ISSN 1509-1619
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɒɭɧɤɨɜ
Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ
ȺȼɌɈɊɋɄɈȿ ɋɅɈȼɈ ȼ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɂɋɌɈɅɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ 2- Ƀ ɉɈɅɈȼɂɇɕ XVII ȼȿɄȺ
( ɇȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȿ ɋȿɆȿɃɇɈɃ ɉȿɊȿɉɂɋɄɂ ɐȺɊə ȺɅȿɄɋȿə ɆɂɏȺɃɅɈȼɂɑȺ)
Key words: genre’s problem, literary work of Alexei Mikhailovich, the tsar
ɀɚɧɪ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɠɚɧɪ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɦ.
ȼɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ, ɢɡɧɚ- ɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɜɲɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ1.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɠɚɧɪɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ XII–XIII ɜɜ. ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɇ.ȼ. ɉɨɧɵɪɤɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ- ɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ – ɩɨɭɱɟɧɢɟ. „Ⱦɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɟ” ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɬɤɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ „ɯɨɪɨ- ɲɟɦ” ɫɬɢɥɟ ɢ „ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ” ɬɨɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɜ XV–XVI ɜɜ. ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ- ɧɢɟ ɜ XVII ɜ.
„Ⱦɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɟ” ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɸɚɧɫɨɜ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ. ɐɚɪɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɟɪɟ- ɩɢɫɤɭ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ, ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɲɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫ- ɤɟ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɪɟɤɚ, ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ
1 ɇ.ȼ. ɉɨɧɵɪɤɨ, ɗɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɇɚɭɤɚ 1992, c. 3.
ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫ- ɥɚɧɢɹ – ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɬɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɭ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ (ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥ- ɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɚ ɜ ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɬɟ (ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ – ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ) ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɨɫɶ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɚ- ɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ „ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɨɟ”.
ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ (Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ, ɇ.ɂ. Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɉ.ɋ. ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɭ, Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɇɚɬɜɟɟɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭ- ɝɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ), ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɸɬ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɪɚ- ɡɨɣ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɥɨɜ: „Ɉɬ ɰɚɪɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɜɫɟɹ Ɋɭɫɢɢ”. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɯ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɡ 69 ɩɨɫɥɚ- ɧɢɣ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɥɨɤɭɪɨɜɵɦ2 ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩ- ɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɹɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɰɚɪɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɫɟ- ɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɢ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɚɧɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧ- ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɝɨ” ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ – ɩɪɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɟ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɥɠ- ɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɪɚɡɵ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɠɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɹɜ- ɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɚ, ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ: „Ɉɬ ɧɚɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɹ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ”, „ɫɬɨɥɶɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɥɶ”,
„ɨ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɢɫɹ”, „ɩɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɨ ɥɢ ɬɵ, ɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɲ ɪɚɛ”, „ɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɬɟɛɟ” ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɹ (ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɝɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɠɟɥɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ) ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ „ɱɟɪɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɜɵɦ” ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢ- ɱɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɰɚɪɶ ɦɵɫɥɢɥɫɹ ɩɨɦɚɡɚɧɧɢɤɨɦ Ȼɨɠɢɢɦ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ- ɧɢɤɨɦ ȿɝɨ ɜɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɰɚɪɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɧ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɚɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ.
ɋɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ. „Ɋɚɞɭɣɬɟɫɹ ɢ ɜɟɫɟɥɢɬɟɫɹ ɢ ɭɩɨɜɚɣɬɟ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɧɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ! Ɍɨɣ ɞɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɬ, Ɍɨɣ ɞɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬ ɜɚɫ ɜ ɦɨ- ɥɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɟ”, „ɨ Ȼɨɡɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɢɫɹ”, „ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣɬɟ, ɫɜɟɬɵ ɦɨɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɹ ɥɟɬɚ!”. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɡ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ-
2 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɨɛ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨ- ɜɢɱɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɥɨɤɭɪɨɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1896, ɬ. 5.
-ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɠɚɧɪɭ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɟɦɚɧɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɥɚ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɜ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɬɟɦɵ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ- ɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ. Ʉɚɧɨɧɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɫ- ɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɵɫɥɶ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɫ- ɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣ- ɥɨɜɢɱ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ȼɟɬɯɨɝɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɟɬɨɜ, ɚɝɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɯ ɰɚɪɟɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ, ɛɵɥ ɂɨɚɧɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɧɹɡɸ ɇ.ɂ. Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɥɭ- ɱɚɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɰɚɪɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫ- ɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɸ ɫɵɧɚ Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ: „ɂ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɹɧɢ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬɚ…”, „ɜɨɫɩɨɦɹɧɢ ȼɚɪ- ɥɚɚɦɚ ɱɸɞɨɬɜɨɪɰɚ, ɤɚɤ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɰɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥ…”, „ɜɨɫɩɨɦɹɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɬɟɰ ɠɢɬɢɹ…”3. ȼɫɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ- ɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹ- ɟɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫ- ɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɭɬɪɚɬɚ Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɫɵɧɚ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɩɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɂɨɜɚ: „ɂ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɛ ɬɟɛɟ ɂɟɜɭ ɩɪɚ- ɜɟɞɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɨɬ ɨɬ ɜɪɚɝɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɚɝɨ ɞɢɚɜɨɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥ ɥɢ ɨɧ ɢ ɨɞɨɥɟɥ ɨɧ ɞɢɚɜɨɥɚ; ɧɟ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɞɚɥ Ȼɨɝ ɫɵɧɵ, ɞɳɟɪɢ? Ⱥ ɡɚ ɱɬɨ? – ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɜɨ ɭɫɬɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɲɢɥ;
ɧɟ ɨɫɤɨɪɛɢɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɪɬɜɵ ɛɵɲɚ ɞɟɬɢ ɟɜɨ. Ⱥ ɬɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ȼɨɝ ɜɡɹɥ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɪɚɝ ɩɨɥɚɬɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɥ”4.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪ- ɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ. „ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ”5 ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ- ɧɢɸ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨ-
3 ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɉ. Ȼɚɪɬɟɧɟɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1856, ɫ. 230–231.
4 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ. Ʌɚɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪ- ɛɭɪɝ 1861, ɬ. 2, ɫ. 704.
5 ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɚɥɭɝɢɧ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ʉɭɪɛɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɂɜɚɧ Ƚɪɨɡɧɵɣ (Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, əɡɵɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ 1998, ɫ. 141.
ɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɞɚɜɚɥ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ- ɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɲɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɠɚɧɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ «ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ» ɰɚɪɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ- ɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, „Ƚɞɟ ɞɟɬɰɚ?
Ʉɭɞɵ ɛɟɠɚɬɶ? Ʉɨɜɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɟɲɶ? ɉɟɪɟɞ ɤɟɦ ɥɭɤɚɜɫɬɜɭɟɲɶ? ɋɚɦɨɜɨ ɏɪɢɫ- ɬɚ… ɜɟɞɚɟɲɶ ɥɢ ɛɟɡɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɦɭɤɭ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ? ɏɬɨ ɥɟɫɬɶɸ ȿɝɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɯɬɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɥɭɤɚɜɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɧɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵ ɩɪɟɦɟ- ɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɢɬɫɹ? Ɉ ɂɸɞɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɲɶ?”6.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵ ɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɠɚɧɪɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭ- ɪɟ, ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɡɚɜɟɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɟɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨ- ɫɬɨɣɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɭɱɺɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɦɨɭɧɢɱɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɭɦɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɮɚɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ: ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɨ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɜɤɭɫɟ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɥɸɛɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ ɮɪɚɡɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɟɦɭ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɹ ɢɯ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ:
ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜ ɋɚɜɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ, 1652 ɝ.: ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɇɢɤɨɧɭ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ ɂɨɫɢɮɚ, 1652 ɝ.:
„əɡ ɝɪɟɲɧɵɣ, ɩɨ Ȼɨɠiɸ ɢɡɜɨɥɟɧiɸ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧiɸ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɚɪɶ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɡɥɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ, ɚɤɢ ɩɟɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ȼɥɚɞɵɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɝɪɟɲɟɧ”ɚ.
„Ⱥ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɫ ɢɡɜɨɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɞɚɬɶ, ɢ ɦɵ, ɩɨ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɠiɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɚɲɟɦɭ ɫɜɹɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧiɸ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɰɚɪɶ ɯɪiɫɬiɹɧɫɤiɣ ɧɚɪɟɱɸɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɡɥɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧ ɢ ɜɨ ɩɫɵ, ɧɟ ɬɨɤɦɨ ɜ ɰɚɪɢ, ɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɝɪɟɲɟɧ”ɛ.
ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ɏ.Ȼ. Ⱦɨɥɦɚɬɨɜɭ-Ʉɚɪɩɨɜɭ, 1656 ɝ.: ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɤ Ƚ.Ƚ. Ɋɨɦɨɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, 1672 ɝ.:
„Ɇɨɥɸ ɠɟ ɫɹ ɜɚɦ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɟɧɹɣɬɟɫɹ, ɧɢɠɟ ɭɧɵɜɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɫɭɞ ɜɟɥiɣ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ. Ɇɟɧɲiɣ ɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɳɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧ ɦɢɥɨɜɚɧiɸ ɟɫɬɶ. ɋɢɥɧiɢ ɠɟ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɢɫɬɹɡɚɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ, ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɫɟɯ ȼɥɚɞɵɤɚ, ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɚɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱiɹ. Ʉɪɟɩɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɢɫɬɹɡɚɧiɟ ɠɞɟɬ”ɜ.
„Ɇɨɥɸ ɠɟ ɫɹ ɜɚɦ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɟɧɹɣɬɟɫɹ, ɧɢɠɟ ɭɧɵɜɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɫɭɞ ɜɟɥiɣ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ, ɦɟɧɲiɣ ɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɳɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧ ɦɢɥɨɜɚɧiɸ ɟɫɬɶ. ɋɢɥɧiɢ ɢɠ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɢɫɬɹɡɚɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ, ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɫɟɯ ȼɥɚɞɵɤɚ, ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɚɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱiɹ, … ɤɪɟɩɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɢɫɬɹɡɚɧiɟ ɠɞɟɬ”ɝ.
a Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 696.
ɛ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ…, ɫ. 152.
ɜ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 748.
ɝ Ibidem, ɫ. 773.
Ɏɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɚ), ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɤɪɢɩɬ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɭ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɦɨɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɫ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ, „ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɜ- ɬɨɪɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɧɟɦ”7. „Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɦ ɛɶɸ, ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ, ɡɞɪɚɜɫ-
6 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 772–773.
7 Ⱦ.Ɇ. Ȼɭɥɚɧɢɧ, ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɪɟɤɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, ɇɚɭɤɚ 1984, ɫ. 106.
ɬɜɭɣɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɟɬɚ!”; „ɚ ɬɟɛɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɹ: ɛɭɞɶ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ”; „ɞɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣ”;
„ɞɚ ɦɨɥɜ ɟɦɭ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɹ, ɲɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɥɟɛɟɧ ɭ ɑɸɞɨɬɜɨɪɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɦɨɟ ɡɞɨ- ɪɨɜɶɟ ɨɬɩɟɥ”. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɧɨ ɪɹɞ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ8. „ɉɢɫɚɥ ɫɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɟɲɧɵɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɪɭɤɨɸ ɫɜɨɟɸ. Ⱥɳɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɢiɟ ɫɢɟ, ɧɨ ɦɢɥɨ- ɫɟɪɞɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ”9. ȼ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ ɉɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɫ- ɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɸ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: „Ⱦɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɭɱɢɧɬɟɫɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɵɧɢ ɦɨɢ ɫɜɟɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɪɭɤɨɸ ɩɢɫɚɥ, – ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɬɨɬ ɞɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɟɥɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɟɯɱɟ”, „ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɭ- ɱɢɧɬɟɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɪɭɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɚɥ: ɟɣ, ɧɟɞɨɫɭɝɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɹ”10.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫ- ɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ ɰɚɪɹ, ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ.
ȼ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɦ” ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɢɫɟɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭ- ɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ: ɩɢɫɶɦɨ–ɜɢɡɢɬ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨ–ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨ–
ɠɚɥɨɛɚ, ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ, ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, ɲɭɬɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ ɤ Ɉɞɨɟɜɫ- ɤɨɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɩɢɫɟɦ–ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫ- ɥɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɢɫɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ ɤɚɧɨɧɭ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɰɚɪɶ ɳɟɞɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɵ ɭɦɟɪɲɟɦɭ ɤɧɹɡɸ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ, ɫɵɧɭ Ɉɞɨ- ɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ, ɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ ɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɟɥɟ ȼɟɲɧɹɤɨɜɟ: „Ⱦɨɪɨɝɚ ɦɧɟ, ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɭɬɱɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɨ ɦɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɦɧɟ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ”. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɶ ɨɛɨɞɪɹɟɬ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɉɞɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ: „Ⱥ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɤɨɪɛɟɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɡɢɬɶ- ɫɹ, ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨ, ɞɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɭ, ɱɬɨɛ Ȼɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɟɜɚɬɶ”. Ɂɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɡɚɜɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɪɭɠɛɟ: „Ⱥɳɟ Ȼɨɝ ɢɡ- ɜɨɥɢɬ, ɦɵ ɜɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɢɧɟɦ, ɦɵ ɬɟɛɹ ɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɫɨ ɜɧɭɱɚɬɵ ɩɨ Ȼɨɡɟ ɪɨɞɢ- ɬɟɥiɟ […]. Ɉɩɪɢɱɶ Ȼɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɨɩɪɢɱɶ ɦɟɧɹ, ɧɢɤɨɜɨ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɬ;
ɢ ɹ ɪɚɞ… ɜɚɫ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨɥɤɨ ɬɵ, ɤɧɹɡɶ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ, ɩɨɦɧɢ Ȼɨɠiɸ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɢɟ”11.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɤ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ɉɪɞɢɧ-ɇɚɳɨɤɢɧɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɦ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɚ ɫɵɧɚ ɇɚɳɨɤɢɧɚ ȼɨɢɧɚ ɜ 1660 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ. Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ɉɪɞɢɧ-ɇɚɳɨɤɢɧ,
8 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ…, ɫ. 3, 8, 10, 11, 40.
9 Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɯ Ⱥɤɬɨɜ (ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ) [ɞɚɥɢ: ɊȽȺȾȺ]. Ɏ. 27. Ɉɩ. 1.
ʋ 305. Ʌ. 28.
10 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ…, ɫ. 3, 8.
11 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 703–705.
ɨɩɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɵɧɭ, ɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɰɚɪɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɬɚɜ- ɤɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɰɚɪɶ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɥ ɩɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɇɚɳɨɤɢɧɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɜ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɬɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ, ɝɨɪɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɝɲɟɟ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɇɚ- ɳɨɤɢɧɚ, ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ: „Ɉ ɡɥɨɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɪɹ”,
„ɢ Ɇɵ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ, ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɛɟ… ɩɨɫɤɨɪɛɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɹ ɫɟɹ ɝɨɪɶɤɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɢ ɡɥɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɭ ɢ ɬɟɥɨ ɬɜɨɟ»,
«ɜɨɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɡɟɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɢ ɧɟɭɬɟɲɢɦ ɩɥɚɱ”12.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚ- ɧɨɧɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɯɜɚɥɟɛɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɤɧɹɡɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ. ɍɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɇɚɳɨɤɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɤ ɫɵɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɡɥɨɣ ɜɨɥɟ, ɚ ɧɟɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɨ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ: „ɋɵɧ ɬɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɭɬɚɥ: ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɦɚɥɨ- ɞɭɲɢɹ ɬɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɥ. Ɉɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ, ɯɨɳɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɵɱɧɹ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɟ- ɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ, ɹɤɨ ɠɟ ɩɬɢɰɚ ɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɜɚɦɨ ɢ, ɩɨ- ɥɟɬɚɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɩɚɤɢ ɤɨ ɝɧɟɡɞɭ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɥɟɬɚɟɬ: ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɵɧ ɜɚɲ ɜɫɩɨɦɹɧɟɬ ɝɧɟɡɞɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɟ, ɢ ɤ ɜɚɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ”.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ȼɨɢɧɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɢ ɛɢɛ- ɥɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ: „ɂ ɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ ɛɟɫɨɜɫɤɢɯ, ɢɫɲɟɞɲɭ ɫɟɦɭ ɡɥɨɦɭ ɜɢɯɪɭ ɢ ɫɦɹɬɨɲɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɚɟɪ- ɧɵɣ, ɢ ɪɚɡɥɭɱɢɲɚ ɢ ɨɬɬɨɪɝɧɭɲɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɨ ɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɚɝɧɰɚ ɹɪɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɪɚɞɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɭɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɬɟɛɟ, ɨɬ ɨɬɰɚ ɢ ɩɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ”. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɰɚɪɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ- ɝɢɱɧɨ. Ɂɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨ- ɪɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɱɟɥɨ- ɜɟɤɟ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ: „Ⱦɚ ɩɢɲɢɬɟ, ɫɜɟɬɵ ɦɨɢ, ɤɨ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɩɨɱɚɫɬɭ”13, „ɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɵɧɢ ɦɨɢ, ɨɛɟɪɟɝɚɣɬɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɦɨɪɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɜɟɳɢ; ɧɟ ɩɪɟɡɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ”14 ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɣ” ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ-ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ: „Ⱥ ɹɢɰɨɦ ɜɚɲɢɦ ɡɟɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɜɚɥɴ ɫ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ- ɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɜɚɫ”15.
ȼ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɦ” ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ- ɠɚɥɨɛɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɧ. Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɪɭɛɟɰɤɨɦɭ ɰɚɪɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɰɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɨɹɪ.
ɀɚɥɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦ ɢɳɟɬ ɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ: „Ⱥ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɞɭɬ ɫ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɢɟɦ, ɧɚɢɩɚɱɟ ɞɜɨɟɞɭ- ɲɢɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɥɨɤɚ, ɨɜɨɝɞɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ
12 ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɜ 15 ɤɧ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ.-ɷɤɨ- ɧɨɦ. ɥɢɬ. 1961, Ʉɧ. VI, ɫ. 71–73.
13 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ…, ɫ. 5.
14 ɊȽȺȾȺ. Ɏ. 27. Ɉɩ. 1. ʋ 91/1. Ʌ. 12.
15 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ…, ɫ. 30.
ɢ ɭɩɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɹɬɫɹ, ɨɜɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɡɧɨɟɦ ɢ ɹɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɫɬɶɟɦ, ɜɫɹɤɢɦ ɡɥɨɯɢɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɶɟɦ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɹɜɹɬɫɹ, ɨɜɨɝɞɚ ɡɥɵɦ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɝɢ- ɛɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɪɢɰɚɸɬ, ɨɜɨɝɞɚ ɬɢɯɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɥɟɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɭɤɚ- ɜɵɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ. Ɇɚɥɨɟ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ ɢɞɟɬ, ɚ ɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɝɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ: ɜɫɟ ɜ ɪɨɡɧɶ, ɚ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɬɨɜɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɨɛɵɱɶɢ ɢɯ”16. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭ- ɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɹɪ.
ɇɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨɝɨ”
ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ-ɲɭɬɤɭ „ɑɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɚɹ, ɡɚɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɱɚɧ, ɨ ɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɹɪ ɧɚ Ɉɡɟɪɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɹ”17. ɇɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɞɨ- ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ – ɱɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɚɹ. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɨɣ. „Ȼɨɹ- ɪɨɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɱɢɦ ɢ ɤɪɚɜɱɟɦɭ ɫ ɩɭɬɟɦ [ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɛɨɹɪ, ɜɫɟ- ɝɨ 12 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – Ⱥ. ɒ.] ɛɶɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ ɜɚɲ, ɰɚɪɶ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɜɫɟɚ Ɋɭɫɢ”. ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɰɚɪɶ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɭɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɨɣ: ɫɦɢɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɛɨɹɪ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɞɜɟɠɶɟɣ ɨɯɨɬɟ: „ɉɨ- ɠɚɥɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɫɹ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɹ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɫ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɱɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɲɭ”. ɋɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɢɬɪɨ: ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɯɨɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɐɚɪɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɛɨɹɪ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɨɣ ɬɨɬ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ ɤ ɰɚɪɸ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥ: „Ⱥ ɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɫɹ, ɤɬɨ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɢɥ ɱɟɥɨɦ. ɂ ɜɵ ɩɨɩɚɦɹɬɭɣɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɭɸ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɫɶ ɦɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɱɚɧɨɦ ɦɨɢɦ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɩɪɨɫɢɦ”.
Ɂɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ: „Ⱥ ɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ ɰɚɪɶ ɢ ɜɟ- ɥɢɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɜɫɟɚ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɩɨɥɱɚɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɟɤɢ. Ⱥɦɢɧɶ”. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟ- ɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɰɚɪɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɛɢɬɧɨɣ. ɇɚɥɢɰɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢ- ɟɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɚɧɪɨ- ɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɜɲɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 2-ɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ, ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɜɲɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɟɯ, ɸɦɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹɯ ɰɚɪɹ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ. „Ⱥ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟ. Ⱥ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɜɨɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɥɢ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟ?” (ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɬ 15 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1655 ɝ.)18, „ɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟ ɜ ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɟ” (ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɬ 20 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1655 ɝ.)19.
16 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 716.
17 ɊȽȺȾȺ Ɏ. 27. Ɉɩ. 1. ʋ 53.
18 ɊȽȺȾȺ. Ɏ. 27. Ɉɩ. 1. ʋ 91/1. Ʌ. 10.
19 ɉɢɫɶɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ…, ɫ. 24–25.
ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ20 ɰɚɪɶ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɡɚɛɚɜɚɯ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ – ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɇɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ.
ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɤ Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɨɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢɥ ɫɟɫɬɟɪ ɰɚɪɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦ ɜɢɡɢɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɨɡɵɝɪɵɲɚ: „ɇɚɪɹɞɢɫɶ ɜ ɟɡɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɶɟ ɞɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɢ ɤ ɫɟɫɬ- ɪɚɦ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɬɵ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɥ, ɞɚ ɫɩɪɨɲɚɣ ɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ”. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɶ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɬɟɦɭ ɢɝɪɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɯɢ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ. „Ⱦɚ ɢɡɜɟɳɚɸ ɬɟɛɟ, ɲɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɲɭɫɹ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɟɡɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɢ ɤɭɩɚɸ ɟɠɟɭɬɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɟ: Iɨɪɞɚɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɹ ɡɞɟɥɚɧɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨ (ɱɟɬɵɪɟ) ɢ ɩɨ (ɩɹɬɢ) ɢ ɩɨ (ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ) ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɩɟɟɬ ɤ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɫɦɨɬɪɭ, ɬɚɤ ɬɨɜɨ ɢ ɤɭɩɚɸ; ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɭɩɚɧɶɹ ɠɚɥɭɸ ɹ, ɡɨɜɭ ɢɯ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɭ”21.
ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ…, ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɯɚ, ɸɦɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɬɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ, ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɡɨ- ɞɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɟɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤ- ɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɜ ɜ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɯɟ „ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ…
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɤɪɚɫ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ”22. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɟɫɟɥɢɹ – ɧɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ23. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣ-
20 ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧ, op. cit., ɫ. 237.
21 ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧ, ɐɚɪɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ, ɜ: Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨ- ɪɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1872, ɱ. 1, ɫ. 228. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ. ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧ ɨɬɧɟɫ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɢɸɧɸ 1653 ɝ.:
„ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡ- ɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ 1653 ɝ. ȼ ɢɸɧɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɰɚɪɶ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦ, ɫɬɪɹɩɱɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɜɢ- ɱɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɟ, ɩɨɞ Ⱦɟɜɢɱɶɢɦ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɦ. ɋɦɨɬɪɵ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ 13 ɢɸɧɹ, ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ”.
22 ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ, op. cit., ɫ. 615. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɉ. Ȼɚɪɬɟɧɟɜɚ ɢ ɉ. Ȼɟɫɫɨ- ɧɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɯɢ ɰɚɪɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɡɢɦɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɥɢ ɤɨ ɞɧɸ Ȼɨɝɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɧɹ: „ɉɪɨɫɬɨɥɸɞɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɟɥɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɵ [ɤɭɪɫɢɜ ɧɚɲ – Ⱥ. ɒ.] ɤɭɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢ (ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɪɭɛɢ)” (ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, c. 79).
ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɩɨ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ (13 ɢɸɧɹ 1653 ɝ.) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɯɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɰɚɪɹ: „ɉɨɬɟɯɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɶ ɜɟɤɭ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵ- ɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɭɲɢɹ; ɧɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɦɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɧɵɦ” (ɂ. ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧ, Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ…, c. 236). ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ- ɧɨɣ ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɵɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɥɨɛɪɨɜɚ: „ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɰɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɛɚɜɭ ɧɚ Ʉɪɟɳɟ- ɧɢɟ” (Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɥɨɛɪɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧ, ɜ: ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ- -ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1993, ɜɵɩ. 3 (XVII), ɱ. 2, c. 345–346).
23 Ⱥ. Ƚɜɚɧɶɢɧɢ, Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɢɢ, ɩɟɪ. ɫ ɥɚɬ., ɜɜɨɞ. ɫɬ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ƚ.Ƚ. Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɜɨɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997, ɫ. 107. Ⱥ. Ƚɜɚɧɶɢɧɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɬɟɯ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ, ɭɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ, ɪɢɫɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɦ: „Ʉɬɨ ɢɡ ɛɨɹɪ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɪɹɧ ɧɚ ɩɢɪɭ ɭ ɜɟ- ɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɲɭɬɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɪɹɡɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɬɨɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟ- ɱɢɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ”.
ɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ24. ɉɨɬɟɯɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ: ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ, ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤ- ɬɚɤɥɹ – ɰɚɪɸ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɬɟɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɢɝɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɠ- ɞɵɣ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɟ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɰɚɪɹ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɭɜɟɫɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɨɫɤɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɛɵɬ ɷɩɨɯɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɰɚɪɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ ɤ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭ- ɝɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɤ Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ25. Ɍɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɵɝɪɵɲɚ, ɲɭɬɤɢ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɯ. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɪɨɧɢɸ, ɸɦɨɪ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɣ Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: „Ɉɬ ɰɚɪɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɜɫɟɹ Ɋɭɫɢi ɫɬɨɥɶɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ Ⱥɮɨɧɚɫɶɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɦɭ”26. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɰɚɪɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɚɯ, ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɯɨɬɵ.
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɇɚɬɜɟɟɜɭ, ɰɚɪɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨ- ɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɤɭ: „ɉɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥ… ɚ ɢɦɹ ɟɦɭ ɍɞɞɟ ɍɞɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɜ ɫɦɵɲɥɟɧ, ɢ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɟɜɨ ɬɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɬɢɧɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɭɦɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɇɵ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ, ɜ ɞɟɫɟɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɝɥɭɩɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɚ”27.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɛɟɡɵɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ-ɚɤɪɨɫɬɢɯ, ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɭ28. „Ɍɚɪɚɛɚɪɫɤɨɟ” ɩɢɫɶɦɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ – ɡɚɜɟɞɨ- ɦɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɚɣɧɨɩɢɫɶ.
ɉɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɡɧɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ. ɒɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɫ- ɥɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɚɦɟɤ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɭɸ ɨɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɶ Ɇɚɬɸɲɤɢɧɚ,
24 ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɲɭɦɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɥɶɹ ɢ ɩɢɪɵ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ.
25 ɊȽȺȾȺ Ɏ. 27. Ɉɩ. 1. ʋ 51.
26 Ibidem.
27 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ..., ɫ. 726.
28 Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɡɚ 1885–1887 ɝɝ., ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1895, ɜɵɩ. 10, ɨɬɞ. 10, ɫ. 38: „Ȼɨɪɢɫ, Ɋɨɞɢɨɧ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ, Ɍɪɨɮɢɦ, ɴɪɦ. Ʉɚɪɩ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ, Ʉɚɥɢɫɬ, ɴɪɦ, Ɍɪɨɮɢɦ, ȿɧɨɯ, Ȼɨɪɢɫ, əɧɨɫ, ɇɟɞɪɨɦɨɧɬ, ȿɧɨɯ, Ɍɪɨɮɢɦ, ɴɪɦ, Ɍɪɨɮɢɦ, ɚɡ, ɤɚɤ, ɴɪɦ, ɦɨɣ, ɟɫɬɶ, ɧɚɲ, ɹɡ, ɯɟɪ, ɥɨɣ, ȿɧɨɯ, ɛɨɣ, ɨɧ, ɦɨɣ, ɴɪɦ, ɡɚɣ, ɡɨɣ, ɚɡ, ɤɚɣ, ɚɡ, ɥɭɣ, ɨɧ, ɸɫ, ɢɪ, ɇɨɣ, ɚɡ, ɤɚɡ, ɨɧ, ɪɸɯ, ɶɪɦ, ɦɢɝ, ɢɡ, Ɍɮɟɪɶ, ɶɪɦ, ɧɚɲ, ȿɧɨɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɨɯ, ɦɭɪɚɲɤɚ, ɭɯ. Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɶ ɡɞɪɚɜ”. ɂɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɚ: „Ȼɪɚɬ! Ʉɚɤ ɬɟɛɹ ɧɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɦɟɧɹ ɯɥɟɛɨɦ ɡ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɸ [‘ɫɵɪɨɟ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɯɥɟɛɟ’ – Ⱥ. ɒ.] ɢ ɧɚɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɦɭ”. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢ- ɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɦɭ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫ- ɫɢɢ (ɅɁȺɄ) ɡɚ 1885–1887 ɝɝ. (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1895, ɜɵɩ. 10, ɨɬɞ. II, c. 38). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ- ɭɤɟ ɨɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ (1856) ɉ. Ȼɚɪɬɟɧɟɜ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ. ȼ 1898 ɝ. ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɇ. Ʉɭɬɟɩɨ- ɜɵɦ ɜɨ 2-ɦ ɬɨɦɟ ɐɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ… (cɦ. ɇ. Ʉɭɬɟɩɨɜ, ɐɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɯɨɬɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɰɚɪɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1898, ɬ. 2, c. 104). ȼ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɟ Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɉɚɧɱɟɧ- ɤɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (cɦ. Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɉɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1973, c. 68–69).
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. ɐɚɪɶ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɦɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɞɲɭɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ.
ȼ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɫɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɢɬɦɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɫɢɥɥɚɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, ɜɢɪɲɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɚɪɹ ɤ Ƚ.Ƚ. Ɋɨɦɨɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ29, ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨ.
ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɰɚɪɹ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɢ XVI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ.
ɐɚɪɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚ- ɮɨɪɵ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɮɦɵ, ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɧɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɮɢɤɚ- ɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪ, ɷɩɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢ- ɟɦɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɵ ɤ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ XIV–XVI ɜɜ: „ɉɢɫɚɧɨ ɛɨ ɟɫɬɶ: Ɉ ɛɪɚɬiɟ! ɞɨɛɪɨ ɟɫɬɶ Ȼɨɝɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ȿɝɨ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɜiɸ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ! ȼɫɟɦ ɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɩɚɫɟɧiɟ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ!
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ! ɧɟɛɟɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɡɟɧiɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɡ- ɧɨɫɹ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ! ɫɨɠɢɬɟɥɸ ɚɧɝɟɥɨɦ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɹɧiɟ! ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɹɬɵɦ ɩɢɬɚɬɟ- ɥɸ, ɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɛɨ ɧɚɫɥɚɞɢɲɹɫɹ ɢ ɬɨɛɨɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɲɹɫɹ”30.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɮɨɪɭ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɚɧɚ- ɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɨ, ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɟ! ɨ, ɛɪɚɬɢɟ!). ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɢ, – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɢɮɦ: ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɢɮɦɚ: ɧɚɫɥɚɞɢɲɹɫɹ – ɫɨ- ɜɟɪɲɢɲɹɫɹ; ɫɩɚɫɟɧiɟ – ɨɬɜɟɪɡɟɧiɟ; ɧɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɢɮɦɚ: ɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ – ɫɨɠɢɬɟɥɸ – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ).
ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ „ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɨ- ɝɨ” ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ- ɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞ- ɧɨɫɬɶ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɢɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɩɢɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɧɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɟ- ɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ.
29 ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ, op. cit.
30 Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ…, ɫ. 697.
Summary
Author’s Word in Russian Epistolary Tradition of the Second Half of the 17th Century
(on the Materials of the Family Correspondence of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich)
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the author’s style of the tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s letters, belonging to the genre of “friendly message”. It touches the problem of genre originality of the monarch’s works and the interaction of Byzantine tradition with the tradition of the new period in author’s epistolary work.
