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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Preface (Janina Ciechanowicz-McLean, Maciej Nyka) . . . 9
Chapter 1. Axiological and Philosophical Principles of Environmental Law. Normative Concepts concerning the Environment (Janina Ciechanowicz-McLean) . . . 13
1.1. Characteristics of Contemporary Concepts of Environmental Protection in Relation to the Law . . . 13
1.2. Polish Environmental Law . . . 14
1.3. European Environmental Law . . . 17
1.4. International Environmental Law . . . 19
1.5. Global Rise in the Threat of Eco-terrorism . . . 22
1.6. Transboundary Waste Shipment – Waste Dumping . . . 24
1.7. Increased Activity of Environmental Organisations . . . 25
1.8. Law as an Instrument of Environmental Protection . . . 27
1.9. Environmental Protection in Compliance with Sustainable Development . . . 28
1.10. Overview of International Environmental Protection Agreements . . . 30
1.11. From Environmental Regulations to Economic Regulations . . . 32
1.12. Sustainable Development and the Human Right to a Healthy Environment as Main Objectives of International Environmental Law Agreements . . . 34
1.13. Directions in the Development of Environmental Law in Poland and across the World in the 21st Century: The Globalisation and Europeanisation of Environmental Law . . . . 36
1.14. Environmental Justice . . . 39
1.15. State Liability for Environmental Damage . . . 41
1.16. Liability for Nuclear Damage . . . 44
1.17. State Liability for Damage caused by Transboundary Pollution of Inland Waters . . . 46
1.18. State Liability for Damage caused to the Marine Environment . . . 47
1.19. Compensation and Mitigation for Environmental Damage . . . 51
1.20. Public Interest in Environmental Law . . . 55
1.21. Environmental Law as Public Law and its Functions . . . 58
Selected Further Readings . . . 60
6 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Chapter 2. Principles of Environmental Law (Maciej Nyka) . . . 63
2.1. Genesis and Functions of the Principles of Environmental Law . . . 63
2.2. Selected Principles of Environmental Law . . . 69
2.2.1. Principle of Sustainable Development . . . 69
2.2.2. Principle of Preventive Action . . . 79
2.2.3. Precautionary Principle . . . 87
2.2.4. Polluter Pays Principle . . . 93
2.2.5. The Principle of Access to Information on the Environment and Public Participation in Environmental Protection . . . 101
2.2.6. Principle of Common but Diff erentiated Responsibility . . . 110
2.2.7. Sovereignty over Natural Resources and the Responsibility not to cause Damage to the Environment of other States or Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction . . . 114
Selected Further Readings . . . 123
Chapter 3. Environmental Governance (Maciej Nyka) . . . 125
3.1. The Notion of Governance – Governance vs. Governing . . . 125
3.2. Bodies of International Environmental Governance (International Level) . . . 128
3.2.1. States . . . 128
3.2.2. The Structure of the United Nations . . . 132
3.2.3. International Organisations active in Environmental Protection . . . 144
3.2.4. Private Sector . . . 146
3.2.5. Settling of Environmental Disputes in International Environmental Governance . . . 155
3.3. Bodies of International Environmental Governance (Regional Level) . . . 165
3.3.1. EU Institutions . . . 167
3.3.2. Member States . . . 177
3.3.3. Citizens of European States . . . 180
3.4. Bodies of International Environmental Governance (National Level) . . . 184
3.4.1. Central and Specialised Bodies of Environmental Protection . . . 186
3.4.2. Local Government Bodies . . . 190
3.4.3. Environmental Organisations, Individual Entities and Industry . . . 200
Selected Further Readings . . . 203
Chapter 4. Sector-specifi c Environmental Law
(Janina Ciechanowicz-McLean) . . . 205
4.1. Legal Protection of Nature . . . 205
4.1.1. Principles of Legal Protection of Nature . . . 205
4.1.2. Global Forms of Nature Conservation . . . 207
4.1.3. Nature Conservation in EU Law . . . 208
4.2. Legal Protection of Biological Diversity . . . 210
4.2.1. Principles of Protection of Biological Diversity . . . 210
4.2.2. Restricting Access to Genetically Modifi ed Organisms . . . 212
4.3. Legal Protection of Marine and Water Environments . . . 214
4.3.1. Principles of the Protection of the Marine Environment . . . 214
4.3.2. Protection of Marine and Water Environments in European Union Law . . . 218
4.4. Principles of Waste Management . . . 221
4.4.1. International Movement of Waste . . . 221
4.4.2. Philosophy behind Waste Management in Agenda 21 . . . 225
4.4.3. EU Law and Policy on Waste Management . . . 228
4.4.4. Recycling, Recovery and Disposal of Waste . . . 230
4.5. Legal Protection of the Atmosphere . . . 232
4.5.1. Air Protection in International Law . . . 232
4.5.2. Protection of the Ozone Layer . . . 234
4.5.3. Climate Protection . . . 236
4.5.4. EU Law on Air Protection . . . 237
4.5.5. Principles of Climate Protection Law . . . 240
Selected Further Readings . . . 241
