticmanagement.Verypro misingdescriptionmodeprovidestheideaofcomplexitywhichisnotnewinthesensethatitdevelopsforman yyears,andalsobecausetherehavebeenanumberofattemptsof usingitwithinthesocial sciences,andeventheHumanitiese.g.,[3–8].

2. The Idea ofComplexityastheBasisforthe ConstructionofDiscourse Space

Understandingtheinternetinthecontextofcomplexityproposedherereferstotheideawhichappearspri marilyinthefieldofphysicsinaccordancewithitsGreekformativebase:physis(nature)

[9].Allentitiesactivelypresentintheinternet,suchasorganizations(allkindsof,existinginallareasandatalll evelsofsociallife)andindividualsformaverylargeset.Herebywehavetodealwithcomplexmutualinteracti onoftheseentitiesandgroups,likeintheothermassivesets,suchase.g.,gasmoleculesthatmakeuptheatmosp here,theenvironmentofthedevelopmentoftheweatherw h i c h i s a n emergentresultof complexinteractionsofthosemolecules.Interactioninthecaseoftheinternetproceedinthe

discursivespace,creatingtherealityofitsfunctioning,whichisequivalenttotheconfigurationspace,statespa ce,phase space,etc. inthephysicalinterpretation.

Thespacethatappearsinthecaseoftheinternetusestheideaoftheabstractgeometryofspaceandisdescri bedasarealityoflanguageutterances,inwhichappearsthenotionortheideaofthe

Proceedings2017,1,55;doi:10.3390/IS4SI-2017-03922 www.mdpi.com/journal/proceedings

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Proceedings2017,1,55

internet.Theseutterancesareconceptualizedasa discourseinthesensedefinedbyMichelFoucault[10,11]asa n emanationofknowledge.Thediscourseissotheconstructionallowingthetransitionfromtheexperimentall eveltothetheoreticala n d epistemologicallevel.Experimentall e v e l i s realizedbydifferentkinds ofutterancesabouttheinternetorinconnectionwithitoccurringi n thedifferentk i n d s ofscience,media,b usiness,politics,lawa n d i n theculturaldiscourses,differentandmostdifficultto

document:ethical,aesthetic, symbolicetc. Mentioned assemblagesarethecollective thematicprejudicesofdifferentnatureandsources,andmostimportantlytheyaretheresulto f a socialpracti ce,w h i c h meansthateverytimetheyproducetheirownrulesofvalidity,correctness,accuracyorveracity.T heyarealsothe

articulationoftheknowledge,whichislocalandrootedi n thesociala nd culturalprocesses,andontheother hand,itreflectstheactual,historicalstatethatchangesovertime.Thevariabilityoftheprejudices(andthekno wledge)isequivalenttothevariabilityofthevaluesofthedimensionsinthephysicalinterpretation.Peranalo gythediscoursescanbeconsideras dimensionscreated inthespaceofdiscourses.

Suchdiscoursesco uld bearticulateddifferentlyatthedifferentpointsintime.Althoughitisdifficultto parameterizethem(butnotexcluded,s i n c e theyarebeingsoflanguage).Differentarticulationofthedisco ursescanbeunderstoodasadiffer ent levelo ftheintensity,thedegreeofimpact,universality,natureofthe prejudicesetc.Entitiesactivelypresentintheinternetmoveinas p a c e ofrealdiscoursesinthewaydeter minedbytheexistence(articulation)ofspecificdiscourses,whichcanbe

understandasthepresenceofcertaintrends,developments,tendencies,etc.,emergingoverthelevelofthein dividual,pragmaticwaysofindividualentities,butcollectingalotofthema n d retainingeffectonallother s.Thisbehavior remainsinclosecorrelationwiththedynamicsofknowledgerepresentedindiscourses.Th esetrendsandtendenciescanbethoughtofa s somegeneralphenomena,presentattheleveloftheinternetas awhole.Becausetheychangeovertime,a n d atanygiven timeshall designateastate of

theinternetrelatedto therealdiscourses,they can

betreatedascomponentsofthecomplextrajectoryarisingi n thisw a y (ora collectionofdifferenttrajectories ).T h e y areemergent,becausetheyarenonlineareffecto f thebehaviorsofindividualentities,bringinganew quality, absentontheir level.

3. DescriptionoftheBasic Propertiesof DiscourseSpace

Inthephysicalinterpretationthespaceofstates,phasespace,etc.iscompleteandthusmakethesystem possibletodescribe.Thedimensionsof

thisspacebasedonthemathematicalparametersa r e a prioriassumptions.I n proposedwaythediscursiv espacew h i c h i s a n equivalento f thephysicalspaceexists

asaresultofthegradualuncoveringandreconstructionof themost

expressiveelementsofthetrajectoryoftheinternetinthisspace(thatis,collectandorganizeexpressionsofdis courses). Isthusinawaytheopposite:discourses revealaposteriori,asfar aspossiblefollowthedevelopmentoftheanalysisofthephenomenaatthetime,although,ofcourse,alsorequi resomepreliminary findings,butverygeneral.

Anticipatingfuturesystems t at es becomesinthissituationdifficult.However,thecompositeimageof theinternetnatureasawholeremainsavailable,inwhichtheemphasisisnotjustonthewholenessb u t co mplexity.T h i s is a pictureconsideringtheopportunityofemergentphenomenae.g.,thedurationoftheidea offreedomandopennessontheinternetthedominanceofa newunderstandingofhumansubjectivity,thedo minanceofeconomizingandfinancializationofthew o r l d ofhumanexperienceetc.,andcanbejustifiedint hisway.Thisisundoubtedlyanincompleteinterpretationfromthepointofviewofitsmathematicalpattern, however,leadingtoa new,significant typeofinsight.

Discoursesarecertainsocialstructures,basedonthelanguage.Languagestudieshavegainedextraor dinarymomentuma n d breadthi n thetwentiethc e n t u r y . Thisc i r c u m s t a n c e c a n beunderstanda sanopportunitytoextendoftheideaofcomplexityoftheareaofsymbolicrepresentationofrealitymademat hematicallyintothedifferentonewhichisthelanguage,exhaustinginthiswaythepossiblesymbolizations andcloseopportunitiesofthedescription.

Discoursescannotberegardedasanontologicalbasisofreality,whattakesaplaceinthecaseofthefactsin vestigatedandparameterizedbyphysics.Discourseshoweveraretheconstructions

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designtorepresentthesefacts,madewithinthesocieties.Therefore,theyestablishatypeofmediumbetween acertain,unreachablerealityandmanlimitedinhiscognitiontohisowndesign,whichisthelanguage.Disco ursesinaccordancewiththepragmaticsofthemanagementareoneofthepartsoftheenvironmentinwhichth eorganizationsexist.Inaccordancewiththemoreadvancedreasoning e.g.,[12],discourses are alsothemainway knowledge exists.

4. KnowledgeasaPhenomenon thatCanbe DescribedThroughDiscursive Space Knowledgeisextremelyimportantcognitivecategorywithinmanagementsciencee.g.,

[13,14].Management referstoknowledge asaphenomenonwhichistheaxisoftheproblems

ofthemodernworld,in which it performs the roleofresource,

formsthebasisofthefunctioningofsuchentitiesastheorganizations,enablesthemtoexpand,letsthemlocate itselfintheirenvironment,etc.sotheknowledgeisprimarilytreatedinstrumentally.However,theknowled geissuecanalsoopenthemetatheoretical,analyticalinsight,inwhichappeartheissuesrelatedtothestatusan dmeaningofs c i e n c e assuchincluding management.

Knowledgeasaphenomenonhasalsonatureinherentlyproblematicmainlybecausethedisputeconce rningitslegitimacy,acquisitionprocedures,etc.stilllastswhatappears,forexample,a s adiscussiononsta tusofscience.20thcenturybringsafundamentalre-

evaluationofthisstatus,w h i c h sourcesappeari n mathematicalstructureso f the19thcentury[15].The ya r e steppingupespeciallyinthesecondhalf of the20thcentury,bringing the kind of upheavalthatcanbedescribeda s givinguphopeinatranscendentalstatusofknowledgeanddisclosureofth econstructivistnatureo f itinwhich thelanguageplaysanessentialrole.Thisupheavaleventuallyletsto buildalsotheideaofdiscourse.Managementcouldbeunderstood alsoingeneralandabstract terms,markingthebeginningoftheadvanced,transdisciplinarytypeofreflection,referringtotheepistemol ogy.Thisk i n d o f a p p r o a c h i n fulla n d self-consciouswaydevelopswithintheso-

calledhumanisticmanagement.Humanisticmanagementhasauniquechancetocombineapragmaticands peculative(rhetorical) aspects,whichallowtocapturethe fullnessofknowledgeissue.

ConflictsofInterest:Theauthordeclaresnoconflictofinterest.

References

1. Maciąg,R.;UniwersytetuJagiellońskiego;Wydawnictwo.PragmatykaInternetu:Web2.0jakośrodowisko;Wydawni ctwoUniwersytetuJagiellońskiego:Kraków,Poland,2013.

2. Maciąg,R.;UniwersytetJagielloński;Wydawnictwo.WStronęCywilizacjiInternetu:ZarządzaniewNaukachHuman istycznych;WydawnictwoUniwersytetuJagiellońskiego:Kraków,Poland,2016.

3. Byrne,D.ComplexityTheoryandtheSocialSciences:AnIntroduction;Routledge:London,UK,1998.

4. Byrne,D.;Callaghan,G.ComplexityTheoryandtheSocialSciences:ThestateoftheArt,1ste d. ; Routledge:N e w York, NY,USA,2013.

5. Castellani,B.;Hafferty,F.W.SociologyandComplexityScience:ANewFieldofInquiry;Softcoverreprintofh a r d c o v e r 1sted.2009ed.;Springer:Berlin,Germany,2010.

6. Cilliers,P.;Preiser,R.Complexity,DifferenceandIdentity:AnEthicalP e r s p e c t i v e (Hardcover);Springer:D o r d r e c h t , TheNetherlands,2010.

7. Jörg,T . N e w Thinkingi n ComplexityfortheS o c i a l SciencesandHumanities:A Generative,TransdisciplinaryA p p r o a c h ,2011ed.;Springer:Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2011.

8. Youngman,P.A.;Hadzikadic,M.ComplexityandtheHumanExperience:ModelingComplexityintheH u m a n i t i e s andSocialSciences;PanStanford:Singapore,2014.

9. Nolte,D.D.IntroductiontoModernDynamics:Chaos,Networks,SpaceandTime,1sted. ; OxfordUniversityP r e s s : NewYork,NY,USA,2015.

10. Foucault,M.L’archéologieduSavoir;Gallimard:Paris,France,1969.

11. Foucault,M.L’ordreduDiscours:LeçonInauguraleauCollègedeFrancePrononcéeLe2 Décembre1970;G a l l i m a r d : P aris,France,1971.

12. Lyotard,J.F.LaConditionPostmoderne: RapportsurLeSavoir;Éd.deMinuit:Paris,France,1979.

13. Evans,C.ManagingforKnowledge,1sted.;Routledge:London,UK,2003.

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14. Jashapara,A.KnowledgeManagement:AnIntegratedApproach,2nded.;PearsonEducationCanada:Harlow,U K , 2010.

15. Maciag,R.W S t r o n e CywilizacjiInternetu;WydawnictwoUniwersytetuJagiellonskiego:Kraków,P o l a n d , 2016.

©2017bytheauthors.LicenseeMDPI,Basel,Switzerland. Thisarticleisanopenaccessa r t i c l e distributedunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution ( C C BY )license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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